Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the entire book (chapters 1–13, with the core passage 5:11–21 given priority theological weight). It is organized into two sections:
- Section A — Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json. These renderings MUST be reused exactly; this section documents where and how they recur in 2 Corinthians. - Section B — New terms introduced by 2 Corinthians’ curriculum doctrines, proposed for addition to translation memory in Phase 1 Step 2.
All risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions (Critical / High / Medium / Low) and routing conventions (Critical/High → human theologian review; Medium → native speaker review; Low → automated review).
Section A — Reused Baseline Terms (Locked Renderings)
| Term | Vietnamese (locked) | Baseline Risk | 2 Corinthians Occurrences | Notes for This Curriculum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | ân điển | High | 1:2,12; 4:15; 6:1; 8:1,6,7,9,19; 9:8,14; 12:9; 13:14 | Extends into the “Generosity and Grace in Giving” doctrine (ch. 8–9); must never be assimilated to phước đức/công đức (Buddhist merit-giving) or ơn nghĩa (reciprocal-debt favor). |
| faith | đức tin | Medium | 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5 | ”Walk by faith, not by sight” (5:7) reinforced. |
| righteousness | sự công bình | High | 3:9; 5:21; 6:7,14; 9:9,10; 11:15 | 5:21’s “righteousness of God” is Critical-weight within this term (see Section B, imputed reckoning). |
| salvation | sự cứu rỗi | Critical | 1:6; 6:2; 7:10 | Never sự giải thoát. |
| apostle | sứ đồ | Medium | 1:1; 8:23; 11:5,13; 12:11,12 | Combines with “giả” (false) in ch. 11 — see Section B false_apostles. |
| holy | thánh | Medium | 1:1; 7:1; 8:4; 13:12 | |
| saints | các thánh đồ | High | 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12 | Never bare các thánh. |
| sanctification | sự nên thánh | Medium | 7:1 | |
| resurrection | sự sống lại | Critical | 4:14; 5:15 | Never đầu thai/luân hồi. |
| lord | Chúa | Critical | throughout (e.g., 1:2,3,14; 3:17-18; 4:5,14; 5:6,8,11; 8:5,9,19,21; 10:8,17,18; 11:31; 12:1,8; 13:14) | Exclusive, supreme Lordship retained throughout. |
| glory | sự vinh hiển | Medium/High | 3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,15,17; 8:19,23 | Elevated to High in ch. 3–4’s fading-vs-unfading contrast. |
| covenant | giao ước | High | 3:6,14 | Base for new_covenant — see Section B. |
| church | Hội Thánh | Medium | 1:1; 8:1,18,19,23,24; 11:8,28; 12:13 | |
| sin | tội lỗi | Medium | 5:19,21; 11:7 | Never nghiệp xấu. |
| gentiles | dân ngoại | Medium | (contextual, “all nations” references) | |
| holy_spirit | Đức Thánh Linh | Critical | 1:22; 3:3,6,8,17-18; 5:5; 6:6; 13:13-14 | Never bare thần linh. |
| god | Đức Chúa Trời | Critical/High | throughout | Never left to default to Ông Trời. |
| jesus | Đức Chúa Giê-xu | Critical | throughout | Standard 1926 form. |
| father | Cha | High | 1:2,3; 6:18 | Grace/intimacy over hierarchical obligation. |
| gospel | Tin Lành | Medium | 2:12; 4:3,4; 8:18; 9:13; 10:14; 11:4,7 | |
| fellowship | sự thông công | Low | 6:14; 8:4; 13:14 | Locked for Trinitarian benediction (13:14). |
| thanksgiving | sự cảm tạ | Low | 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 9:11,12 | |
| exhort | khích lệ / khuyên nài | Low | 1:4,6; 2:7,8; 5:20; 6:1; 7:6,7,13; 8:6; 9:5; 10:1; 12:18; 13:11 | Context-sensitive per baseline: khuyên nài for entreaty (5:20), khích lệ for edification/comfort-building. |
| power_of_god | quyền năng của Đức Chúa Trời | Medium/Critical | 4:7; 6:7; 12:9; 13:4 | Elevated to Critical at 12:9 (“Power in Weakness” doctrinal center). |
| imputed_righteousness | sự công bình được kể cho | Critical | 5:19,21 (verb root λογίζομαι shared) | Reused verb-root “kể” for both positive (righteousness credited) and negative (sin not counted) reckoning — see Section B not_counting_trespasses. |
Section B — New Terms Introduced in 2 Corinthians
| # | Term (English) | Greek / Transliteration | Proposed Vietnamese | Risk | Doctrine Category | Key Passages | Grounded Risk Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Reconciliation | καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω — katallagē / katallassō | sự hòa giải (noun); hòa thuận lại với (verb, imperative context) | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18,19,20 | Vietnamese “hòa giải” is the standard legal/interpersonal term for mediated settlement between equal, negotiating parties; risks implying mutual concession rather than God’s unilateral, gracious initiative. Every occurrence requires a teaching note establishing God as sole initiator, Christ’s death as exclusive basis. |
| 2 | New Creation | καινὴ κτίσις — kainē ktisis | tạo vật mới | Critical | New Creation in Christ | 5:17 | Risks assimilation to Buddhist notions of gradual self-transformation/rebirth through merit or enlightenment (echoes the resurrection/reincarnation collision already Critical in baseline). Must be taught as instantaneous, gift-based, once-for-all new identity in union with Christ. Rejected alternatives: any phrase using đầu thai, hóa kiếp, chuyển kiếp. |
| 3 | Ministry (diakonia) | διακονία — diakonia | chức vụ | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 3:7,8,9; 4:1; 5:18,19; 6:3; 8:4,19,20; 9:1,12,13; 11:8 | Established Vietnamese Bible term, but “chức vụ” carries Confucian-hierarchical/bureaucratic rank connotations (an office/position of status) that can undercut the servant-nature of the role. Requires contextual framing as humble Christ-appointed service, not honorific rank. |
| 4 | God of this age (title for Satan) | ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου — ho theos tou aiōnos toutou | thần của thế gian này | Critical | Genuine versus False Apostleship (spiritual opposition); general soteriology | 4:4 | Bare “thần” is the ordinary Vietnamese folk-religious word for a legitimate god/spirit/deity within the local pantheon. Applying it to Satan without explicit clarification risks readers granting Satan legitimate deity status. Requires a note every occurrence: defeated, false usurper-power, never an object of reverence. |
