Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Peter
This glossary compiles every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning 2 Peter 1–3. Terms marked [REUSED] carry the exact Vietnamese rendering already recorded in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and must not be altered. New terms proposed for this curriculum follow the same Critical/High/Medium/Low risk framework and are flagged for the same review routing conventions (Critical/High → human theologian; Medium → native speaker; Low → automated).
Reused Terms from Romans Translation Memory (apply exactly as recorded)
| Term (Eng.) | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk Tier | 2 Peter Occurrences | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Đức Chúa Trời | Critical | 1:1, 1:2, 1:17, 1:21, 2:4, 3:5, 3:12 | [REUSED] |
| Jesus | Đức Chúa Giê-xu | Critical | 1:1, 1:2, 1:8, 1:11, 1:14, 1:16, 2:20, 3:18 | [REUSED] |
| Christ | Đấng Christ | Critical | throughout | [REUSED] Per baseline transliteration standard |
| Lord | Chúa | Critical | 1:2, 1:8, 1:11, 2:1, 2:9, 2:11, 3:8-10, 3:15 | [REUSED] |
| Holy Spirit | Đức Thánh Linh | Critical | 1:21 | [REUSED] — never bare thần linh |
| Son (of God) | Con (Đức Chúa Trời) | Critical | 1:17 | [REUSED concept: son_of_god] |
| Grace | ân điển | High | 1:2, 3:18 | [REUSED] |
| Peace | sự bình an | Medium | 1:2 | [REUSED] |
| Faith | đức tin | Medium | 1:1, 1:5 | [REUSED] |
| Righteousness | sự công bình | High | 1:1, 2:5, 2:7, 2:8, 2:21, 3:13 | [REUSED] |
| Apostle | sứ đồ | Medium | 1:1, 3:2 | [REUSED] |
| Calling | sự kêu gọi | Medium | 1:10 | [REUSED] |
| Election | sự lựa chọn | Medium | 1:10 | [REUSED] |
| Glory | sự vinh hiển | Medium | 1:3, 1:17, 3:18 | [REUSED] |
| Prophecy | lời tiên tri | High | 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 3:2 | [REUSED] |
| Prophet | tiên tri | Low/Medium | 2:1, 2:16, 3:2 | [REUSED]; ψευδοπροφῆται adds “giả” |
| Kingdom of God (eternal kingdom) | Nước (vĩnh cửu của) Chúa | Medium | 1:11 | [REUSED concept: kingdom_of_god] |
| Sin | tội lỗi | Medium | 1:9, 2:14 | [REUSED] |
| Salvation | sự cứu rỗi | Critical | (conceptually underlying ch. 3 “reach repentance”) | [REUSED]; never sự giải thoát |
| Holy | thánh | Medium | 1:18, 1:21, 2:21, 3:2, 3:11 | [REUSED] |
New Terms for 2 Peter (proposed renderings)
| Term (Eng.) | Original (Greek) | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk Tier | Doctrine | Chapter(s) | Rejected Alternatives | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | Cứu Chúa | High | Deity/Salvation | 1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18 | — | Applied to both God and Jesus in 1:1, affirming Christ’s deity. Must be distinguished from Buddhist savior-figure language (e.g., Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát as “Đấng cứu khổ cứu nạn”); this Savior delivers from sin and final judgment through a completed historical act, not from cyclical suffering through devotional merit. |
| Full/personal knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις / epignōsis | sự nhận biết | High | Growing in Christian Virtue / Divine Nature | 1:2, 1:3, 1:8, 2:20 | tri huệ (rejected: Buddhist enlightenment-insight) | Deeper, relational knowing of God/Christ; must not be conflated with Buddhist trí huệ (enlightenment insight/wisdom attained through practice) as a self-attained gnosis. |
| General knowledge | γνῶσις / gnōsis | sự hiểu biết | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:5, 1:6, 3:18 | — | Distinguished from ἐπίγνωσις to preserve the nuance between general and relational knowing. |
| Divine power | θεία δύναμις / theia dynamis | quyền năng thiên thượng (của Ngài) | Medium | Divine Nature | 1:3 | — | Extends the established power_of_god (quyền năng của Đức Chúa Trời) pattern to Christ’s own power. |
| Divine nature | θεία φύσις / theia physis | bổn tánh Đức Chúa Trời | Critical | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:4 | bản tánh (generic, insufficiently anchored) | CRITICAL: established Bản Dịch Truyền Thống rendering. Must never be taught through the lens of Phật tánh (innate Buddha-nature within all beings, awakened through meditation practice); this is communion granted by God’s promise and the knowledge of Christ, not an inherent potential self-realized. |
| Partaker | κοινωνός / koinōnos | người dự phần | Medium | Divine Nature | 1:4 | — | Shared participation granted, not innate. |
| Corruption | φθορά / phthora | sự hư nát | High | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:4, 2:12, 2:19 | — | Moral/spiritual ruin under judgment; must not be flattened into vô thường (impermanence), a neutral metaphysical fact in Buddhist thought rather than a moral condition under judgment. |
| Lust / desire | ἐπιθυμία / epithymia | tư dục | Medium | Divine Nature; False Teachers | 1:4, 2:10, 2:18, 3:3 | dục vọng (acceptable variant, not preferred) | Established BDTT term; sinful craving driving both worldly corruption and the false teachers’ and scoffers’ conduct. |
| Virtue / moral excellence | ἀρετή / aretē | nhân đức | High | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:3, 1:5 | đức hạnh (rejected per Romans baseline: Confucian moral-cultivation framing) | Must be taught as Spirit-enabled growth added onto faith by grace, not self-generated Confucian moral cultivation (nhân đức as one of the Five Constant Virtues achieved by personal discipline). |
| Self-control | ἐγκράτεια / egkrateia | tiết độ | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:6 | — | Established Vietnamese fruit-of-the-Spirit term. |
| Perseverance / endurance | ὑπομονή / hypomonē | sự kiên trì | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:6 | — | Distinguished from μακροθυμία (God’s patience) to avoid collapsing two concepts. |
| Godliness | εὐσέβεια / eusebeia | sự tin kính | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:3, 1:6, 1:7, 3:11 | — | Established Pastoral-Epistles term. |
