07 Semantic Analysis — Hebrews 1–13 (English → Vietnamese)

Scope and Method

This document analyzes the entire book of Hebrews in the original Koine Greek, chapter by chapter, first to last, per the PRD Phase 1 Step 1 mandate for full-book coverage. The core passage, Hebrews 9:11–28, receives verse-by-verse treatment (Part A). Every other chapter receives a chapter-level treatment of its load-bearing theological terms (Part B). Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are reused exactly — they are marked “(reused from Romans TM)” below and are not re-argued. New terms are analyzed fresh and proposed for entry into an extended translation memory in Step 2 deliverables.

Risk tiers (Critical / High / Medium / Low) follow the definitions established in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.

All Vietnamese renderings below follow the Bản Dịch Truyền Thống (1926) register mandated by the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.

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PART A — Core Passage Verse-by-Verse: Hebrews 9:11–28

Preceding context note: Hebrews 9:1–10

Although outside the core passage boundary, 9:1–10 furnishes the tabernacle vocabulary the core passage assumes. These terms are listed here for full-book coverage and are cross-referenced throughout Part A.

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
tabernacle	σκηνή	skēnē	tent, dwelling	portable sacred tent; by extension any sacred dwelling-structure	tabernacle, tent	The earthly, man-made copy of the heavenly sanctuary where God met Israel	đền tạm (Medium — established term; must not be confused with a permanent temple/chùa)
Holy Place / Holy of Holies	τὰ ἅγια / Ἅγια Ἁγίων	ta hagia / Hagia Hagiōn	”the holy things/places” / “holy of holies”	the outer sanctuary vs. the innermost sanctuary behind the veil	holy place, holiest of all, sanctuary	The graded stages of access to God under the old covenant, now superseded by direct access through Christ	nơi thánh / nơi rất thánh (High — must retain the graded-access contrast with 9:12’s “once for all”)
veil	καταπέτασμα	katapetasma	that which is spread across	the curtain separating Holy Place from Holy of Holies	veil, curtain	Barrier to God’s presence, later identified with Christ’s flesh (10:20)	bức màn / màn (High — theological weight carried forward into ch. 10)
mercy seat	ἱλαστήριον	hilastērion	place/means of propitiation	the golden lid of the ark where blood was sprinkled on the Day of Atonement; also used abstractly for “propitiation” (cf. Rom 3:25)	mercy seat, propitiatory cover, place of atonement	The OT site where God’s wrath toward sin was appeased through blood — the direct type of Christ’s atoning work in 9:11–14	nắp thi ân (Critical — no baseline Romans TM entry exists for this term though Romans 3:25 uses the same Greek word; must be established fresh and applied consistently; must not be confused with “cầu xin tổ tiên” ancestor-appeasement ritual)
ark of the covenant	κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης	kibōtos tēs diathēkēs	box/chest of the covenant	the sacred chest housing the tablets of the law	ark of the covenant	Physical locus of God’s covenant presence	hòm giao ước (Low — established OT term)
cherubim	χερουβίμ	cheroubim	(Hebrew loanword) angelic guardian figures	winged heavenly beings overshadowing the mercy seat	cherubim, cherubims	Heavenly beings marking the boundary of God’s holy presence	chê-ru-bin (Low — established transliteration)
made with hands	χειροποίητος	cheiropoiētos	made by hand	anything constructed by human craft, often contrasted with the divine/heavenly original	made with hands, man-made	Marks the earthly tabernacle as a mere copy, not the ultimate reality	do tay người làm ra (Medium — sets up the ch. 9:11 contrast)

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Hebrews 9:11

Greek: Χριστὸς δὲ παραγενόμενος ἀρχιερεὺς τῶν γενομένων ἀγαθῶν διὰ τῆς μείζονος καὶ τελειοτέρας σκηνῆς, οὐ χειροποιήτου, τοῦτ’ ἔστιν οὐ ταύτης τῆς κτίσεως

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
high priest	ἀρχιερεύς	archiereus	chief/ruling priest	the singular office presiding over Israel’s sacrificial system; in Hebrews, applied uniquely to Christ	high priest, chief priest	Christ’s fulfillment and supersession of the Levitical high priesthood — central to the doctrine “Christ as the Great High Priest”	thầy tế lễ thượng phẩm (High — established BDTT term, but “thầy” is also the common Vietnamese address for a Buddhist monk/master; context must keep Christ’s priesthood distinct from a Buddhist religious teacher)
greater and more perfect tabernacle	μείζων καὶ τελειοτέρα σκηνή	meizōn kai teleiotera skēnē	greater and more complete tent	the heavenly sanctuary, contrasted with the earthly copy	greater tabernacle, more perfect tabernacle	The heavenly reality of which the earthly tabernacle was only a shadow	đền tạm lớn hơn và trọn vẹn hơn (High — “trọn vẹn” ties to the book-wide perfection theme, must not read as self-achieved completeness)
creation	κτίσις	ktisis	that which is created	the created order, as opposed to the uncreated heavenly realm	creation, this world	Marks the heavenly sanctuary as belonging to a different order of reality than the created, physical world	cõi được tạo dựng / thế giới thọ tạo (Low)

Hebrews 9:12

Greek: οὐδὲ διὰ αἵματος τράγων καὶ μόσχων διὰ δὲ τοῦ ἰδίου αἵματος, εἰσῆλθεν ἅπαξ εἰς τὰ ἅγια, αἰωνίαν λύτρωσιν εὑράμενος

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
blood	αἷμα	haima	blood	literal blood; by metonymy, sacrificial death	blood	The substance of both the OT type (goats/calves) and the NT fulfillment (Christ’s own blood) — foundational to “Access to God through Christ’s Blood”	huyết (High — Vietnamese Bible tradition reserves “huyết” for sacred/sacrificial blood, distinct from ordinary “máu”; consistency required across every occurrence)
once	ἅπαξ	hapax	one time	a single, non-repeated occurrence	once, once for all	The first of Hebrews’ repeated “once” markers contrasting Christ’s single entry with the high priest’s annual repetition	một lần (Critical — must be rendered consistently every occurrence; foundational to “The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice”)
redemption	λύτρωσις	lytrōsis	a releasing by payment of a ransom price	deliverance secured by payment; distinct from generic rescue	redemption, deliverance	Salvation obtained specifically through the payment of Christ’s blood, not self-attained liberation	sự cứu chuộc (High — new term, not in baseline Romans TM; must not collapse into “sự giải thoát,” the forbidden Buddhist liberation term, since both involve “release/freedom” imagery)
eternal	αἰώνιος	aiōnios	age-lasting, without end	everlasting duration, often of divine realities	eternal, everlasting	Marks the permanence of Christ’s redemptive achievement, contrasted with the temporary annual atonement	đời đời (Low — established)

