Semantic Analysis

2 Corinthians 1–13 | Koine Greek → Spanish (destination language) | Full-Book Coverage

Curriculum: 2 Corinthians Core passage: 2 Corinthians 5:11–21 Baseline dependency: Romans Language Package for Spanish (translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, doctrine_risk_registry.json). All renderings recorded there are reused exactly (e.g., gracia, fe, justicia, salvación, evangelio, apóstol, santos, Espíritu Santo, pacto, gloria, llamado). This document only introduces NEW terms not already governed by the Romans baseline, and notes explicitly wherever a Romans term recurs and must be reused unchanged.

Method note on fields: Every load-bearing term is analyzed with: original Greek word, transliteration, literal meaning, semantic range, English variants (as attested across KJV/ESV/NIV/NASB-type traditions), contextual theological meaning in 2 Corinthians, and destination-language (Spanish) rendering risk.

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PART A — CORE PASSAGE: 2 Corinthians 5:11–21 (Verse-by-Verse)

5:11 — “Εἰδότες οὖν τὸν φόβον τοῦ κυρίου ἀνθρώπους πείθομεν, θεῷ δὲ πεφανερώμεθα· ἐλπίζω δὲ καὶ ἐν ταῖς συνειδήσεσιν ὑμῶν πεφανερῶσθαι.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
fear of the Lord φόβος τοῦ κυρίου phobos tou kyriou dread/reverence of the Lord	ranges from terror to reverent awe before authority ”fear of the Lord” (KJV/ESV/NASB), “reverence for the Lord” (NIV)	Not servile terror but reverent awe before Christ as coming Judge (cf. 5:10), the motive for Paul’s sincere ministry. Reuses baseline “Señor” (Critical, Lordship of Christ).	temor del Señor. Risk: Medium-High. In popular Hispanic piety “temor” can be read as superstitious fear (miedo) rather than reverent submission to Christ’s lordship; must be taught alongside “Señor” (Critical baseline term) to preserve the reverence-not-terror sense.
we persuade πείθομεν peithomen to persuade, win over	persuade / seek to convince / conciliate ”we persuade” (KJV/NASB), “we try to persuade” (ESV/NIV)	Paul’s open, non-manipulative appeal to the Corinthians’ judgment, contrasted with the flattery/manipulation of false teachers (ch. 11).	persuadimos. Risk: Low. Standard term, no collision.
manifest / known πεφανερώμεθα pephanerōmetha to be made visible, laid open	disclosure, plain exposure to view ”we are made manifest” (KJV), “we are known” (ESV/NIV)	Paul’s motives and conduct are transparent before God and, he hopes, before the Corinthians’ own conscience — ties to Sincerity and Apostolic Authority.	nos hemos manifestado / somos conocidos. Risk: Low.
conscience συνείδησις syneidēsis joint-knowledge (with oneself)	moral awareness, inner witness ”conscience” (all major versions)	The Corinthians’ own moral discernment can confirm Paul’s sincerity — an appeal to shared inner testimony, not to external credentials.	conciencia. Risk: Low.

5:12 — “οὐ πάλιν ἑαυτοὺς συνιστάνομεν ὑμῖν, ἀλλὰ ἀφορμὴν διδόντες ὑμῖν καυχήματος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, ἵνα ἔχητε πρὸς τοὺς ἐν προσώπῳ καυχωμένους καὶ μὴ ἐν καρδίᾳ.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
commend συνιστάνομεν synistanomen to set together, present favorably	self-recommendation, credentialing ”commend ourselves” (KJV/ESV/NASB), “commending ourselves” (NIV)	Ironic reference to Paul’s opponents’ practice of self-commendation, central to Genuine versus False Apostleship.	nos recomendamos. Risk: Low-Medium; tie explicitly to the false-apostleship doctrine.
ground for boasting ἀφορμὴν… καυχήματος aphormēn… kauchēmatos occasion/material for boasting	opportunity, basis, pretext ”opportunity to boast” (ESV/NIV), “occasion to glory” (KJV)	Paul gives the Corinthians grounds to answer his critics — a defensive, not self-exalting, boast.	ocasión de gloriarse / motivo de orgullo. Risk: Medium. See “boasting” glossary entry — must distinguish sinful self-exaltation from legitimate, others-directed defense of the gospel.
outward appearance / heart ἐν προσώπῳ … ἐν καρδίᾳ en prosōpō… en kardia in the face… in the heart	face/appearance vs. inner reality ”outward appearance… heart” (NIV/ESV), “face… heart” (KJV)	Contrast between showy, credential-based ministry and Paul’s inward, Spirit-authenticated sincerity.	en las apariencias… en el corazón. Risk: Low.

5:13 — “εἴτε γὰρ ἐξέστημεν, θεῷ· εἴτε σωφρονοῦμεν, ὑμῖν.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
beside ourselves ἐξέστημεν exestēmen to stand outside oneself	ecstasy, madness, being overcome ”beside ourselves” (KJV/ESV), “out of our mind” (NIV/NASB)	Likely responding to accusations of religious excess (perhaps tied to visionary experience, cf. ch. 12); whatever the charge, it is for God’s evaluation.	si estamos fuera de nosotros mismos / enajenados. Risk: Low.
of sound mind σωφρονοῦμεν sōphronoumen to be of sound/self-controlled mind	sober-mindedness, self-mastery ”sober” (KJV), “in our right mind” (ESV/NIV)	Paul’s balanced, restrained public ministry — offered for the Corinthians’ benefit.	estamos en nuestro sano juicio. Risk: Low.

