Cross-Reference Analysis
09 Cross-Reference and Theme Analysis — Ephesians (English → Vietnamese)
Methodology
This document catalogues, chapter by chapter across the entire book of Ephesians (1–6), every identifiable Old Testament quotation, OT allusion, messianic reference, and typological pattern, together with parallels to the Romans Language Package already established for this destination language. Citations are given in normalized Book Chapter:Verse form (e.g., “Ephesians 2:8”, “Genesis 15:6”, “Isaiah 28:16”) so they can be matched programmatically across curricula in Phase 2.
No chapter of Ephesians is skipped. Where a chapter’s cross-reference content overlaps with material already logged in 07_semantic_analysis.md, this document adds the canonical connection and translation-sensitivity dimension rather than repeating full lexical analysis.
A special emphasis of this document — required because Ephesians is the second curriculum book processed for this Vietnamese Language Package — is identifying every point where Ephesians and Romans quote or allude to the same underlying OT text or share the same Greek theological vocabulary, so that Phase 2 translation enforces a single, consistent Vietnamese rendering across both curricula, per the baseline’s Theological Consistency Rules.
Section A: Cross-Reference Matrix
Chapter 1 (Ephesians 1:1–23)
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ephesians 1:3-6 | Election and Predestination in Christ | God the Father, Christ | Echoes Deuteronomy 7:6-8 (God’s choice of Israel grounded in his love, not Israel’s merit); parallels Romans 8:29-30, Romans 9:11-13 (election prior to works) | Critical. “Predestined” (sự định trước) must never collapse into số phận/số mệnh/nghiệp; see 08_core_glossary.md. Human theologian review mandatory. |
| Ephesians 1:7 | Salvation by Grace; redemption | Christ | Typology of the Exodus Passover lamb (Exodus 12:1-13) and Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16); fulfilled in Isaiah 53:5-6; parallels Romans 3:24-25 (redemption/propitiation through his blood) | High. “Blood” (huyết) risks conflation with ancestral bloodline/lineage covenant concepts; anchor to Christ’s atoning death, not clan descent. |
| Ephesians 1:9-10 | The Mystery of Christ Revealed | Christ, God the Father | Echoes Genesis 3:15 (protoevangelium), Daniel 2:44-45 (a kingdom filling the whole earth); parallels Romans 11:25 and Romans 16:25-27 (μυστήριον, “mystery,” revealed) | High. Shared μυστήριον vocabulary with Romans; see Section D rendering-consistency rule. |
| Ephesians 1:13-14 | Election/Adoption; assurance | Holy Spirit | Echoes Ezekiel 9:4 (sealing motif) and Jeremiah 32:6-15 (redemption/inheritance of land); parallels Romans 8:16-17 (Spirit as witness and co-heir) | High. “Sealed” (được đóng dấu) must not be read as a protective amulet (bùa); see 08_core_glossary.md. |
| Ephesians 1:17-19 | Church as Body of Christ; resurrection power | God, Holy Spirit | Echoes Isaiah 11:2 (Spirit of wisdom resting on the Messiah), Daniel 2:20-23 (God gives wisdom); parallels Romans 1:4, Romans 8:11 (resurrection power) | Medium. Reuses [Romans TM: quyền năng của Đức Chúa Trời, sự sống lại]. |
| Ephesians 1:20-22 | Deity/Lordship of Christ | Christ, God the Father | Direct allusion to Psalm 110:1 (“sit at my right hand”) and Psalm 8:6 (“put all things under his feet”); parallels Romans 8:34 (Christ at the right hand, interceding) | High. Must render consistently with any future Psalms curriculum quoting Psalm 110:1 / Psalm 8:6; ties to Daniel 7:13-14 Son of Man authority. |