| 5 | Angel of light / Messenger of Satan | ἄγγελος φωτός / ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ — angelos phōtos / angelos Satana | thiên sứ sáng láng (giả) / sứ giả của Sa-tan | Critical | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:14; 12:7 | Risks conflation with the trusted Vietnamese folk category of ancestor-spirits or benevolent spirits appearing in dreams/visions (báo mộng) to guide descendants. Must be explicitly taught as deceptive Satanic counterfeit, never a benevolent spirit visitation. |
| 6 | Transformed / Transfigured | μεταμορφόω — metamorphoō | biến đổi (được biến đổi) | High | New Creation in Christ; The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:18 | AVOID “biến hóa,” which in Vietnamese folklore and translated Chinese classical literature denotes magical shape-shifting by deities/spirits/legendary beings. This is progressive, Spirit-wrought moral transformation into Christ’s likeness, not a change of form. |
| 7 | Fear of the Lord | φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου — phobos tou Kyriou | sự kính sợ Chúa | High | Reconciliation with God; general apostolic motivation | 5:11; 7:1 | Risk of collapsing into folk-religious appeasement-fear of displeased ancestors/spirits (cúng giải hạn). Must be taught as reverential awe tied to future accountability before a holy, personal God, not ritual appeasement. |
| 8 | Judgment seat of Christ | βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ — bēma tou Christou | tòa án của Đấng Christ | High | Reconciliation with God; Genuine versus False Apostleship | 5:10 | Risk of conflation with karmic retribution (nghiệp báo/quả báo). Must be taught as a believer’s accountability/reward evaluation distinct from condemnation, not an impersonal karmic ledger. |
| 9 | Not counting trespasses (negative imputation) | μὴ λογιζόμενος … τὰ παραπτώματα — mē logizomenos ta paraptōmata | không kể tội lỗi (sự vi phạm) của họ cho họ | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:19 | Shares the accounting-verb root (“kể”) with baseline’s imputed_righteousness; must retain lexical/doctrinal consistency between positive imputation (righteousness credited) and negative imputation (sin not charged) as two sides of one forensic act of grace. |
| 10 | Christ made sin for us | ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν — hamartian epoiēsen | Đức Chúa Trời đã làm cho Ngài chịu tội lỗi vì chúng ta | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:21 | Must preserve substitutionary, judicial exchange (Christ bearing sin’s legal liability representatively) without implying moral corruption in Christ or reducing it to mere sympathetic identification. |
| 11 | Boasting (illegitimate/legitimate) | καύχημα / καυχάομαι — kauchēma / kauchaomai | sự khoe mình / khoe mình (trong Chúa) | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship; Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:12; 10:8,13,15-18; 11:10,12,16-18,30; 12:1,5,6,9,11 | Confucian-shaped Vietnamese modesty norms treat self-boasting as inherently shameful. Paul’s paradoxical legitimate boasting “in the Lord” and in weakness must be distinguished from condemned self-glorifying boasting, or the argument collapses. |
| 12 | Comfort / Consolation | παράκλησις / παρακαλέω — paraklēsis / parakaleō | sự an ủi / an ủi | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:3-7; 7:6,7,13 | Must be distinguished from Buddhist consolation-through-detachment (vô thường acceptance) or ritual comfort of the bereaved; biblical comfort is relational, sourced in a personal, once-suffering God, producing active ministry to others. |
| 13 | Affliction / Suffering | θλῖψις / πάθημα — thlipsis / pathēma | sự hoạn nạn / sự chịu khổ | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:4-9; 4:17; 6:4; 7:4; 8:2 | Vietnamese vocabulary overlaps with Buddhist “khổ” (dukkha), an impersonal reality escaped through detachment/liberation. Must be taught as meaningful suffering under a sovereign, comforting, personal God producing hope, not an impersonal cosmic reality to escape. |
| 14 | Guarantee / Down payment (of the Spirit) | ἀρραβών — arrabōn | của tiền bảo chứng (Đức Thánh Linh) | High | Reconciliation with God; New Creation in Christ | 1:22; 5:5 | Commercial down-payment term risks implying a repayable transaction; must be taught as God’s free guarantee of an already-secured gift, echoing baseline’s grace-vs-debt concern. |
| 15 | New Covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη — kainē diathēkē | giao ước mới | High | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:6,14 | Built on locked covenant (giao ước); must be taught as God’s gracious inaugurating act through Christ, not a human religious “upgrade” of an existing ethical/classical tradition. |
| 16 | Letter and Spirit | γράμμα / πνεῦμα — gramma / pneuma | văn tự / Thánh Linh | High | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:6 | Risk of flattening πνεῦμα into an abstract “spirit of the law” principle rather than the personal Holy Spirit who gives life; must retain the personal, divine referent (reuse holy_spirit). |
| 17 | Inner Man / Outer Man | ἔσω ἄνθρωπος / ἔξω ἄνθρωπος — esō/exō anthrōpos | con người bên trong / con người bên ngoài | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry; New Creation in Christ | 4:16 | Risk of conflation with Buddhist “true self” (Buddha-nature) discourse or Taoist inner-cultivation (nội công); must be taught as physical decay contrasted with Spirit-wrought inward renewal, not self-realized enlightenment. |