5:14 — “ἡ γὰρ ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ συνέχει ἡμᾶς, κρίναντας τοῦτο, ὅτι εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν, ἄρα οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
love of Christ ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ agapē tou Christou Christ’s love (subjective: Christ’s love for us)	self-giving, covenantal love ”love of Christ” (all major versions)	The controlling motive of apostolic ministry — not human duty or fear, but Christ’s self-sacrificing love.	el amor de Cristo. Risk: Low. Standard theological vocabulary; ensure subjective genitive (Christ’s love for us) is clear, not “our love for Christ.”
controls/compels συνέχει synechei to hold together, constrain	compel, control, hem in ”controls us” (ESV/NIV), “constraineth us” (KJV)	Christ’s love is the binding, directing force of Paul’s entire ministry — foundational for Suffering and Comfort in Ministry.	nos controla / nos apremia. Risk: Low.
one died for all εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν heis hyper pantōn apethanen one on behalf of all died	substitutionary/representative death ”one died for all” (all major versions)	Substitutionary atonement: Christ’s single death accomplishes what is credited to all who are united to him — directly parallel to Romans’ “one man” argument (Rom 5:15–19) and anchors Reconciliation with God.	uno murió por todos. Risk: Critical. Must preserve substitutionary “for” (ὑπέρ, en lugar de/a favor de), not merely exemplary death.
all died οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον hoi pantes apethanon all the [ones] died	representative/positional death with Christ ”all died” (all major versions)	Union with Christ in his death — the judicial/positional basis for the “new creation” of v.17. Connects to Christian Identity in Christ (Romans 6).	todos murieron. Risk: High. Guard against reading this as universal automatic salvation apart from faith; teach alongside v.17’s “en Cristo” (union by faith).

5:15 — “καὶ ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν ἵνα οἱ ζῶντες μηκέτι ἑαυτοῖς ζῶσιν ἀλλὰ τῷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
live for themselves / for him ζῶσιν … ἑαυτοῖς / τῷ … ἀποθανόντι zōsin heautois / tō apothanonti live to themselves / to the one who died	self-orientation vs. Christ-orientation ”live for themselves… for him” (all major versions)	The purpose of Christ’s death is a transformed direction of life, not mere legal transaction — practical outworking of new creation.	vivan para sí mismos… para aquel que murió. Risk: Low.
died and was raised ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι apothanonti kai egerthenti having died and having been raised	death-resurrection pair ”died and was raised” (all major versions)	Reuses Romans baseline resurrección (Critical, bodily/historical/once-for-all — see Romans doctrine_risk_registry “resurrection_of_christ”). Must retain the baseline’s Caribbean-context caution against reincarnation/spirit-return readings.	murió y resucitó. Risk: Critical (reuse from Romans TM).

5:16 — “Ὥστε ἡμεῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν οὐδένα οἴδαμεν κατὰ σάρκα· εἰ καὶ ἐγνώκαμεν κατὰ σάρκα Χριστόν, ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐκέτι γινώσκομεν.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
according to the flesh κατὰ σάρκα kata sarka according to flesh	worldly/external standards, human point of view, physical descent ”after the flesh” (KJV), “from a worldly point of view” (NIV), “according to the flesh” (ESV/NASB)	A new, Spirit-given way of evaluating people and even Christ himself — no longer by external status, ethnicity, or human credentials; grounds the “new creation” logic of v.17.	según la carne. Risk: Medium. “Carne” (flesh) must be understood in Pauline theological sense (fallen human viewpoint/nature), not merely “cuerpo físico”; teach explicitly to avoid a purely biological reading.

5:17 — “ὥστε εἴ τις ἐν Χριστῷ, καινὴ κτίσις· τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν, ἰδοὺ γέγονεν καινά.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
in Christ ἐν Χριστῷ en Christō in Christ	union, incorporation, location of new identity ”in Christ” (all major versions)	The theological hinge of the whole letter: identity is now grounded in union with Christ, not ethnicity, credentials, or the old covenant order. Reuses Romans doctrine “christian_identity_in_christ” (High).	en Cristo. Risk: High (reuse from Romans doctrine framework). Must not be diluted to “como cristiano” (as a generic Christian by cultural inheritance).
new creation καινὴ κτίσις kainē ktisis new creation/creature	new act of creation; renewed individual and cosmic order ”new creation” (ESV/NIV/NASB), “new creature” (KJV)	The centerpiece doctrine of the core passage: a genuinely new order of existence inaugurated by union with the crucified-and-risen Christ, not self-improvement or turning over a new leaf.	nueva creación. Risk: High. NEW TERM (not in Romans baseline — add to translation memory). Popular usage of “nueva creación / renovarse” in self-help and New Age wellness contexts in the Hispanic world could flatten this into personal reinvention; must be taught as God’s decisive re-creating act, tied to the resurrection, not psychological renewal.
the old things passed away τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν ta archaia parēlthen the ancient/former things passed by	obsolescence, termination of a former order ”old has passed away/gone” (all major versions)	Decisive, not gradual, transition — echoes the Law/Gospel and Old/New Covenant contrast developed fully in ch. 3.	lo viejo pasó. Risk: Medium. Ties to New Covenant versus Old doctrine; avoid a reading implying only gradual moral reform.
new things have come γέγονεν καινά gegonen kaina have become new things	decisive, completed newness (perfect tense) “new has come” (ESV/NIV), “all things are become new” (KJV)	Perfect tense stresses an accomplished, abiding new reality — not a process still underway.	han llegado a ser nuevas / ya son nuevas. Risk: Medium. Preserve the perfect-tense sense of an already-accomplished newness against a gradualist (“poco a poco me voy renovando”) misreading.

