Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Jude (English → Vietnamese)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire book of Jude (chapter 1, vv.1–25). Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Reused and rendered exactly as recorded there; no alternative is proposed. Terms unique to Jude’s vocabulary are marked New and are proposed here for addition to translation memory (pending theologian/native-speaker review per risk tier), following the same methodology as the baseline package.
Table 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline Translation Memory
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Vietnamese Term | Risk (baseline) | Jude Verses | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| salvation | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | sự cứu rỗi | Critical | 1:3 | ”Common salvation” shared by all believers; contrasted with false teachers’ judgment |
| faith (personal trust) / the faith (deposit) | πίστις (pistis) | đức tin | High (baseline Medium; elevated in Jude — see Doctrine Note v.3) | 1:3, 1:20 | Dual sense in Jude requires added translator note; deposit-of-doctrine sense is new theological nuance not present in Romans usage |
| grace | χάρις (charis) | ân điển | High | 1:4 | Corrupted into license by false teachers — sharpest possible misuse in the corpus |
| saints | ἅγιοι (hagioi) | các thánh đồ | High | 1:3 | Reinforces baseline caution against bare “các thánh” (deified folk heroes) |
| called | κλητός (klētos) | được kêu gọi | High (doctrine registry) | 1:1 | Effectual calling sense, matching Romans 1:6–7 usage |
| Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | Chúa | Critical | 1:4, 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Exclusive, supreme Lordship of Christ throughout |
| God | θεός (theos) | Đức Chúa Trời | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:21, 1:25 | Personal, covenant-making God; not impersonal folk “Trời” |
| Jesus / Christ | Ἰησοῦς Χριστός (Iēsous Christos) | Đức Chúa Giê-xu / Đấng Christ | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Standard Bản Dịch Truyền Thống forms |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον (pneuma hagion) | Đức Thánh Linh | Critical | 1:19, 1:20 | Must appear in full; never bare “thần linh” |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | sứ đồ | Medium | 1:17 | Authoritative eyewitness founders, grounding Jude’s warning |
| peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | sự bình an | Medium | 1:2 | Standard epistolary greeting term |
| Moses | Μωϋσῆς (Mōusēs) | Môi-se | Medium (proper name) | 1:9 | Established Bible-translation form |
| Israel (contextual, v.5’s “a people”) | — | (contextual reference; no separate proper name in Jude) | Medium | 1:5 | Type-doctrine reference to the Exodus generation |
| prophesy / prophet-root | προφητεύω (prophēteuō) | nói tiên tri | Low (elevated to High in Jude — see v.14 note) | 1:14 | Elevated due to non-canonical source (1 Enoch) requiring teaching note |
| Amen | ἀμήν (amēn) | A-men | Low | 1:25 | Standard transliterated liturgical closing |
Table 2 — New Terms: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk | Verses | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| contend for | ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι (epagōnizesthai) | tranh chiến (vì đức tin) | High | 1:3 | Agonistic/martial metaphor; must avoid the politically loaded connotation of “đấu tranh” (Marxist-era class-struggle rhetoric) — this is contention for revealed truth, not political struggle |
| once for all delivered | ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ (hapax paradotheisē) | đã được truyền cho… một lần đủ cả | High | 1:3 | Establishes a closed, non-repeatable apostolic deposit; risk of implying ongoing/open revelation if softened |
| most holy faith | ἁγιωτάτῃ πίστει (hagiōtatē pistei) | đức tin rất thánh | High | 1:20 | Same deposit-sense of πίστις as v.3, intensified |
| beloved (address) | ἀγαπητοί (agapētoi) | yêu dấu | Low | 1:3, 1:17, 1:20 | Pastoral address term; low doctrinal risk |
| build up / edify | ἐποικοδομέω (epoikodomeō) | tự xây dựng mình | Low-Medium | 1:20 | Positive counterpart to false teachers’ divisiveness; matches baseline “mutual edification” (Low risk) pattern |
Key syncretism risk for this doctrine: πίστις in its “deposit of doctrine” sense must never default to the generic Vietnamese đạo (the Way/religion), which is used indiscriminately across Buddhism, Confucianism, Caodaism, and folk religion. Rendering “the faith” as “đạo” would reduce a closed, exclusive, apostolic deposit of truth to one “way” among the many the term customarily names in Vietnamese religious vocabulary.