| 18 | Temple of the Living God | ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος — naos theou zōntos | đền thờ của Đức Chúa Trời sống | High | New Creation in Christ; Church as God’s dwelling | 6:16 | Distinct from baseline-forbidden bare “đền,” but “đền thờ” remains conceptually close to folk shrine buildings (đền, miếu); requires a note that believers themselves, Spirit-indwelt, are meant — not a physical shrine needing ritual offerings. |
| 19 | Godly Sorrow / Repentance | λύπη κατὰ θεόν / μετάνοια — lypē kata theon / metanoia | sự buồn rầu theo ý Đức Chúa Trời / sự ăn năn | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 7:9-10 | Must be distinguished from ritual guilt-appeasement of ancestors/spirits (xin lỗi tổ tiên, cúng giải hạn) and from mere worldly regret; godly sorrow issues in relational, saving repentance. |
| 20 | Generosity / Grace-Giving | χάρις (extended sense) — charis | ân điển (mở rộng: sự rộng rãi trong việc dâng hiến) | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:1-9; 9:8,14 | Applies locked grace term to giving; must never be assimilated to Buddhist “làm phước”/“cúng dường” (merit-generating almsgiving) — a deeply entrenched Vietnamese cultural practice. |
| 21 | Sowing and Reaping | σπείρω / θερίζω — speirō / therizō | gieo / gặt | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:6 | The Vietnamese proverb “gieo nhân nào gặt quả nào” is popularly tied to Buddhist nhân quả (karma), an impersonal cosmic mechanism. Must be taught as God’s personal, sovereign, gracious multiplying of blessing — not automatic karmic cause-effect. |
| 22 | Cheerful Giver | ἱλαρὸς δότης — hilaros dotēs | người dâng cho cách vui lòng | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:7 | Must be distinguished from merit-generating “làm phước”/“cúng dường”; cheerful giving flows from gratitude for grace received, accruing no merit toward standing before God. |
| 23 | False Apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι — pseudapostoloi | sứ đồ giả | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:13 | Combines locked apostle (sứ đồ) with “giả”; must convey deliberate religious counterfeit/deception (servants of Satan disguised), not merely a lesser-qualified teacher. |
| 24 | Super-Apostles (ironic) | ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι — hyperlian apostoloi | những kẻ tự xưng là sứ đồ hơn hết | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:5; 12:11 | Ironic/sarcastic tone must be preserved; these are self-promoting rivals, not truly superior apostles. |
| 25 | Paradise / Third Heaven | παράδεισος / τρίτος οὐρανός — paradeisos / tritos ouranos | Ba-ra-đi / tầng trời thứ ba | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship (validating revelation); general eschatology | 12:2-4 | Distinguish from the tiered, merit-attained heavens of Buddhist cosmology; Paul’s experience is a singular, unearned, sovereignly granted revelation, not a cosmological tier reached by spiritual achievement. |
| 26 | Grace Is Sufficient / Power Perfected in Weakness | ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου / ἡ δύναμίς μου ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται | ân điển của Ta đầy đủ cho con / quyền năng của Ta nên trọn vẹn trong sự yếu đuối | Critical | Power in Weakness | 12:9 | The doctrinal center of the “Power in Weakness” curriculum theme. Must not be softened into a self-help/self-effort message, which would collapse the paradox into a moralistic self-cultivation framework (Confucian tu thân / Buddhist self-effort toward enlightenment). |
| 27 | Thorn in the Flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί — skolops tē sarki | cái giằm xóc trong thịt | Medium | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | Must not be read as karmic punishment for personal sin (risk given popular quả báo/nhân quả reasoning); this is a God-permitted, sanctifying affliction, not retribution. |
| 28 | Signs of an Apostle | σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου — sēmeia tou apostolou | các dấu lạ của sứ đồ (thật) | Medium/High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 12:12 | Authenticating marks distinguishing genuine from false apostleship; ties directly to ch.11’s counterfeit-apostle warnings. |
| 29 | Examine Yourselves | δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς — dokimazete heautous | hãy tự xét mình | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 13:5 | Risk of conflation with karmic self-accounting (a mental tally of merit/demerit). Must be taught as testing whether one is genuinely in Christ by faith, not a merit audit. |
| 30 | Sincerity | ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια — haplotēs / eilikrineia | sự chân thành / sự trong sạch | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12; 2:17; 11:3 | Standard integrity vocabulary; ensure it reads as transparency of motive before God, not merely social politeness. |
| 31 | Peddling God’s Word for Profit | καπηλεύω — kapēleuō | buôn bán lời của Đức Chúa Trời để trục lợi | Medium/High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:17 | Serious negative-contrast term; must convey exploitation of sacred teaching for gain, not mild criticism. |
| 32 | Ambassador | πρεσβεύω / πρεσβευτής — presbeuō / presbeutēs | đại sứ (thay mặt cho Đấng Christ) | Medium | Reconciliation with God; Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:20 | Ensure it reads as a Christ-commissioned spiritual representative, not a purely political/diplomatic office. |
| 33 | Trinitarian Benediction | χάρις, ἀγάπη, κοινωνία — charis, agapē, koinōnia | ân điển, tình yêu thương, sự thông công | High | Reconciliation with God (Trinitarian ground); general doxology | 13:14 | Reuses locked grace/fellowship exactly; must be rendered identically wherever quoted elsewhere in the curriculum per cross-document consistency rule. |
| 34 | Unequally Yoked | ἑτεροζυγέω — heterozygeō | mang chung một ách khác loại (với) | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (separation from compromise) | 6:14 | Agrarian metaphor; distinguish from folk astrological compatibility-matching customs (xem tuổi) — this concerns spiritual allegiance, not zodiac compatibility. |