5:18 — “τὰ δὲ πάντα ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ καταλλάξαντος ἡμᾶς ἑαυτῷ διὰ Χριστοῦ καὶ δόντος ἡμῖν τὴν διακονίαν τῆς καταλλαγῆς.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
all things are from God τὰ πάντα ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ta panta ek tou theou all things [are] from God	ultimate divine source/initiative ”all this is from God” (ESV/NIV)	God, not human achievement, is the sole originator of both the new creation and reconciliation — reinforces Grace throughout.	todo esto proviene de Dios. Risk: Low.
reconciled καταλλάξαντος katallaxantos having exchanged/reconciled	restoring right relationship after estrangement, changing hostility to peace ”reconciled” (all major versions)	Reconciliation with God is God’s own accomplished act through Christ — decisive, not a status believers achieve through ritual or merit.	reconcilió / que nos reconcilió. Risk: Critical. NEW TERM (not in Romans baseline). See glossary entry “reconciliación” for the major collision with the Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation (Confession/Penance) — must be taught explicitly as God’s objective saving act received once by faith, not a repeatable sacramental rite.
ministry of reconciliation διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς diakonia tēs katallagēs service/ministry of the reconciliation	delegated task, stewardship, service ”ministry of reconciliation” (all major versions)	Believers, especially apostles, are entrusted with proclaiming — not performing or mediating — this reconciliation; central to Sincerity and Apostolic Authority.	el ministerio de la reconciliación. Risk: High. See “ministro/ministerio” glossary entry; must be distinguished from a sacramental-mediatorial office that dispenses reconciliation, and instead framed as a proclaiming stewardship.

5:19 — “ὡς ὅτι θεὸς ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ κόσμον καταλλάσσων ἑαυτῷ, μὴ λογιζόμενος αὐτοῖς τὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν, καὶ θέμενος ἐν ἡμῖν τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
God was in Christ θεὸς ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ theos ēn en Christō God was in Christ	incarnational presence and activity ”God was in Christ” (all major versions)	States the deity and unique agency of Christ in accomplishing reconciliation — links directly to Romans’ “deity_of_christ” (Critical) and “incarnation” (High) doctrines.	Dios estaba en Cristo. Risk: Critical (reuse of Romans Christological framework — “Dios,” “Cristo” both Critical baseline terms).
reconciling the world κόσμον καταλλάσσων kosmon katallassōn reconciling the world	universal scope, cosmic/worldwide reach ”reconciling the world” (all major versions)	Universal offer of reconciliation, paralleling Romans’ Universal Scope of the Gospel (High) — must not be qualified or narrowed.	reconciliando al mundo. Risk: Critical.
not counting/reckoning μὴ λογιζόμενος mē logizomenos not reckoning, not counting against	accounting, crediting/debiting metaphor ”not counting” (ESV/NIV), “not imputing” (KJV/NASB)	Uses the identical verb family (λογίζομαι) as Romans 4’s imputed righteousness (Romans TM “imputed_righteousness,” Critical) — here applied to the NON-imputation of sin, the reverse side of the same forensic-accounting doctrine.	no tomando en cuenta / no imputándoles. Risk: Critical. TRANSLATOR NOTE REQUIRED: connect explicitly to Romans’ “justicia imputada” so the forensic accounting logic (sin not counted against the sinner AND righteousness credited to the believer, v.21) is taught as a single unified doctrine, not two unrelated ideas. Never render as “perdonándoles como recompensa por su penitencia” (a merit/penance framing).
trespasses παραπτώματα paraptōmata fallings/missteps	sins, transgressions, offenses ”trespasses” (KJV/ESV/NASB), “sins” (NIV)	Near-synonym of Romans’ pecado (baseline term); here in the plural, concrete-acts sense.	transgresiones/pecados. Risk: Medium. Reuse the register of baseline “pecado”; avoid the softening euphemism “faltas” per the Romans forbidden-substitution rule.
word/message of reconciliation λόγος τῆς καταλλαγῆς logos tēs katallagēs word of the reconciliation	proclamation, message, gospel content ”message of reconciliation” (ESV/NIV), “word of reconciliation” (KJV/NASB)	The content entrusted to the ministry above — the proclaimed message that reconciliation has been accomplished, to be received by faith.	el mensaje/la palabra de la reconciliación. Risk: High.