Table 3 — New Terms: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk | Verses | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια (asebēs / asebeia) | không tin kính / sự không tin kính | High | 1:4, 1:15 (×4), 1:18 | The letter’s key descriptor of the opponents; must remain a moral-relational category (lack of reverence toward a personal God), not merely “impolite” or “unlucky” |
| condemnation | κρίμα (krima) | sự kết án | High | 1:4 | Judicial sentence appointed in advance |
| judgment | κρίσις (krisis) | sự phán xét | Medium-High | 1:6, 1:9, 1:15 | Final eschatological assize |
| our only Master and Lord | δεσπότης καὶ κύριος (despotēs kai kyrios) | Đấng Chủ Tể và Chúa (duy nhất) | Critical | 1:4 | Both titles are appositional to Jesus Christ — direct affirmation of full deity; must not split Master/Lord between Father and Son |
| sensuality | ἀσέλγεια (aselgeia) | sự luông tuồng | Medium | 1:4 | Fruit of corrupted grace |
| deny | ἀρνέομαι (arneomai) | chối bỏ | Medium | 1:4 | Practical, lifestyle denial of Christ’s claim |
| dominion / authority (rejected) | κυριότης (kyriotēs) | quyền thống trị | High | 1:8 | Abstract governing-power noun, distinct from the title “Chúa” itself |
| the glorious ones | δόξαι (doxai, plural) | các đấng vinh hiển | High | 1:8 | Concrete referent (angelic/majestic beings), not the abstract “sự vinh hiển” used of God’s glory |
| devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | ma quỷ | High | 1:9 | Must be distinguished from the folk category of wandering/hungry ghosts (ma) placated in ancestor-veneration practice; this is the one personal cosmic adversary |
| blasphemy / slander | βλασφημία (blasphēmia) | sự phạm thượng / nói phạm | Medium | 1:8, 1:9, 1:10 | Irreverent, reckless speech against sacred realities |
| Woe | οὐαί (ouai) | Khốn cho | High | 1:11 | Formal prophetic-judicial denunciation, not casual complaint |
| way of Cain | ὁδὸς τοῦ Κάϊν | đường của Ca-in | Medium | 1:11 | OT type: murderous jealousy, false worship |
| error of Balaam | πλάνη τοῦ Βαλαάμ | sự sai lạc của Ba-la-am | Medium | 1:11 | OT type: ministry corrupted by profit motive |
| rebellion of Korah | ἀντιλογία τοῦ Κόρε | sự phản loạn của Cô-rê | High | 1:11 | OT type: usurping God-given authority |
| hidden reefs / blemishes | σπιλάδες / σπίλοι (spilades / spiloi) | đá ngầm (primary) / dấu ô uế (textual-variant alt.) | Medium-High | 1:12 | Textual-tradition-dependent metaphor; choice affects meaning (danger vs. moral stain) |
| shepherding themselves | ἑαυτοὺς ποιμαίνοντες | chỉ chăn nuôi chính mình | Medium | 1:12 | Ironic reversal of shepherd imagery |
| twice dead | δὶς ἀποθανόντα | hai lần chết | High | 1:12 | Likely anticipates final “second death” judgment |
| wandering stars | ἀστέρες πλανῆται | sao đi lưu lạc | Medium | 1:13 | Detachment from fixed truth |
| utter darkness forever | ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα | sự tối tăm đời đời | High | 1:13 | Permanent judgment, linked to fallen angels’ fate (v.6) |
| grumblers / malcontents | γογγυσταί / μεμψίμοιροι | kẻ hay lằm bằm / kẻ hay phàn nàn | Low | 1:16 | Echoes Israel’s wilderness grumbling type |
| sinful desires / lusts | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | tư dục | High | 1:16, 1:18 | Must be distinguished from the Buddhist metaphysical category of craving (dục) as root of suffering in samsara; this is moral rebellion against a personal God |
| flattery for gain | θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν | nịnh hót người khác để được lợi | Medium | 1:16 | Exploitative leadership, echoing Balaam |
| scoffers | ἐμπαῖκται (empaiktai) | kẻ hay nhạo báng | Medium | 1:18 | Predicted eschatological feature, fulfilled in present opponents |
| last time | ἐσχάτου χρόνου | thời kỳ sau cùng | High | 1:18 | Linear, final epoch — not a recurring cosmological cycle |
| cause divisions | ἀποδιορίζοντες | kẻ gây chia rẽ | Medium | 1:19 | Practical damage to church unity |
| worldly / natural | ψυχικοί (psychikoi) | có tánh xác thịt | High | 1:19 | Anthropological term for the unregenerate; matches established 1 Corinthians 2:14 Vietnamese Bible convention |
| devoid of the Spirit | πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες | không có Đức Thánh Linh | Critical | 1:19 | Stark statement that false teachers lack the Holy Spirit’s indwelling entirely |
| irrational animals | ἄλογα ζῷα | thú vật vô tri | Low | 1:10 | Comparison for instinct-driven, undiscerning behavior |
| destroyed / corrupted | φθείρομαι (phtheiromai) | hư nát | Medium | 1:10 | Moral and eschatological ruin |
Table 4 — New Terms: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk | Verses | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| destroyed / perished | ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi) | hủy diệt / hư mất | High | 1:5, 1:11 | Judicial, personal destruction by God — not impersonal karmic dissolution or annihilation into non-being |
| angels | ἄγγελος (angelos) | thiên sứ | Medium | 1:6 | Created spirit-beings; distinct from Vietnamese folk categories of local/ancestor spirits (thần linh) |
| kept / did not keep | τηρέω (tēreō) | giữ | High | 1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21 | Backbone verb of the “Kept by God” theme; subject/object shifts across occurrences require translator notes |
| position / domain | ἀρχή (archē, angelic sense) | địa vị | Medium | 1:6 | Angels’ abandoned created rank |
| eternal chains | δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις | xiềng xích đời đời | Medium | 1:6 | Permanent judicial custody, already-but-not-yet |
| gloomy darkness | ζόφος (zophos) | sự tối tăm mù mịt | Medium | 1:6, 1:13 | Judicial darkness, contrasted with divine glory |
| Sodom and Gomorrah | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα | Sô-đôm và Gô-mô-rơ | Medium | 1:7 | Archetypal OT judgment narrative (proper names) |
| sexual immorality | ἐκπορνεύω (ekporneuō) | buông mình theo sự dâm dục | High | 1:7 | Intensified, habitual moral corruption |
| eternal fire | πυρὸς αἰωνίου | lửa đời đời | High | 1:7 | Final, unending judgment — not temporary purgation preceding restoration/rebirth |
| punishment | δίκη (dikē) | hình phạt | Medium | 1:7 | Judicial penalty framing, not impersonal cosmic consequence |
| defile the flesh | σάρκα μιαίνειν | làm ô uế xác thịt | Medium | 1:8 | Continuation of the Sodom-type moral accusation |
| archangel Michael | Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος | Mi-ca-ên, đấng tổng lãnh thiên sứ | Medium | 1:9 | Model of godly restraint contrasted with reckless false teachers |
| rebuke | ἐπιτιμάω (epitimaō) | quở trách | Low | 1:9 | Authoritative correction reserved to the Lord |