| 35 | Triumphal Procession / Fragrance of Christ | θριαμβεύω / εὐωδία Χριστοῦ — thriambeuō / euōdia Christou | dẫn trong đám khải hoàn / mùi thơm của Đấng Christ | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 2:14-16 | Roman military-parade and OT sacrificial-aroma imagery unfamiliar in Vietnamese context; requires brief explanatory framing, minimal syncretism risk. |
Risk Summary — 2 Corinthians New Terms (Section B)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 | Human theologian review (every occurrence) |
| High | 20 | Human theologian review |
| Medium/High (borderline) | 2 | Human theologian review (treated as High) |
| Medium | 8 | Native speaker review |
| Total new terms | 35 |
Combined with the 24 reused baseline terms in Section A (all already routed per baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json), this glossary provides full-book term coverage for 2 Corinthians 1–13, anchored on the core passage 5:11–21.
This glossary feeds directly into Phase 1 Step 2 (translation memory update) and must be cross-checked against analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md for full contextual justification of every entry.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: sự công bình
Transliteration: su cong binh
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: đức hạnh
Inherited from Romans package. Elevated to Critical weight in this curriculum at 5:21 (‘the righteousness of God’), the New Testament’s clearest ‘great exchange’ statement; must retain forensic, credited-status force, not moral achievement.
Salvation
Approved rendering: sự cứu rỗi
Transliteration: su cuu roi
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: sự giải thoát
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER use sự giải thoát (Buddhist liberation from rebirth). Occurs at 1:6; 6:2; 7:10.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: sự sống lại
Transliteration: su song lai
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: sự đầu thai, luân hồi
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER use sự đầu thai or luân hồi. Occurs at 4:14; 5:15, grounding new-creation life on Christ’s resurrection.
Lord
Approved rendering: Chúa
Transliteration: Chua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Pervasive throughout 2 Corinthians (1:2,3,14; 3:17-18; 4:5,14; 5:6,8,11; 8:5,9,19,21; 10:8,17-18; 11:31; 12:1,8; 13:14); must always retain exclusive, supreme Lordship.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Con Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: Con Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; not a heavily recurring phrase in 2 Corinthians but must render identically wherever it occurs.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Ngôi Lời trở nên xác thịt
Transliteration: Ngoi Loi tro nen xac thit
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: hóa thân
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER use bare hóa thân. Relevant background for 8:9’s ‘though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor’ (Christ’s voluntary self-humbling).
God
Approved rendering: Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Ông Trời
Inherited from Romans package. Never left to default to the impersonal, fate-dispensing Ông Trời of folk speech; every Critical occurrence needs sufficient context (e.g., 5:19 ‘God was in Christ’).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Đức Chúa Giê-xu
Transliteration: Duc Chua Gie-xu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Standard 1926 Bản Dịch Truyền Thống form; keep consistent across all documents.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Đức Thánh Linh
Transliteration: Duc Thanh Linh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: thần linh
Inherited from Romans package. Never bare thần linh. Central in ch. 3’s letter-vs-Spirit contrast and as the ‘guarantee’ given (1:22; 5:5).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: sự công bình được kể cho
Transliteration: su cong binh duoc ke cho
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: công đức tích lũy
Inherited from Romans package. The accounting-verb root (‘kể’) is shared with the new term not_counting_trespasses (5:19) so that positive imputation (righteousness credited) and negative imputation (sin not charged) read as two sides of one forensic act of grace.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: sự hòa giải (danh từ) / hòa thuận lại với (Đức Chúa Trời) (mệnh lệnh)
Transliteration: su hoa giai / hoa thuan lai voi (Duc Chua Troi)
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: hòa giải tranh chấp (mediated settlement between equal parties), any rendering implying mutual concession or negotiated compromise
CRITICAL: Vietnamese ‘hòa giải’ is the standard legal/interpersonal term for mediated settlement between two equal, negotiating parties (hòa giải tranh chấp, hòa giải ly hôn). Every occurrence (5:18,19,20) requires a teaching note establishing God as sole initiator, humanity as recipient, and Christ’s death as the exclusive, non-negotiated basis. The imperative ‘be reconciled’ (5:20) uses the distinct verb-phrase ‘hòa thuận lại với Đức Chúa Trời’ to preserve the passive sense of receiving, not achieving, reconciliation.
New Creation
Approved rendering: tạo vật mới
Transliteration: tao vat moi
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: đầu thai, hóa kiếp, chuyển kiếp
CRITICAL: Must never be assimilated to Buddhist notions of a self transformed or reborn through gradual attainment, meditation, or merit across cycles of existence — the same rebirth/reincarnation risk already Critical for baseline ‘resurrection.’ This is a decisive, gift-based, once-for-all new identity in union with Christ (5:17).