5:20 — “ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ οὖν πρεσβεύομεν ὡς τοῦ θεοῦ παρακαλοῦντος δι᾽ ἡμῶν· δεόμεθα ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ, καταλλάγητε τῷ θεῷ.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
ambassadors πρεσβεύομεν presbeuomen we act as elder-envoys/ambassadors	official representative, diplomatic envoy ”ambassadors” (all major versions, as noun/verb)	Apostolic authority is representative, not self-derived: Paul speaks for Christ, not for himself — key to Genuine versus False Apostleship.	somos embajadores / actuamos como embajadores. Risk: Medium. NEW TERM. No major collision, but must be taught as delegated, Christ-derived authority, not independent religious authority.
God making his appeal θεοῦ παρακαλοῦντος theou parakalountos God appealing/exhorting	entreat, urge, comfort (same verb root as “comfort,” ch.1) “God making his appeal” (ESV), “God did beseech” (KJV), “God is making his appeal” (NIV)	Same verb (παρακαλέω) that generates “comfort/consolation” throughout ch.1 and 7 — God’s appeal to be reconciled carries the same tender, relational tone as his comfort in suffering.	Dios os exhorta / os ruega. Risk: Medium. See glossary “consolación/exhortación” entry — note the shared root with “comfort,” useful for teaching thematic unity.
we beg/implore δεόμεθα deometha we beseech, plead	urgent entreaty, supplication ”we implore/beseech” (all major versions)	Intense apostolic urgency in appealing for reconciliation — not a bureaucratic announcement.	rogamos / suplicamos. Risk: Low.
be reconciled to God καταλλάγητε τῷ θεῷ katallagēte tō theō be reconciled to God (aorist passive imperative)	receive/accept reconciliation already accomplished ”be reconciled to God” (all major versions)	The passive imperative is decisive: the hearer is called to receive, not perform or achieve, the reconciliation God has already accomplished — the evangelistic appeal of the whole passage.	reconciliaos con Dios. Risk: Critical. TRANSLATOR NOTE REQUIRED: the passive voice (“be reconciled,” not “reconcile yourselves”) must be preserved to avoid implying human-initiated reconciliation through penance or religious effort.

5:21 — “τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν, ἵνα ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ.”

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
who knew no sin τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν ton mē gnonta hamartian the one not having known sin	sinlessness, moral perfection ”who knew no sin” (KJV/ESV/NASB), “who had no sin” (NIV)	Affirms Christ’s sinlessness as the necessary basis for a valid substitution — he alone qualifies to bear others’ sin. Reuses baseline pecado (Medium, Romans TM).	el que no conoció pecado. Risk: Critical.
he made [him] to be sin ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν hamartian epoiēsen he made [to be] sin	judicial/representative identification with sin, not moral corruption ”made him to be sin” (KJV/ESV/NASB), “made him to be sin” (NIV similar)	The heart of substitutionary atonement: Christ is judicially treated as the sin-bearer, not personally made sinful in nature — extends Romans’ propitiation/atonement doctrine (3:25, flagged Critical in the Romans instruction set) into 2 Corinthians.	lo hizo pecado. Risk: Critical. TRANSLATOR NOTE REQUIRED: must be glossed to prevent a docetic or Christ-became-sinful misreading; the sense is forensic/representative, exactly parallel to imputation, not moral transformation of Christ’s nature.
we might become the righteousness of God ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ hēmeis genōmetha dikaiosynē theou we might become God’s righteousness	the double-imputation exchange: our sin to him, his righteousness to us ”we might become the righteousness of God” (all major versions)	The theological climax of the whole passage and one of the clearest statements of double imputation in the New Testament — directly continuous with Romans’ Critical doctrine of justicia and justicia imputada. MUST reuse the Romans baseline rendering justicia exactly; do not introduce a new Spanish word here.	para que nosotros llegásemos a ser justicia de Dios. Risk: Critical (direct reuse of Romans TM “justicia,” “righteousness,” “imputed_righteousness” — Council of Trent fault line applies with full force here). TRANSLATOR NOTE REQUIRED on every occurrence: this is forensic, credited righteousness received “en él” (in him, by union with Christ through faith), not righteousness infused and increased through merit or sacramental cooperation.
in him ἐν αὐτῷ en autō in him	union with Christ (echo of v.17’s ἐν Χριστῷ) “in him” (all major versions)	Closes the passage by returning to the “in Christ” frame that opened it at v.17 — the entire reconciliation/new-creation/righteousness complex is located exclusively in union with Christ.	en él. Risk: High.

