Semantic Analysis
07 Semantic Analysis — 1 Peter (English → Vietnamese)
Methodology
This analysis follows the baseline Romans Language Package conventions. Terms already recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json are marked [BASELINE REUSE] and their recorded Vietnamese rendering is reused exactly, with no alternative permitted. New terms required by 1 Peter’s doctrinal content are marked [NEW] and given a proposed Vietnamese rendering and risk tier following the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework and the same standard of grounding risk in a specific Vietnamese religious or cultural collision (Buddhist, Confucian, ancestor-veneration, or folk-religious).
1 Peter is doctrinally dense and shares Romans’ core soteriological vocabulary (God, Jesus Christ, grace, faith, salvation, holy, sanctification, glory) but introduces a distinct cluster of terms driven by its own pastoral situation: exiles under suffering, a persecuted “holy and royal priesthood,” household/social submission codes, and the difficult proclamation-to-spirits passage (3:18-22). Every chapter is covered below; chapters that introduce no new load-bearing vocabulary state this explicitly.
Note on ἐκκλησία: unlike Romans, 1 Peter never uses the word ἐκκλησία (“church,” baseline term Hội Thánh). Its ecclesiology is instead carried entirely by other images — οἶκος (house), ἱεράτευμα (priesthood), λαός/ἔθνος (people/nation), and ποίμνιον (flock). These are treated below as new load-bearing terms in their own right, feeding the same doctrine baseline calls “Church as God’s People,” but requiring dedicated glossary entries because the vehicle images differ from Romans.
CORE PASSAGE: 1 Peter 1:3-9
Verse 3
Εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὁ κατὰ τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| εὐλογητός | eulogētos | ”well-spoken-of,” blessed | Doxological praise formula opening a berakah-style blessing | ”Blessed be,” “praise be to” | Opens the letter’s theological thesis: praise directed to God for the new-birth/hope he has accomplished | tôn ngợi khen / Đáng chúc tán | Low |
| Θεός | Theos | God | Supreme deity; in NT, the one true personal God | ”God” | The Father who initiates regeneration and hope | Đức Chúa Trời [BASELINE REUSE] | Critical |
| πατήρ | patēr | father | Familial head; here, God as Father of the Lord Jesus and (by extension, v.14-17) of believers | ”Father” | Establishes the filial framework the whole letter develops (cf. 1:14, 17) | Cha [BASELINE REUSE] | High |
| Κύριος | Kyrios | Lord | Master, sovereign, divine title | ”Lord” | Applied to Jesus; exclusive divine Lordship, not a generic honorific | Chúa [BASELINE REUSE] | High |
| Ἰησοῦς Χριστός | Iēsous Christos | Jesus Christ | Proper name + messianic title | ”Jesus Christ” | The risen Lord through whom hope is secured | Đức Chúa Giê-xu Christ [BASELINE REUSE — Jesus] | Critical |
| ἔλεος | eleos | mercy, compassion for the wretched | Covenant mercy (LXX ḥesed/raḥamim register); pity moving to help | ”mercy,” “compassion” | God’s mercy, not human merit, is the ground of the new birth | sự thương xót [NEW] | Medium |
| ἀναγεννήσας | anagennēsas | having caused to be born again | Root γεννάω (beget/give birth) + ἀνά (again); a divine begetting, not a repeated worldly birth | ”caused us to be born again,” “given us new birth,” “regenerated” | A one-time, decisive act of God producing new spiritual life, parallel to physical birth but from imperishable seed (1:23) | được sinh lại [NEW] — NEVER “tái sinh” | Critical |
| ἐλπὶς ζῶσα | elpis zōsa | living hope | ἐλπίς = hope/expectation; ζῶσα = living, present participle of ζάω | ”living hope,” “hope that lives” | Hope that is alive because grounded in the living, risen Christ — the letter’s programmatic phrase | sự trông cậy sống [NEW] | High |
| ἀνάστασις…ἐκ νεκρῶν | anastasis ek nekrōn | resurrection…from the dead | Bodily rising from among corpses | ”resurrection from the dead” | The historical, bodily event grounding the living hope | sự sống lại [BASELINE REUSE — resurrection] | Critical |
Vietnamese rendering forbidden-term check for v.3: ἀναγεννήσας must never render as “tái sinh” — this is the standard Vietnamese Buddhist term for rebirth into a new existence within the cycle of samsara (luân hồi), the same collision already documented for “resurrection” in the baseline. “Được sinh lại” (a distinct, one-time divine begetting into permanent new life) must be used and must never be interchanged with “tái sinh,” “đầu thai,” or “luân hồi.”
Verse 4
εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον καὶ ἀμίαντον καὶ ἀμάραντον, τετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| κληρονομία | klēronomia | inheritance, allotted portion | Legal/familial inherited estate; in LXX, the Promised Land as Israel’s inheritance | ”inheritance” | The believer’s eschatological inheritance secured by the resurrection, not an earthly estate | cơ nghiệp [NEW] | High |
| ἄφθαρτος | aphthartos | not subject to decay/corruption | Physical incorruptibility; theological immunity from decay | ”imperishable,” “incorruptible” | The inheritance cannot decay, be lost, or be spent — unlike any worldly estate | không hư nát [NEW] | Medium |
| ἀμίαντος | amiantos | unstained, undefiled | Ritual and moral purity | ”undefiled,” “unstained” | Free from moral corruption | không ô uế [NEW] | Low |
| ἀμάραντος | amarantos | unfading (as of a flower/wreath) | Botanical metaphor for permanence | ”unfading” | Contrasts with 1:24’s “flower of grass” that withers | chẳng hề tàn [NEW] | Low |
| τετηρημένην…ἐν οὐρανοῖς | tetērēmenēn en ouranois | having been kept/reserved…in the heavens | Perfect passive; a settled, guarded state | ”kept in heaven,” “reserved in heaven” | God himself guards the inheritance’s location and security | được giữ gìn trên các từng trời | Low |
Verse 5
τοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους διὰ πίστεως εἰς σωτηρίαν ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι ἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| δύναμις Θεοῦ | dynamis Theou | power of God | Divine might/capability | ”power of God” | God’s own power (not human strength) safeguards believers | quyền năng của Đức Chúa Trời [BASELINE REUSE — power_of_god] | Medium |
| φρουρουμένους | phrouroumenous | being guarded, kept under military watch | Military garrison-guarding metaphor | ”guarded,” “protected,” “kept under guard” | Believers are actively, presently garrisoned by God’s power, not left to fend for themselves against trial | được gìn giữ [NEW] | Medium |
| πίστις | pistis | faith | Trust/reliance on a person | ”faith” | The instrumental means through which God’s guarding power operates | đức tin [BASELINE REUSE — faith] | Medium |
| σωτηρία | sōtēria | salvation | Deliverance, rescue | ”salvation” | The full, final salvation still to be revealed | sự cứu rỗi [BASELINE REUSE — salvation] | Critical |
| ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | apokalyphthēnai | to be revealed/unveiled | Disclosure of something presently hidden | ”to be revealed” | Salvation’s completion awaits open eschatological disclosure | được bày ra / được tỏ ra [NEW] | Medium |
| καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ | kairō eschatō | in the last time | The appointed decisive future moment | ”the last time,” “the end time” | Linear, one-time eschatological horizon, not a cyclical age | thời kỳ sau cùng | Low |
Verse 6
ἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε, ὀλίγον ἄρτι εἰ δέον [ἐστὶν] λυπηθέντες ἐν ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ἀγαλλιᾶσθε | agalliasthe | you exult, rejoice greatly | Intense, exuberant joy, often eschatological in NT usage | ”rejoice greatly,” “exult,” “greatly rejoice” | Present joy grounded in the future inheritance, not circumstance-dependent happiness | vui mừng (mức độ mạnh: hớn hở vui mừng) [NEW] | Low |
| λυπηθέντες | lypēthentes | having been grieved | Genuine sorrow/distress | ”grieved,” “distressed” | Real, acknowledged pain — suffering is not denied | bị buồn rầu | Low |
| ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς | poikilois peirasmois | various/manifold trials | πειρασμός = testing, trial, temptation; ποικίλος = diverse, of many kinds | ”various trials,” “diverse trials,” “manifold testings” | The concrete sufferings named later in the letter (slander, persecution, social exclusion) | sự thử thách [NEW] (plural: các sự thử thách khác nhau) | Medium |
Verse 7
ἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου, εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον καὶ δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| δοκίμιον…τῆς πίστεως | dokimion tēs pisteōs | the proven genuineness of your faith | The tested/refined quality that survives testing | ”genuineness of your faith,” “proven character of your faith” | Trial does not create faith’s value but proves it, as fire proves gold | sự thử luyện của đức tin [NEW] | Medium |
| χρυσίον…διὰ πυρὸς δοκιμαζομένου | chrysion dia pyros dokimazomenou | gold…being tested through fire | Refining metaphor | ”gold tested by fire,” “gold refined by fire” | Faith is more valuable than gold precisely because it, unlike gold, is imperishable | vàng được luyện bằng lửa | Medium |
| ἔπαινος, δόξα, τιμή | epainos, doxa, timē | praise, glory, honor | Triad of eschatological commendation | ”praise and glory and honor” | The reward disclosed at Christ’s return for proven faith | lời khen ngợi, sự vinh hiển [BASELINE REUSE — glory], sự tôn trọng | Medium |
| ἀποκάλυψις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | apokalypsis Iēsou Christou | the revelation/unveiling of Jesus Christ | Christ’s future visible appearing | ”revelation of Jesus Christ,” “when Jesus Christ is revealed” | The Second Coming, a single historical future event | sự hiện ra của Đức Chúa Giê-xu Christ [NEW] | Medium |
Verse 8
ὃν οὐκ ἰδόντες ἀγαπᾶτε, εἰς ὃν ἄρτι μὴ ὁρῶντες πιστεύοντες δὲ ἀγαλλιᾶτε χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| οὐκ ἰδόντες ἀγαπᾶτε | ouk idontes agapate | not having seen, you love | Love without physical sight of its object | ”though you have not seen him, you love him” | Faith-love, not sight, is the mode of relating to the unseen risen Christ | dẫu chưa từng thấy Ngài, anh em vẫn yêu mến Ngài | Low |
| πιστεύοντες | pisteuontes | believing | Present, ongoing trust | ”believing” | Continuous present faith, not a past one-time act only | tin | Medium |
| χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ | chara aneklalētō kai dedoxasmenē | joy inexpressible and glorified | Joy beyond verbal capacity, already touched by future glory | ”inexpressible and glorious joy,” “joy unspeakable and full of glory” | Present joy that anticipates and already partakes of eschatological glory | sự vui mừng khôn xiết, đầy vinh hiển [NEW] | Low |
Verse 9
κομιζόμενοι τὸ τέλος τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| κομιζόμενοι | komizomenoi | obtaining, receiving as a reward | Receiving something due/promised | ”obtaining,” “receiving” | Believers are presently receiving, not merely hoping for, the outcome | nhận được | Low |
| τέλος τῆς πίστεως | telos tēs pisteōs | the outcome/goal of your faith | End-point, culmination | ”outcome of your faith,” “goal of your faith” | Faith’s guaranteed destination, not an uncertain possibility | kết quả của đức tin [NEW] | Low |
| σωτηρία ψυχῶν | sōtēria psychōn | salvation of souls | Salvation with respect to the inner/eternal person | ”salvation of your souls” | The Critical baseline “salvation” term combined with “soul” | sự cứu rỗi [BASELINE REUSE] + linh hồn [NEW] | Critical |
| ψυχή | psychē | soul, inner/eternal life of a person | The whole inner person, sometimes “life" | "soul,” “life,” “self” | The object of God’s saving work; must not be conflated with the folk-religious “linh hồn” of a deceased ancestor requiring ritual appeasement | linh hồn [NEW] | Medium |
CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER STUDY OF THE WHOLE BOOK
Chapter 1 (remainder: 1:1-2, 1:10-12, 1:13-21, 1:22-25)
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ἀπόστολος (1:1) | apostolos | one sent with authority | Delegated, authoritative envoy | ”apostle” | Peter’s authoritative commission | sứ đồ [BASELINE REUSE] | Medium |
| ἐκλεκτός, ἐκλογή (1:1; cf. 2:9) | eklektos | chosen, elect | God’s sovereign selection | ”elect,” “chosen” | Sojourners chosen by God, not fated by an impersonal cosmic order | sự lựa chọn / được chọn [BASELINE REUSE — election] | Medium |
| πάροικοι παρεπίδημοι διασποράς (1:1) | paroikoi parepidēmoi diasporas | resident aliens, sojourners of the dispersion | Legal/social status of a foreigner without full civic belonging | ”elect exiles of the dispersion,” “strangers scattered” | The letter’s controlling self-identity image for believers in a hostile society | khách lạ và người ở trọ, tan lạc [NEW] | Medium |
| πρόγνωσις Θεοῦ (1:2) | prognōsis Theou | foreknowledge of God | God’s prior, purposive knowing | ”foreknowledge of God” | Election rooted in God’s eternal purpose, not karma or fate | sự biết trước của Đức Chúa Trời [NEW, reuses providence framework] | Medium |
| ἁγιασμὸς Πνεύματος (1:2) | hagiasmos Pneumatos | sanctification of the Spirit | The Spirit’s setting-apart work | ”sanctification of the Spirit” | The Spirit’s agency in setting believers apart | sự nên thánh của Đức Thánh Linh [BASELINE REUSE — sanctification + holy_spirit] | Medium |
| ὑπακοή (1:2, 14, 22) | hypakoē | obedience | Compliance flowing from a relationship | ”obedience” | Obedience flowing from new birth and faith, recurring through the letter | reuses obedience_of_faith framework: sự vâng phục [BASELINE REUSE concept] | High |
| ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (1:2) | rhantismos haimatos Iēsou Christou | sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ | OT covenant-ratification/cleansing rite (Exodus 24:8) applied to Christ’s blood | ”sprinkling with the blood of Jesus Christ” | Covenant-inaugurating and cleansing, not a magical blood-rite; needs OT sacrificial background taught | sự rưới huyết của Đức Chúa Giê-xu Christ [NEW] | High |
| χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη (1:2) | charis kai eirēnē | grace and peace | Standard epistolary greeting pair | ”grace and peace” | Reuses both established terms | ân điển và sự bình an [BASELINE REUSE] | High/Medium |
| προφήται (1:10) | prophētai | prophets | OT spokesmen | ”prophets” | Searched out the salvation now announced | tiên tri [BASELINE REUSE] | Low |
| Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ (1:11) | Pneuma Christou | Spirit of Christ | The Holy Spirit as Christ’s own Spirit, active in OT prophets | ”Spirit of Christ” | Trinitarian identification; the same Spirit inspiring prophecy and indwelling believers | Thánh Linh của Đấng Christ [BASELINE REUSE — holy_spirit, combined] | Critical |
| παθήματα…εἰς Χριστόν (1:11) | pathēmata eis Christon | the sufferings appointed for Christ | Christ’s foreordained Passion | ”the sufferings of Christ,” “sufferings destined for Christ” | The Passion foretold by OT prophets, foundational for the letter’s suffering theology | sự thương khó của Đấng Christ [NEW] | High |
| ἄγγελοι (1:12) | angeloi | angels | Heavenly messengers | ”angels” | Long to look into the gospel’s realities | thiên sứ | Low |
| ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας (1:13) | anazōsamenoi tas osphyas tēs dianoias | having girded up the loins of your mind | Idiom of readiness for action/travel | ”prepare your minds for action,” “gird up the loins of your mind” | Mental readiness for holy living amid trial | chuẩn bị tâm trí sẵn sàng | Low |
| νήφω (1:13; 4:7; 5:8) | nēphō | be sober, clear-headed | Freedom from intoxication/confusion | ”be sober-minded” | Alert self-control, recurring through the letter | tỉnh thức / tiết độ | Low |
| ἐλπίζω ἐπὶ…χάριν (1:13) | elpizō epi charin | set your hope fully on grace | Hope directed wholly at grace to be revealed | ”set your hope fully on the grace” | Reuses hope + grace | đặt hết sự trông cậy vào ân điển [BASELINE REUSE] | High |
| ἅγιος / ἁγιωσύνη (1:15-16) | hagios | holy | Set apart, morally pure — quoting Lev 11:44/19:2 | ”be holy, for I am holy” | Foundational OT holiness command applied directly to Christian conduct | thánh [BASELINE REUSE — holy] | Medium |
| φόβος (1:17) | phobos | fear | Reverent awe or, in other contexts, servile dread | ”fear,” “reverent fear,” “reverence” | Reverent awe before a Father-Judge, not servile terror of ancestral-spirit wrath or fear of karmic retribution | sự kính sợ [NEW] | Medium |
| λυτρόω / λύτρον (1:18) | lytroō / lytron | to ransom / a ransom price | Release secured by payment of a price (slave/captive redemption) | “ransomed,” “redeemed” | Christ’s blood as the price paid to free believers; distinct from the broader “sự cứu rỗi” | được cứu chuộc / sự cứu chuộc [NEW] | High |
| πατροπαράδοτος…μάταιος ἀναστροφή (1:18) | patroparadotos…mataios anastrophē | futile way of life handed down from the fathers | Inherited ancestral custom explicitly named as “empty/futile" | "the futile ways inherited from your forefathers,” “empty way of life handed down by your ancestors” | Direct engagement with inherited ancestral custom; requires careful teaching distinguishing the critique of specific futile, God-dishonoring practices from a wholesale rejection of family honor or ancestors generally | cách ăn ở hư không bởi tổ tiên truyền lại [NEW] | Critical |
| τίμιον αἷμα (1:19) | timion haima | precious blood | Costly, valuable sacrificial blood | ”precious blood” | The price of redemption, sacrificial and substitutionary | huyết báu [NEW] | High |
| ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος (1:19) | amnos amōmos kai aspilos | lamb without blemish or spot | OT sacrificial-lamb qualification (Exodus 12; Isaiah 53) | “lamb without blemish or spot,” “unblemished, spotless lamb” | Christ as the perfect Passover/sacrificial lamb | Chiên Con không tì không vít [NEW] | Critical |
| προγνωσμένου πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου (1:20) | prognōsmenou pro katabolēs kosmou | foreknown before the foundation of the world | Eternal, pre-temporal divine plan | ”foreknown before the foundation of the world” | Christ’s redemptive role fixed in eternity, not a contingency | đã được biết trước từ trước khi sáng thế [NEW, reuses providence] | High |
| φανερωθέντος ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου τῶν χρόνων (1:20) | phanerōthentos ep’ eschatou tōn chronōn | manifested in the last times | Historical, once-for-all appearing in time | ”revealed/manifested in these last times” | The Incarnation event as a decisive historical manifestation | được tỏ ra trong thời kỳ sau cùng | Medium |
| πίστις καὶ ἐλπὶς εἰς Θεόν (1:21) | pistis kai elpis eis Theon | faith and hope in/toward God | Object-specified trust and expectation | ”faith and hope are in God” | Both faith and hope terminate on God, secured by Christ’s resurrection and glorification | đức tin và sự trông cậy nơi Đức Chúa Trời [BASELINE REUSE — faith; NEW — hope] | High |
| ἡγνικότες (1:22) | hēgnikotes | having purified | Moral cleansing through obedience to truth | ”having purified yourselves” | Purification as a result of obedient response to the gospel | đã làm cho tinh sạch | Low |
| φιλαδελφία ἀνυπόκριτος (1:22) | philadelphia anypokritos | sincere brotherly love | Genuine, unhypocritical family-like love among believers | ”sincere brotherly love,” “genuine love for the brothers” | Church family bonds modeled on but distinct from biological/clan loyalty | tình yêu thương anh em cách thật thà | Low |
| σπορᾶς…ἀφθάρτου (1:23) | sporas aphthartou | imperishable seed | The generative “seed” producing the new birth | ”imperishable seed” | Reuses ἀναγεννάω (v.3) + ἄφθαρτος (v.4) — the new birth’s source is God’s living word, not biology | hạt giống không hư nát [NEW, compounds existing renderings] | Critical |
| λόγος ζῶν Θεοῦ / ῥῆμα Κυρίου (1:23, 25) | logos zōn Theou / rhēma Kyriou | the living word of God / word of the Lord | God’s enduring, life-giving proclaimed word (= the gospel, v.25) | “living and abiding word of God,” “word of the Lord” | The instrument of the new birth; identified explicitly with the gospel preached to them | Lời Đức Chúa Trời / lời của Chúa [NEW] | Medium |
| σάρξ ὡς χόρτος, δόξα ὡς ἄνθος (1:24) | sarx hōs chortos, doxa hōs anthos | flesh like grass, glory like flower | Isaiah 40 quotation on human transience | ”all flesh is like grass…its glory like the flower of grass” | Contrasts perishable human life/glory with the imperishable word/inheritance | như cỏ, như hoa cỏ | Low |
Chapter 2
Doctrine focus: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood; Submission to Authority; beginning of Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering; Holiness in Conduct.