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: thần của thế gian này
Transliteration: than cua the gian nay
Doctrine: Spiritual Opposition and Satanic Deception
Rejected alternatives: applying Đức Chúa Trời or Chúa to Satan, leaving bare ‘thần’ unqualified
CRITICAL: Bare ‘thần’ is the ordinary Vietnamese folk-religious word for a legitimate god/spirit/deity within the local pantheon. Applying it to Satan (4:4) without explicit clarification risks readers granting Satan legitimate deity-status. Every occurrence requires a note: this names a defeated, false usurper-power, never a legitimate object of reverence, fear-based appeasement, or worship.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: thiên sứ sáng láng (giả) / sứ giả của Sa-tan
Transliteration: thien su sang lang (gia) / su gia cua Sa-tan
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship / Spiritual Opposition and Satanic Deception
Rejected alternatives: framing as trustworthy báo mộng (ancestor/spirit dream-visitation)
CRITICAL: Risk of conflation with the broad Vietnamese folk-religious phenomenon of ancestor-spirits or benevolent spirits appearing in dreams/visions to guide or warn descendants (báo mộng), a familiar and generally trusted category. Every occurrence (11:14; 12:7) must be taught explicitly as deceptive Satanic counterfeit, never a benevolent spirit visitation to be trusted.
Not Counting Trespasses
Approved rendering: không kể tội lỗi (sự vi phạm) của họ cho họ
Transliteration: khong ke toi loi (su vi pham) cua ho cho ho
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Shares the accounting-verb root (‘kể’) with baseline imputed_righteousness; positive imputation (righteousness credited) and negative imputation (sin not charged, 5:19) must read as two sides of one forensic act of grace, both grounded solely in Christ’s finished work.
Christ Made Sin
Approved rendering: Đức Chúa Trời đã làm cho Ngài chịu tội lỗi vì chúng ta
Transliteration: Duc Chua Troi da lam cho Ngai chiu toi loi vi chung ta
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement (The Great Exchange)
Rejected alternatives: any phrasing implying moral corruption in Christ, any phrasing reducing this to mere sympathetic identification
5:21 — Must preserve substitutionary, judicial exchange (Christ bearing sin’s legal liability representatively) without implying moral corruption in Christ, and never softened into mere sympathetic identification with sinners.
Grace Sufficient Power In Weakness
Approved rendering: ân điển của Ta đầy đủ cho con / quyền năng của Ta nên trọn vẹn trong sự yếu đuối
Transliteration: an dien cua Ta day du cho con / quyen nang cua Ta nen tron ven trong su yeu duoi
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: a self-help/self-effort rendering (‘God helps those who try hard’)
Doctrinal center of ‘Power in Weakness’ (12:9). Must not be softened into a self-help message, which would collapse Paul’s paradox into a moralistic self-cultivation framework resonant with Confucian tu thân (self-cultivation) or Buddhist self-effort toward enlightenment. Render as a fixed, non-abbreviated dual clause; sufficiency is located in grace received, not effort exerted.
Substitutionary Death
Approved rendering: một người đã chết vì mọi người / mọi người đã chết
Transliteration: mot nguoi da chet vi moi nguoi / moi nguoi da chet
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement (The Great Exchange)
Rejected alternatives: died alongside/as an example for (weakening ὑπέρ), a universalist reading of ‘all died’, a karmic self-extinction reading of ‘all died’
The substitutionary ‘for all’ (5:14-15) must retain vicarious, representative force. ‘All died’ is representative, forensic death in Christ, appropriated by faith — not automatic universal salvation nor karmic extinguishing of the self.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: ân điển
Transliteration: an dien
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: phước đức, công đức, ơn nghĩa
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in 2 Corinthians 8-9 to describe generous giving flowing from grace received; this extended sense must never be assimilated to Buddhist merit-giving (làm phước, cúng dường) or Confucian reciprocal-debt favor (ơn nghĩa). See generosity_grace_giving below.
Faith
Approved rendering: đức tin
Transliteration: duc tin
Doctrine: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (risk tier as recorded in this curriculum’s registry). ‘Walk by faith, not by sight’ (5:7) reinforces trust in Christ despite unseen realities.
Justification
Approved rendering: sự xưng công bình
Transliteration: su xung cong binh
Doctrine: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Not a primary focus term in 2 Corinthians but retained for cross-curriculum consistency wherever justification language recurs.
Saints
Approved rendering: các thánh đồ
Transliteration: cac thanh do
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: các thánh
Inherited from Romans package. Never shorten to bare các thánh. Occurs at 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12.
Glory
Approved rendering: sự vinh hiển
Transliteration: su vinh hien
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / New Covenant versus Old
Inherited from Romans package, elevated to High in this curriculum’s ch. 3-4 fading-versus-unfading-glory contrast, doctrinally load-bearing for ‘New Covenant versus Old.‘
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: sự vâng phục của đức tin
Transliteration: su vang phuc cua duc tin
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: đạo hiếu
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; background for 2 Corinthians’ concern with genuine faith-obedience versus ritual/hierarchical duty.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: quyền năng của Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: quyen nang cua Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, elevated to Critical weight at 12:9 (‘my power is made perfect in weakness’), the doctrinal center of ‘Power in Weakness.’ See grace_sufficient_power_in_weakness below for the fixed compound rendering.
Covenant
Approved rendering: giao ước
Transliteration: giao uoc
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / New Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Base term for ‘giao ước mới’ (new covenant) at 3:6,14; see new_covenant below.