Table 5 — New Terms: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk | Verses | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | sự thương xót | High | 1:2, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23 | Compassion toward the undeserving/afflicted; must not be modeled on the Buddhist virtue of từ bi (compassion cultivated through meditative practice) but on the personal, rescuing compassion of a covenant God |
| those who doubt / waver | διακρινόμενοι (diakrinomenoi) | những người đang nghi ngờ / lưỡng lự | High | 1:22 | Genuine internal doubt, distinct from settled unbelief or from the false teachers themselves |
| save… snatching from the fire | σῴζετε… ἁρπάζοντες ἐκ πυρός | cứu… kéo (họ) ra khỏi lửa | High | 1:23 | Urgent, forceful rescue imagery echoing the “eternal fire” of judgment (v.7) |
| with fear | ἐν φόβῳ | với sự kính sợ / cẩn trọng | Medium | 1:23 | Reverent carefulness in extending mercy without compromising holiness |
| garment stained by the flesh | ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα | áo xống bị ô uế bởi xác thịt | Medium | 1:23 | Hating the sin/its residue while rescuing and loving the person |
| love feasts | ἀγάπαι (agapai) | tiệc yêu thương | Medium | 1:12 | Communal fellowship meals corrupted from within by false teachers |
Table 6 — New Terms: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk | Verses | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kept (for Jesus Christ) | τετηρημένοις (tetērēmenois) | được giữ | High | 1:1 | Opening statement of the letter’s security theme, before any warning |
| keep yourselves | τηρήσατε ἑαυτούς | giữ mình | High | 1:21 | Human responsibility, exercised in dependence on God’s own keeping (v.24) |
| keep from stumbling | φυλάξαι… ἀπταίστους | giữ (anh em) khỏi vấp ngã | High | 1:24 | Climactic ground of assurance: God’s power, not human effort, secures final perseverance |
| present blameless | στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης… ἀμώμους | trình (anh em) ra không chỗ trách được, đứng trước sự vinh hiển Ngài | High | 1:24 | Sacrificial-purity image (ἄμωμος = unblemished offering) applied to final glorification |
| with great joy | ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει | cách vui mừng lớn | Medium | 1:24 | Exultant, celebratory tone of final glorification |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | sự sống đời đời | High | 1:21 | Single, unending, personal life with God — not an endless cycle of rebirths |
Table 7 — New Terms: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk | Verses | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the only God | μόνῳ θεῷ | Đức Chúa Trời có một, là Đấng duy nhất | High | 1:25 | Explicit monotheistic exclusivity, must not read as one savior-deity among many |
| our Savior | σωτῆρι ἡμῶν | Cứu Chúa của chúng ta | Critical | 1:25 | Direct terminological link to “our common salvation” (v.3) |
| majesty | μεγαλωσύνη (megalōsynē) | sự uy nghi | Medium | 1:25 | Doxological attribute term |
| dominion / might | κράτος (kratos) | quyền năng lớn | Medium | 1:25 | Doxological attribute term, distinct nuance from ἐξουσία |
| authority | ἐξουσία (exousia) | quyền | Medium | 1:25 | Doxological attribute term |
| before all time / forever | πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος… εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας | trước muôn đời… cho đến đời đời không cùng | High | 1:25 | Single, unbroken eternal timeline — not the recurring ages/kalpas of Buddhist cosmology |
Table 8 — Proper Names (General Reference, Low-Medium Risk)
| English Name | Greek (Translit.) | Vietnamese Rendering | Risk | Verses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jude | Ἰούδας (Ioudas) | Giu-đe | Medium | 1:1 |
| James | Ἰάκωβος (Iakōbos) | Gia-cơ | Low | 1:1 |
| Cain | Κάϊν (Kain) | Ca-in | Medium | 1:11 |
| Balaam | Βαλαάμ (Balaam) | Ba-la-am | Medium | 1:11 |
| Korah | Κόρε (Kore) | Cô-rê | High | 1:11 |
| Enoch | Ἑνώχ (Henōch) | Hê-nóc | Medium | 1:14 |
| Adam | Ἀδάμ (Adam) | A-đam | Low | 1:14 |
| Michael | Μιχαήλ (Michaēl) | Mi-ca-ên | Medium | 1:9 |
| Moses | Μωϋσῆς (Mōusēs) | Môi-se (reuse) | Medium | 1:9 |
Risk Summary — Jude New-Term Additions
| Risk Tier | Count of New Terms | Review Routing (per baseline convention) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 3 (Đấng Chủ Tể/κύριος apposition; πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες; σωτῆρι ἡμῶν) | Human theologian review, every occurrence |
| High | 34 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 30 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 6 | Automated review |
Note on elevated risk relative to baseline patterns: Jude’s short, dense, polemical style concentrates an unusually high proportion of Critical/High-risk terms per verse compared to Romans. This reflects (a) the letter’s sustained focus on judgment and false teaching, which repeatedly intersects with Vietnamese ancestor-veneration (διάβολος vs. ma), Buddhist soteriology (ἐπιθυμία vs. dục; ζωὴ αἰώνιος vs. luân hồi; πυρὸς αἰωνίου vs. temporary purgation), and generic multi-religious vocabulary (πίστις vs. đạο); and (b) the letter’s unusually rich chain of τηρέω/φυλάσσω occurrences forming a single theological through-line from v.1 to v.24 that must be tracked consistently across the whole translation.
Critical Risk Terms
Jesus
Approved rendering: Đức Chúa Giê-xu
Transliteration: Duc Chua Gie-xu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Standard Vietnamese Protestant Bible form since the 1926 Bản Dịch Truyền Thống. Inherited from Romans package. In Jude, consistently paired with ‘Đấng Christ’ in apposition (see ‘christ’ entry); keep both forms consistent across every occurrence (1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Đức Thánh Linh
Transliteration: Duc Thanh Linh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: thần linh
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Never bare thần linh (folk spirit category). Inherited from Romans package. In Jude 1:19 the negated form ‘không có Đức Thánh Linh’ (see ‘devoid_of_spirit’) is the letter’s starkest Critical-risk statement; 1:20’s ‘praying in the Holy Spirit’ is its positive counterpart.
Christ
Approved rendering: Đấng Christ
Transliteration: Dang Christ
Doctrine: Deity and Exclusive Lordship of Christ
Standard Vietnamese Protestant Bible title (per the Romans package’s own transliteration standards); used appositionally with Đức Chúa Giê-xu throughout Jude (1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25). Keep consistent with the ‘jesus’ entry; both titles refer to the same single Person.