| Ephesians 1:21 | Spiritual Warfare (seeded) | Christ vs. spiritual powers | Echoes Daniel 7:27 (authority given by God); parallels Romans 8:38 (“nor rulers, nor powers… shall separate us”) | Critical. Shared “rulers/powers” vocabulary with Romans 8:38; see Section D. |
| Ephesians 1:22-23 | Church as Body of Christ | Christ, church | NT-internal; parallels Romans 12:4-5 (body metaphor) | High. “Fullness” (sự đầy dẫy) never viên mãn. |
Chapter 2 (Ephesians 2:1–22, including core passage 2:1–10)
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ephesians 2:1-3 | Universal Human Accountability; Fall | Humanity; “ruler of the power of the air” (Satan) | Echoes Genesis 2:17/3:1-19 (the Fall, “you shall surely die”), Psalm 51:5 (“sinful from birth”); parallels Romans 5:12-21, Romans 6:23 (“the wages of sin is death”) | High. Same universal-guilt doctrine as Romans; do not soften into graded karmic condition. |
| Ephesians 2:4-7 | Salvation by Grace; union with Christ’s resurrection | God, Christ | Parallels Romans 6:4-5 (union in resurrection life), Psalm 103:8-11 (God’s abundant mercy) | Critical. Resurrection vocabulary (sự sống lại) — forbidden-substitution rule against đầu thai/luân hồi applies fully. |
| Ephesians 2:8-9 | Salvation by Grace through Faith (core doctrine) | — (doctrinal statement) | DIRECT DOCTRINAL PARALLEL to Romans 3:27-28, Romans 4:1-5 (which itself quotes Genesis 15:6, “Abraham believed… counted to him as righteousness”), and Romans 11:6 (grace vs. works) | Critical. This is the single most important intertextual link between the two curricula. “Ân điển,” “đức tin,” and “việc làm” must match the Romans baseline exactly; Genesis 15:6 is the OT anchor for this entire doctrine even though not directly quoted in Ephesians. |
| Ephesians 2:10 | Salvation by Grace; new creation | God as maker | Echoes Isaiah 64:8 (potter/clay), Jeremiah 1:5 (formed/prepared beforehand); parallels Romans 9:20-21 (potter and clay) | High. “Good works” (việc lành) must visibly contrast with v.9’s excluded “works” (việc làm); carry translator note. |
| Ephesians 2:11-13 | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Gentiles, Israel | Echoes Isaiah 57:19 (“peace to him who is far and to him who is near,” quoted directly in v.17); Genesis 17:9-14 (circumcision covenant sign); parallels Romans 9:4-5 (Israel’s covenant privileges), Romans 11:17-24 (olive tree grafting) | High. Requires OT/Temple covenant background teaching for low-OT-literacy audience. |
| Ephesians 2:14-16 | Unity of Jews and Gentiles; Reconciliation | Christ | Alludes to Isaiah 9:6 (“Prince of Peace”), Micah 5:5 (“he shall be their peace”); “dividing wall” alludes to the Jerusalem Temple’s Court-of-the-Gentiles barrier (1 Kings 6 background); parallels Romans 3:29-30, Romans 10:12 (“no distinction between Jew and Greek”) | High. Shared “no distinction” doctrine with Romans 10:12; “hòa giải” (reconcile) must not evoke ancestor-appeasement ritual (cúng giải hạn). |
| Ephesians 2:17 | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Christ | DIRECT TEXTUAL ECHO of Isaiah 57:19 (peace to far and near) | High. First instance of the shared-quotation consistency requirement; see Section D. |
| Ephesians 2:18 | Prayer and access to God | Holy Spirit, God the Father | Echoes Numbers 16:5, Psalm 65:4 (“blessed is he you choose to bring near”); parallels Romans 5:1-2 (access by faith), Romans 8:15 (Abba) | Critical. Reinforces baseline caution against modeling access-to-God on ancestor petition. |