Father
Approved rendering: Cha
Transliteration: Cha
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Father of mercies’ (1:3) and ‘Lord Almighty … will be a father to you’ (6:18) must emphasize grace/intimacy over Confucian hierarchical obligation (đạo hiếu).
Ministry
Approved rendering: chức vụ
Transliteration: chuc vu
Doctrine: Ministry as Servanthood, Not Rank
The established Vietnamese Bible term for διακονία carries Confucian-hierarchical/bureaucratic rank connotations (an office of status). Every occurrence (3:7-9; 4:1; 5:18-19; 6:3; 8:4,19-20; 9:1,12-13; 11:8) requires contextual framing as humble, Christ-appointed service, not honorific rank.
Transformed
Approved rendering: biến đổi (được biến đổi)
Transliteration: bien doi (duoc bien doi)
Doctrine: Transformation by the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: biến hóa
AVOID ‘biến hóa,’ the term used in Vietnamese folklore and translated Chinese classical literature for magical shape-shifting by deities, spirits, or legendary beings (e.g., Tây Du Ký-style transformations). At 3:18 this is progressive, Spirit-wrought moral and relational transformation into Christ’s likeness, not a magical change of form.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: sự kính sợ Chúa
Transliteration: su kinh so Chua
Doctrine: Fear of the Lord and Accountability
Rejected alternatives: appeasement-fear framing modeled on cúng giải hạn
Risk of collapsing into folk-religious appeasement-fear of displeased ancestors or spirits (cúng giải hạn, sợ thần quở). Every occurrence (5:11; 7:1) must be taught as reverential awe before a holy, personal, covenant-keeping God tied to future accountability, not ritual appeasement of a capricious spirit.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: tòa án của Đấng Christ
Transliteration: toa an cua Dang Christ
Doctrine: Fear of the Lord and Accountability
Risk of conflation with karmic retribution (nghiệp báo, quả báo). Must be taught as a believer’s accountability/reward evaluation distinct from condemnation, resting on grace already secured (5:10), not an impersonal karmic ledger.
Boasting
Approved rendering: sự khoe mình / khoe mình (trong Chúa)
Transliteration: su khoe minh / khoe minh (trong Chua)
Doctrine: Boasting in the Lord versus Self-Boasting
Confucian-shaped Vietnamese modesty norms treat all self-boasting as inherently shameful. Every occurrence (5:12; 10:8-18; 11:10-30; 12:1-11) requires contextual framing distinguishing condemned self-glorifying boasting from Paul’s paradoxical legitimate boasting in the Lord and in weakness.
Comfort
Approved rendering: sự an ủi
Transliteration: su an ui
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: consolation modeled on detachment/vô thường acceptance, cúng an ủi vong linh (ritual comfort of the bereaved)
Must be distinguished from Buddhist consolation achieved through detachment/acceptance of impermanence (vô thường) or folk ritual consolation of the bereaved. Biblical comfort (1:3-7; 7:6-13) is relational, sourced in the ‘Father of mercies,’ producing active ministry to others, not passive resignation.
Affliction
Approved rendering: sự hoạn nạn / sự chịu khổ
Transliteration: su hoan nan / su chiu kho
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Vietnamese vocabulary for suffering overlaps with the core Buddhist term khổ (dukkha), escaped only through detachment/liberation (giải thoát, already forbidden for salvation). Must be taught that affliction (1:4-9; 4:17; 6:4; 7:4; 8:2) has personal meaning under a sovereign, comforting God producing hope and ministry, not an impersonal reality to be escaped.
Guarantee Of Spirit
Approved rendering: của tiền bảo chứng (Đức Thánh Linh)
Transliteration: cua tien bao chung (Duc Thanh Linh)
Doctrine: Assurance via the Spirit’s Guarantee
As a commercial down-payment term, risks implying a repayable transaction or reciprocal debt (echoing baseline’s ơn nghĩa concern for grace). Every occurrence (1:22; 5:5) must be taught as God’s free guarantee of a gift already secured, not a deposit the believer must repay through further merit.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: giao ước mới
Transliteration: giao uoc moi
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Built on the locked baseline term ‘giao ước’; must be taught as God’s own gracious inaugurating act through Christ’s Spirit (3:6,14), not a human religious ‘upgrade’ or evolution of an existing ethical/classical tradition.
Letter And Spirit
Approved rendering: văn tự / Thánh Linh
Transliteration: van tu / Thanh Linh
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: an abstract ‘spirit of the law’ rendering of πνεῦμα
Risk of flattening πνεῦμα into a vague abstract ‘spirit of the law’ principle rather than the person of the Holy Spirit (3:6) who gives life; must retain the personal, divine referent, reusing the baseline ‘Đức Thánh Linh.‘
Inner Outer Man
Approved rendering: con người bên ngoài / con người bên trong
Transliteration: con nguoi ben ngoai / con nguoi ben trong
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ / Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Risk of conflation with Buddhist discourse distinguishing an illusory outer self from a ‘true self’ or Buddha-nature realized through enlightenment (giác ngộ), or with Taoist-influenced inner-cultivation (nội công) concepts. Must be taught (4:16) as physical decay contrasted with Spirit-wrought inward renewal grounded in union with Christ.
Temple Of Living God
Approved rendering: đền thờ của Đức Chúa Trời sống
Transliteration: den tho cua Duc Chua Troi song
Doctrine: Church as the Temple of the Living God
Rejected alternatives: bare đền (folk temple to a deified hero/spirit)
‘Đền thờ’ is the established Vietnamese Bible term for the OT Temple and is retained, but remains conceptually close to folk shrine buildings (đền, miếu) where spirits or deified heroes receive incense and ritual offerings. Every occurrence (6:16) needs a note: believers themselves, Spirit-indwelt, are meant — not a physical shrine requiring ritual offerings.