Our Savior
Approved rendering: Cứu Chúa của chúng ta
Transliteration: Cuu Chua cua chung ta
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: σωτῆρι ἡμῶν
Category: Salvation
Direct terminological link back to ‘our common salvation’ (1:3); must not be read as one savior-figure among several available spiritual rescuers (e.g. bodhisattva figures such as Quán Thế Âm) in Vietnamese religious plurality. Jude 1:25.
Master And Lord
Approved rendering: Đấng Chủ Tể và Chúa (duy nhất)
Transliteration: Dang Chu Te va Chua (duy nhat)
Doctrine: Deity and Exclusive Lordship of Christ
Original: δεσπότης καὶ κύριος
Category: Christology
A single Greek article governs both δεσπότην and κύριον, both applied appositionally to Jesus Christ. Must never be split so that ‘Master’ reads as a separate title for the Father distinct from the Son. Đấng Chủ Tể must clearly co-refer to Đức Chúa Giê-xu alongside Chúa. Jude 1:4.
Devoid Of Spirit
Approved rendering: không có Đức Thánh Linh
Transliteration: khong co Duc Thanh Linh
Doctrine: Regeneration and the Indwelling Spirit
Rejected alternatives: thiếu tâm linh, kém tâm linh
Original: πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες
Category: Sanctification
A stark, total absence of the Holy Spirit’s indwelling; must never be softened to a vague lack of general ‘spirituality’ (tâm linh) that could describe any devout Buddhist or Confucian practitioner. Must retain full Đức Thánh Linh in the negation. Jude 1:19.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: ân điển
Transliteration: an dien
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: phước đức, công đức, ơn nghĩa
Original: χάρις
Category: Grace
Never use phước đức or công đức (Buddhist accumulated merit) or ơn nghĩa (Confucian-style reciprocal-debt favor). Ân điển must be taught as a gift creating no debt to repay. Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:4 presents the sharpest possible misuse of this term in the corpus: false teachers pervert grace itself into a license for sensuality (see ‘grace_perverted_into_license’ doctrine); surrounding context must make clear grace never removes moral accountability before a personal God.
Saints
Approved rendering: các thánh đồ
Transliteration: cac thanh do
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: các thánh
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Never shorten to bare các thánh (deified folk heroes, e.g. Thánh Trần, worshipped at temples/đền). Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:3 identifies all believers, not an elite class, as recipients entrusted with the once-for-all deposit of the faith.
Lord
Approved rendering: Chúa
Transliteration: Chua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Must convey exclusive, supreme Lordship, not generic respectful address. Inherited from Romans package. Used repeatedly throughout Jude (1:4, 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25); see ‘master_and_lord’ for the Critical-risk appositional construction in 1:4.
God
Approved rendering: Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Ông Trời
Original: θεός
Category: God
The established 1926 Protestant Bible term; every occurrence should be taught as naming a personal, covenant-making God, not the impersonal Ông Trời of folk speech. Inherited from Romans package. Anchors both the greeting (Jude 1:1-2) and the closing doxology (1:24-25).
Father
Approved rendering: Cha
Transliteration: Cha
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
God as personal, relational Father, grounded in grace/intimacy rather than Confucian filial hierarchy. Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:1 addresses recipients as ‘beloved in God the Father’; Jude 1:21’s ‘the love of God’ (see that entry) echoes the same relational frame.
Mercy
Approved rendering: sự thương xót
Transliteration: su thuong xot
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: từ bi, cầu xin tổ tiên
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Mercy
Distinct from ân điển (grace); ἔλεος emphasizes compassion toward those in need or distress. Must be modeled on the personal, rescuing compassion of a covenant God who acts to save — never on từ bi (Buddhist compassion cultivated through meditative insight) and never on the ritual pattern of cầu xin tổ tiên (petitioning deceased ancestors, which runs the opposite direction: living to dead). Occurs in the greeting (1:2), the believer’s hope (1:21), and the church’s graduated duty toward the wavering (1:22-23).
Those Who Doubt
Approved rendering: những người đang nghi ngờ / lưỡng lự
Transliteration: nhung nguoi dang nghi ngo / luong lu
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: διακρινόμενοι
Category: Mercy
Genuine internal doubt or vacillation among believers, distinct from settled unbelief and sharply distinct from the false teachers (ἀσεβεῖς) described earlier in the letter; mercy is due to the wavering, judgment to the false teachers — the two groups must never be pastorally conflated. Jude 1:22.
Save Snatching From Fire
Approved rendering: cứu… kéo (họ) ra khỏi lửa
Transliteration: cuu… keo (ho) ra khoi lua
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: σῴζετε… ἁρπάζοντες ἐκ πυρός
Category: Mercy
Urgent, forceful rescue imagery echoing the ‘eternal fire’ of judgment named in 1:7 — decisive intervention, not gentle persuasion, and not a metaphor for present-life hardship alone. Jude 1:23.
Kept For Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: được giữ
Transliteration: duoc giu
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: τετηρημένοις
Category: Preservation
Perfect-passive sense: a completed, abiding state of being guarded by Jesus Christ, for Jesus Christ. Opens the letter’s security theme in Jude 1:1, before any warning is issued — sequencing is theologically load-bearing.
Keep Yourselves
Approved rendering: giữ mình
Transliteration: giu minh
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: τηρήσατε ἑαυτούς
Category: Preservation
The human-responsibility side of the letter’s keeping theme; must be taught as confident dependence on God’s own keeping power (culminating in 1:24), not anxious self-reliance or merit-based self-security. Jude 1:21.
Keep From Stumbling
Approved rendering: giữ (anh em) khỏi vấp ngã
Transliteration: giu (anh em) khoi vap nga
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: φυλάξαι… ἀπταίστους
Category: Preservation
God’s own power, not human effort, secures final perseverance — the climactic ground of assurance resolving the tension with 1:21’s ‘keep yourselves.’ Jude 1:24.