| Ephesians 2:19-22 | Church as Body of Christ; Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Apostles, prophets, Christ (cornerstone) | DIRECT ALLUSION to Isaiah 28:16 (“a tested stone, a precious cornerstone”) and Psalm 118:22 (“the stone the builders rejected”); temple imagery echoes Ezekiel 40-48, 1 Kings 6; Romans 9:33 and Romans 10:11 BOTH directly quote Isaiah 28:16 (“whoever believes in him will not be put to shame”) | Critical — mandatory rendering-consistency rule. The Vietnamese rendering of Isaiah 28:16’s “cornerstone” in Romans 9:33/10:11 must be identical to “đá góc nhà” in Ephesians 2:20. See Section D. |
Chapter 3 (Ephesians 3:1–21)
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ephesians 3:2-6 | The Mystery of Christ Revealed; Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Paul; Holy Spirit (revealer) | Echoes Isaiah 49:6 (“a light to the Gentiles”), Genesis 12:3/22:18 (Abrahamic promise, “all nations blessed”); parallels Romans 11:25 (mystery of Israel’s partial hardening), Romans 16:25-26 | High. Shared μυστήριον term; see Section D. |
| Ephesians 3:8 | The Mystery of Christ Revealed | Christ | Echoes Job 5:9/11:7-9 (unsearchable/unfathomable, of God); parallels Romans 11:33 (“how unsearchable his judgments”) | Medium. Shared “unsearchable” (không thể dò được) vocabulary with Romans 11:33. |
| Ephesians 3:9-10 | The Mystery of Christ Revealed; Spiritual Warfare (seeded) | God; angelic/demonic powers | Echoes Job 38–41 (God’s wisdom in creation), Proverbs 8:22-31 (wisdom personified); parallels Romans 11:33-36 (doxology on God’s wisdom) | High. Distinguish from Buddhist trí tuệ/Prajñā (attained wisdom); see 08_core_glossary.md. |
| Ephesians 3:12 | Prayer and access to God | Believers | Echoes Proverbs 3:26 (“the LORD will be your confidence”); parallels Romans 5:2 (access into grace) | High. |
| Ephesians 3:14-15 | Fatherhood of God | God the Father | Echoes Isaiah 45:23 (“every knee shall bow”), Psalm 95:6; Romans 14:11 directly quotes Isaiah 45:23 | High — shared-quotation root. If a Romans-curriculum rendering of Isaiah 45:23 (quì gối / sấp mình) already exists, Ephesians 3:14 should echo compatible vocabulary. |
| Ephesians 3:16-19 | Church as Body of Christ; Spirit-empowerment | Holy Spirit, Christ | Echoes Psalm 1:3, Jeremiah 17:7-8 (rooted-tree imagery); parallels Romans 8:35-39 (nothing separates from Christ’s love) | Medium-High. |
| Ephesians 3:20-21 | Doxology | God | Echoes Isaiah 64:4 (“no one has heard… what God has prepared”); parallels Romans 11:36 and Romans 16:25-27 (doxological closing pattern) | Medium. Doxology style should echo Romans’ closing doxologies for consistency of register. |
Chapter 4 (Ephesians 4:1–32)
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ephesians 4:1-6 | Church as Body of Christ; Unity | Holy Spirit, Christ, God the Father | Echoes Deuteronomy 6:4 (Shema, “the LORD is one”), Malachi 2:10 (“have we not all one Father?”); parallels Romans 3:29-30 (“is God the God of Jews only?… one God”) | High. Shared “one God” monotheistic-confession consistency with Romans 3:30. |
| Ephesians 4:7-8 | Gifts for Building Up the Church | Christ | DIRECT QUOTATION of Psalm 68:18 (“When you ascended… you received gifts among men,” adapted by Paul to “gave gifts to men”); parallels Romans 12:6 (gifts differing according to grace) | High. Direct OT quotation with a christological adaptation of the Hebrew/LXX wording; flag for theologian review of the interpretive shift. |
| Ephesians 4:9-10 | Incarnation; Ascension | Christ | Continues Psalm 68:18 background; ties directly to the Critical Incarnation doctrine and extends it into Ascension, territory beyond the Romans baseline | High. “He descended / he ascended” must remain a single historical, unrepeated movement — never hóa thân. |