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PART B — CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER STUDY OF THE WHOLE BOOK

Chapter 1 — Comfort in Affliction; Sincerity of Apostolic Conduct

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
comfort/consolation παράκλησις / παρακαλέω paraklēsis / parakaleō calling alongside; comfort, encouragement, appeal	comfort, encouragement, exhortation, appeal, entreaty ”comfort” (KJV/ESV/NIV), “encouragement” (NIV alt.), “consolation” (KJV alt.)	God’s active, relational comforting presence in suffering, mediated to others through the comforted — the theological center of Suffering and Comfort in Ministry.	consolación / consolar (RVR tradition), also consuelo as common synonym. Risk: High. NEW TERM. Popular Catholic devotion to “Nuestra Señora del Consuelo” and similar Marian titles risks the learner associating divine comfort primarily with Marian intercession rather than God himself as “Padre de misericordias y Dios de toda consolación” (1:3). Must teach God, not a saint or the Virgin, as the direct source of comfort — parallel concern to the Romans baseline’s “intercesión” caution.
affliction/tribulation θλῖψις thlipsis pressure, crushing	distress, trouble, persecution, hardship ”affliction” (ESV/NASB), “trouble” (NIV), “tribulation” (KJV)	The pressures of apostolic ministry, shared by Christ and his people, that become the occasion for God’s comfort.	tribulación (RVR); aflicción as synonym. Risk: Medium.
suffering(s) πάθημα pathēma that which is suffered/experienced	suffering, hardship, passion ”sufferings” (all major versions)	“The sufferings of Christ” (1:5) — believers’ sufferings are joined to Christ’s, not independently meritorious.	padecimientos. Risk: Medium-High. Guard against the folk-Catholic “ofrecer los sufrimientos” (offering one’s sufferings to earn merit/reduce time in purgatory) framework; Paul’s point is comfort and solidarity with Christ, not merit accumulation.
sincerity εἰλικρίνεια / ἁπλότης eilikrineia / haplotēs unmixed purity / singleness	sincerity, purity of motive, simplicity, singleness of purpose ”sincerity” (ESV/NASB), “integrity” (NIV)	Paul’s transparent, non-manipulative conduct toward the Corinthians — foundational to Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (1:12).	sinceridad / sencillez. Risk: Medium. NEW TERM. Note the same Greek word (ἁπλότης) recurs in chs. 8–9 with the sense “generosity”; the semantic range spanning “sincerity” and “generosity” should be taught explicitly as a deliberate Pauline wordplay, not treated as two unrelated glossary items requiring separate lexical choices.
seal / guarantee (arras) σφραγίς / ἀρραβών sphragis / arrabōn seal / down payment, pledge	mark of ownership/authentication; first installment guaranteeing the rest ”seal… guarantee” (ESV/NIV), “sealed… earnest” (KJV)	The Holy Spirit as God’s mark of ownership on believers and his down payment guaranteeing future full inheritance (echoes Romans 8’s Spirit of adoption).	sello… las arras (del Espíritu). Risk: Medium. “Arras” is the established Reina-Valera rendering and also names the traditional Spanish/Latin American wedding pledge (“arras matrimoniales”) — a naturally resonant image of a guaranteed future commitment, but modern secular readers may not recognize the word; gloss briefly.
Amen Ἀμήν Amēn so be it	liturgical affirmation ”Amen” (all versions)	1:20; reuse Romans baseline transliteration standard.	Amén. Risk: Low (reuse).

Chapter 2 — Forgiveness, Satan’s Schemes, the Fragrance of Christ

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
Satan Σατανᾶς Satanas adversary	the personal, cosmic adversary of God and his people ”Satan” (all versions)	Warns against Satan “outwitting” the church through unforgiveness (2:11) and later disguising himself as an angel of light (11:14).	Satanás. Risk: Low. Standard, unambiguous.
triumphal procession θριαμβεύω thriambeuō to lead in a triumphal procession	Roman military-triumph imagery: the victor parades captives/spoils ”leads us in triumphal procession” (ESV/NIV), “causeth us to triumph” (KJV)	Paul portrays himself (and, by extension, all believers) as a captive displayed in Christ’s victory parade — paradoxical honor within apparent humiliation, foreshadowing Power in Weakness.	nos lleva en triunfo / nos exhibe en su desfile triunfal. Risk: Medium. The image of a public religious procession has genuine cultural resonance with Hispanic Catholic processional piety (e.g., Holy Week processions); this resonance can aid understanding but should be anchored to Christ’s unique triumph, not folded into devotion to a religious image or icon carried in procession.
fragrance/aroma of Christ ὀσμή / εὐωδία (Χριστοῦ) osmē / euōdia (Christou) odor / sweet-smelling savor	sacrificial aroma (echoing OT sacrifice), pleasing or repugnant scent depending on the recipient ”fragrance/aroma of Christ” (ESV/NIV), “savour” (KJV)	Believers’ witness diffuses the knowledge of Christ, received as life or death depending on the hearer’s response — links to the double-edged nature of gospel proclamation.	olor fragante / grato olor de Cristo. Risk: Low-Medium. The incense/fragrance association may resonate positively with liturgical incense use in Catholic worship; helpful bridge image, low doctrinal risk.
peddle/sell for profit καπηλεύω kapēleuō to be a huckster, retail dishonestly	commercial exploitation, adulterating goods for profit ”peddlers of God’s word” (ESV/NIV), “corrupt the word of God” (KJV)	Paul explicitly denies mercenary motives in ministry — directly relevant to Sincerity and Apostolic Authority and, later, to Generosity and Grace in Giving (avoiding any appearance of profiteering, ch. 8–9).	mercadear/comerciar (con la palabra de Dios). Risk: Medium. Useful contrast term; no lexical collision, but the underlying concern (suspicion that religious leaders profit from ministry) has real cultural currency and should be taught with pastoral sensitivity.