Hebrews 9:13–14

Greek: εἰ γὰρ τὸ αἷμα τράγων καὶ ταύρων καὶ σποδὸς δαμάλεως ῥαντίζουσα τοὺς κεκοινωμένους ἁγιάζει πρὸς τὴν τῆς σαρκὸς καθαρότητα, πόσῳ μᾶλλον τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὃς διὰ Πνεύματος αἰωνίου ἑαυτὸν προσήνεγκεν ἄμωμον τῷ θεῷ, καθαριεῖ τὴν συνείδησιν ὑμῶν ἀπὸ νεκρῶν ἔργων εἰς τὸ λατρεύειν θεῷ ζῶντι

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
sprinkle	ῥαντίζω	rhantizō	to sprinkle	ritual application of blood/water for cleansing	sprinkle	The OT ceremonial method of applying atoning blood, later applied metaphorically to Christ’s blood (12:24)	rảy (Medium — established ritual term)
sanctify / purify	ἁγιάζω / καθαρίζω	hagiazō / katharizō	to make holy / to make clean	ceremonial or moral cleansing; setting apart	sanctify, purify, cleanse	Christ’s blood accomplishes what the OT blood could only symbolize: real inner cleansing, not ritual purity alone	nên thánh / làm cho sạch (High — “nên thánh” reuses the Romans TM sanctification concept; must be taught as inward moral cleansing, not ritual purification alone)
without spot/blemish	ἄμωμος	amōmos	unblemished	free from defect, used of sacrificial animals and, here, of Christ	unblemished, without spot, blameless	Christ is both the perfect priest and the perfect, sinless sacrificial victim	không tì vít / không chỗ trách được (High — must be understood as sinless moral perfection, not ritual physical flawlessness alone)
eternal Spirit	Πνεῦμα αἰώνιον	Pneuma aiōnion	eternal spirit	most interpreters take this as the Holy Spirit, though some see Christ’s own eternal divine nature	eternal Spirit, the eternal Spirit	The Spirit’s role in Christ’s self-offering; ties the atonement to the full Trinity	Đức Thánh Linh đời đời (Critical — reuses “Đức Thánh Linh” from Romans TM exactly; the divine Person, not a generic “eternal spirit”)
conscience	συνείδησις	syneidēsis	joint knowledge (with oneself); moral self-awareness	inner moral faculty that accuses or approves	conscience	Christ’s blood cleanses the inner moral consciousness of guilt — deeper than ritual cleansing	lương tâm (Medium — must be rooted in Christ’s blood, not self-cultivated moral virtue as in Confucian tradition)
dead works	νεκρὰ ἔργα	nekra erga	dead works	actions that cannot produce life or please God; likely includes both sin and empty ritual observance	dead works	Works done under the old, powerless system, contrasted with life-giving service to the living God	việc chết / công việc chết (Medium — descriptive rendering; guard against reading as merely “bad deeds” rather than “works incapable of giving life”)
serve	λατρεύω	latreuō	to render religious service/worship	cultic service or worship, often priestly	serve, worship	Priestly, worshipful service enabled by a cleansed conscience	hầu việc / thờ phượng (Medium)
living God	θεὸς ζῶν	theos zōn	living God	God as personally alive and active, contrasted with lifeless idols	the living God	Reinforces God’s personal, active nature — a recurring Hebrews motif (3:12; 10:31; 12:22)	Đức Chúa Trời hằng sống (High — reuses “Đức Chúa Trời” from Romans TM exactly; “hằng sống” must not default to the impersonal folk “Trời” register)

Hebrews 9:15

Greek: καὶ διὰ τοῦτο διαθήκης καινῆς μεσίτης ἐστίν, ὅπως θανάτου γενομένου εἰς ἀπολύτρωσιν τῶν ἐπὶ τῇ πρώτῃ διαθήκῃ παραβάσεων τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν λάβωσιν οἱ κεκλημένοι τῆς αἰωνίου κληρονομίας

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
new covenant	διαθήκη καινή	diathēkē kainē	new covenant/testament	the covenant inaugurated by Christ’s death, superseding the Mosaic covenant	new covenant, new testament	Central Hebrews doctrine: “The New Covenant versus the Old”	giao ước mới (High — reuses “giao ước” from Romans TM + “mới”; must be taught as a superior, once-for-all covenant, not merely a revised contract)
mediator	μεσίτης	mesitēs	one who stands in the middle	a go-between who secures or guarantees an agreement between two parties	mediator	Christ alone mediates the new covenant between God and humanity	Đấng Trung Gian (High — no baseline Romans TM entry; must be explicitly distinguished from a spirit-medium (đồng cốt) or shaman who mediates between the living and ancestor spirits/deities in Vietnamese folk religion)
promise	ἐπαγγελία	epangelia	announcement, pledge	a formal, binding pledge, especially God’s covenant pledges	promise	The inheritance secured by the new covenant is the fulfillment of God’s ancient promise	lời hứa (Medium — new term; God’s sure pledge, not a casual assurance)
redemption (of transgressions)	ἀπολύτρωσις	apolytrōsis	a releasing by ransom-payment	full/completed redemption; intensified form of λύτρωσις	redemption	Christ’s death redeems sins committed under the first covenant as well — retroactive, comprehensive atonement	sự cứu chuộc (khỏi những sự phạm tội) (High — same rendering as λύτρωσις in 9:12 for consistency)
inheritance	κληρονομία	klēronomia	that which is inherited	a possession received by right of relationship, not earned	inheritance	The eternal inheritance is the promised reward secured for “the called,” echoing sonship/adoption themes	cơ nghiệp (Medium — new term; establishment as heirs by grace, echoes “sự làm con nuôi” from Romans TM)
called	κεκλημένοι (< καλέω)	keklēmenoi	those having been called	perfect passive participle of “call”	the called, those who are called	Effectual calling to receive the promised inheritance	được kêu gọi (Medium — reused from Romans TM exactly)