Godly Sorrow
Approved rendering: sự buồn rầu theo ý Đức Chúa Trời / sự ăn năn
Transliteration: su buon rau theo y Duc Chua Troi / su an nan
Doctrine: Godly Sorrow and Repentance
Must be distinguished from ritual guilt-appeasement of offended ancestors or spirits (xin lỗi tổ tiên, cúng giải hạn) and from mere worldly regret. Godly sorrow (7:8-11) is relational, God-ward, and issues in genuine, saving repentance, not ritual restitution.
Generosity Grace Giving
Approved rendering: ân điển (mở rộng: sự rộng rãi trong việc dâng hiến)
Transliteration: an dien (mo rong: su rong rai trong viec dang hien)
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: làm phước, cúng dường
Applies the locked baseline term ‘ân điển’ to the collection in chs. 8-9; must never be assimilated to Vietnamese Buddhist ‘làm phước’ or ‘cúng dường’ (giving to accumulate merit — phước đức/công đức — for the giver or a deceased relative), a deeply entrenched cultural practice.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: gieo / gặt
Transliteration: gieo / gat
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: nhân quả framing (‘gieo nhân nào, gặt quả nào’)
The Vietnamese proverbial pairing ‘gieo nhân nào, gặt quả nào’ is popularly tied to Buddhist nhân quả (karmic cause-and-effect), an impersonal cosmic law. Must be taught (9:6) as God’s own personal, sovereign, gracious multiplying of blessing on grace-motivated giving, not an impersonal karmic mechanism.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: người dâng cho cách vui lòng
Transliteration: nguoi dang cho cach vui long
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: làm phước/cúng dường framing
Must be sharply distinguished from Vietnamese Buddhist ‘làm phước’/‘cúng dường’ (merit-generating almsgiving). Cheerful giving (9:7) flows from gratitude for grace already received, with no merit accrued toward the giver’s standing before God.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: sứ đồ giả
Transliteration: su do gia
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: a rendering implying merely a lesser-qualified or junior teacher
Combines the locked baseline term ‘sứ đồ’ with ‘giả’ (false/counterfeit). Must clearly convey deliberate religious counterfeit and deception (11:13-15): servants of Satan disguised as servants of righteousness.
Super Apostles
Approved rendering: những kẻ tự xưng là sứ đồ hơn hết
Transliteration: nhung ke tu xung la su do hon het
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Paul’s ironic title (11:5; 12:11) for self-promoting rival teachers claiming superior apostolic status. Ironic/sarcastic tone must be preserved; these are not truly superior apostles.
Paradise
Approved rendering: Ba-ra-đi / tầng trời thứ ba
Transliteration: Ba-ra-di / tang troi thu ba
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship (validating revelation)
Distinguish from the tiered, merit-attained heavens of Buddhist cosmology (multiple numbered cõi trời reached through accumulated merit/meditative attainment). Paul’s paradise (12:2-4) is a singular, unearned, sovereignly granted revelatory experience.
Examine Yourselves
Approved rendering: hãy tự xét mình
Transliteration: hay tu xet minh
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: a karmic merit/demerit self-accounting framing
Risk of conflation with karmic self-accounting (a mental tally of merit/demerit resonant with popular nhân quả reasoning). Must be taught (13:5) as testing whether one is genuinely in Christ by faith, not an audit of accumulated merit or demerit.
Peddling Gods Word
Approved rendering: buôn bán lời của Đức Chúa Trời để trục lợi
Transliteration: buon ban loi cua Duc Chua Troi de truc loi
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Serious negative-contrast term (2:17); must convey exploitation of sacred teaching for personal gain, not mild criticism.
Trinitarian Benediction
Approved rendering: ân điển, tình yêu thương, sự thông công
Transliteration: an dien, tinh yeu thuong, su thong cong
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God (Trinitarian ground)
Reuses locked baseline ‘ân điển’ and ‘sự thông công’ exactly (13:14); must be rendered identically wherever this benediction is quoted elsewhere in the curriculum, per the cross-document consistency rule established in the baseline requirements document.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Tin Lành
Transliteration: tin lanh
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: tin tức tốt lành
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Corinthians contrasted with rival ‘different gospels’ (11:4) preached by false apostles; must retain its authoritative, singular referent.
Apostle
Approved rendering: sứ đồ
Transliteration: su do
Doctrine: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package. Central to this curriculum’s ‘Genuine versus False Apostleship’ doctrine; combines with ‘giả’ (false) and ‘hơn hết’ (super-) to form new compound terms in Section B below.
Called
Approved rendering: được kêu gọi
Transliteration: duoc keu goi
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; 2 Corinthians does not significantly extend this term’s contextual range.
Holy
Approved rendering: thánh
Transliteration: thanh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:1; 7:1; 8:4; 13:12.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sự nên thánh
Transliteration: su nen thanh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Applied at 7:1 to ‘bringing holiness to completion.‘
Peace
Approved rendering: sự bình an
Transliteration: su binh an
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ân tứ thuộc linh
Transliteration: an tu thuoc linh
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Church
Approved rendering: Hội Thánh
Transliteration: Hoi Thanh
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: đền, chùa
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:1; 8:1,18-24; 11:8,28; 12:13.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Nước Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: Nuoc Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; not a primary term in 2 Corinthians.