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| κακία, δόλος, ὑπόκρισις, φθόνος, καταλαλιά (2:1) | kakia, dolos, hypokrisis, phthonos, katalalia | malice, deceit, hypocrisy, envy, slander | Vice catalogue | ”malice, deceit, hypocrisy, envy, slander” | Behaviors to be put off as part of holy conduct | sự hiểm độc, sự gian dối, sự giả hình, sự ghen ghét, sự nói hành | Low |
| ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη…γάλα (2:2) | artigennēta brephē…gala | newborn infants…milk | Infancy/nursing metaphor for spiritual growth | ”newborn infants…pure spiritual milk” | Continues the birth-imagery from 1:3, 23; growth toward salvation | trẻ mới sanh…sữa thiêng liêng thuần khiết | Low |
| χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος (2:3) | chrēstos ho Kyrios | the Lord is good | Quotation of Psalm 34:8 | ”taste that the Lord is good” | Reuses established “Chúa” | Chúa [BASELINE REUSE] | High |
| λίθος ζῶν (2:4-5) | lithos zōn | living stone | Christ as a stone that is alive, building material with life | ”living stone” | Christological image; believers are also “living stones” built into a spiritual house | đá sống [NEW] | Medium |
| οἶκος πνευματικός (2:5) | oikos pneumatikos | spiritual house | A temple-like community, not a physical building | ”spiritual house” | The ecclesial community as God’s dwelling — replaces “church”/ἐκκλησία language entirely absent from 1 Peter | nhà thuộc linh [NEW] | Medium |
| ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον (2:5) | hierateuma hagion | holy priesthood | A body of priests, corporately holy | ”holy priesthood” | All believers, corporately, exercise priestly access and offering — not a specialized clerical class | chức tế lễ thánh [NEW] | High |
| θυσίαι πνευματικαί (2:5) | thysiai pneumatikai | spiritual sacrifices | Non-animal, Spirit-empowered offerings (praise, obedience, good works) | “spiritual sacrifices” | Fulfills OT sacrificial pattern without literal blood offerings | của lễ thuộc linh [NEW] | Medium |
| ἀκρογωνιαῖος (2:6) | akrogōniaios | cornerstone | The foundation-defining stone of a building | ”cornerstone” | Christ as the structure-determining foundation (Isaiah 28:16) | đá góc nhà [NEW] | Medium |
| λίθος προσκόμματος, πέτρα σκανδάλου (2:8) | lithos proskommatos, petra skandalou | stone of stumbling, rock of offense | Obstacle causing a fall | ”stone that causes stumbling,” “rock of offense” | For unbelievers, the same stone that saves becomes a cause of judgment | đá vấp ngã, đá gây cho vấp phạm | Medium |
| γένος ἐκλεκτόν (2:9) | genos eklekton | chosen race/generation | A people-group set apart by God’s choice | ”chosen race,” “chosen people” | Echoes Israel’s election language (Isaiah 43; Exodus 19) applied to the church; not an ethnic/racial category | dòng dõi được chọn [NEW] | High |
| βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα (2:9) | basileion hierateuma | royal priesthood | Priesthood belonging to/serving a king; echoes Exodus 19:6 | ”royal priesthood” | Every believer shares royal-priestly status in Christ’s kingdom; not an earthly political office and not a specialized clergy | chức tế lễ nhà vua [NEW] | High |
| ἔθνος ἅγιον (2:9) | ethnos hagion | holy nation | A nation set apart | ”holy nation” | Corporate identity as God’s set-apart people | dân thánh [NEW] | High |
| λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν (2:9) | laos eis peripoiēsin | a people for [God’s] own possession | A people specially acquired/owned | ”a people for his own possession,” “God’s own people” | Intimate, exclusive belonging to God | dân riêng của Đức Chúa Trời [NEW] | High |
| ἐκ σκότους εἰς…φῶς (2:9) | ek skotous eis…phōs | out of darkness into…light | Conversion imagery | ”out of darkness into his marvelous light” | Standard darkness/light contrast | từ sự tối tăm bước vào sự sáng láng | Low |
| πάροικοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι (2:11) | paroikoi kai parepidēmoi | resident aliens and sojourners | Repeats 1:1’s social-identity term | ”sojourners and exiles” | Spiritual identity of temporary, non-belonging status in the present world order — must not be read as commanding literal rejection of homeland (quê hương) or family rootedness | khách lạ và người ở trọ [NEW, reuse from 1:1] | Medium |
| ἀναστροφή (2:12; recurring 1:15,18; 3:1,2,16) | anastrophē | conduct, way of life, manner of living | Observable behavior pattern over time | ”conduct,” “way of life,” “behavior” | The letter’s key ethical term: visible holy conduct under Gentile/pagan scrutiny | cách ăn ở [NEW, recurring key term] | Medium |
| ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς (2:12) | en hēmera episkopēs | in the day of visitation | Day of God’s inspecting/judging visit | ”day of visitation” | Future divine reckoning; Gentiles may glorify God on that day because of believers’ good works | ngày Đức Chúa Trời đến thăm phạt | Medium |
| ὑποτάσσω (2:13, and recurring 2:18; 3:1,5,22; 5:5) | hypotassō | to place/arrange under, to submit | Ordering oneself under an authority; can be forced or voluntary | ”submit,” “be subject to” | Voluntary Christlike submission to human authority “for the Lord’s sake” — must not collapse into mere Confucian hierarchical duty owed automatically by social role | thuận phục / sự thuận phục [NEW] | High |
| πᾶσα ἀνθρωπίνη κτίσις (2:13) | pasa anthrōpinē ktisis | every human institution/ordinance | Human-instituted social/civic structures | ”every human institution” | Civil government’s authority as a delegated, human institution under God, not an ultimate authority | mọi thể chế do loài người lập ra | Medium |
| βασιλεύς, ἡγεμόνες (2:13-14) | basileus, hēgemones | king/emperor, governors | Civil ruling authorities | ”emperor,” “governors” | Political authorities to be honored, distinct from divine Kingship | vua, các quan tổng đốc | Low |
| τὸν Θεὸν φοβεῖσθε, τὸν βασιλέα τιμᾶτε (2:17) | ton Theon phobeisthe, ton basilea timate | fear God, honor the king | Distinct verbs for God (fear) vs. king (honor) | “fear God. Honor the emperor” | Deliberately distinguishes ultimate reverence for God from civic honor for rulers | hãy kính sợ Đức Chúa Trời, hãy tôn trọng vua | Medium |
| οἰκέται, δεσπόται (2:18) | oiketai, despotai | household servants, masters | First-century household-slave relationship | ”servants,” “masters” | Household submission code parallel to civic submission | các người làm tôi, các chủ | Medium |
| πάσχων ἀδίκως (2:19) | paschōn adikōs | suffering unjustly | Suffering with no just cause | ”suffering unjustly” | Christlike endurance of unjust suffering as commendable before God | chịu khổ một cách bất công | High |
| συνείδησις Θεοῦ / ἀγαθή (2:19; 3:16,21) | syneidēsis Theou / agathē | conscience toward God / good conscience | Inner moral awareness oriented toward God | ”conscience,” “conscience toward God,” “good conscience” | Conscience must be anchored explicitly to God, not left as a generic secular moral sense | lương tâm (đối với Đức Chúa Trời) [NEW] | Medium |