| Brotherly kindness | φιλαδελφία / philadelphia | tình yêu thương anh em | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:7 | — | Relational virtue immediately preceding ἀγάπη. |
| Love | ἀγάπη / agapē | sự yêu thương | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:7 | — | Capstone of the virtue list. |
| Eyewitness | ἐπόπτης / epoptēs | người mắt thấy | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:16 | — | Grounds apostolic testimony in verifiable historical observation, not private mystical vision. |
| Majesty | μεγαλειότης / megaleiotēs | sự uy nghi | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:16 | — | Christ’s visible, historical splendor witnessed at the Transfiguration. |
| Majestic Glory (title for God) | μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα / megaloprepēs doxa | Đấng Vinh Hiển Uy Nghi | High | Deity of Christ (via Father’s voice) | 1:17 | — | Reverent circumlocution for God the Father. |
| Prophetic word made more sure | βεβαιότερος προφητικὸς λόγος / bebaioteros prophētikos logos | càng thêm chắc chắn… lời tiên tri | High | Inspiration/Reliability of Scripture | 1:19 | — | Apostolic eyewitness experience corroborates, but does not create, Scripture’s reliability. |
| Morning star | φωσφόρος / phōsphoros | sao mai | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:19 | — | Picture of certain future dawning of Christ’s return. |
| Interpretation / own origination | ἐπίλυσις / epilysis | sự giải thích riêng | Critical | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:20 | — | Denies prophecy originates from a prophet’s self-generated explanation; source is God alone. |
| Will of man | θέλημα ἀνθρώπου / thelēma anthrōpou | ý muốn của loài người | High | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:21 | — | Explicitly excluded as the source of prophecy. |
| Carried/moved by the Spirit | φερόμενοι (φέρω) / pheromenoi | được Đức Thánh Linh cảm động | Critical | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:21 | dictation-only or trance-based renderings (rejected: obscures genuine human authorship) | Defining verb of inspiration doctrine: divine agency carrying along genuine human authorship. |
| False teacher | ψευδοδιδάσκαλος / pseudodidaskalos | giáo sư giả | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | — | Denotes teachers denying core truths (Christ’s Lordship, his atoning purchase) while claiming Christian authority; not mere doctrinal disagreement. |
| Destructive heresy | αἵρεσις ἀπωλείας / hairesis apōleias | tà giáo (dẫn đến sự hư mất) | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | — | Context must clarify this denotes teaching denying Christ, not generic non-mainstream religion. |
| Master / Sovereign Lord | δεσπότης / despotēs | Chúa Tể | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | — | Emphasizes Christ’s absolute ownership of the redeemed. |
| Bought / purchased | ἀγοράζω / agorazō | chuộc mua | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment (denial of atonement) | 2:1 | — | Commercial purchase-language for Christ’s atoning death; must not be read as karmic debt-repayment. |
| Destruction / perdition | ἀπώλεια / apōleia | sự hư mất | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment; Day of the Lord | 2:1, 2:3, 3:7, 3:16 | — | Personal divine ruin under judgment, not impersonal karmic dissolution. |
| Judgment | κρίσις / krisis | sự phán xét | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment; Day of the Lord | 2:3, 2:4, 2:9, 3:7 | — | God’s personal moral verdict, distinguished from impersonal karma (nghiệp/quả báo). |
| Cast into Tartarus | ταρταρόω / tartaroō | quăng vào vực sâu tối tăm | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:4 | (bare) địa ngục used generically (rejected: evokes multi-level karmic hell-realm cosmology) | Temporary confinement awaiting one final judgment, not a realm within a rebirth cycle. |
| Flood / Noah | κατακλυσμός / Νῶε | cơn nước lụt; Nô-ê | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment (OT precedent) | 2:5 | — | Needs OT background teaching for readers with low narrative literacy. |
| Sodom and Gomorrah | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα | Sô-đôm và Gô-mô-rơ | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment (OT precedent) | 2:6 | — | Established transliteration. |
| Rescue / deliver | ῥύομαι / rhyomai | giải cứu | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:7, 2:9 | — | God’s rescue of the godly amid judgment on the wicked. |
| Ungodliness | ἀσέβεια / asebeia | sự vô đạo | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:5, 2:6 | — | Antonym of godliness (εὐσέβεια). |
| Balaam | Βαλαάμ | Ba-la-am | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment (OT precedent) | 2:15 | — | Established transliteration; needs OT background. |
| Freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία / eleutheria | sự tự do | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:19 | — | False teachers’ deceptive promise, contrasted with their own slavery to corruption. |
| Slave (negative sense) | δοῦλος / doulos | nô lệ | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:19 | — | Contrasted with the positive self-designation of “servant” (đầy tớ) in 1:1. |
| Scoffer | ἐμπαίκτης / empaiktēs | kẻ nhạo báng | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 3:3 | — | Doubt rooted in moral rebellion, not honest inquiry. |
| Coming (Parousia) | παρουσία / parousia | sự quang lâm | Critical | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:16, 3:4 | sự trở lại (rejected as too generic/weak); sự tái sinh (firmly rejected: evokes reincarnation) | Christ’s certain, singular, historic future return in glory; grounded in the eyewitnessed Transfiguration and defended against scoffers’ doubt. |