Chapter 3 — The New Covenant, Letter and Spirit, Glory Unveiled

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
new covenant καινὴ διαθήκη kainē diathēkē new covenant	a new, superior covenant relationship, superseding the old ”new covenant” (all major versions)	Central to The New Covenant versus the Old: reuses baseline pacto (High, Romans TM standardized “pacto” over “alianza”).	nuevo pacto. Risk: High (reuse from Romans TM “covenant”/“pacto”). Preserve the Romans-established preference for “pacto”; “alianza” remains an acceptable ecumenical synonym per baseline notes.
letter / Spirit γράμμα / πνεῦμα gramma / pneuma written letter / spirit, breath	letter = written code, external legal text; Spirit = the life-giving Holy Spirit (capital-S in this contrast) “letter… Spirit” (all major versions)	“The letter kills, but the Spirit gives life” (3:6) — the old covenant’s external code condemns, while the Spirit internally transforms; this is a Law/Gospel contrast, not a literal-vs-figurative-interpretation debate.	la letra… el Espíritu. Risk: Medium-High. NEW TERM. Risk that Spanish-speaking readers hear this as a hermeneutical rule about literal vs. allegorical Bible reading rather than Paul’s covenantal contrast between the Mosaic law’s condemning function and the Spirit’s life-giving ministry; must be taught with explicit reference to the New Covenant doctrine.
veil κάλυμμα kalymma covering, veil	literal veil (Moses); metaphorical spiritual blindness ”veil” (all major versions)	Moses’ veiled glory and Israel’s ongoing veiled understanding of the old covenant, removed only “in Christ” (3:14).	velo. Risk: Low-Medium.
minister(s) διάκονος diakonos servant, attendant	servant, deacon, minister, one who serves at table ”ministers” (KJV/ESV/NASB), “servants” (NIV alt.)	Paul describes himself and his co-workers as “ministers of the new covenant” (3:6) — service under Christ’s authority, not an independent priestly office.	ministros. Risk: Medium. NEW TERM. In Catholic-majority usage “ministro” (esp. “ministro ordenado,” “ministro de la Eucaristía”) carries strong sacramental-clergy associations; must be taught as Pauline “servant of the message,” a functional not sacerdotal role, consistent with Romans’ “iglesia” caution against institutional-hierarchical over-reading.
glory δόξα doxa glory, radiance, honor	divine splendor, honor, reputation ”glory” (all major versions)	Reuses Romans baseline gloria (Medium). Chapter 3 develops “glory” as increasing and unveiled under the new covenant, culminating in believers being “transformed… from glory to glory” (3:18).	gloria. Risk: Medium (reuse).
transformed μεταμορφούμεθα metamorphoumetha to be transformed/metamorphosed	change of form, transfiguration ”transformed” (ESV/NIV/NASB), “changed” (KJV)	Ongoing Spirit-wrought transformation into Christ’s likeness — a sanctification image (reuse Romans “santificación,” High).	somos transformados. Risk: Medium. Shares a root with “Transfiguración” (the Catholic feast of the Transfiguration of Christ); minor risk of narrowing this to that single event rather than the ongoing believer transformation Paul describes — brief clarifying note recommended.
boldness/confidence παρρησία parrēsia freedom of speech, openness	boldness, confidence, plainness of speech ”boldness” (KJV/NASB), “confidence” (ESV/NIV)	The confident, unveiled access and speech that the new covenant grants, in contrast to Moses’ veiled ministry.	confianza / denuedo. Risk: Low-Medium.

Chapter 4 — Treasure in Jars of Clay; Momentary Affliction, Eternal Glory

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
image of God εἰκὼν τοῦ θεοῦ eikōn tou theou image of God	exact likeness, visible representation ”image of God” (all major versions)	Applied to Christ (4:4) as the one in whom God’s glory is uniquely and fully seen — Christological, not the general Genesis 1 sense applied to all humanity.	imagen de Dios. Risk: High. NEW TERM. Must be distinguished from the general creational “imagen y semejanza de Dios” applied to all humans (Genesis 1:26, well known in Hispanic catechesis); here it is Christ’s unique, perfect revelation of God’s glory — teach the distinction explicitly to avoid diluting Christ’s uniqueness.
treasure in jars of clay θησαυρὸν … ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν thēsauron… en ostrakinois skeuesin treasure in earthenware vessels	fragile container holding something precious ”treasure in jars of clay” (ESV/NIV), “treasure in earthen vessels” (KJV/NASB)	The gospel’s power resides in God, displayed through fragile, unimpressive human ministers — the classic image for Power in Weakness.	tesoro en vasos de barro. Risk: Medium.
outer man / inner man ὁ ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ὁ ἔσω ἄνθρωπος ho exō anthrōpos / ho esō anthrōpos the outer/inner human	physical, perishing self vs. spiritual, renewed self ”outer… inner self/man” (all major versions)	The believer’s decaying body coexists with an inwardly renewed self, sustained by hope of resurrection — connects to Suffering and Comfort in Ministry.	hombre exterior / hombre interior. Risk: Low-Medium.
eternal weight of glory βάρος δόξης (αἰώνιον) baros doxēs (aiōnion) weight of glory (eternal)	disproportionate compensation image: light affliction, heavy/weighty glory ”eternal weight of glory” (ESV/NASB), “eternal glory that far outweighs” (NIV), “eternal weight of glory” (KJV)	Present suffering, however severe, is “light” compared to the incomparably weighty future glory it produces — reuses baseline gloria.	un cada vez más excelente y eterno peso de gloria. Risk: Medium (reuse of gloria concept).