Present Blameless
Approved rendering: trình (anh em) ra không chỗ trách được, đứng trước sự vinh hiển Ngài
Transliteration: trinh (anh em) ra khong cho trach duoc, dung truoc su vinh hien Ngai
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους
Category: Preservation
Priestly, sacrificial-purity image (ἄμωμος = unblemished offering) applied to final glorification; must retain the forensic/presentational sense, not flatten into vague ‘sinlessness.’ Jude 1:24.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: sự sống đời đời
Transliteration: su song doi doi
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: luân hồi, đầu thai
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
Single, unending, personal life with God — the termination of, not a stage within, any cycle of rebirth. Consistent with the baseline’s caution on ‘sự sống lại’ versus luân hồi/đầu thai. Jude 1:21.
The Only God
Approved rendering: Đức Chúa Trời có một, là Đấng duy nhất
Transliteration: Duc Chua Troi co mot, la Dang duy nhat
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μόνῳ θεῷ
Category: God
Explicit, unqualified monotheistic exclusivity; the deliberate redundancy (có một + duy nhất) is doctrinally load-bearing and must not be trimmed for stylistic economy. Must not read as one savior-deity among many in Vietnam’s pluralistic religious marketplace. Jude 1:25.
Before All Time Forever
Approved rendering: trước muôn đời, hiện nay, và cho đến đời đời không cùng
Transliteration: truoc muon doi, hien nay, va cho den doi doi khong cung
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας
Category: Doxology
A single, unbroken eternal timeline; not the recurring cosmic ages/kalpas of Buddhist cosmology. Jude 1:25.
Contend For The Faith
Approved rendering: tranh chiến (vì đức tin)
Transliteration: tranh chien (vi duc tin)
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: đấu tranh
Original: ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι
Category: Faith
Agonistic/martial metaphor for actively defending the apostolic deposit of truth. Never use đấu tranh, which carries Marxist-era class-struggle political connotation in modern Vietnamese; this is contention for revealed truth, not political mobilization. Jude 1:3.
Once For All Delivered
Approved rendering: đã được truyền cho… một lần đủ cả
Transliteration: da duoc truyen cho… mot lan du ca
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ
Category: Faith
Closed, non-repeatable apostolic deposit of revelation; must preclude any implication of ongoing or open revelation, relevant against Vietnamese traditions admitting continuing revelation through mediums, spirit-writing, or living masters. Jude 1:3.
Most Holy Faith
Approved rendering: đức tin rất thánh
Transliteration: duc tin rat thanh
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἁγιωτάτῃ πίστει
Category: Faith
Same deposit-of-doctrine sense of πίστις as 1:3, intensified by the superlative; must retain closed-deposit force rather than drifting toward generic personal piety. Jude 1:20.
Faith Deposit Sense
Approved rendering: đức tin
Transliteration: duc tin
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: đạo
Distinct technical sense of πίστις active in Jude 1:3 and 1:20: the closed, apostolic, propositional body of revealed doctrine entrusted to the whole church, not personal trust. Never render as đạo (the generic Vietnamese ‘Way/religion,’ applied indiscriminately across Buddhism, Confucianism, Caodaism, and folk religion), which would reduce this closed, exclusive deposit to one path among many. Every occurrence requires a translator note distinguishing this sense from the ordinary ‘faith’ entry above.
Prophesied Enoch Citation
Approved rendering: đã nói tiên tri
Transliteration: da noi tien tri
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Scripture (the Enoch Citation)
Elevated from the baseline ‘prophecy’ root’s Low risk because this citation parallels material found in the non-canonical Book of 1 Enoch. Requires a translator note: Jude affirms this specific inspired statement without thereby canonizing the whole source document — distinct from popular Vietnamese deference to old almanacs or a thầy bói’s (fortune-teller’s) sayings as comparably authoritative. Jude 1:14.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: không tin kính
Transliteration: khong tin kinh
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Sin
The letter’s key descriptor of the false teachers; must remain a moral-relational category — fundamental lack of reverence toward a personal God — never mere impoliteness or bad luck. Preserve the fourfold repetition in 1:15 without stylistic smoothing. Jude 1:4, 1:15 (x4), 1:18.
Condemnation
Approved rendering: sự kết án
Transliteration: su ket an
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: nghiệp, số
Original: κρίμα
Category: Judgment
A judicial sentence appointed beforehand by a personal God; never impersonal karmic ripening (nghiệp) or fate (số). Jude 1:4.
Judgment
Approved rendering: sự phán xét
Transliteration: su phan xet
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: nghiệp
Original: κρίσις
Category: Judgment
Final, personal, divine judicial action, referenced regarding the fallen angels (1:6), Michael’s restraint (1:9), and Enoch’s prophecy (1:15); never impersonal cosmic consequence.
Dominion Authority Rejected
Approved rendering: quyền thống trị
Transliteration: quyen thong tri
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: κυριότης
Category: Judgment
κυριότης; abstract governing-power/dominion noun the false teachers refuse to submit to, distinct from the title κύριος (Chúa) itself. Jude 1:8.
Glorious Ones
Approved rendering: các đấng vinh hiển
Transliteration: cac dang vinh hien
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Warfare
Original: δόξαι
Category: Angelology
δόξαι; concrete plural referent to majestic/angelic beings blasphemed by the false teachers, a distinct sense from the abstract ‘sự vinh hiển’ (God’s glory) used at 1:24-25. Do not collapse into the ‘glory’ entry. Jude 1:8.
Devil
Approved rendering: ma quỷ
Transliteration: ma quy
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Warfare
Rejected alternatives: ma
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
Never shorten to bare ‘ma’ (the broad Vietnamese folk category of wandering/hungry ghosts placated in ancestor-veneration ritual, e.g. cúng cô hồn). Ma quỷ must be taught as the one personal, fallen, cosmic adversary contended with by the archangel Michael. Jude 1:9.
Woe
Approved rendering: Khốn cho
Transliteration: Khon cho
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: thật đáng thương
Original: οὐαί
Category: Judgment
Formal OT prophetic covenant-lawsuit pronouncement of doom (cf. Isaiah, Amos, Matthew 23); must not be softened into an expression of pity. Jude 1:11.