| Ephesians 4:11 | Gifts for Building Up the Church | Christ; apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, teachers | Echoes Jeremiah 3:15 (“shepherds after my own heart”), Isaiah 61:1 (anointed to proclaim); parallels Romans 12:6-8 (gift list) | Medium. |
| Ephesians 4:13 | Church as Body of Christ | Christ | Echoes Habakkuk 2:14 (“earth filled with knowledge of the glory of the LORD”); parallels Romans 8:29 (conformed to the image of the Son) | Medium-High. |
| Ephesians 4:17-19 | Walking in Newness of Life (negative pole) | Unbelieving Gentiles | Echoes Jeremiah 2:5 (“went after worthless things”); strong verbal parallel to Romans 1:21-24 (futile thinking, darkened understanding) | High. Check Vietnamese rendering of “futile”/“darkened” against Romans 1:21 for cross-curriculum consistency — same condition described. |
| Ephesians 4:22-24 | Walking in Newness of Life; Christian Identity in Christ | Believer | Echoes Genesis 1:26-27 (image/likeness of God), Ezekiel 36:26 (new heart/new spirit); parallels Romans 6:6 (old self crucified), Romans 12:2 (renewed mind) | High. |
| Ephesians 4:25 | Mutual Edification | Believers | DIRECT QUOTATION of Zechariah 8:16 (“speak the truth to one another”); parallels Romans 12:5 (members one of another) | Medium. Direct OT quotation; render consistently with any future minor-prophets curriculum. |
| Ephesians 4:26 | Walking in Newness of Life | Believers | DIRECT QUOTATION of Psalm 4:4 (LXX, “be angry and do not sin”) | Medium. No direct Romans parallel. |
| Ephesians 4:27-28 | Spiritual Warfare (seeded) | The devil | Echoes Genesis 4:7 (sin crouching at the door), Exodus 20:15 (prohibition on stealing); parallels Romans 13:9 (citing the commandments) | High. “Ma quỉ” rendering consistency; see 08_core_glossary.md. |
| Ephesians 4:30 | Sanctification; personhood of the Spirit | Holy Spirit | DIRECT ALLUSION to Isaiah 63:10 (“they grieved his Holy Spirit”) — the OT’s own precedent for the Spirit’s personal grievability | Critical. Important positive proof-text against the folk “thần linh” impersonal-force framing; must be taught explicitly. |
| Ephesians 4:31-32 | Mutual Edification; Forgiveness | God, Christ | Echoes Leviticus 19:17-18 (“do not hate… love your neighbor”); parallels Romans 12:19-21 | Medium. |
Chapter 5 (Ephesians 5:1–33)
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ephesians 5:1-2 | Walking in Newness of Life; Christ’s atonement | God, Christ | Echoes Leviticus 1:9,13,17 / Exodus 29:18 (“aroma pleasing to the LORD”), Psalm 40:6-8; parallels Romans 12:1 (“living sacrifice”) | Critical. OT sacrificial-cultus background directly informs the ancestor-offering syncretism risk (đốt nhang, cúng lễ vật); mandatory explanatory note every occurrence. |
| Ephesians 5:3-5 | Walking in Newness of Life | — | Echoes Exodus 20:14,17 (adultery/covet commandments), Leviticus 18; parallels Romans 1:24-27,29 (vice list) | Medium. |
| Ephesians 5:8-14 | Walking in Newness of Life | Believers | Echoes Isaiah 60:1-2 (“Arise, shine, for your light has come”), Isaiah 26:19/52:1 (awake motif); strong shared-imagery parallel to Romans 13:11-12 (“wake from sleep… put on the armor of light”) | High. Light/darkness and “awake” vocabulary should be checked against Romans 13:11-12; must avoid âm dương balanced-dualism framing. |
| Ephesians 5:15-17 | Walking in Newness of Life | Believers | Echoes Proverbs 1–9 (wisdom literature broadly), Psalm 90:12; parallels Romans 12:2 (discern God’s will) | Medium. |
| Ephesians 5:18-20 | Walking in Newness of Life; Spirit-filling | Holy Spirit | Echoes Proverbs 20:1/23:20-21 (warnings against drunkenness); the Psalter as model for spiritual song; parallels Romans 15:9 (quoting Psalm 18:49) | Critical. Must be distinguished from spirit-mediumship trance (hầu đồng/lên đồng); see 08_core_glossary.md. |