Hebrews 9:16–17

Greek: ὅπου γὰρ διαθήκη, θάνατον ἀνάγκη φέρεσθαι τοῦ διαθεμένου· διαθήκη γὰρ ἐπὶ νεκροῖς βεβαία, ἐπεὶ μήποτε ἰσχύει ὅτε ζῇ ὁ διαθέμενος

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
covenant / testament (wordplay)	διαθήκη	diathēkē	disposition, arrangement	(a) a covenant/binding relational bond; (b) a legal last will/testament effective only upon the testator’s death	covenant, testament, will	Hebrews exploits both senses: the “new covenant” (theological sense) is validated the way a “last will” (legal sense) is validated — by the death of the one who made it	giao ước / di chúc (CRITICAL — the single Greek word carries two senses that Vietnamese “giao ước” alone cannot convey; this specific pericope [9:16-17] requires switching to “di chúc” (last will/testament) to preserve Paul’s legal wordplay, then returning to “giao ước” elsewhere; requires a translator note at every occurrence in this passage)
one who made the covenant/testator	διαθέμενος	diathemenos	the one who disposed/arranged	the party establishing a covenant or, here, a will	testator, covenant-maker	In the legal-will sense, points typologically to Christ, whose death activates the new covenant/will	người lập di chúc / Đấng lập giao ước (High — must track the same critical wordplay above)
firm/valid	βέβαιος	bebaios	firm, sure	legally binding, guaranteed	firm, of force, valid	The legal validity of a will only takes effect at death — applied typologically to Christ’s death validating the new covenant	có hiệu lực / vững chắc (Medium)

Hebrews 9:18–19

Greek: ὅθεν οὐδὲ ἡ πρώτη χωρὶς αἵματος ἐγκεκαίνισται. Μωϋσέως γὰρ λαληθείσης πάσης ἐντολῆς κατὰ τὸν νόμον παντὶ τῷ λαῷ, λαβὼν τὸ αἷμα τῶν μόσχων καὶ τῶν τράγων μετὰ ὕδατος καὶ ἐρίου κοκκίνου καὶ ὑσσώπου, αὐτό τε τὸ βιβλίον καὶ πάντα τὸν λαὸν ἐρράντισεν

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
inaugurate/dedicate	ἐγκαινίζω	enkainizō	to renew, to initiate	to formally establish or dedicate a covenant through a ceremonial act	inaugurated, dedicated, established	The first (Mosaic) covenant was itself established through blood — foreshadowing that a covenant always requires blood	thiết lập / khánh thành (Medium — must connect back to the “no covenant without blood” principle)
law	νόμος	nomos	law	the Mosaic Law/Torah	law, the law	The Mosaic covenant’s commandments, mediated through blood at its founding	luật pháp (Medium — reused from Romans TM exactly)

Hebrews 9:20–22

Greek: λέγων, Τοῦτο τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης ἧς ἐνετείλατο πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὁ θεός … καὶ σχεδὸν ἐν αἵματι πάντα καθαρίζεται κατὰ τὸν νόμον, καὶ χωρὶς αἱματεκχυσίας οὐ γίνεται ἄφεσις

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
blood of the covenant	αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης	haima tēs diathēkēs	blood of the covenant	the blood ratifying and sealing the Mosaic covenant (Exod 24:8), applied typologically to Christ’s blood ratifying the new covenant	blood of the covenant	Direct link between the covenant-ratifying blood at Sinai and Christ’s covenant-ratifying blood at the cross	huyết của giao ước (High — must be rendered consistently with “huyết” and “giao ước” as established, and cross-referenced to the Lord’s Supper institution words)
shedding of blood	αἱματεκχυσία	haimatekchysia	pouring-out of blood	the physical shedding/spilling of blood in death, especially sacrificially	shedding of blood, bloodshed	The absolute necessity of a violent, costly death for atonement — no bloodless substitute is possible	sự đổ huyết (High — core to “The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice”; must not be softened into a bloodless metaphor)
forgiveness/remission	ἄφεσις	aphesis	a sending away, release	release from a debt, guilt, or penalty; forgiveness of sins	forgiveness, remission	The purpose and result of atoning bloodshed: sins are actually released, not merely acknowledged	sự tha thứ (tội lỗi) (High — new term, not in baseline Romans TM; must be distinguished from karmic “release” of debt in Buddhist thought)

Hebrews 9:23–24

Greek: Ἀνάγκη οὖν τὰ ὑποδείγματα τῶν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς τούτοις καθαρίζεσθαι, αὐτὰ δὲ τὰ ἐπουράνια κρείττοσιν θυσίαις παρὰ ταύτας. οὐ γὰρ εἰς χειροποίητα ἅγια εἰσῆλθεν Χριστός, ἀντίτυπα τῶν ἀληθινῶν, ἀλλ’ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν οὐρανόν, νῦν ἐμφανισθῆναι τῷ προσώπῳ τοῦ θεοῦ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
copy/pattern	ὑπόδειγμα	hypodeigma	that shown beneath; a pattern	an example or copy pointing to a greater reality	copy, pattern, example	The earthly tabernacle and its furnishings were only patterns of heavenly realities	mẫu / hình mẫu (Medium)
better	κρείττων	kreittōn	stronger, superior	comparative excellence; a recurring Hebrews term (covenant, promises, sacrifices, country, resurrection)	better	Governs the entire book’s comparative argument for Christ’s superiority	tốt hơn / hơn (Medium — consistency across all ~13 occurrences in Hebrews is important for the “Superiority of Christ” doctrine)
holy places made with hands	χειροποίητα ἅγια	cheiropoiēta hagia	hand-made holy places	the earthly, humanly constructed sanctuary	holy places made with hands	Contrasted with the true heavenly sanctuary that Christ entered	nơi thánh do tay người làm ra (Medium)
copy of the true / antitype	ἀντίτυπα τῶν ἀληθινῶν	antitypa tōn alēthinōn	counter-impressions of the true things	a corresponding copy or representation, as of a stamp made from a mold, contrasted with the “true” original	figures/copies of the true	The earthly tabernacle is a derivative copy; heaven is the true, original sanctuary	hình ảnh tương ứng với những điều thật / bản sao của những điều thật (Medium — must be kept distinct from χαρακτήρ “hình ảnh chân thực” used of Christ in 1:3, to avoid conflating Christ’s exact divine likeness with a mere derivative copy)
true/real	ἀληθινός	alēthinos	true, genuine, real	the ultimate reality behind a symbol or type	true, real, genuine	Heaven itself, and Christ’s heavenly ministry, is the substance to which the earthly system merely pointed	thật / chân thật (Low)
appear	ἐμφανίζω	emphanizō	to make visible/manifest	to appear before someone, especially in an official/legal sense	appear, present himself	Christ’s ongoing heavenly appearance before God on believers’ behalf — grounds his continuing high-priestly ministry	hiện ra / trình diện trước mặt (High — closely tied to intercession doctrine)