Chapter 5 — Groaning for the Resurrection Body; the Judgment Seat (5:1–10); [5:11–21 treated in Part A above]

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
earthly tent/house ἐπίγειος οἰκία / σκῆνος epigeios oikia / skēnos earthly house / tent-dwelling	temporary dwelling, mortal body ”earthly tent… house” (ESV/NIV), “earthly house of this tabernacle” (KJV)	The mortal body as a temporary dwelling, to be exchanged (not merely repaired) for a permanent resurrection body.	casa terrestre / tabernáculo. Risk: Low-Medium.
judgment seat of Christ βῆμα (τοῦ Χριστοῦ) bēma (tou Christou) judgment platform/tribunal	official judgment bench (Roman civic imagery), evaluative judgment ”judgment seat of Christ” (KJV/ESV/NASB), “judged” (NIV paraphrase)	Every believer’s works will be evaluated by Christ (5:10) — a judgment of reward/evaluation for believers, distinct from the judgment of condemnation from which believers are already secure (reuse Romans “assurance_of_salvation,” High).	tribunal de Cristo. Risk: High. NEW TERM. “Tribunal” language risks collision with the Catholic doctrine of “juicio particular” and purgatorial purification after death; must be taught as an evaluative reckoning of a believer already secure in Christ (assurance preserved), not an uncertain determination of final salvation status.
fear of the Lord φόβος τοῦ κυρίου phobos tou kyriou fear of the Lord	see 5:11 above —	—	See Part A, v.11.

Chapter 6 — Unequally Yoked; the Temple of the Living God

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
unequally yoked ἑτεροζυγοῦντες heterozygountes yoked with a different [kind of animal]	mismatched partnership, incompatible union ”unequally yoked” (KJV/ESV/NASB), “yoked together” (NIV)	Warns against compromising partnerships/alliances that blur the church’s distinct loyalty to Christ (6:14) — an agricultural metaphor requiring brief explanation for urban readers.	unirse en yugo desigual. Risk: Medium. NEW TERM. Agricultural imagery (yoke) less immediately familiar to urban Hispanic audiences; gloss briefly, but no doctrinal collision.
temple of God ναὸς θεοῦ naos theou sanctuary/temple of God	God’s dwelling place, sacred precinct ”temple of God” (all major versions)	The corporate church (and by extension believers, cf. 1 Cor 6:19) is God’s dwelling place — not a physical building or shrine.	templo de Dios. Risk: Medium-High. Risk of confusion with physical church buildings (“el templo” as the common colloquial Spanish term for a church building) or with venerated shrines/sanctuaries; must clarify that Paul means the corporate people of God as God’s living dwelling, echoing Romans’ “iglesia” caution against institutional/physical over-reading.
Belial Βελίαρ Beliar worthlessness (Hebrew loanword)	a name for Satan/the devil in intertestamental usage ”Belial” (KJV/NASB), “the devil” (NIV paraphrase)	6:15 — a synonym for Satan in the Christ/Belial contrast.	Belial (transliterated) or el diablo/Satanás as gloss. Risk: Low.

Chapter 7 — Godly Sorrow that Leads to Repentance

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
godly sorrow λύπη κατὰ θεόν lypē kata theon sorrow according to God	grief aligned with God’s perspective, producing repentance ”godly sorrow/grief” (ESV/NIV/NASB), “godly sorrow” (KJV)	Contrasted with “worldly sorrow” that produces death; godly sorrow is the God-given emotional response that leads to genuine repentance and life.	tristeza según Dios. Risk: High. NEW TERM. Must be carefully distinguished from a penitential framework in which sorrow itself, expressed through prescribed acts of penance, becomes the meritorious cause of forgiveness; here sorrow simply leads to (is not the basis of) repentance, which in turn is met by God’s free grace, not earned through the intensity or acts of contrition.
repentance μετάνοια metanoia change of mind	inward turning, reorientation of mind and will ”repentance” (all major versions)	The genuine change of heart and direction produced by godly sorrow — foundational, but here descriptive of the Corinthians’ response to Paul’s letter, not a sacramental rite.	arrepentimiento. Risk: High. Must be clearly distinguished from the Catholic Sacrament of Penance/Reconciliation (also historically called “el sacramento de la penitencia y la reconciliación,” involving confession to a priest and the performance of assigned penance); Paul’s μετάνοια is an inward reorientation that any believer undergoes directly before God, not a sacramental transaction. Reinforces the same caution flagged for “reconciliación” above.
comfort/consolation παράκλησις paraklēsis see ch.1	— —	Ch. 7 repeats and intensifies the comfort theme from ch. 1, now realized through Titus’s arrival and news of the Corinthians’ repentance.	consolación (reuse from ch.1). Risk: High (reuse).