| Ephesians 5:21-24 | Household Codes | Christ, church, wife | Echoes marriage-as-covenant motif of Malachi 2:14-16; Israel-as-wife imagery of Hosea 2:16-20 | High. |
| Ephesians 5:25-30 | Household Codes; Church as Body of Christ (typology) | Christ, church, husband | Echoes Isaiah 54:5, Isaiah 62:5 (the LORD as husband/bridegroom to Israel), Ezekiel 16:8-14 (marriage-covenant metaphor), Song of Solomon (typologically read) | High. Christ/Church Bridegroom-Bride typology; flag for consistency with any future Song of Solomon or Revelation 19:7-9/21:2,9 curriculum. |
| Ephesians 5:31 | Household Codes; Mystery | Adam and Eve (typologically) | DIRECT QUOTATION of Genesis 2:24 (“a man shall leave his father and mother… one flesh”) | Medium-High. Must match however Genesis 2:24 is/will be rendered in a Genesis curriculum; “nên một thịt” is an established Vietnamese Bible idiom. |
| Ephesians 5:32 | The Mystery of Christ Revealed; Household Codes | Christ, church | Ties Genesis 2:24 typologically to Christ and the church; parallels Romans 11:25 (μυστήριον usage) | High. |
Chapter 6 (Ephesians 6:1–24)
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ephesians 6:1-3 | Household Codes | Children, parents | DIRECT QUOTATION of Exodus 20:12 / Deuteronomy 5:16 (Fifth Commandment) | High. Must render identically to Exodus 20:12/Deuteronomy 5:16 in any OT curriculum; compare Romans 13:9’s Decalogue-citation style. |
| Ephesians 6:4 | Household Codes | Fathers | Echoes Deuteronomy 6:6-7 (teach children diligently), Proverbs 22:6 | Medium. |
| Ephesians 6:5-8 | Household Codes | Bondservants, masters | Echoes Leviticus 25:39-43, Deuteronomy 15:12-15 (regulation/release of servants); shares δοῦλος (“slave/servant”) root with Romans 6:16-22 (slaves of sin vs. slaves of righteousness) | High. The literal household institution here (Ephesians 6) must not be blurred with Romans 6’s metaphorical “slave of sin/righteousness” usage; consistent root term, context-disambiguated sense. |
| Ephesians 6:9 | Household Codes; Universal Human Accountability | Masters, God | Echoes Job 31:13-15, Leviticus 19:15 (no partiality in judgment); direct verbal/thematic parallel to Romans 2:11 (“God shows no partiality”) | Medium — verify exact phrase match with however “không thiên vị” renders Romans 2:11. |
| Ephesians 6:10-13 | Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God | Believers, devil, spiritual powers | DIRECT ROOT: Isaiah 59:17 (the LORD himself puts on righteousness as a breastplate, salvation as a helmet); parallels Romans 13:12 (“armor of light”) | Critical. Mandatory rendering-consistency rule; see Section D. |
| Ephesians 6:14 | Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God | Believers | DIRECT ALLUSION to Isaiah 11:5 (“righteousness the belt of his loins”) and Isaiah 59:17 (breastplate of righteousness); parallels Romans 13:12,14 | Critical. |
| Ephesians 6:15 | Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God; Evangelism | Believers | DIRECT ALLUSION to Isaiah 52:7 (“How beautiful… the feet of him who publishes peace”) — the SAME text Romans 10:15 directly quotes (“How beautiful are the feet of those who preach the good news!”) | Critical — mandatory shared-quotation rule. See Section D. |
| Ephesians 6:16 | Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God | Believers | Echoes Psalm 18:2,35 (“the LORD is my shield”), Psalm 91:4 | Medium. |
| Ephesians 6:17 | Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God | Believers, Holy Spirit | DIRECT ALLUSION to Isaiah 59:17 (helmet of salvation) and Isaiah 49:2 (“mouth like a sharp sword”); parallels Romans 10:17 (“faith comes by hearing… the word of God”) | Critical. |