Hebrews 9:25–26

Greek: οὐδ’ ἵνα πολλάκις προσφέρῃ ἑαυτόν, ὥσπερ ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς εἰσέρχεται εἰς τὰ ἅγια κατ’ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐν αἵματι ἀλλοτρίῳ· ἐπεὶ ἔδει αὐτὸν πολλάκις παθεῖν ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου· νυνὶ δὲ ἅπαξ ἐπὶ συντελείᾳ τῶν αἰώνων εἰς ἀθέτησιν ἁμαρτίας διὰ τῆς θυσίας αὑτοῦ πεφανέρωται

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
offer	προσφέρω	prospherō	to bring/carry to; to present	technical sacrificial term for presenting an offering	offer, present as an offering	Christ’s self-offering, contrasted with the high priest’s repeated annual offerings	dâng (chính mình) (High — Christ as both priest who offers and the sacrifice offered)
end of the ages	συντέλεια τῶν αἰώνων	synteleia tōn aiōnōn	completion/consummation of the ages	the climactic turning-point of redemptive history	end of the world, end of the ages, consummation of the ages	Christ’s sacrifice is the hinge-point of all history, not a repeatable ritual event	cuối cùng của các thời đại (Medium — must not be read through a cyclical time framework; history is linear, moving toward this one climax)
put away / annul	ἀθέτησις	athetēsis	a setting aside, annulment	to nullify or do away with something’s power/claim	put away, do away with	Sin’s condemning claim is decisively nullified by Christ’s one sacrifice	sự cất bỏ / dẹp bỏ (tội lỗi) (High)
manifest/appear	φανερόω (πεφανέρωται)	phaneroō	to make visible	to be revealed openly, historically	he hath appeared, was manifested	Christ’s atoning sacrifice was a real, historical, one-time public event, not a mythic or repeatable cosmic pattern	được tỏ ra / hiện ra (Medium)

Hebrews 9:27–28

Greek: καὶ καθ’ ὅσον ἀπόκειται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἅπαξ ἀποθανεῖν, μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο κρίσις, οὕτως καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς ἅπαξ προσενεχθεὶς εἰς τὸ πολλῶν ἀνενεγκεῖν ἁμαρτίας, ἐκ δευτέρου χωρὶς ἁμαρτίας ὀφθήσεται τοῖς αὐτὸν ἀπεκδεχομένοις εἰς σωτηρίαν

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
judgment	κρίσις	krisis	a separating, a decision	divine judgment following death	judgment	Death is followed by certain divine judgment, framing the necessity of Christ’s atonement	sự phán xét (High — must be maintained as certain and final, not softened)
bear (sins)	ἀναφέρω	anapherō	to carry up/away	to bear away or carry sins as a substitute	bear, take away	Christ substitutionarily bears the sins of “many,” echoing Isaiah 53	mang lấy / gánh lấy (tội lỗi) (High — substitutionary bearing, not merely “removing” in an impersonal sense)
second time	ἐκ δευτέρου	ek deuterou	from a second (time)	Christ’s future return, contrasted with his first coming to bear sin	the second time, a second time	Establishes the doctrine of Christ’s future return, distinct from and dependent on the finished first advent	lần thứ hai (Medium — foundational to a linear, two-advent Christology, not a cyclical return)
eagerly await	ἀπεκδέχομαι	apekdechomai	to await eagerly/intently	confident, expectant waiting	wait for, look for	Believers wait expectantly, not fearfully, for Christ’s return, because judgment for sin has already been dealt with	trông đợi (Medium — hopeful expectation, ties to “sự trông cậy”/hope theme in ch. 6, 10, 11)
salvation	σωτηρία	sōtēria	deliverance, safety	full deliverance and reconciliation with God through Christ	salvation	The final, consummated deliverance awaiting believers at Christ’s second appearing	sự cứu rỗi (Critical — reused from Romans TM exactly; never “sự giải thoát”)

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PART B — Chapter-by-Chapter Survey, Hebrews 1–13

Chapter 1 — The Son Superior to Angels

Doctrine focus: The Superiority of Christ over Angels; Deity/Sonship of Christ (reused Critical terms: Con Đức Chúa Trời, Đức Chúa Giê-xu, Đức Chúa Trời).