| χάρις (2:19-20, non-technical sense) | charis | credit, commendable thing | Here “a credit/commendable thing,” not the technical soteriological gift | ”this is a gracious thing,” “this brings you credit” | Translation caution: the same Greek word elsewhere renders the baseline’s Critical-risk “ân điển” (grace); here it must be rendered as “đáng khen” / “được kể là ơn,” NOT forced into “ân điển,” to avoid diluting the technical term | đáng khen / được Đức Chúa Trời khen | Medium |
| Χριστὸς ἔπαθεν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν (2:21) | Christos epathen hyper hymōn | Christ suffered on behalf of/for you | ὑπέρ = substitutionary/representative preposition | ”Christ suffered for you” | Substitutionary suffering as both atoning act and ethical example (ὑπογραμμός, “example,” 2:21) | Đấng Christ đã chịu khổ vì anh em [NEW] | Critical |
| ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἐποίησεν, δόλος (2:22) | hamartian ouk epoiēsen, dolos | he committed no sin, no deceit | Sinlessness of Christ (Isaiah 53:9) | “he committed no sin, no deceit was found in his mouth” | Christ’s sinlessness qualifies him as the substitute | Ngài chẳng hề phạm tội, trong miệng Ngài không có sự gian dối | Critical |
| τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν…ἀνήνεγκεν…ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον (2:24) | tas hamartias hēmōn…anēnegken…epi to xylon | he himself bore/carried up our sins…on the tree | Sacrificial “bearing up” of sin onto the altar/cross (Isaiah 53:4,12) | “he himself bore our sins in his body on the tree” | Core substitutionary atonement statement | Ngài đã tự mình gánh tội lỗi chúng ta trên cây gỗ [NEW] | Critical |
| τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε (2:24) | tō mōlōpi iathēte | by his wound(s) you were healed | Isaiah 53:5 quotation; μώλωψ = a wound/welt from a beating | ”by his wounds you have been healed” | Primarily healing from sin’s bondage, restoring believers to righteousness (2:24b) — must not be reduced to a promise of physical healing only | nhờ vết thương của Ngài mà anh em được lành bệnh [NEW] | High |
| πλανώμενοι ὥσπερ πρόβατα (2:25) | planōmenoi hōsper probata | going astray like sheep | Isaiah 53:6 quotation | ”like sheep going astray” | Human condition before conversion | như chiên đi lang thang | Low |
| ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν (2:25) | poimēn kai episkopos tōn psychōn | shepherd and overseer of souls | Pastoral-care and oversight titles applied to Christ | ”shepherd and overseer of your souls,” “shepherd and guardian of your souls” | Christ himself as the true Shepherd/Overseer, prefiguring ch.5’s human elders; avoid the institutional/hierarchical overtone of “giám mục” (bishop) here | Đấng chăn chiên và Đấng coi giữ linh hồn [NEW] | Medium |
Chapter 3
Doctrine focus: Submission and Christlike Endurance (household code); Elders and Humility (mutual virtues, 3:8); Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake; Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (3:18-22).
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| γυναῖκες ὑποτασσόμεναι (3:1) | gynaikes hypotassomenai | wives being subject | Continues ὑποτάσσω pattern | ”wives, be subject to your own husbands” | Same voluntary, Christlike submission principle as 2:13 | vợ hãy thuận phục [NEW, reuse] chồng | High |
| ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ἐν φόβῳ (3:2) | hagnēn anastrophēn en phobō | pure/holy conduct with reverent fear | Reuses ἀναστροφή (2:12) + φόβος (1:17) | “your respectful and pure conduct” | Consistent recurring holiness-in-conduct vocabulary | cách ăn ở tinh sạch với sự kính sợ | Medium |
| ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος (3:4) | ho kryptos tēs kardias anthrōpos | the hidden person of the heart | Inner, non-visible self | ”the hidden person of the heart,” “inner self” | True adornment is internal character, not external ornament | con người bề trong giấu kín trong lòng | Low |
| πραέος καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος (3:4) | praeos kai hēsychiou pneumatos | gentle and quiet spirit | Calm, non-contentious disposition | ”gentle and quiet spirit” | Christlike disposition, not enforced silence or submissiveness as an end in itself | tâm thần dịu dàng, yên lặng | Medium |
| κύριον (of Abraham, 3:6) | kyrion | lord, master (domestic address) | A wife’s respectful address to a husband — same Greek word as the divine title Κύριος | ”lord” (of Sarah calling Abraham “lord”) | Translation caution: must NOT be rendered with the reserved divine title “Chúa”; use a distinct domestic term (e.g., “chồng tôi,” “chúa của tôi” only if clearly contextualized) so Christ’s exclusive Lordship title is never diluted by reuse for a human husband | chồng mình / [tránh dùng “Chúa”] | High |
| συγκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς (3:7) | synklēronomoi charitos zōēs | joint-heirs of the grace of life | Shared inheritance status between husband and wife | ”heirs with you of the grace of life” | Reuses grace + inheritance; mutual, equal standing before God despite social-role distinctions | đồng kế tự ân điển của sự sống [BASELINE REUSE — grace; NEW — inheritance compound] | High |
| ὁμόφρονες, συμπαθεῖς, φιλάδελφοι, εὔσπλαγχνοι, ταπεινόφρονες (3:8) | homophrones, sympatheis, philadelphoi, eusplagchnoi, tapeinophrones | of one mind, sympathetic, loving as brothers, tenderhearted, humble-minded | Virtue list for community life | ”unity of mind, sympathy, brotherly love, a tender heart, and a humble mind” | Introduces ταπεινοφροσύνη (humility), reused as a key term in 5:5 | đồng lòng, thương xót nhau, yêu như anh em, đầy lòng nhân từ, khiêm nhường [NEW] | High |
| ταπεινοφροσύνη / ταπεινός (3:8; 5:5-6) | tapeinophrosynē / tapeinos | lowliness of mind, humility | Voluntary self-lowering, modeled supremely on Christ (cf. Phil 2:8) | “humility,” “humble-mindedness” | Christlike voluntary self-lowering toward others regardless of social rank — must be distinguished from Confucian ritual modesty/deference (khiêm tốn as propriety owed strictly according to hierarchical rank) | sự khiêm nhường [NEW] | High |
| μὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ (3:9) | mē apodidontes kakon anti kakou | not repaying evil for evil | Non-retaliation ethic | ”not repaying evil for evil” | Reinforces Christlike, non-retaliatory suffering ethic | không lấy ác trả ác | Medium |
| πάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην (3:14) | paschoite dia dikaiosynēn | you might suffer for righteousness’ sake | δικαιοσύνη reused; suffering explicitly tied to righteous conduct, not misconduct | ”suffer for righteousness’ sake” | Names the letter’s named doctrine directly; blessedness attached to righteous suffering | chịu khổ vì sự công bình [BASELINE REUSE — righteousness] | High |