Rebellion Of Korah
Approved rendering: sự phản loạn của Cô-rê
Transliteration: su phan loan cua Co-re
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἀντιλογία τοῦ Κόρε
Category: Old Testament Types
OT type of usurping divinely-appointed authority, paralleling the rejected ‘dominion’ accusation in 1:8; requires Numbers 16 background. Jude 1:11.
Hidden Reefs
Approved rendering: đá ngầm
Transliteration: da ngam
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: dấu ô uế (alternate textual-tradition reading, σπίλοι)
Original: σπιλάδες
Category: Judgment
Textual-tradition-dependent (σπιλάδες vs. σπίλοι); this project follows the ‘hidden navigational hazard’ reading. The choice must be applied consistently across every Phase 2 output; do not mix the two readings within the same curriculum. Jude 1:12.
Twice Dead
Approved rendering: hai lần chết
Transliteration: hai lan chet
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: δὶς ἀποθανόντα
Category: Eschatology
Intensified death-image likely anticipating the eschatological ‘second death’ of final judgment, not poetic exaggeration only. Jude 1:12.
Utter Darkness Forever
Approved rendering: sự tối tăm đời đời
Transliteration: su toi tam doi doi
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: địa ngục tạm (temporary hell-realm)
Original: ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα
Category: Eschatology
Permanent, linear judgment directly tied to the fallen angels’ present state (1:6); must never be read as temporary, purgative darkness preceding rebirth or restoration. Jude 1:13.
Sinful Desires
Approved rendering: tư dục
Transliteration: tu duc
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: dục
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
Never bare ‘dục’ (the Buddhist doctrinal category of craving as the impersonal metaphysical root of suffering within samsara). This is personal moral rebellion against a personal God’s revealed will, not an impersonal cause of cyclic existence. Jude 1:16, 1:18.
Last Time
Approved rendering: thời kỳ sau cùng
Transliteration: thoi ky sau cung
Doctrine: Apostolic Warning Concerning the Last Days
Original: ἐσχάτου χρόνου
Category: Eschatology
A single, linear, final epoch of history moving toward Christ’s return; not a recurring stage within Buddhist cyclical cosmology (kalpas/ages). Jude 1:18.
Worldly Natural
Approved rendering: có tánh xác thịt
Transliteration: co tanh xac thit
Doctrine: Regeneration and the Indwelling Spirit
Original: ψυχικοί
Category: Sanctification
ψυχικοί; anthropological category for the unregenerate (‘soul-ish’/natural person), not a claim about materialism. Must match the established Vietnamese Bible convention for 1 Corinthians 2:14 so learners recognize the same category across books. Jude 1:19.
Destroyed Perished
Approved rendering: hủy diệt / hư mất
Transliteration: huy diet / hu mat
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἀπόλλυμι
Category: Judgment
ἀπόλλυμι; judicial, personal destruction enacted by a personal God, not impersonal karmic dissolution or annihilation into non-being. Jude 1:5, 1:11.
Kept
Approved rendering: giữ
Transliteration: giu
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: τηρέω
Category: Preservation
τηρέω; the letter’s backbone verb, carrying at least five distinct senses across the letter: angels’ failure to keep their position (1:6, negative); their present judicial custody (1:6, 1:13); Christ’s prior keeping of believers (1:1); believers’ active self-keeping (1:21); and God’s climactic final keeping (1:24). Retain a single Vietnamese root throughout; require a translator note at each occurrence identifying subject, object, and sense.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: buông mình theo sự dâm dục
Transliteration: buong minh theo su dam duc
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἐκπορνεύω
Category: Sin
ἐκπορνεύω; intensified, habitual moral corruption paralleling the false teachers’ own behavior described in 1:4 and 1:8. Jude 1:7.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: lửa đời đời
Transliteration: lua doi doi
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: địa ngục tạm (temporary purgative hell-realm)
Original: πυρὸς αἰωνίου
Category: Eschatology
Final, unending judgment of which Sodom and Gomorrah’s historical destruction stands as an abiding example; must never be softened into purifying/temporary suffering preceding restoration or rebirth as in popular Vietnamese Buddhist cosmology. Jude 1:7; echoed in 1:23’s rescue imagery.
Korah Name
Approved rendering: Cô-rê
Transliteration: Co-re
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Κόρε
Category: Proper Name
OT archetype of rebellion against divinely appointed authority; requires Numbers 16 background. Elevated risk because this type directly parallels the letter’s rejected-dominion accusation in 1:8. Jude 1:11.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: đức tin
Transliteration: duc tin
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Object of faith must always be specified as Christ; standard, well-established term. Inherited from Romans package. In Jude 1:3 and 1:20, πίστις additionally carries a distinct ‘deposit of doctrine’ sense with elevated High risk (see ‘faith_deposit_sense’ entry below); this entry covers the ordinary personal-trust sense only.
Called
Approved rendering: được kêu gọi
Transliteration: duoc keu goi
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive; in Jude 1:1 marks the letter’s recipients as those effectually called to salvation, matching the Romans 1:6-7/8:28-30 sense exactly. Inherited from Romans package.
Holy
Approved rendering: thánh
Transliteration: thanh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Set apart for God and morally pure; standard, well-established term. Inherited from Romans package. Used as the intensifying adjective in ‘most holy faith’ (Jude 1:20; see ‘most_holy_faith’ entry).
Apostle
Approved rendering: sứ đồ
Transliteration: su do
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Established Vietnamese Bible term. Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:17 grounds his warning in already-given apostolic teaching, not novel revelation.
Peace
Approved rendering: sự bình an
Transliteration: su binh an
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational peace with God through justification. Inherited from Romans package. Used in Jude’s opening greeting blessing (1:2), alongside mercy and love.
Israel
Approved rendering: Y-sơ-ra-ên
Transliteration: Y-so-ra-en
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Proper name; established Vietnamese Bible form. Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:5 refers to this same covenant people (‘a people’) as the first Old Testament warning-type (the unbelieving Exodus generation).