Law
Approved rendering: luật pháp
Transliteration: luat phap
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package. Background for the ‘letter’ (γράμμα) of the Mosaic covenant in ch. 3; see letter_and_spirit below.
Sin
Approved rendering: tội lỗi
Transliteration: toi loi
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: nghiệp xấu
Inherited from Romans package. Never nghiệp xấu. Central at 5:19,21 (‘made him to be sin’ / ‘not counting trespasses’).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: dân ngoại
Transliteration: dan ngoai
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Contextual references to all nations receiving the message of reconciliation.
Abba
Approved rendering: Áp-ba
Transliteration: Ap-ba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; not directly recurring in 2 Corinthians.
Thorn In Flesh
Approved rendering: cái giằm xóc trong thịt
Transliteration: cai giam xoc trong thit
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
A God-permitted, ongoing affliction that keeps Paul humble and dependent on grace (12:7). Must not be read as karmic punishment for personal sin (quả báo/nhân quả).
Signs Of Apostle
Approved rendering: các dấu lạ của sứ đồ (thật)
Transliteration: cac dau la cua su do (that)
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: validation by folk-religious efficacy (linh nghiệm)
Authenticating marks (12:12) distinguishing genuine apostleship from the false apostles and super-apostles of ch. 11; must not be validated by perceived folk-religious spiritual efficacy (linh/linh nghiệm) but by gospel fidelity and Christlike character.
Sincerity
Approved rendering: sự chân thành / sự trong sạch
Transliteration: su chan thanh / su trong sach
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Standard integrity vocabulary (1:12; 2:17; 11:3); ensure it reads as transparency of motive before God, not merely social politeness.
Ambassador
Approved rendering: đại sứ (thay mặt cho Đấng Christ)
Transliteration: dai su (thay mat cho Dang Christ)
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Ensure this (5:20) reads as a Christ-commissioned spiritual representative, not merely a political/diplomatic office; apostolic authority is representative, not self-derived.
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: mang chung một ách khác loại (với)
Transliteration: mang chung mot ach khac loai (voi)
Doctrine: Church as the Temple of the Living God
Rejected alternatives: compatibility framing based on xem tuổi/hợp tuổi (zodiac matching)
Distinguish from folk astrological compatibility-matching customs; this (6:14) concerns spiritual allegiance to Christ versus idols, not zodiac compatibility.
Triumphal Procession
Approved rendering: dẫn trong đám khải hoàn / mùi thơm của Đấng Christ
Transliteration: dan trong dam khai hoan / mui thom cua Dang Christ
Doctrine: Gospel Proclamation as the Fragrance of Christ
Roman military victory-parade imagery and OT sacrificial-aroma imagery (2:14-16) have no direct Vietnamese cultural equivalent and require brief explanatory framing at first occurrence.
Spiritual Warfare
Approved rendering: binh khí thuộc linh / đồn lũy
Transliteration: binh khi thuoc linh / don lu
Doctrine: Spiritual Opposition and Satanic Deception
Rejected alternatives: framing as literal spirit-exorcism ritual (trừ tà, đuổi ma)
Targets proud arguments/thoughts opposed to the knowledge of God (10:3-5), not literal spirit-exorcism rituals.
Godly Jealousy
Approved rendering: lòng sốt sắng / ghen thánh theo Đức Chúa Trời
Transliteration: long sot sang / ghen thanh theo Duc Chua Troi
Doctrine: The Church’s Exclusive Devotion to Christ
Covenant-protective concern for exclusive devotion to Christ (11:2), imaged as a bride kept pure for one husband; not possessive human jealousy.
Love Of Christ
Approved rendering: tình yêu thương của Đấng Christ
Transliteration: tinh yeu thuong cua Dang Christ
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement (motivation)
Christ’s self-giving, covenantal love (5:14), the motivating power of apostolic ministry — not generic human affection.
Meekness Gentleness
Approved rendering: sự nhu mì và khiêm nhường của Đấng Christ
Transliteration: su nhu mi va khiem nhuong cua Dang Christ
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Christ’s humility and forbearance (10:1), the pattern for apostolic conduct, contrasted with rival teachers’ harshness; conveys humble strength, not weakness or passivity.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: cái hôn thánh
Transliteration: cai hon thanh
Doctrine: The Holy Kiss as a Sign of Fellowship
A customary early-church greeting (13:12), retained literally per Bản Dịch Truyền Thống convention; not a native Vietnamese social practice, though modern equivalents (holy embrace/handshake) are typically substituted in practice while the phrase is retained in translation.
Pure Virgin
Approved rendering: trinh nữ trong sạch
Transliteration: trinh nu trong sach
Doctrine: The Church’s Exclusive Devotion to Christ
Bridal purity imagery (11:2) for the church’s exclusive, undefiled devotion to Christ as her betrothed; requires brief cultural framing since bridal-betrothal imagery differs from Vietnamese marriage custom emphasis.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: sự cảm tạ
Transliteration: su cam ta
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs across 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 9:11-12, tying comfort and generosity doctrines to gratitude.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: sự thông công
Transliteration: su thong cong
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Inherited from Romans package. Locked for the Trinitarian benediction at 13:14; must render identically wherever quoted elsewhere in the curriculum.
Exhort
Approved rendering: khích lệ
Transliteration: khich le
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across 2 Corinthians: khuyên nài for entreaty (e.g. 5:20; 6:1), khích lệ for comfort/edification (e.g. 1:4-6; 7:6-13).
Conscience
Approved rendering: lương tâm
Transliteration: luong tam
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Standard, well-established term (5:11; 1:12; 4:2); no significant syncretism risk.
Referenced passages