| Κύριον τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις (3:15) | Kyrion ton Christon hagiasate en tais kardiais | sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts | ἁγιάζω = set apart as holy/exalted; applied to an internal reverencing of Christ’s Lordship | ”in your hearts honor Christ the Lord as holy,” “sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts” | Combines the Lordship of Christ and sanctification doctrines; inner reverence sustains courageous public testimony | hãy để Đấng Christ là Chúa được tôn thánh trong lòng anh em [NEW] | High |
| ἀπολογία (3:15) | apologia | a reasoned defense/answer | Formal or informal verbal defense | ”reasoned defense,” “answer,” “give a reason” | Grounds Christian apologetics in reasoned, respectful testimony, not argumentative defensiveness | lời giải đáp / sự bào chữa [NEW] | Low |
| ἐλπίς (3:15) | elpis | hope | Reuses 1:3, 1:21 hope vocabulary | ”the hope that is in you” | The living hope as the content believers must be ready to explain | sự trông cậy [NEW, reuse] | High |
| μετὰ πραΰτητος καὶ φόβου (3:15-16) | meta prautētos kai phobou | with gentleness and respect/fear | Manner of Christian testimony | ”with gentleness and respect” | Christlike manner tempers bold testimony | với sự mềm mại và kính sợ | Low |
| ἅπαξ…ἔπαθεν (3:18) | hapax…epathen | suffered once for all | ἅπαξ = a single, unrepeatable occurrence | ”Christ also suffered once for sins,” “suffered once for all” | Emphasizes the finality/sufficiency of Christ’s atoning suffering — contrasted with any notion of repeated ritual offerings, repeated merit-generating acts, or ongoing appeasement of powers | một lần đủ cả [NEW] | High |
| δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων (3:18) | dikaios hyper adikōn | the righteous one on behalf of/for the unrighteous | ὑπέρ = substitutionary preposition | ”the righteous for the unrighteous” | Core substitutionary-atonement statement | Đấng công bình chịu chết vì kẻ không công bình [NEW] | Critical |
| προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ (3:18) | prosagagē tō Theō | might bring/lead [us] to God | Cultic “bringing near” language (access to God) | “that he might bring us to God” | Christ’s suffering accomplishes reconciled access to God | đem chúng ta đến gần Đức Chúa Trời | High |
| θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι (3:18) | thanatōtheis sarki, zōopoiētheis pneumati | put to death in the flesh, made alive in the spirit | Disputed construction: contrast of Christ’s fleshly death with a spiritual/Spirit-empowered aliveness | ”put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit” | Exegetically debated (his own spirit vs. the Holy Spirit); render literally, preserve ambiguity, flag for theologian review rather than resolving unilaterally | chịu chết về phần xác, nhưng sống về phần tâm linh [NEW] | Critical — requires theologian review of interpretive options |
| τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν (3:19) | tois en phylakē pneumasin poreutheis ekēryxen | having gone, he proclaimed to the spirits in prison | φυλακή = prison/place of confinement; πνεύματα = spirit-beings (most likely fallen angelic/spiritual powers, cf. Genesis 6, 2 Peter 2:4, Jude 6) | “he went and proclaimed to the spirits in prison” | Christ’s proclamation of triumph/judgment to imprisoned spiritual beings from Noah’s time | Ngài đã đến công bố cho những tâm linh bị giam cầm trong ngục [NEW] | Critical |
| ἀπειθήσασίν ποτε (3:20) | apeithēsasin pote | who formerly did not obey | Disobedience during Noah’s day | ”who formerly did not obey” | Identifies the audience of the proclamation with the disobedient generation of Noah’s time | những kẻ đã không vâng lời trước kia | High |
| μακροθυμία τοῦ Θεοῦ (3:20) | makrothymia tou Theou | God’s patience/longsuffering | Extended divine forbearance before judgment | ”God’s patience,” “the patience of God” | God’s patient waiting during the ark’s construction | sự nhịn nhục của Đức Chúa Trời | Medium |
| κιβωτός, ὀκτὼ ψυχαί, διεσώθησαν δι’ ὕδατος (3:20) | kibōtos, oktō psychai, diesōthēsan di’ hydatos | ark, eight souls, were saved through water | Noah’s flood narrative | ”the ark…eight persons…were saved through water” | Historical narrative undergirding the baptism typology of v.21 | chiếc tàu, tám linh hồn, được cứu qua nước | Medium |
| ἀντίτυπον…βάπτισμα…νῦν σῴζει (3:21) | antitypon…baptisma…nyn sōzei | corresponding to this…baptism…now saves | ἀντίτυπον = a NT reality corresponding to/fulfilling an OT type/pattern | ”baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you” | Must be translated together with its qualifying clause (see next row); isolated, it risks teaching that the physical rite itself saves apart from faith | phép báp-têm… cứu anh em [NEW — must retain full qualifying clause] | Critical |
| οὐ σαρκὸς ἀπόθεσις ῥύπου ἀλλὰ συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς ἐπερώτημα εἰς Θεόν (3:21) | ou sarkos apothesis rhypou alla syneidēseōs agathēs eperōtēma eis Theon | not a removal of dirt from the flesh but an appeal to God for a good conscience | Explicitly denies mere physical/ritual washing as the saving mechanism; defines baptism’s saving significance as a faith-appeal grounded in Christ’s resurrection | ”not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience” | The essential qualifying clause: salvation is through faith secured by Christ’s resurrection, not through ritual washing itself — must never be truncated in translation, to avoid both baptismal-regeneration error and syncretism with ritual-purification practices | không phải là rửa sạch xác thịt, nhưng là lời cầu xin Đức Chúa Trời cho được lương tâm tốt [NEW] | Critical |
| δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (3:21) | di’ anastaseōs Iēsou Christou | through the resurrection of Jesus Christ | Reuses resurrection | ”through the resurrection of Jesus Christ” | The resurrection is what makes baptism’s appeal effective | qua sự sống lại của Đức Chúa Giê-xu Christ [BASELINE REUSE] | Critical |
| ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ…ἀγγέλων καὶ ἐξουσιῶν καὶ δυνάμεων ὑποταγέντων (3:22) | en dexia tou Theou…angelōn kai exousiōn kai dynameōn hypotagentōn | at the right hand of God…angels and authorities and powers having been subjected | Exaltation and cosmic-authority-subjection imagery | ”who is at the right hand of God…with angels, authorities, and powers subject to him” | Confirms Christ’s supreme Lordship over all spiritual powers, including any local/folk spirit hierarchy | bên tay phải Đức Chúa Trời…các thiên sứ, các quyền, các thế lực đều thuận phục [NEW, reuse] Ngài | High |
Chapter 4
Doctrine focus: Holiness in Conduct; Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake (climactic treatment); Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (4:6, related to 3:19).