| Ephesians 6:18-20 | Prayer and Intercession | Holy Spirit, Paul | Echoes Psalm 34:15, Daniel 6:10 (persistent prayer); parallels Romans 8:26-27 (Spirit intercedes), Romans 15:30-32 (Paul requests prayer) | Critical. |
| Ephesians 6:21-24 | Christian Fellowship; epistolary closing | Tychicus, believers | No direct OT connection; parallels Romans 16:1-16 (closing greetings), Romans 1:7/16:20 (grace-and-peace formula) | Low. Verify “ân điển” + “sự bình an” closing formula matches Romans exactly. |
Section B: Messianic References Summary
| Passage | Messianic Content | OT Root | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ephesians 1:20-23 | Christ exalted, seated at God’s right hand, all things under his feet | Psalm 110:1; Psalm 8:6; Daniel 7:13-14 | The letter’s opening messianic climax; establishes Christ’s supremacy over the “powers” that ch.6 later confronts. |
| Ephesians 2:14-18 | Christ himself “is our peace,” uniting hostile parties | Micah 5:5; Isaiah 9:6; Isaiah 57:19 | Messianic peace fulfilled corporately (Jew-Gentile), not merely individually. |
| Ephesians 4:8-10 | Christ’s descent and ascent, distributing gifts | Psalm 68:18 | Applied by Paul to Christ’s incarnation-to-ascension movement. |
| Ephesians 5:14 | Probable early-church hymn citation (“Awake, O sleeper… Christ shall shine on you”) | Isaiah 60:1-2; Isaiah 26:19 | Likely a paraphrastic, hymnic messianic allusion rather than a formal quotation; flag as an editorial/interpretive judgment call for the Vietnamese rendering. |
| Ephesians 6:14-17 | The armor originally worn by the LORD/Messiah himself now given to and worn by his people | Isaiah 11:5; Isaiah 59:17 | A significant typological transfer: what is God’s/Messiah’s own battle-dress in Isaiah becomes the believer’s equipment in Christ. |
Section C: Typological Patterns
| Typological Pattern | OT Anchor | NT Fulfillment (Ephesians) | Translation Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Old Adam / New Man | Genesis 2–3; Genesis 1:26-27 | Ephesians 2:1-3 (old humanity in death); Ephesians 4:22-24 (new man created in God’s likeness) | Parallels Romans 5:12-21’s Adam-Christ typology; keep “new man” (người mới) distinct from gradual self-cultivation models. |
| Temple / Living Stones | 1 Kings 6; Ezekiel 40-48; Isaiah 28:16; Psalm 118:22 | Ephesians 2:19-22 (church as God’s holy temple, Christ as cornerstone) | Never render with bare đền; see 08_core_glossary.md. |
| Exodus Redemption | Exodus 12 (Passover); Leviticus 16 (Day of Atonement) | Ephesians 1:7 (redemption through his blood) | Distinguish from ancestral-debt repayment. |
| Divine Warrior’s Armor | Isaiah 11:5; Isaiah 59:17 | Ephesians 6:14-17 (the armor of God) | The Divine Warrior’s own equipment is given to his people — a “borrowed royal armor” typology; must not be read as magical protective gear. |
| Bridegroom and Bride | Hosea 2:16-20; Isaiah 54:5; Isaiah 62:5; Ezekiel 16:8-14 | Ephesians 5:25-32 (Christ and the church) | Flag for future consistency with Song of Solomon / Revelation 19:7-9, 21:2,9 curricula. |
| Protoevangelium / Cosmic Reconciliation | Genesis 3:15 | Ephesians 1:9-10 (uniting all things in Christ) | Establishes a linear, historical redemptive arc — not a cyclical cosmology. |
Section D: Direct Shared OT Quotations/Allusions Between Romans and Ephesians — Rendering-Consistency Rules
The following OT texts are quoted or clearly alluded to in both the Romans baseline and this Ephesians curriculum. Phase 2 translation MUST render each shared OT root identically (or in deliberately harmonized form) wherever it recurs, per the baseline’s Theological Consistency Rules.