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
radiance/brightness	ἀπαύγασμα	apaugasma	effulgence, shining-forth	radiance emanating from a light source, of the same essence as the source	brightness, radiance, effulgence	The Son perfectly radiates God’s own glory — not a separate, lesser light	sự rạng ngời (của sự vinh hiển) (High — must convey the Son shares the Father’s very glory, not merely reflects an external light like a folk deity’s aura)
exact representation	χαρακτήρ	charaktēr	an engraved mark, stamp	the precise impression/likeness produced by a die or seal	express image, exact imprint, representation	The Son is the exact imprint of God’s essential being — full deity, not a symbolic likeness	hình ảnh chân thực (của bản thể Ngài) (High — must be kept terminologically distinct from τύπος/ἀντίτυπος “hình mẫu/bản sao” used later of the tabernacle’s merely derivative copies, so Christ’s deity is never read as “just another copy”)
substance/essence	ὑπόστασις	hypostasis	that which stands under; substance	(1) essential nature/being (here, of God); (2, in ch.11) the ground/substance underlying hope	substance, person, essence, nature	God’s very essence, perfectly represented in the Son — foundational to the deity of Christ	bản thể (High — this ch.1 sense must be tracked separately from the distinct ch.11 sense “sự biết chắc”; do not collapse the two into one Vietnamese word)
firstborn	πρωτότοκος	prototokos	first-born	preeminence in rank/inheritance, not necessarily birth order	firstborn	Christ’s supreme rank over the angels, brought into the world with universal angelic worship due him	con đầu lòng (Medium — rank/preeminence, not merely chronological birth order)
throne	θρόνος	thronos	seat of a ruler	royal, divine authority to rule	throne	The eternal throne belongs to the Son, unlike any angel	ngôi (Low)
ministering spirits	λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα	leitourgika pneumata	serving spirits	angels in their role as servants, not co-rulers	ministering spirits	Angels serve; the Son reigns — reinforces the superiority argument	các thần phục vụ / đấng hầu việc (Low-Medium)
inherit	κληρονομέω	klēronomeō	to receive as an heir	to receive a possession by right of sonship	inherit, obtain by inheritance	The Son’s name and status are received by inheritance-right, not earned achievement	được thừa hưởng (Medium — ties to κληρονομία, “cơ nghiệp,” in ch. 9)

Chapter 2 — Christ’s Humanity and Suffering for Salvation

Doctrine focus: Humanity of Christ; beginning of “Christ as the Great High Priest.”

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
pioneer/author	ἀρχηγός	archēgos	chief leader, originator	one who leads the way as first, founding a path others follow; also “captain”	captain, author, pioneer	Christ, as pioneer of salvation, goes first through suffering to open the way for others (echoed in 12:2)	Đấng khai khởi / Đấng dẫn đầu (Medium-High — must be rendered consistently with the 12:2 occurrence)
perfect/complete	τελειόω	teleioō	to bring to completion/maturity	to make fully fit for a purpose; a major structural theme in Hebrews (2:10; 5:9; 7:28; 10:14; 11:40; 12:23)	perfect, make perfect, complete	Christ was perfected — made fully qualified as sympathetic high priest — through the experience of suffering, not through moral deficiency	làm cho trọn vẹn (High — must not be confused with Buddhist “giác ngộ hoàn toàn”/self-achieved enlightenment or Confucian self-cultivated virtue; this is God’s action bringing Christ, and believers, to their intended goal)
make propitiation	ἱλάσκομαι	hilaskomai	to appease, to make propitiation	to satisfy divine justice concerning sin through sacrifice	make reconciliation, make propitiation, atone	Christ’s priestly work of atoning for the sins of the people — root of the doctrine “The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice”	chuộc tội (Critical — no baseline Romans TM entry; must not be modeled on ritual appeasement of ancestor spirits or Buddhist merit-based atonement for wrongdoing)
devil	διάβολος	diabolos	slanderer, accuser	the personal, malevolent spiritual enemy holding the power of death	the devil	A personal spiritual enemy defeated through Christ’s death — distinct from impersonal malevolent forces in folk cosmology	ma quỷ / Sa-tan (Medium)
tempt/test	πειράζω	peirazō	to test, to try	to be tested by trial or temptation	tempted, tried	Christ’s genuine human temptation qualifies him to help those who are tempted	bị cám dỗ / chịu thử thách (Low-Medium)

Chapter 3 — Christ Greater Than Moses; the Warning of Unbelief

Doctrine focus: Superiority of Christ over Moses; The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages.

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
faithful	πιστός	pistos	trustworthy, reliable	faithfulness in fulfilling a role or trust	faithful	Both Moses and Christ are faithful, but Christ as Son is faithful over the house, Moses as servant within it	trung tín (Low — established)
heavenly calling	κλῆσις ἐπουρανίου	klēsis epouraniou	calling from heaven	God’s summons originating from and directed toward heaven	heavenly calling	Believers share a calling that comes from above, not an earthly religious status	sự kêu gọi từ trời (Medium — reuses “sự kêu gọi” from Romans TM)
harden (the heart)	σκληρύνω	sklērynō	to make hard/stiff	stubborn resistance to God’s voice	harden	Warns against the Israelite generation’s unbelief in the wilderness as a pattern to avoid	làm cứng (lòng) (Medium)
unbelief	ἀπιστία	apistia	lack of trust	the opposite of saving faith; distrust of God	unbelief	The root cause of Israel’s failure to enter God’s rest — a warning to the church	sự vô tín / sự không tin (Medium)
fall away/depart	ἀφίστημι	aphistēmi	to stand away from, to depart	to defect or apostatize from a former commitment	depart from, fall away	The first of Hebrews’ major apostasy warnings: departing from the living God	lìa bỏ (Critical — apostasy term; must be distinguished from the ch. 6 term παραπίπτω “sa ngã,” which describes a further stage of the same danger)
rest	κατάπαυσις	katapausis	a ceasing, a resting-place	the promised place/state of rest with God (also ch. 4)	rest	God’s covenantal rest, forfeited by unbelief — not extinction of self (nirvana) nor mere death	sự yên nghỉ (High — must be taught as relational rest in God’s presence, not the Buddhist cessation of craving/rebirth, nor a mere euphemism for death)
firm/steadfast	βέβαιος	bebaios	firm, sure	confidence maintained without wavering	steadfast, firm, sure	Believers must hold their confidence firm to the end as proof of genuine faith	vững vàng (Low)

Chapter 4 — Entering God’s Rest; the Living Word; Bold Access

Doctrine focus: Perseverance and Assurance (rest); Access to God through Christ (introduced).