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Χριστοῦ…παθόντος σαρκί (4:1) | Christou…pathontos sarki | Christ having suffered in the flesh | Reuses παθήματα Christology | ”Christ suffered in the flesh” | Grounds the call to a decisive break from sin | Đấng Christ đã chịu khổ về phần xác | High |
| θελήματι Θεοῦ (4:2) | thelēmati Theou | by/for the will of God | Standard divine-will phrase | ”for the will of God” | Reoriented purpose of remaining earthly life | theo ý muốn của Đức Chúa Trời | Medium |
| εἰδωλολατρίαι (4:3) | eidōlolatriai | idolatries, idol-worship | Vice-list item; worship/service of images | ”idolatry” | Explicit condemnation directly relevant to image/altar veneration practices in the Vietnamese context; must retain unambiguous doctrinal force while pastorally distinguishing idolatrous worship from cultural respect for the deceased | sự thờ hình tượng [NEW] | High |
| ἀσέλγεια, ἐπιθυμίαι, οἰνοφλυγίαι, κῶμοι, πότοι (4:3) | aselgeia, epithymiai, oinophlygiai, kōmoi, potoi | sensuality, lusts, drunkenness, orgies, drinking parties | Vice catalogue | ”sensuality, lusts, drunkenness, orgies, carousing” | Former Gentile way of life abandoned at conversion | sự dâm dục, tình dục xấu xa, sự say sưa, ăn uống quá độ, chè chén | Low |
| κρίναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς (4:5) | krinai zōntas kai nekrous | to judge the living and the dead | Final universal judgment | ”to judge the living and the dead” | Eschatological accountability, standard | phán xét kẻ sống và kẻ chết | Medium |
| τοῖς νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη (4:6) | tois nekrois euēngelisthē | the gospel was preached to the dead | Debated verse, closely related to 3:19’s proclamation | ”the gospel was preached also to those who are dead” | Must not be read as offering a postmortem “second chance” at salvation, which would collide with both the letter’s judgment theology and with Vietnamese folk/Buddhist practices of performing rites for the benefit of the deceased; flag for theologian review alongside 3:19 | Tin Lành cũng đã được truyền cho những kẻ chết [BASELINE REUSE — gospel] | Critical — same review routing as 3:18-22 |
| τὸ τέλος ἤγγικεν (4:7) | to telos ēngiken | the end has drawn near | Imminent eschatological expectation | ”the end of all things is at hand” | Linear, historical eschatology (not cyclical) | sự cuối cùng của mọi sự đã gần | Medium |
| ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν (4:8) | agapē kalyptei plēthos hamartiōn | love covers a multitude of sins | Proverb-style statement (echoes Proverbs 10:12) | “love covers a multitude of sins” | Relational forbearance among believers — must not be read as love itself atoning for sin, which would contradict the letter’s substitutionary-atonement doctrine (only Christ’s blood atones, 1:18-19; 2:24) | tình yêu thương che lấp nhiều tội lỗi [NEW] | High |
| φιλοξενία (4:9) | philoxenia | hospitality, love of strangers | Practical care for guests/travelers | ”hospitality” | Concrete outworking of love within the church family | lòng tiếp khách | Low |
| ἕκαστος ἴδιον χάρισμα (4:10) | hekastos idion charisma | each has his own gift | Reuses spiritual gifts vocabulary | ”each has received a gift” | Spirit-given, not merit-earned, enablement for mutual service | ân tứ thuộc linh [BASELINE REUSE — spiritual_gifts] | Medium |
| ποικίλης χάριτος Θεοῦ (4:10) | poikilēs charitos Theou | the varied/manifold grace of God | Diversity of grace-gifts | ”God’s varied grace” | Reuses grace | ân điển đa dạng của Đức Chúa Trời [BASELINE REUSE — grace] | High |
| διακονέω / διακονία (4:10-11) | diakoneō / diakonia | to serve / service, ministry | Practical, others-oriented service | ”serve,” “ministry” | The mode by which gifts are exercised | hầu việc / chức vụ | Low |
| πύρωσις (4:12) | pyrōsis | fiery ordeal, burning/refining process | Metaphor for intense trial (echoes 1:7’s fire-testing) | “fiery trial,” “fiery ordeal” | Trials as expected, not strange; continues the refining-faith metaphor without any notion of burning off karmic debt | sự thử thách như lửa [NEW] | Medium |
| κοινωνεῖτε τοῖς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθήμασιν (4:13) | koinōneite tois tou Christou pathēmasin | you share/participate in the sufferings of Christ | κοινωνέω reuses fellowship (κοινωνία) root | ”share Christ’s sufferings,” “participate in the sufferings of Christ” | Suffering as a form of present union/fellowship with Christ, joined to future glory | cùng chia sẻ những sự thương khó của Đấng Christ [NEW, reuses sự thương khó and sự thông công] | High |
| ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ (4:14) | oneidizesthe en onomati Christou | reproached/reviled in the name of Christ | Social shame/insult for bearing Christ’s name | ”reproached for the name of Christ” | Honor-shame reversal: reproach for Christ’s sake is blessing, not disgrace | bị sỉ nhục vì danh Đấng Christ | High |
| Χριστιανός (4:16) | Christianos | Christian, follower of Christ | Identity label (originally likely used by outsiders) | “Christian” | Positive identity to be embraced without shame | Cơ Đốc nhân [NEW] | Medium |
| ἄρξασθαι τὸ κρίμα ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ (4:17) | arxasthai to krima apo tou oikou tou Theou | judgment beginning from the house of God | The household-of-God ecclesial image again (reuses οἶκος, cf. 2:5) | “judgment begins with the household of God” | Present testing as a foretaste of final judgment, beginning with God’s own people | sự phán xét khởi từ nhà Đức Chúa Trời | Medium |
| πιστῷ κτίστῃ (4:19) | pistō ktistē | to a faithful Creator | God named specifically as Creator, and as faithful | ”a faithful Creator” | Entrusting one’s soul to God as reliable Maker amid suffering | Đấng Tạo Hóa trung tín [NEW] | Medium |
Chapter 5
Doctrine focus: Elders and Humility; concluding exhortations reinforcing Suffering, Endurance, and Grace.