| Promise | ἐπαγγελία / epangelia | lời hứa | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 3:4, 3:9, 3:13 | — | God’s guaranteed pledge, defended against apparent delay. |
| Word of God | λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ / logos tou Theou | lời của Đức Chúa Trời | Medium | Day of the Lord | 3:5 | — | God’s effective, creative speech governs history’s beginning and end, not impersonal cosmic law. |
| Patience / longsuffering | μακροθυμία / makrothymia | sự nhẫn nại | High | Patience of God’s Timing | 3:9, 3:15 | — | God’s purposeful forbearance delaying judgment “not wishing that any should perish” — personal, not an indifferent cosmic slowness. |
| Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα Κυρίου / hēmera Kyriou | ngày của Chúa | Critical | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:10 | — | A fixed, linear, one-time future day; must not be assimilated to the Buddhist cyclical cosmology of world-ages (thành-trụ-hoại-không). |
| New heavens and new earth | καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν / kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn | trời mới đất mới | Critical | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:13 | — | Established Vietnamese Bible phrase; final, one-time, permanent renewal, not a stage in a recurring cosmic cycle. |
| Spotless and blameless | ἄσπιλος καὶ ἀμώμητος / aspilos kai amōmētos | không dấu vết, không chỗ trách được | Medium | Day of the Lord | 3:14 | — | Ethical goal achieved through Christ, not ritual self-purification. |
| Scripture (writing) | γραφή / graphē | Kinh Thánh | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:20, 3:16 | — | Includes Paul’s letters as authoritative alongside OT; distinguished from Buddhist sutras and Confucian classics. |
| Twist / distort | στρεβλόω / strebloō | xuyên tạc | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 3:16 | — | Willful misuse by bad-faith or untaught readers; does not compromise Scripture’s own reliability. |
| Untaught and unstable | ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι / amatheis kai astēriktoi | không được dạy dỗ và không vững vàng | Low | Reliability of Scripture | 3:16 | — | Descriptive; low doctrinal risk. |
| Error | πλάνη / planē | sự sai lạc | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 3:17 | — | Destination toward which the lawless lead the unstable. |
| Preacher of righteousness | δικαιοσύνης κῆρυξ / dikaiosynēs kēryx | người truyền giảng sự công bình | Low | Davidic-style OT precedent (Noah) | 2:5 | — | Builds on established righteousness rendering. |
| Departure (death) | ἔξοδος / exodos | sự từ giã cõi đời | Low | (context: apostolic testimony) | 1:15 | — | Euphemism for death; low risk but may carry Exodus-typology teaching value. |
Risk Summary for 2 Peter New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 (θεία φύσις, ἐπίλυσις, φέρω/moved by the Spirit, παρουσία, ἡμέρα Κυρίου, καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν) | Human theologian |
| High | 13 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 20 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 9 | Automated review |
Note: Reused Romans baseline terms retain their original risk tier and review routing as recorded in doctrine_risk_registry.json; they are listed above for cross-reference completeness but are not re-tiered here.
Critical Risk Terms
Jesus
Approved rendering: Đức Chúa Giê-xu
Transliteration: Duc Chua Gie-xu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Standard Vietnamese Protestant Bible form since the 1926 Bản Dịch Truyền Thống. Keep consistent across every 2 Peter occurrence (1:1, 1:2, 1:8, 1:11, 1:14, 1:16, 2:20, 3:18). Inherited from Romans package.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Đức Thánh Linh
Transliteration: Duc Thanh Linh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: thần linh
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL: Never bare thần linh (Vietnamese folk-religious category of spirits and local deities). Anchors the doctrine of inspiration at 2 Peter 1:21 (‘moved by the Holy Spirit,’ được Đức Thánh Linh cảm động) — the divine, personal third Person of the Trinity, not an impersonal life-force. Inherited from Romans package.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Con Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: Con Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: Υἱός
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: In 2 Peter 1:17 the absolute title ‘Con’ is confirmed audibly by God the Father at the Transfiguration as historical, eyewitnessed fact. Must never be read as an honorary or adoptive title comparable to a deified ancestor or folk-hero spirit venerated at a Vietnamese đền. Inherited from Romans package.
Salvation
Approved rendering: sự cứu rỗi
Transliteration: su cuu roi
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: sự giải thoát
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: NEVER sự giải thoát (Buddhist liberation from the cycle of rebirth). Underlies 2 Peter 3:9’s concern that ‘all should reach repentance’ rather than perish; God’s patience is purposed toward salvation, not toward merit accumulated across lifetimes. Inherited from Romans package.
Christ
Approved rendering: Đấng Christ
Transliteration: Dang Christ
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Đấng Mê-si-a (as the primary rendering when paired with ‘Jesus’)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Not present as a standalone key in the Romans baseline TM but governed by the established transliteration standard recorded in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md (Romans). Rendered as the transliteration ‘Đấng Christ’ rather than the OT-title paraphrase ‘Đấng Mê-si-a’ whenever paired with ‘Jesus’ as a proper-name component, per 2 Peter usage throughout (e.g. 1:1, 1:8, 1:11, 1:16, 2:20, 3:18). Must never be softened to suggest one enlightened teacher among several.