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
Sabbath-rest	σαββατισμός	sabbatismos	Sabbath-keeping/resting	the ongoing, promised state of covenant rest for God’s people	Sabbath rest, a rest	The rest still open to believers today, fulfilled ultimately in Christ	sự yên nghỉ ngày Sa-bát (Medium)
living and active (word)	ζῶν καὶ ἐνεργής	zōn kai energēs	living and effective	Scripture’s personal, penetrating, life-giving power	living and powerful, living and active, quick and powerful	God’s Word actively discerns hearts — not a static text or a magic formula	hằng sống và có quyền năng (High — deliberately avoid the common Vietnamese folk-religious term “linh nghiệm” [efficacious, as of an amulet or answered petition at a spirit shrine]; God’s Word’s power is personal and moral, not magical)
boldness/confidence	παρρησία	parrēsia	freedom of speech, boldness	confident, unashamed access, especially before authority	boldness, confidence	Believers may approach God’s throne with confidence because of Christ’s priestly work — foundational to “Access to God through Christ’s Blood”	sự dạn dĩ (High — recurs at 10:19, 10:35; must convey grace-given confidence, not human presumption or arrogance)
draw near	προσέρχομαι	proserchomai	to come/approach	to approach God in worship or prayer	come, draw near, approach	The central verb of the “access” doctrine, recurring through 7:19, 10:22, 11:6, 12:22	đến gần (High — must be rendered consistently across all occurrences to preserve the book-wide access motif)
sympathize	συμπαθέω	sympatheō	to suffer with, to feel with	compassionate identification with another’s weakness	sympathize, have compassion	Christ’s high priesthood is marked by genuine compassion born of shared human experience	cảm thương (Low)

Chapter 5 — Christ’s Qualification as High Priest; Melchizedek Introduced; Spiritual Immaturity

Doctrine focus: Christ as the Great High Priest; Superiority over the Levitical Priesthood (Melchizedek order introduced).

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
Melchizedek	Μελχισέδεκ	Melchisedek	(Heb.) “king of righteousness”	the Genesis 14 priest-king, type of Christ’s eternal, non-Levitical priesthood	Melchizedek	Establishes the OT typological basis for Christ’s superior, order-transcending priesthood (developed fully in ch. 7)	Mên-chi-xê-đéc (Medium — established Genesis transliteration; typological significance must be taught, not assumed)
order	τάξις	taxis	arrangement, rank	a class or succession, here a priestly order/line	order	Christ’s priesthood belongs to a different order than Aaron’s, established by divine oath, not lineage	ban / thứ tự (Low-Medium)
reverence/godly fear	εὐλάβεια	eulabeia	caution, reverence	pious reverence toward God, especially in prayer	godly fear, reverence	Christ’s own prayers were heard because of his reverent submission to the Father	lòng kính sợ (Medium)
mature/perfect	τέλειος	teleios	complete, full-grown	spiritual maturity, adjectival form of τελειόω	perfect, mature, full-grown	Contrasted with spiritual infancy; connects to the book’s perfection theme	trọn vẹn / trưởng thành (Medium)
obedience	ὑπακοή	hypakoē	compliance, obedience	submission learned through experience, here of Christ himself	obedience	Christ “learned obedience” through suffering — obedience flowing from relationship, not mere rule-compliance	sự vâng phục (High — distinct context from Romans TM’s compound “sự vâng phục của đức tin”; here of Christ’s own submission to the Father, not believers’ faith-response; still must avoid framing as Confucian đạo hiếu hierarchical duty)

Chapter 6 — Warning Against Falling Away; the Anchor of Hope

Doctrine focus: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages; Perseverance and Assurance.

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
fall away	παραπίπτω	parapiptō	to fall beside, to fall away	decisive apostasy after having tasted the blessings of the gospel	fall away, commit apostasy	The most severe warning in Hebrews: those who fall away after full exposure to gospel blessing	sa ngã (Critical — must be distinguished from the milder ch.3 term ἀφίστημι “lìa bỏ”; this describes a further, more severe stage; central to the “Warning Passages” doctrine and requires theologian-level review at every occurrence)
anchor	ἄγκυρα	ankyra	ship’s anchor	a stabilizing, securing device	anchor	Hope in God’s promise anchors the soul securely amid trial	mỏ neo (Low)
hope	ἐλπίς	elpis	expectation	confident, certain expectation grounded in God’s character and promise, not wishful desire	hope	Distinguished from casual optimism; grounded in God’s unchangeable oath	sự trông cậy (High — preferred over generic “hy vọng,” which can carry a merely wishful or fatalistic connotation in everyday Vietnamese speech; must be rendered consistently, especially alongside “đức tin” and “sự cứu rỗi”)
oath	ὅρκος	horkos	a sworn pledge	a solemn, binding promise sworn by an authority	oath, sworn promise	God’s oath to Abraham guarantees the certainty of his promise	lời thề (Low)
unchangeable	ἀμετάθετος	ametathetos	not to be altered	fixed, immutable	unchangeable, immutable	God’s promise and oath are doubly immutable, grounding assurance	không hề đổi / chẳng hề thay đổi (Medium)

Chapter 7 — The Priesthood of Melchizedek; Christ’s Permanent Priesthood

Doctrine focus: Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood; Christ as the Great High Priest; The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice (introduced).

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
priesthood	ἱερωσύνη	hierōsynē	priestly office	the office and function of priestly mediation	priesthood	The change from a Levitical to a Melchizedekian priesthood signals a change in the entire covenant system	chức tế lễ (Medium)
permanent/unchangeable	ἀπαράβατος	aparabatos	not to be transgressed/passed by	permanent, non-transferable	unchangeable, permanent, that does not pass away	Christ’s priesthood, unlike the Levitical succession broken by death, never passes to a successor	chức tế lễ đời đời chẳng đổi (Medium)
intercede	ἐντυγχάνω	entynchanō	to meet with, to petition on behalf of	to intercede/plead on another’s behalf before an authority	make intercession	Christ’s ongoing heavenly intercession for believers, grounded in his finished atoning work	cầu thay (Critical — reused from Romans TM exactly; every occurrence requires the established note distinguishing Christ’s present intercession, grounded in his completed sacrifice, from petitioning a deceased ancestor at the family altar)
once for all	ἐφάπαξ	ephapax	once, for all time	a single act with permanent, unrepeatable effect	once for all	The decisive Hebrews term for the finality and sufficiency of Christ’s self-offering	một lần đủ cả (Critical — established Vietnamese Protestant phrase; must be the fixed rendering at every occurrence, including 9:12’s related ἅπαξ and 10:10)
guarantor/surety	ἔγγυος	engyos	one who pledges, a guarantor	one who personally guarantees the fulfillment of an agreement	surety, guarantee	Christ personally guarantees the new covenant’s promises, unlike the Levitical system which offered no such personal guarantee	Đấng bảo đảm (Medium)

Chapter 8 — The Better Covenant Announced

Doctrine focus: The New Covenant versus the Old.