Glory
Approved rendering: sự vinh hiển
Transliteration: su vinh hien
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
God’s radiant honor and majesty; standard term. Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:24-25 uses this abstract sense for God’s own glory; Jude 1:8’s concrete plural ‘the glorious ones’ (δόξαι, majestic/angelic beings) is a DIFFERENT sense and must use the separate entry ‘glorious_ones’ — do not collapse the two.
Moses
Approved rendering: Môi-se
Transliteration: Moi-se
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Μωϋσῆς
Category: Covenant
Established Vietnamese Bible-translation proper-name form (matches baseline term-registry usage, though not present in the Romans TM itself). Referenced in Jude 1:9 through the dispute over his body between Michael and the devil.
With Fear
Approved rendering: với sự kính sợ / cẩn trọng
Transliteration: voi su kinh so / can trong
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἐν φόβῳ
Category: Mercy
Reverent carefulness in extending mercy to the wavering without compromising the rescuer’s own holiness. Jude 1:23.
Garment Stained
Approved rendering: áo xống bị ô uế bởi xác thịt
Transliteration: ao xong bi o ue boi xac thit
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα
Category: Mercy
Distinguishes hating the sin’s residue from hating or abandoning the sinning person; must not be read through a ritual-avoidance/taboo lens implying social quarantine of the rescued person. Jude 1:23.
Love Feasts
Approved rendering: tiệc yêu thương
Transliteration: tiec yeu thuong
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀγάπαι
Category: Church
Communal fellowship meals of the early church, corrupted from within by the false teachers’ presence. Jude 1:12.
With Great Joy
Approved rendering: cách vui mừng lớn
Transliteration: cach vui mung lon
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει
Category: Doxology
Exultant, festal tone of final glorification — a positive, celebratory close to a letter otherwise dominated by warning. Jude 1:24.
Majesty
Approved rendering: sự uy nghi
Transliteration: su uy nghi
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: Doxology
One of four distinct doxological attribute terms (glory, majesty, dominion, authority); must not be merged with the other three for stylistic smoothing. Jude 1:25.
Dominion Might
Approved rendering: quyền năng lớn
Transliteration: quyen nang lon
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: κράτος
Category: Doxology
κράτος; distinct nuance from ἐξουσία (authority) — emphasizes raw might rather than delegated right to act. Jude 1:25.
Authority
Approved rendering: quyền
Transliteration: quyen
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Doxology
ἐξουσία; the fourth doxological attribute, distinct from κράτος (dominion/might). Jude 1:25.
Love Of God
Approved rendering: sự yêu thương của Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: su yeu thuong cua Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἀγάπῃ θεοῦ
Category: God
The relational ground and goal of Christian perseverance, distinct from Confucian filial duty owed within a family hierarchy. Jude 1:21.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: sự luông tuồng
Transliteration: su luong tuong
Doctrine: Grace Perverted into License
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
Unrestrained self-indulgence, the practical fruit of the false teachers’ corruption of grace. Jude 1:4.
Deny
Approved rendering: chối bỏ
Transliteration: choi bo
Doctrine: Deity and Exclusive Lordship of Christ
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Christology
Practical, lifestyle denial of Christ’s claim; should not be narrowed to only verbal apostasy. Jude 1:4.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: sự phạm thượng / nói phạm
Transliteration: su pham thuong / noi pham
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Judgment
Irreverent, slanderous speech against sacred realities beyond one’s understanding, contrasted with Michael’s restraint. Jude 1:8, 1:9, 1:10.
Way Of Cain
Approved rendering: đường của Ca-in
Transliteration: duong cua Ca-in
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ὁδὸς τοῦ Κάϊν
Category: Old Testament Types
OT type of murderous jealousy and false worship, the first of three named types; requires Genesis 4 background teaching. Jude 1:11.
Error Of Balaam
Approved rendering: sự sai lạc của Ba-la-am
Transliteration: su sai lac cua Ba-la-am
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: πλάνη τοῦ Βαλαάμ
Category: Old Testament Types
OT type of ministry corrupted by financial gain, directly paralleling the false teachers’ exploitation described in 1:16; requires Numbers 22-24 background. Jude 1:11.
Shepherding Themselves
Approved rendering: chỉ chăn nuôi chính mình
Transliteration: chi chan nuoi chinh minh
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἑαυτοὺς ποιμαίνοντες
Category: Church
Ironic reversal of the shepherd-of-the-flock image; self-serving false leadership. Jude 1:12.
Wandering Stars
Approved rendering: sao đi lưu lạc
Transliteration: sao di luu lac
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀστέρες πλανῆται
Category: Judgment
Astronomical-instability metaphor for detachment from any fixed reference point of truth, echoing Balaam’s ‘error’ (πλάνη) in 1:11. Jude 1:13.
Flattery For Gain
Approved rendering: nịnh hót người khác để được lợi
Transliteration: ninh hot nguoi khac de duoc loi
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν
Category: Sin
Exploitative, manipulative leadership echoing Balaam’s greed (1:11). Jude 1:16.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: kẻ hay nhạo báng
Transliteration: ke hay nhao bang
Doctrine: Apostolic Warning Concerning the Last Days
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Eschatology
Mockers of sacred/eschatological hope, predicted by the apostles to arise in the last time and identified as fulfilled in the present false teachers. Jude 1:18.
Cause Divisions
Approved rendering: kẻ gây chia rẽ
Transliteration: ke gay chia re
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀποδιορίζοντες
Category: Church
Practical, relational damage the false teachers inflict on the church body from within. Jude 1:19.
Destroyed Corrupted
Approved rendering: hư nát
Transliteration: hu nat
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: φθείρομαι
Category: Judgment
φθείρομαι; moral and ultimately eschatological ruin following mere animal instinct, echoing the judgment vocabulary of 1:5-7. Jude 1:10.
Angels
Approved rendering: thiên sứ
Transliteration: thien su
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: thần linh
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Angelology
Created, accountable spirit-beings under God’s direct judgment; must be distinguished from the Vietnamese folk-religious category of local/ancestor spirits (thần linh) invoked in ancestor-veneration practice. Jude 1:6.