Divine Nature
Approved rendering: bổn tánh Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: bon tanh Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: bản tánh (generic, insufficiently anchored)
Original: θεία φύσις
Category: Divine Nature
CRITICAL. Renders θεία φύσις (2 Peter 1:4). Established Bản Dịch Truyền Thống rendering. Must never be taught through the lens of Phật tánh (the innate Buddha-nature Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhism holds is latent within all beings and awakened through meditative practice/enlightenment); this is communion granted through God’s promises and the knowledge of Christ, not an inherent potential the believer self-realizes. Single highest-syncretism-risk term in the letter.
Private Interpretation
Approved rendering: sự giải thích riêng
Transliteration: su giai thich rieng
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἐπίλυσις
Category: Scripture
CRITICAL. Renders ἐπίλυσις (2 Peter 1:20) — a prophet’s own private, self-generated explanation or origination, explicitly denied as the source of any Scripture prophecy. If softened, this would collapse inspiration into ‘the prophets’ own inspired-sounding but self-made religious insight,’ comparable to how Buddhist sutras are sometimes understood as transmitted through an enlightened teacher’s own insight. Concerns Scripture’s origin, not merely correct exegesis after the fact (that concern is twist_distort, 3:16).
Moved By The Spirit
Approved rendering: được Đức Thánh Linh cảm động
Transliteration: duoc Duc Thanh Linh cam dong
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: dictation-only or trance-based renderings (obscure genuine human authorship)
Original: φερόμενοι (φέρω)
Category: Scripture
CRITICAL. Renders φερόμενοι/φέρω (2 Peter 1:21) — the defining verb of the inspiration doctrine. Must convey the Holy Spirit as the active divine agent carrying genuine human authorship along, not a trance or mechanical dictation, and not the author’s autonomous creative act analogous to a Buddhist sage’s self-attained enlightened insight.
Parousia Coming
Approved rendering: sự quang lâm
Transliteration: su quang lam
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: sự trở lại (too generic/weak), sự tái sinh (firmly rejected — evokes reincarnation)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL. Renders παρουσία (2 Peter 1:16, 3:4). Christ’s certain, singular, historic future return in glory, grounded in the eyewitnessed Transfiguration and defended against the scoffers’ doubt (3:9). Must never suggest repeated or cyclical comings, and must not align with a future-Buddha (Di-lặc/Maitreya) recurring-appearance pattern.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: ngày của Chúa
Transliteration: ngay cua Chua
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: ngày tận thế (generic pop-culture ‘doomsday,’ lacks a personal Judge)
Original: ἡμέρα Κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL. Renders ἡμέρα Κυρίου (2 Peter 3:10, cf. 3:7, 3:12). A fixed, linear, one-time, unrepeatable future day. Must never be assimilated to the Buddhist cosmological cycle of world-ages (thành–trụ–hoại–không: formation, continuation, destruction, emptiness). Always retain the possessive ‘của Chúa’; never substitute the generic ngày tận thế.
New Heavens New Earth
Approved rendering: trời mới đất mới
Transliteration: troi moi dat moi
Doctrine: New Heavens and New Earth (Final Renewal)
Original: καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL. Renders καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν (2 Peter 3:13). Established Vietnamese Bible phrase (echoing Isaiah 65:17). Must be taught as the final, linear, one-time, permanent renewal following judgment of the present order — not a recurring kalpa-cycle stage as in Buddhist cosmology, but the permanent dwelling place of righteousness.
High Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Ông Trời
Original: θεός
Category: God
The established 1926 Protestant Bible term incorporates Trời (Heaven/Sky), the indigenous Vietnamese folk concept of a supreme cosmic authority, into a compound with Đức Chúa (Lord). Every occurrence should be taught as naming a personal, covenant-making God, not the impersonal, fate-dispensing Ông Trời of everyday folk speech. In 2 Peter 1:1, 1:17, 1:21, 3:5 anchors that Scripture and history originate from a personal God. Inherited from Romans package.
Lord
Approved rendering: Chúa
Transliteration: Chua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Exclusive, supreme Lordship applied to Christ throughout 2 Peter (1:2, 1:8, 1:11, 2:1, 2:9, 2:11, 3:8-10, 3:15). The phrase ‘day of the Lord’ (ngày của Chúa) in 3:10 depends on this term retaining its exclusive, personal sense. Inherited from Romans package.
Father
Approved rendering: Cha
Transliteration: Cha
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
God as personal, relational Father. Combined with Đức Chúa Trời in 2 Peter 1:17 (Θεὸς Πατήρ) to distinguish the Father from the Son at the Transfiguration without dividing divine unity. Inherited from Romans package.
Grace
Approved rendering: ân điển
Transliteration: an dien
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: phước đức, công đức, ơn nghĩa
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Never phước đức/công đức (Buddhist accumulated merit) or ơn nghĩa (Confucian reciprocal-debt favor). In 2 Peter 1:2 grace and peace are multiplied through knowledge of God and Christ; in 3:18 believers are commanded to ‘grow in grace,’ which must not be read as accumulating merit toward standing before God. Inherited from Romans package.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: sự công bình
Transliteration: su cong binh
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: đức hạnh
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Never đức hạnh (Confucian cultivated virtue). In 2 Peter 1:1 the ground on which faith is granted; 2:5 Noah as ‘preacher of righteousness’; 3:13 the moral character of the new earth. Always a status/quality granted and secured by God, not accumulated through practice. Inherited from Romans package.