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
new covenant	διαθήκη καινή	diathēkē kainē	new covenant	(see 9:15 above) the covenant announced in Jeremiah 31, now inaugurated in Christ	new covenant, new testament	Direct citation of Jeremiah’s new covenant promise as fulfilled in Christ	giao ước mới (High — consistent with 9:15)
better	κρείττων	kreittōn	superior	comparative excellence, applied here to “better promises”	better	The new covenant rests on better promises than the old — a key comparative term throughout Hebrews	tốt hơn (Medium — same term as 9:23; consistency required)
shadow	σκιά	skia	shadow	a dim outline anticipating, but not identical to, the substantial reality	shadow, foreshadowing	The old covenant system was a shadow of the substance now present in Christ	bóng (Medium)
pattern/type	τύπος	typos	mark, model, pattern	an OT person, event, or institution divinely designed to foreshadow its NT fulfillment	pattern, example, type, figure	Moses was shown a heavenly “pattern” for the earthly tabernacle — typology is a structural principle in Hebrews	hình mẫu (Medium — kept distinct from χαρακτήρ, “hình ảnh chân thực,” used of Christ’s deity in ch. 1, to prevent conflating typological foreshadowing with Christ’s own essential divine likeness)
become obsolete	παλαιόω	palaioō	to make/become old	to age and lose force, becoming ready to vanish	become old, become obsolete, ready to vanish away	The old covenant is declared obsolete in light of the new — a strong supersession claim requiring careful, non-triumphalist framing given Jewish-Christian relations	trở nên cũ (Low-Medium)

Chapter 9 — The Earthly Sanctuary and Christ’s Better Sacrifice (Core Passage Chapter)

Chapter 9 contains the core passage. Verses 1–10 (context vocabulary: σκηνή, τὰ ἅγια, καταπέτασμα, ἱλαστήριον, κιβωτός, χερουβίμ, χειροποίητος) and verses 11–28 (full verse-by-verse) are treated in Part A above. No additional chapter-level terms beyond those already covered there.

Chapter 10 — The Sufficiency of Christ’s Sacrifice; Exhortation to Persevere

Doctrine focus: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice; The Danger of Apostasy; Perseverance and Assurance; Access to God through Christ’s Blood.

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
sanctify	ἁγιάζω	hagiazō	to make holy	to be set apart and made holy, here through Christ’s single offering (10:10, 10:14)	sanctified, made holy	Believers are declared sanctified once for all through Christ’s one offering, even as ongoing sanctification continues	được nên thánh (High — reuses “sự nên thánh” concept from Romans TM; must hold together the once-for-all declarative sense with the ongoing-process sense without contradiction)
veil (=his flesh)	καταπέτασμα	katapetasma	curtain	here explicitly identified with Christ’s flesh, torn to open access to God	veil, curtain	The veil, once a barrier, is now revealed as the very means of access — Christ’s body torn open the way	bức màn (là chính thân xác Ngài) (High — direct doctrinal payoff of the term introduced in ch.9)
confession	ὁμολογία	homologia	acknowledgment, profession	a public, verbal declaration of one’s faith commitment	confession, profession of faith	Believers are exhorted to hold fast their public confession without wavering	sự xưng nhận / lời tuyên xưng (Medium)
assembling together	ἐπισυναγωγή	episynagōgē	a gathering together	the practice of regular corporate church gathering	assembling together	Warns against neglecting corporate worship — foundational for the doctrine of the church as community of perseverance	sự nhóm lại (với nhau) (Medium)
sin willfully	ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνω	hekousiōs hamartanō	to sin voluntarily/deliberately	deliberate, willful continuance in sin after receiving knowledge of the truth	sin willfully, sin deliberately	The most severe warning passage: no further sacrifice remains for deliberate apostate sin	cố ý phạm tội (Critical — a defining “Warning Passages” term requiring theologian review at every occurrence)
endurance/perseverance	ὑπομονή	hypomonē	a remaining under; endurance	steadfast patience under pressure, oriented toward a future reward	endurance, patience, perseverance	The positive counterpart to the warning passages: believers are called to persevere in confident endurance	sự bền đỗ (High — key “Perseverance and Assurance” term; must be distinguished from mere passive resignation to fate)
draw back / shrink back	ὑποστολή (ὑποστέλλομαι)	hypostolē	a drawing back	timid retreat from a commitment, contrasted with persevering faith	draw back, shrink back	The alternative to perseverance is described as a fatal drawing back that destroys the soul	thối lui / lui bước (High)

Chapter 11 — The Faith of the Old Testament Saints

Doctrine focus: Faith of the Old Testament Saints.

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
substance/assurance	ὑπόστασις	hypostasis	that which stands under; ground	(here) the underlying reality/ground that makes hoped-for things certain, functioning as “assurance” or “title-deed”	substance, assurance, confidence	Faith gives hoped-for future realities present certainty — the defining statement on biblical faith	sự biết chắc (vững vàng) (High — same Greek word as ch. 1’s “bản thể,” but a distinct sense; must not be collapsed into that ontological term; renders faith’s confident grounding, not God’s essential being)
evidence/conviction	ἔλεγχος	elenchos	proof, means of proving	conviction/certainty regarding what is not seen	evidence, conviction, proof	Faith operates with a certainty analogous to physical evidence, though its object is unseen	bằng cớ (Medium)
strangers and pilgrims	ξένος καὶ παρεπίδημος	xenos kai parepidēmos	foreigner and temporary resident	one who lives as a resident-alien, without full rights of citizenship, awaiting a homeland elsewhere	strangers and pilgrims, foreigners and exiles	The patriarchs’ self-understanding as people awaiting a better, heavenly homeland — model for the whole church’s identity	khách lạ và người tạm trú (Medium)
heavenly	ἐπουράνιος	epouranios	above the sky, heavenly	belonging to the heavenly realm, as opposed to the earthly	heavenly	The “better country” the patriarchs sought was heavenly, not merely a return to an earthly homeland	trên trời / thiên thượng (Low-Medium)
Old Testament saints (proper names)	Ἄβελ, Ἐνώχ, Νῶε, Ἀβραάμ, Σάρρα, Ἰσαάκ, Ἰακώβ, Ἰωσήφ, Μωϋσῆς, Ῥαάβ, Γεδεών, Σαμψών, Δαυίδ, Σαμουήλ, κ.ἄ.	Habel, Enōch, Nōe, Abraam, Sarra…	(proper names)	the roll call of OT exemplars of faith	Abel, Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Rahab, Gideon, Samson, David, Samuel, etc.	Each figure models faith as confident trust acted upon despite not yet seeing the promise fulfilled	Established BDTT transliterated forms (A-bên, Hê-nóc, Nô-ê, Áp-ra-ham, Sa-ra, Y-sác, Gia-cốp, Giô-sép, Môi-se, Ra-háp, Ghi-đê-ôn, Sam-sôn, Đa-vít, Sa-mu-ên, etc.) (Low — standard OT transliterations; no new doctrinal risk beyond consistency)

Chapter 12 — Discipline, the Race of Faith, and Mount Zion

Doctrine focus: Perseverance and Assurance; The Danger of Apostasy (Esau warning); Superiority of the New Covenant assembly.