Position Domain
Approved rendering: địa vị
Transliteration: dia vi
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἀρχή
Category: Angelology
ἀρχή; the angels’ abandoned created rank in the heavenly hierarchy, not a political or civic authority. Jude 1:6.
Eternal Chains
Approved rendering: xiềng xích đời đời
Transliteration: xieng xich doi doi
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις
Category: Eschatology
Permanent, non-temporary judicial custody of the fallen angels awaiting the final judgment; already-but-not-yet. Jude 1:6.
Gloomy Darkness
Approved rendering: sự tối tăm mù mịt
Transliteration: su toi tam mu mit
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ζόφος
Category: Eschatology
ζόφος; judicial darkness contrasted with divine glory/light, recurring at 1:6 and 1:13 to visually link the false teachers’ fate to the fallen angels’ fate.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Sô-đôm và Gô-mô-rơ
Transliteration: So-dom va Go-mo-ro
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: Old Testament Types
Established Vietnamese Bible proper-name form; archetypal OT judgment narrative, the third OT type. Jude 1:7.
Punishment
Approved rendering: hình phạt
Transliteration: hinh phat
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: δίκη
Category: Judgment
δίκη; judicial penalty framing, not impersonal cosmic consequence. Jude 1:7.
Defile The Flesh
Approved rendering: làm ô uế xác thịt
Transliteration: lam o ue xac thit
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: σάρκα μιαίνειν
Category: Sin
Moral, not merely ritual, defilement, continuing the Sodom-type accusation against the false teachers. Jude 1:8.
Archangel Michael
Approved rendering: Mi-ca-ên, đấng tổng lãnh thiên sứ
Transliteration: Mi-ca-en, dang tong lanh thien su
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Warfare
Original: Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Angelology
Highest-ranking named angelic figure, modeling restrained, deferential judgment against the devil, contrasted with the false teachers’ recklessness. Jude 1:9.
Jude Name
Approved rendering: Giu-đe
Transliteration: Giu-de
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: Giu-đa
Original: Ἰούδας
Category: Proper Name
The Vietnamese Protestant Bible tradition uses ‘Giu-đe’ specifically to avoid confusion with Judas Iscariot (‘Giu-đa’); this distinction must be preserved consistently as both the author’s name and the book title. Jude 1:1.
Cain Name
Approved rendering: Ca-in
Transliteration: Ca-in
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Κάϊν
Category: Proper Name
OT archetype cited as a type of the false teachers; requires Genesis 4 narrative background. Jude 1:11.
Balaam Name
Approved rendering: Ba-la-am
Transliteration: Ba-la-am
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: Proper Name
OT archetype of a prophet corrupted by profit motive; requires Numbers 22-24 narrative background. Jude 1:11.
Enoch Name
Approved rendering: Hê-nóc
Transliteration: He-noc
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Scripture (the Enoch Citation)
Original: Ἑνώχ
Category: Proper Name
Pre-flood patriarch, ‘the seventh from Adam,’ whose inspired saying Jude cites; requires careful teaching distinguishing this citation from canonization of the whole non-canonical Book of 1 Enoch. Jude 1:14.
Michael Name
Approved rendering: Mi-ca-ên
Transliteration: Mi-ca-en
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Warfare
Original: Μιχαήλ
Category: Proper Name
See fuller treatment under ‘archangel_michael.’ Jude 1:9.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: lời tiên tri
Transliteration: loi tien tri
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεύω
Category: Covenant
God-inspired declaration; standard, well-established term. Inherited from Romans package. This base risk tier applies to ordinary prophetic-declaration usage; the specific Enoch citation in Jude 1:14-15 carries elevated risk (see ‘prophesied_enoch_citation’ entry).
Amen
Approved rendering: A-men
Transliteration: A-men
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Doxology
Standard transliterated liturgical closing, consistent with established transliteration conventions. Closes the doxology at Jude 1:25.
Servant
Approved rendering: tôi tớ
Transliteration: toi to
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
Total, willing devotion/ownership; Jude’s self-designation as a bondservant of Jesus Christ, following the Pauline pattern. Jude 1:1.
Beloved
Approved rendering: yêu dấu
Transliteration: yeu dau
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἀγαπητοί
Category: Faith
Pastoral term of affectionate address, framing rebuke within covenant love. Jude 1:3, 1:17, 1:20.
Build Up
Approved rendering: tự xây dựng mình
Transliteration: tu xay dung minh
Doctrine: Mutual Edification in the Church
Original: ἐποικοδομέω
Category: Church
Positive counterpart to the false teachers’ divisiveness (1:19); matches the baseline’s Low-risk mutual-edification pattern. Jude 1:20.
Grumblers
Approved rendering: kẻ hay lằm bằm
Transliteration: ke hay lam bam
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: γογγυσταί
Category: Sin
Discontented mutterers, echoing Israel’s wilderness grumbling type (cf. 1:5). Jude 1:16.
Malcontents
Approved rendering: kẻ hay phàn nàn
Transliteration: ke hay phan nan
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Chronic fault-finders with one’s lot; reinforces the grumbling motif. Jude 1:16.
Irrational Animals
Approved rendering: thú vật vô tri
Transliteration: thu vat vo tri
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: Sin
Comparison for the false teachers’ instinct-driven, undiscerning behavior. Jude 1:10.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: quở trách
Transliteration: quo trach
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Warfare
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Judgment
Authoritative censure; judgment is left to the Lord’s own authority, not seized by a creature. Jude 1:9.
James Name
Approved rendering: Gia-cơ
Transliteration: Gia-co
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: Ἰάκωβος
Category: Proper Name
Jude’s brother, likely James the Just, leader of the Jerusalem church. Jude 1:1.
Adam Name
Approved rendering: A-đam
Transliteration: A-dam
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Scripture (the Enoch Citation)
Original: Ἀδάμ
Category: Proper Name
Used to fix Enoch’s chronological place, ‘the seventh from Adam.’ Jude 1:14.
Referenced passages