| Original | Translit. | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| πρεσβύτεροι (5:1) | presbyteroi | elders | Recognized, appointed local church leaders | ”elders” | Established congregational-leadership office | trưởng lão [NEW] | Medium |
| συμπρεσβύτερος, μάρτυς τῶν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθημάτων (5:1) | sympresbyteros, martys tōn tou Christou pathēmatōn | fellow elder, witness of Christ’s sufferings | Peter’s self-identification alongside the elders he addresses | ”fellow elder and witness of the sufferings of Christ” | Reuses sufferings-of-Christ vocabulary; grounds Peter’s exhortation in shared, eyewitness suffering-testimony | trưởng lão như anh em, người chứng kiến sự thương khó của Đấng Christ [NEW, reuse] | High |
| ποιμάνατε τὸ ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ (5:2) | poimanate to poimnion tou Theou | shepherd the flock of God | Pastoral-care verb + flock image | ”shepherd the flock of God” | Ecclesial leadership as shepherding, not ruling by force; the flock belongs to God, not to the elder | chăn bầy của Đức Chúa Trời [NEW] | Medium |
| ἐπισκοποῦντες (5:2) | episkopountes | exercising oversight | Watchful, protective supervision | ”exercising oversight” | Active, attentive care, echoing Christ’s own role as ἐπίσκοπος (2:25) | trông nom / coi sóc | Medium |
| μὴ ἀναγκαστῶς ἀλλὰ ἑκουσίως, μὴ αἰσχροκερδῶς ἀλλὰ προθύμως (5:2) | mē anagkastōs alla hekousiōs, mē aischrokerdōs alla prothymōs | not under compulsion but willingly, not for shameful/dishonest gain but eagerly | Elder-motive qualifications | ”not under compulsion but willingly, not for shameful gain but eagerly” | Guards against leadership exploited for personal financial gain — culturally relevant given the practice of paying fees to temple priests, fortune-tellers, or mediums for blessing/service | không phải bị bắt buộc, nhưng sẵn lòng; không phải vì tiền bạc bất chính, nhưng hết lòng [NEW] | High |
| κατακυριεύοντες τῶν κλήρων (5:3) | katakyrieuontes tōn klērōn | lording it over those allotted to you | Domineering exercise of authority | ”domineering over those in your charge” | Explicit prohibition of authoritarian leadership; contrasts sharply with any coercive spiritual-authority model | không lấy quyền mà cai trị | Medium |
| τύποι…τῷ ποιμνίῳ (5:3) | typoi…tō poimniō | examples to the flock | Model/pattern for others to imitate | ”examples to the flock” | Leadership by modeling, not merely command | làm gương cho bầy chiên | Low |
| ἀρχιποίμην (5:4) | archipoimēn | chief Shepherd | Christ as the supreme Shepherd over under-shepherds | ”chief Shepherd” | Human elders are answerable to and modeled after Christ, the true chief Shepherd | Đấng Chăn Chiên Lớn [NEW] | Medium |
| ἀμαράντινος…στέφανος τῆς δόξης (5:4) | amarantinos…stephanos tēs doxēs | unfading crown of glory | Reuses ἀμάραντος (1:4) + glory; victor’s-wreath imagery | ”unfading crown of glory” | Eschatological reward for faithful eldership, imperishable like the inheritance of ch.1 | mão triều thiên vinh hiển chẳng hề tàn [NEW, compounds existing renderings] | Medium |
| νεώτεροι ὑποτάγητε πρεσβυτέροις (5:5) | neōteroi hypotagēte presbyterois | younger ones, be subject to elders | Reuses ὑποτάσσω | ”you who are younger, be subject to the elders” | Same voluntary-submission principle applied within the church, not merely a family/social hierarchy rule | những người trẻ hãy thuận phục [NEW, reuse] các trưởng lão | High |
| ἐγκομβώσασθε τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην (5:5) | egkombōsasthe tēn tapeinophrosynēn | clothe/tie yourselves with humility | Vivid image of tying on a garment/apron | ”clothe yourselves with humility” | Reuses humility term from 3:8; humility as a deliberately, actively worn posture toward one another | hãy mặc lấy sự khiêm nhường [NEW, reuse] | High |
| ὁ Θεὸς…ταπεινοῖς δίδωσιν χάριν (5:5) | ho Theos…tapeinois didōsin charin | God gives grace to the humble (Prov 3:34 quotation) | God’s favor flows to the humble, opposes the proud | ”God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble” | Directly links the humility and grace doctrines; Christlike humility, not Confucian hierarchical deference, is the condition upon which grace is given/received (though grace itself remains unmerited) | reuses ân điển [BASELINE REUSE] + sự khiêm nhường [NEW] | High |
| τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ (5:6) | tēn krataian cheira tou Theou | the mighty hand of God | God’s powerful, sovereign hand | ”the mighty hand of God” | Voluntary humbling under God’s sovereign care, not fatalistic resignation | dưới tay quyền năng của Đức Chúa Trời | Medium |
| πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν…ἐπιρίψαντες, αὐτῷ μέλει περὶ ὑμῶν (5:7) | pasan tēn merimnan…epiripsantes, autō melei peri hymōn | casting all your anxiety…, he cares for you | Anxiety transferred to a personally caring God | ”casting all your anxieties on him, because he cares for you” | Reuses the providence doctrine framework (God’s personal, purposive care, not impersonal fate/karma) | quăng hết sự lo lắng của mình cho Ngài, vì Ngài chăm sóc anh em (reuses sự quan phòng của Đức Chúa Trời [BASELINE REUSE]) | Medium |
| ἀντίδικος…διάβολος ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος (5:8) | antidikos…diabolos hōs leōn ōryomenos | adversary…devil like a roaring lion | Personal spiritual enemy, predatory imagery | ”your adversary the devil…like a roaring lion” | A personal spiritual enemy to be resisted by firm faith, not a capricious folk spirit or ghost to be placated/bargained with through ritual offering | ma quỷ [NEW] | High |
| ἀντίστητε στερεοὶ τῇ πίστει (5:9) | antistēte stereoi tē pistei | resist, firm in the faith | Active spiritual resistance grounded in faith | ”resist him, firm in your faith” | Reuses faith; resistance, not appeasement, is the biblical response to the adversary | hãy chống cự nó, đứng vững trong đức tin [BASELINE REUSE] | High |
| ὁ Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος (5:10) | ho Theos pasēs charitos | the God of all grace | Comprehensive divine-grace title | ”the God of all grace” | Reuses grace; God’s character summarized as the source of all grace | Đức Chúa Trời của mọi ân điển [BASELINE REUSE — grace] | High |
| καταρτίσει, στηρίξει, σθενώσει, θεμελιώσει (5:10) | katartisei, stērixei, sthenōsei, themeliōsei | will restore, confirm, strengthen, establish | Four-verb strengthening sequence | ”will himself restore, confirm, strengthen, and establish you” | God’s active, ongoing strengthening after suffering | sẽ chính Ngài làm cho trọn vẹn, giữ vững, làm cho mạnh mẽ, và lập nền cho anh em | Low |
| ἀληθὴς χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ (5:12) | alēthēs charis tou Theou | the true grace of God | Peter’s summary claim about the letter’s content | ”the true grace of God” | Reuses grace as the letter’s summarizing theme | ân điển thật của Đức Chúa Trời [BASELINE REUSE — grace] | High |
| φίλημα ἀγάπης (5:14) | philēma agapēs | kiss of love | First-century greeting custom | ”kiss of love,” “holy kiss” | Standard early-church greeting gesture; culturally adapt the greeting form while preserving the meaning “warm, holy affection,” since kissing is not a standard Vietnamese greeting custom | cái hôn yêu thương thánh khiết [NEW, with cultural adaptation note] | Low |
| εἰρήνη…τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ (5:14) | eirēnē…tois en Christō | peace…to those in Christ | Reuses peace + “in Christ” union language | ”peace to all of you who are in Christ” | Closing benediction reusing established terms | sự bình an [BASELINE REUSE — peace], trong Đấng Christ [reuses christian_identity_in_christ framework] | Medium |
End of semantic analysis. All new terms listed above require formal entry into an updated translation memory before Phase 2 segment translation begins (see analysis/08_core_glossary.md).