Savior
Approved rendering: Cứu Chúa
Transliteration: Cuu Chua
Doctrine: Savior Christology
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
2 Peter 1:1 applies ‘Savior’ to both God and Jesus Christ in the same clause (‘our God and Savior Jesus Christ’), a strong grammatical affirmation of Christ’s deity; also 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18. Must be distinguished from Vietnamese Buddhist savior-figure language such as Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát addressed as ‘Đấng cứu khổ cứu nạn’ — this Savior delivers from sin and final judgment through a completed, historical, once-for-all act, not through devotional merit repeated within an ongoing cycle of suffering and rebirth.
Full Knowledge
Approved rendering: sự nhận biết
Transliteration: su nhan biet
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue / Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: tri huệ
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Divine Nature
Renders ἐπίγνωσις (2 Peter 1:2, 1:3, 1:8, 2:20) — deeper, relational, experiential knowing of God and Christ, which can also be forfeited (2:20). Must not be conflated with Buddhist trí huệ (enlightenment-insight self-attained through meditative practice). Deliberately paired with, and distinguished from, general_knowledge (γνῶσις, sự hiểu biết) — a curriculum-specific two-tier distinction requiring a gloss at first occurrence in each lesson.
Corruption
Approved rendering: sự hư nát
Transliteration: su hu nat
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: φθορά
Category: Divine Nature
Renders φθορά (2 Peter 1:4, 2:12, 2:19) — moral and spiritual ruin under judgment. Must not be flattened into vô thường (impermanence), a neutral metaphysical fact about all phenomena in Buddhist thought rather than a moral condition standing under a personal God’s judgment. The verb pairing ‘escape corruption’ must use thoát khỏi sự hư nát, NEVER giải thoát khỏi sự hư nát (the Critical-forbidden Buddhist liberation term).
Virtue
Approved rendering: nhân đức
Transliteration: nhan duc
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: đức hạnh (rejected per Romans baseline precedent for righteousness — Confucian moral-cultivation framing)
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Christian Virtue
Renders ἀρετή (2 Peter 1:3, 1:5). Established BDTT rendering, but nhân đức is itself the standard gloss for Nhân, one of the Confucian Five Constant Virtues (Ngũ Thường) traditionally cultivated through personal discipline and social duty (tu thân). Must be taught as Spirit-enabled growth ‘added to’ faith already granted by grace (1:3, 1:5’s ‘thêm vào đức tin’), never self-generated moral cultivation.
God The Father
Approved rendering: Đức Chúa Trời, Cha
Transliteration: Duc Chua Troi, Cha
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: Θεὸς Πατήρ
Category: God
Renders Θεὸς Πατήρ (2 Peter 1:17), combining the established god and father entries. Distinguishes the Father from the Son at the Transfiguration as distinct persons without dividing the unity of God; must not be read through a folk-religious pantheon of separate deities.
Majestic Glory
Approved rendering: Đấng Vinh Hiển Uy Nghi
Transliteration: Dang Vinh Hien Uy Nghi
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα
Category: God
Renders μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα (2 Peter 1:17), a reverent circumlocution for God the Father, the source of the heavenly voice. A curriculum-specific coinage combining the established sự vinh hiển and sự uy nghi building blocks; as a solemn divine title it must never be softened into a generic honorific applicable to any exalted figure.
Prophetic Word Confirmed
Approved rendering: càng thêm chắc chắn (lời tiên tri)
Transliteration: cang them chac chan (loi tien tri)
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: βεβαιότερος προφητικὸς λόγος
Category: Scripture
Renders βεβαιότερος προφητικὸς λόγος (2 Peter 1:19). Apostolic eyewitness experience of the Transfiguration corroborates, but does not create or supersede, Scripture’s own inherent reliability.
Will Of Man
Approved rendering: ý muốn của loài người
Transliteration: y muon cua loai nguoi
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: θέλημα ἀνθρώπου
Category: Scripture
Renders θέλημα ἀνθρώπου (2 Peter 1:21) — explicitly excluded as the source of prophecy; a direct denial that Scripture originated as a merely human religious project comparable to the human sage-tradition transmission of the Confucian classics.
False Teacher
Approved rendering: giáo sư giả
Transliteration: giao su gia
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοδιδάσκαλος
Category: False Teachers
Renders ψευδοδιδάσκαλος (2 Peter 2:1). Must denote teachers denying core truths (Christ’s Lordship, his atoning purchase) while professing Christian authority — not mere doctrinal disagreement between sincere believers, and not merely a rival religious teacher or competing temple/sect leader.
Destructive Heresy
Approved rendering: tà giáo dẫn đến sự hư mất
Transliteration: ta giao dan den su hu mat
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας
Category: False Teachers
Renders αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας (2 Peter 2:1). Never detach from the qualifying clause dẫn đến sự hư mất — tà giáo alone reads generically as any non-mainstream religion; the full phrase must make clear this denotes teaching that specifically denies Christ.
Bought Redeemed
Approved rendering: chuộc mua
Transliteration: chuoc mua
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Atoning Purchase
Original: ἀγοράζω
Category: Salvation
Renders ἀγοράζω (2 Peter 2:1) — commercial purchase-language for Christ’s atoning death, denied by the false teachers. Must not be read through a karmic debt-repayment framework or Confucian ơn nghĩa (reciprocal-debt favor); this is a finished, gracious transaction completed by Christ alone, denial of which is precisely the false teachers’ error.