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
discipline/chastening	παιδεία	paideia	child-training, discipline	formative correction motivated by love, not punitive rejection	chastening, discipline, training	God disciplines believers as a loving Father to produce holiness, not as punishment severing the relationship	sự sửa phạt (High — must be distinguished from impersonal karmic retribution [nghiệp báo] and from the fear of ancestral curses for family dishonor; grounded instead in secured sonship, cf. Romans TM “sự làm con nuôi”)
race/contest	ἀγών	agōn	a contest, struggle	an athletic contest requiring endurance	race, contest	The Christian life pictured as an endurance race run with eyes fixed on Christ	cuộc đua / cuộc chạy (Low)
finisher/perfecter	τελειωτής	teleiōtēs	one who brings to completion	one who both originates and completes a work (paired with ἀρχηγός)	finisher, perfecter	Christ both begins and completes the believer’s faith — a summary Christological title paired with 2:10’s “pioneer”	Đấng làm cho trọn vẹn / Đấng hoàn tất (High — must be paired consistently with ch. 2’s “Đấng khai khởi” as a matched set)
Zion	Σιών	Siōn	(Heb. place name)	Mount Zion, here representing the heavenly Jerusalem, contrasted with Sinai	Mount Zion, Zion	New covenant believers approach not a mountain of terror (Sinai) but the joyful heavenly Zion	Si-ôn (Low — established transliteration)
assembly/church of the firstborn	ἐκκλησία πρωτοτόκων	ekklēsia prōtotokōn	assembly of the firstborn ones	the heavenly gathering of all the redeemed, sharing Christ’s “firstborn” status and inheritance rights	church of the firstborn, assembly of the firstborn	A heavenly, universal assembly distinct from any single local congregation	hội của các con đầu lòng (Medium — use cautiously alongside “Hội Thánh” [Romans TM]; this is the heavenly universal assembly, not a local congregation, and the term should not be shortened in a way that suggests a class of especially favored believers)
unshakeable kingdom	βασιλεία ἀσάλευτος	basileia asaleutos	kingdom that cannot be shaken	God’s kingdom, permanent amid the shaking/removal of all created, temporary things	kingdom which cannot be moved, unshakeable kingdom	Contrasted with every earthly, political, or created order, all destined to be shaken and removed	nước không thể rúng động (Medium — ties to “Nước Đức Chúa Trời” from Romans TM)
consuming fire	πῦρ καταναλίσκον	pyr katanaliskon	fire that consumes	God’s holy, judging presence, from Deuteronomy 4:24	consuming fire	A sober closing reminder of God’s holiness that grounds reverent worship, not casual approach	lửa thiêu đốt (Medium)

Chapter 13 — Closing Exhortations

Doctrine focus: Practical outworking of the preceding doctrines; brief closing benediction repeats covenant/shepherd Christology.

Term	Original	Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Semantic Range	English Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Vietnamese Rendering & Risk
brotherly love	φιλαδελφία	philadelphia	love of brothers	familial love extended to the whole church family	brotherly love	The church as a new spiritual family transcending blood kinship	tình yêu thương anh em (Low)
hospitality	φιλοξενία	philoxenia	love of strangers	active welcome extended to strangers and travelers	hospitality	Practical outworking of the pilgrim identity described in ch. 11	lòng hiếu khách (Low)
leaders	ἡγούμενοι	hēgoumenoi	those leading	those who exercise spiritual oversight and teaching in the congregation	leaders, those who rule over you	Congregational submission to spiritual leaders who watch over souls	những người dắt dẫn (Medium)
altar	θυσιαστήριον	thysiastērion	place of sacrifice	the place where sacrificial offerings are made; here, metaphorically, believers’ access to Christ’s sacrifice	altar	Believers “have an altar” in Christ’s sacrifice, distinct from the OT sacrificial system	bàn thờ (High — “bàn thờ” is also the standard Vietnamese term for the household ancestor-veneration altar [bàn thờ tổ tiên] found in most Vietnamese homes; every occurrence requires explicit context that this names Christ’s once-for-all sacrificial altar, never a family ancestor-worship altar)
sacrifice of praise	θυσία αἰνέσεως	thysia aineseōs	sacrifice of praise	verbal, worshipful praise offered as a “sacrifice” replacing animal offerings	sacrifice of praise	Worship, not ritual offering, is now the acceptable sacrifice believers bring	tế lễ (bằng lời) ngợi khen (Medium)
great shepherd of the sheep	ὁ ποιμὴν τῶν προβάτων ὁ μέγας	ho poimēn tōn probatōn ho megas	the great shepherd of the sheep	a Christological title drawn from Ezekiel/Psalm shepherd imagery, tied to the resurrection	the great shepherd of the sheep	Christ’s resurrection (reused Critical term “sự sống lại”) is grounded explicitly in his role as shepherd who secures his flock	Đấng Chăn Chiên lớn (Medium)
everlasting covenant	διαθήκη αἰώνιος	diathēkē aiōnios	eternal covenant	the permanent, unbreakable new covenant, closing the book’s covenant argument	everlasting covenant	Closing doxological summary of the entire book’s covenant theology	giao ước đời đời (High — reuses “giao ước” from Romans TM + “đời đời”; final consistency check for the whole book)

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End of semantic analysis. See analysis/08_core_glossary.md for the consolidated, risk-tiered glossary drawn from every chapter above.