| OT Text | Romans Occurrence | Ephesians Occurrence | Rendering-Consistency Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isaiah 28:16 (“a tested stone, a precious cornerstone… will not be put to shame”) | Romans 9:33; Romans 10:11 | Ephesians 2:20 | The Vietnamese term for “cornerstone” (đá góc nhà) and the surrounding “will not be put to shame” / faith-vocabulary must be identical across all three occurrences. Critical. |
| Isaiah 52:7 (“How beautiful are the feet of those who bring good news / publish peace”) | Romans 10:15 (direct quotation) | Ephesians 6:15 (allusion, “shoes… gospel of peace”) | The “gospel of peace” (Tin Lành của sự bình an) phrase and the “feet/readiness” imagery must echo the same root so Vietnamese readers recognize the shared OT text. Critical. |
| Isaiah 45:23 (“every knee shall bow”) | Romans 14:11 (direct quotation) | Ephesians 3:14 (allusion, kneeling before the Father) | The “kneel/bow” (quì gối) vocabulary should align. High. |
| μυστήριον / “mystery” (Pauline theological term, not a single OT verse but a recurring disclosure-motif) | Romans 11:25; Romans 16:25-27 | Ephesians 1:9; 3:3,4,6,9; 5:32; 6:19 | ”Sự mầu nhiệm” must be used identically in both curricula, always as an openly-proclaimed, formerly-hidden truth — never rendered with esoteric/occult huyền bí vocabulary. High. |
| ”No distinction” (Jew/Gentile) doctrinal formula | Romans 3:29-30; Romans 10:12 | Ephesians 2:14-18; 3:6 | Unity-of-Jews-and-Gentiles vocabulary (không phân biệt) must match across both books. Medium-High. |
| Grace excludes works/boasting | Romans 3:27-28; Romans 4:1-5 (citing Genesis 15:6); Romans 11:6 | Ephesians 2:8-9 | ”Ân điển,” “đức tin,” “việc làm,” and the boasting-exclusion clause must match the Romans baseline exactly. Critical. |
| ”Rulers/authorities/powers” (spiritual-power vocabulary) | Romans 8:38 | Ephesians 1:21; 3:10; 6:12 | Use a single, stable Vietnamese set of terms for archē/exousia/dynamis/kyriotēs across both books so the reader recognizes Christ’s supremacy is the same claim in each. Critical. |
| ”Armor of light” / armor imagery | Romans 13:12,14 | Ephesians 6:11-17 | Vietnamese “armor” vocabulary (khí giới/áo giáp) should be harmonized between the two curricula, though Ephesians’ fuller itemized armor list is unique to this book. High. |
| δοῦλος (“slave/servant”) — metaphorical vs. literal usage | Romans 6:16-22 (metaphorical: slave of sin/righteousness) | Ephesians 6:5-9 (literal: household bondservants) | Same root term, but context must clearly disambiguate the metaphorical Romans usage from the literal Ephesians usage; do not let one sense bleed into the other. High. |
| ”No partiality” (God shows no favoritism) | Romans 2:11 | Ephesians 6:9 | ”Không thiên vị” should match verbatim. Medium. |
| Grace-and-peace epistolary formula | Romans 1:7; Romans 16:20 | Ephesians 1:2; Ephesians 6:23-24 | ”Ân điển” + “sự bình an” opening/closing formula must match across both books’ epistolary frames. Low. |
Section E: Chapter Coverage Confirmation
| Chapter | Status |
|---|---|
| Ephesians 1 | Reviewed — election, redemption, mystery, resurrection power, Christ’s supremacy over spiritual powers; 8 cross-reference entries logged. |
| Ephesians 2 (1–10, core; 11–22) | Reviewed — core salvation-by-grace passage plus Jew-Gentile reconciliation; 9 cross-reference entries logged, including the Critical Isaiah 28:16 shared-quotation rule. |
| Ephesians 3 | Reviewed — mystery, Paul’s stewardship, Trinitarian prayer; 7 cross-reference entries logged. |
| Ephesians 4 | Reviewed — church unity, gifts, ascension, old/new man, practical exhortation; 12 cross-reference entries logged. |
| Ephesians 5 | Reviewed — walking in light, sacrificial love, Spirit-filling, household code (marriage); 9 cross-reference entries logged, including the Critical sacrificial-aroma syncretism risk. |
| Ephesians 6 | Reviewed — household code (children/parents, servants/masters), armor of God, closing; 11 cross-reference entries logged, including the Critical Isaiah 52:7 and Isaiah 59:17 shared-quotation rules. |
No chapter of Ephesians contributed zero new cross-reference material; every chapter is represented above with specific, citable entries.
This document supplies the cross-reference basis for Phase 2 back-translation review flagging. See 10_biblical_theme_map.md for the accompanying whole-canon theme map.