Destruction Perdition
Approved rendering: sự hư mất
Transliteration: su hu mat
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment / The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἀπώλεια
Category: Judgment
Renders ἀπώλεια (2 Peter 2:1, 2:3, 3:7, 3:16). A personal divine judgment on moral rebellion, not impersonal natural dissolution comparable to Buddhist vô thường (impermanence), which describes all phenomena rather than issuing a moral verdict.
Judgment
Approved rendering: sự phán xét
Transliteration: su phan xet
Doctrine: Certainty of Divine Judgment (OT Precedents) / The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: κρίσις
Category: Judgment
Renders κρίσις (2 Peter 2:3, 2:4, 2:9, 3:7). God’s personal, moral verdict on sin, distinguished from an impersonal law of karmic cause-and-effect (nghiệp/quả báo) that operates automatically apart from a personal Judge.
Cast Into Tartarus
Approved rendering: quăng vào vực sâu tối tăm
Transliteration: quang vao vuc sau toi tam
Doctrine: Certainty of Divine Judgment (OT Precedents)
Rejected alternatives: địa ngục (bare) — evokes the multi-level karmic hell-realm cosmology
Original: ταρταρώσας
Category: Judgment
Renders ταρταρώσας/ταρταρόω (2 Peter 2:4). Never use bare địa ngục, which imports the Vietnamese Buddhist multi-level hell-realm cosmology tied to karmic punishment within an ongoing rebirth cycle. This is a temporary confinement of specific fallen angels awaiting one final, decisive judgment.
Patience Longsuffering
Approved rendering: sự nhẫn nại
Transliteration: su nhan nai
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: God
Renders μακροθυμία (2 Peter 3:9, 3:15). God’s purposeful, personal forbearance ‘not wishing that any should perish, but that all should reach repentance.’ Must not collapse into số trời (impersonal fate-dispensing Heaven) or nghiệp (karma slowly ripening), nor into nhẫn nhục ba-la-mật (a self-perfecting Buddhist virtue); always keep the purpose clause attached so this reads as other-directed forbearance toward sinners, not a self-directed perfection.
Scripture Writing
Approved rendering: Kinh Thánh
Transliteration: Kinh Thanh
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture / Scripture’s Reliability Against Distortion
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
Renders γραφή (2 Peter 1:20, 3:16). Must be distinguished from Buddhist sutras (transmitted through an enlightened teacher’s insight, sharing the headword kinh with titles like Kinh Pháp Hoa) and Confucian classics (transmitted through sage tradition). 3:16 explicitly places Paul’s letters alongside ‘the other Scriptures’ as equally God-given.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: sự bình an
Transliteration: su binh an
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
2 Peter 1:2. Inherited from Romans package.
Faith
Approved rendering: đức tin
Transliteration: duc tin
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
2 Peter 1:1 stresses that all believers, without distinction, have received faith ‘of equal standing’ by the righteousness of God and Savior Jesus Christ; 1:5 is the foundation onto which the virtue list is added. Inherited from Romans package.
Apostle
Approved rendering: sứ đồ
Transliteration: su do
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
2 Peter 1:1 (Peter’s self-designation), 3:2 (‘your apostles’ commandments’). Inherited from Romans package.
Calling
Approved rendering: sự kêu gọi
Transliteration: su keu goi
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: số phận
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
2 Peter 1:10, ‘make your calling and election sure’ — assurance grows through visible fruit, not manipulating an impersonal số phận (fixed fate/destiny). Inherited from Romans package.
Election
Approved rendering: sự lựa chọn
Transliteration: su lua chon
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: số mệnh
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
2 Peter 1:10, paired with calling. Not số mệnh (impersonal fate/destiny) or nghiệp (karma). Inherited from Romans package.
Glory
Approved rendering: sự vinh hiển
Transliteration: su vinh hien
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
The means of divine calling (2 Peter 1:3), conferred visibly on Christ at the Transfiguration (1:17), and the object of the closing doxology (3:18). Inherited from Romans package.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Nước Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: Nuoc Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
2 Peter 1:11 speaks of ‘the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ’; render the fuller phrase as Nước vĩnh cửu của Chúa và Cứu Chúa chúng ta, distinguished from a political or ancestral inheritance. Inherited from Romans package.
Sin
Approved rendering: tội lỗi
Transliteration: toi loi
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: nghiệp xấu
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Moral transgression before a personal God, not nghiệp xấu (impersonal bad karma). 2 Peter 1:9 (forgetting one’s cleansing from past sins), 2:14 (the corrupting practice of false teachers). Inherited from Romans package.
Holy
Approved rendering: thánh
Transliteration: thanh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Describes the mountain of Transfiguration (2 Peter 1:18, núi thánh — set apart by a one-time historical divine manifestation, not an ongoing folk pilgrimage site), the prophets (1:21, 3:2), believer conduct (2:21), and holy living before the Day of the Lord (3:11). Inherited from Romans package.
General Knowledge
Approved rendering: sự hiểu biết
Transliteration: su hieu biet
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Christian Virtue
Renders γνῶσις (2 Peter 1:5-6, 3:18) — general cognitive understanding, part of the virtue list. Kept distinct from ἐπίγνωσις (full_knowledge, sự nhận biết) to preserve the nuance between general growth in understanding and deeper relational knowing.
Divine Power
Approved rendering: quyền năng thiên thượng của Ngài
Transliteration: quyen nang thien thuong cua Ngai
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: θεία δύναμις
Category: Divine Nature
Renders θεία δύναμις (2 Peter 1:3) — extends the established Romans pattern for power_of_god (quyền năng của Đức Chúa Trời) to Christ’s own power, which has already granted ‘everything needed for life and godliness.’ Grace is fully sufficient from the start and needs no supplementary human merit.
Partaker
Approved rendering: người dự phần
Transliteration: nguoi du phan
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: κοινωνός
Category: Divine Nature
Renders κοινωνός (2 Peter 1:4) — shared participation in the divine nature, granted by promise, not an innate capacity possessed apart from grace.
Lust Desire
Approved rendering: tư dục
Transliteration: tu duc
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption / False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: dục vọng (acceptable variant, not preferred)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
Renders ἐπιθυμία (2 Peter 1:4, 2:10, 2:18, 3:3) — sinful craving, the corrupting drive escaped in 1:4 and the motive of the false teachers and scoffers in chapters 2-3. Established BDTT term.
Self Control
Approved rendering: tiết độ
Transliteration: tiet do
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Christian Virtue
Renders ἐγκράτεια (2 Peter 1:6). Established Vietnamese fruit-of-the-Spirit term.
Perseverance
Approved rendering: sự kiên trì
Transliteration: su kien tri
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Christian Virtue
Renders ὑπομονή (2 Peter 1:6). Kept distinct from μακροθυμία (patience_longsuffering, sự nhẫn nại, chapter 3) so the two concepts are not collapsed into one Vietnamese word.
Godliness
Approved rendering: sự tin kính
Transliteration: su tin kinh
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Christian Virtue
Renders εὐσέβεια (2 Peter 1:3, 1:6, 1:7, 3:11). Established Pastoral-Epistles term; antonym of ungodliness (ἀσέβεια, sự vô đạo).
Eyewitness
Approved rendering: người mắt thấy
Transliteration: nguoi mat thay
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Original: ἐπόπτης
Category: Scripture
Renders ἐπόπτης (2 Peter 1:16). Grounds apostolic testimony in verifiable, historical, sensory observation of Christ’s majesty at the Transfiguration, not private mystical vision or meditative insight.
Myth
Approved rendering: chuyện hoang đường
Transliteration: chuyen hoang duong
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Original: μῦθος
Category: Scripture
Renders μῦθος (2 Peter 1:16). Peter’s explicit denial that apostolic testimony rests on invented tales; a native descriptive compound chosen to avoid implicating Vietnam’s own folk-narrative corpus (truyện cổ tích, thần thoại).
Majesty
Approved rendering: sự uy nghi
Transliteration: su uy nghi
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony / Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: μεγαλειότης
Category: Christology
Renders μεγαλειότης (2 Peter 1:16) — the visible, historical splendor of Christ observed at the Transfiguration, confirming his divine glory.
Beloved
Approved rendering: yêu dấu
Transliteration: yeu dau
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
Renders ἀγαπητός (2 Peter 1:17) — object of the Father’s settled, chosen love, declared over the Son.
Well Pleased
Approved rendering: đẹp lòng
Transliteration: dep long
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: εὐδοκέω
Category: Christology
Renders εὐδοκέω (2 Peter 1:17) — settled divine approval and delight, echoing Christ’s baptism.
Holy Mountain
Approved rendering: núi thánh
Transliteration: nui thanh
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Original: ὄρος ἅγιον
Category: Scripture
Renders ὄρος ἅγιον (2 Peter 1:18) — the Mount of Transfiguration, set apart by a historical, one-time divine manifestation witnessed by named apostles, not a Vietnamese folk pilgrimage site of ongoing devotional merit.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: sao mai
Transliteration: sao mai
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: φωσφόρος
Category: Eschatology
Renders φωσφόρος (2 Peter 1:19). As the morning star precedes a guaranteed sunrise, so present hope precedes Christ’s certain, singular future coming.
Master Sovereign Lord
Approved rendering: Chúa Tể
Transliteration: Chua Te
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
Renders δεσπότης (2 Peter 2:1), applied to Christ, deliberately distinct from κύριος (lord, Chúa) to preserve Peter’s emphasis on Christ’s absolute ownership of those he purchased. A curriculum-specific distinguishing coinage; the surrounding ‘bought’ (chuộc mua) clause must remain attached.
Rescue Deliver
Approved rendering: giải cứu
Transliteration: giai cuu
Doctrine: Certainty of Divine Judgment (OT Precedents)
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Salvation
Renders ῥύομαι (2 Peter 2:7, 2:9). Assures believers that God’s judgment on the wicked does not threaten the righteous.
Ungodliness
Approved rendering: sự vô đạo
Transliteration: su vo dao
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἀσέβεια
Category: Sin
Renders ἀσέβεια (2 Peter 2:5-6), direct antonym of godliness (εὐσέβεια, sự tin kính).
Freedom Liberty
Approved rendering: sự tự do
Transliteration: su tu do
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: False Teachers
Renders ἐλευθερία (2 Peter 2:19) — falsely promised by false teachers who themselves remain enslaved to corruption. Ironic contrast requiring careful teaching alongside true gospel freedom.
Slave Negative
Approved rendering: nô lệ
Transliteration: no le
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Sin
Renders δοῦλος in its negative sense (2 Peter 2:19) — bound, without self-mastery. Deliberately contrasted with servant_bondservant (đầy tớ), Peter’s honored self-designation in 1:1: slavery to corruption versus willing devotion to Christ.
Servant Bondservant
Approved rendering: đầy tớ
Transliteration: day to
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
Renders δοῦλος in Peter’s honored self-designation (2 Peter 1:1) — one wholly owned by and devoted to Christ, a mark of honor, not degradation. Contrasted with the negative use of the same Greek word in 2:19 (slave_negative, nô lệ).
Scoffer
Approved rendering: kẻ nhạo báng
Transliteration: ke nhao bang
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Eschatology
Renders ἐμπαῖκται (2 Peter 3:3). Doubt about the Lord’s coming rooted in moral rebellion following sinful desires, not honest intellectual difficulty.
Promise
Approved rendering: lời hứa
Transliteration: loi hua
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Eschatology
Renders ἐπαγγελία (2 Peter 3:4, 3:9, 3:13). The target of the scoffers’ skeptical question ‘Where is the promise of his coming?’; God’s guaranteed pledge, defended against the mere appearance of delay.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: lời của Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: loi cua Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: God
Renders λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ (2 Peter 3:5-6). God’s effective, creative speech, by which the heavens and earth were formed and by water destroyed — governs history’s beginning and end, not an impersonal cosmic law.
Spotless Blameless
Approved rendering: không dấu vết, không chỗ trách được
Transliteration: khong dau vet, khong cho trach duoc
Doctrine: Sanctification and Holy Living in Light of Judgment
Original: ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι
Category: Sanctification
Renders ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι (2 Peter 3:14). The ethical goal achieved through Christ, not ritual self-purification or công đức (merit accumulation).
Twist Distort
Approved rendering: xuyên tạc
Transliteration: xuyen tac
Doctrine: Scripture’s Reliability Against Distortion
Original: στρεβλοῦσιν
Category: Scripture
Renders στρεβλόω (2 Peter 3:16). Warns of willful misuse by bad-faith or untaught readers; Scripture’s own inspiration and reliability are not thereby compromised. Must not be normalized as ordinary interpretive plurality (contrast the acceptable variant sutra-commentary traditions of Vietnamese Buddhism).
Error
Approved rendering: sự sai lạc
Transliteration: su sai lac
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πλάνη
Category: False Teachers
Renders πλάνη (2 Peter 3:17) — the destination toward which the lawless lead the unstable, contrasted with steadfastness in truth.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: lời tiên tri
Transliteration: loi tien tri
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Scripture
Central to 2 Peter 1:19-21, 3:2 — the doctrine of Scripture’s inspiration; source is God, never a prophet’s private interpretation. Inherited from Romans package; note that although base risk is Low here, occurrences at 1:20-21 must be treated per the Critical-risk companion terms private_interpretation and moved_by_the_spirit.
Prophet
Approved rendering: tiên tri
Transliteration: tien tri
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: thầy bói
Original: προφήτης
Category: Scripture
Do not confuse with thầy bói (fortune-teller). 2 Peter 2:1 adds giả for ψευδοπροφῆται (tiên tri giả, false prophets); 3:2 cites ‘the holy prophets’ alongside the apostles. Inherited from Romans package.
Brotherly Kindness
Approved rendering: tình yêu thương anh em
Transliteration: tinh yeu thuong anh em
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Christian Virtue
Renders φιλαδελφία (2 Peter 1:7), the relational virtue immediately preceding love in the virtue chain.
Love
Approved rendering: sự yêu thương
Transliteration: su yeu thuong
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Christian Virtue
Renders ἀγάπη (2 Peter 1:7), the capstone virtue of the list. New entry for this curriculum; not a standalone key in the Romans baseline TM.
Flood Noah
Approved rendering: cơn nước lụt; Nô-ê
Transliteration: con nuoc lut; No-e
Doctrine: Certainty of Divine Judgment (OT Precedents)
Original: κατακλυσμός / Νῶε
Category: Judgment
2 Peter 2:5. Requires OT background teaching for readers with low OT narrative literacy.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Sô-đôm và Gô-mô-rơ
Transliteration: So-dom va Go-mo-ro
Doctrine: Certainty of Divine Judgment (OT Precedents)
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: Judgment
2 Peter 2:6. Established transliteration form, consistent with Romans-baseline proper-name convention.
Balaam
Approved rendering: Ba-la-am
Transliteration: Ba-la-am
Doctrine: Certainty of Divine Judgment (OT Precedents)
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: Judgment
2 Peter 2:15. Established transliteration; requires OT background teaching.
Untaught Unstable
Approved rendering: không được dạy dỗ và không vững vàng
Transliteration: khong duoc day do va khong vung vang
Doctrine: Scripture’s Reliability Against Distortion
Original: ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι
Category: Scripture
Renders ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι (2 Peter 3:16). Descriptive; low doctrinal risk.
Preacher Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: người truyền giảng sự công bình
Transliteration: nguoi truyen giang su cong binh
Doctrine: Certainty of Divine Judgment (OT Precedents)
Original: δικαιοσύνης κῆρυξ
Category: Judgment
Renders δικαιοσύνης κῆρυξ (2 Peter 2:5) — Noah’s role as sole herald of righteousness before the Flood; builds on the established righteousness rendering.
Departure Death
Approved rendering: sự từ giã cõi đời
Transliteration: su tu gia coi doi
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony (context)
Original: ἔξοδος
Category: Christian Virtue
Renders ἔξοδος (2 Peter 1:15) — a euphemism for Peter’s anticipated death, framed as a purposeful departure rather than annihilation or entry into a new cycle of existence, distinguishing it from Buddhist reincarnation framings of death.
Referenced passages