Chapter 8 — The Collection for Jerusalem: Grace, Fellowship, Equality

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
grace (in giving) χάρις charis see Romans TM	— “grace” / “gracious act” / “generous gift” (varies by version in this context)	Reuses baseline gracia (High, Romans TM). Ch. 8–9 uniquely apply “grace” to the Macedonians’ and the Corinthians’ giving (8:1, 8:6-7, 9:8) — grace as both the source and the character of generous giving, not a reward earned by giving.	gracia. Risk: High (reuse). TRANSLATOR NOTE REQUIRED: giving flows from grace received; giving does NOT generate or increase grace merited before God — preserve the Romans grace/merit distinction in this new context.
fellowship/partnership κοινωνία koinōnia see Romans TM	— “fellowship” (baseline); “participation,” “sharing” (ESV/NIV in this financial context)	Reuses baseline compañerismo but here in the specific sense of shared financial participation in ministry (8:4, “the grace of participation in the ministry”).	compañerismo / participación. Risk: Medium-High. In this specific financial-partnership context, “participación” is the clearer contextual gloss; “compañerismo” remains the general baseline term. Both must avoid the Catholic creedal phrase “comunión de los santos” per Romans baseline rule.
equality ἰσότης isotēs equality, fairness	fair balance, equity ”equality” (all major versions)	Not enforced economic leveling, but a voluntary, grace-driven balance meeting real needs (8:13-14).	igualdad. Risk: Low. NEW TERM.
generosity/liberality ἁπλότης (giving sense) haplotēs singleness/simplicity (here: unmixed generosity)	see ch.1 “sincerity” entry — same word, giving-context sense ”generosity” (ESV/NIV), “liberality” (KJV/NASB)	Same Greek word rendered “sincerity” in 1:12 now describes uncomplicated, wholehearted generosity — see ch.1 note on the shared semantic root.	generosidad / liberalidad. Risk: Medium.

Chapter 9 — The Cheerful Giver; Sowing and Reaping

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
cheerful giver ἱλαρὸς δότης hilaros dotēs cheerful/joyful giver	glad, willing, spontaneous giving ”cheerful giver” (all major versions)	“God loves a cheerful giver” (9:7) — giving motivated by joy, not compulsion or social pressure; central to Generosity and Grace in Giving.	dador alegre. Risk: Low-Medium. NEW TERM.
liberality/generosity ἁπλότης haplotēs see ch.8	— “generosity” (ESV/NIV), “liberal distribution” (KJV/NASB)	Continues ch. 8’s theme; “your liberality” (9:11, 9:13).	liberalidad/generosidad (reuse from ch.8). Risk: Medium (reuse).
thanksgiving εὐχαριστία eucharistia see Romans TM	— —	Reuses baseline acción de gracias (Low, Romans TM); the collection is designed to overflow in thanksgiving to God (9:11-12).	acción de gracias. Risk: Low (reuse).

Chapter 10 — Spiritual Warfare and the Meekness of Christ

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
weapons/warfare ὅπλα (τῆς στρατείας) hopla (tēs strateias) weapons (of the campaign/warfare)	military metaphor for spiritual conflict ”weapons of our warfare” (all major versions)	Paul’s authority is exercised through spiritual, not worldly, means — a direct polemic against opponents who measure ministry by worldly power displays.	armas de nuestra milicia. Risk: Medium. NEW TERM.
strongholds ὀχύρωμα ochyrōma fortress, stronghold	fortified position; here, entrenched false arguments/pride ”strongholds” (all major versions)	Destruction of “arguments and every proud obstacle” — intellectual/spiritual, not literal military, imagery.	fortalezas. Risk: Medium.
meekness and gentleness πραΰτης καὶ ἐπιείκεια prautēs kai epieikeia mildness and gentleness	gentleness of character, forbearance, considerateness ”meekness and gentleness” (KJV/NASB), “gentleness and kindness” (NIV), “meekness and gentleness of Christ” (ESV)	Christ’s own character, which Paul appeals to and models, in explicit contrast to the domineering, self-promoting style of the false apostles — key to both Sincerity and Apostolic Authority and Genuine versus False Apostleship.	mansedumbre y ternura (RVR). Risk: Low-Medium.
boasting καυχάομαι / καύχησις kauchaomai / kauchēsis to boast, glory	self-exaltation OR legitimate glorying in the Lord, depending on object ”boast/glory” (all major versions)	Introduces the sustained boasting theme of chs. 10–12: Paul redirects all legitimate boasting to the Lord (10:17, quoting Jer 9:24) while ironically adopting his opponents’ boasting rhetoric to expose it.	gloriarse / jactancia. Risk: Medium-High. NEW TERM. Spanish “jactancia” carries a strongly negative connotation (arrogant bragging) that fits the false apostles’ boasting but is the WRONG register for Paul’s positive “gloriarse en el Señor” (glory/boast in the Lord); use “gloriarse” for the positive, Lord-directed sense and reserve “jactancia” for the negative, self-exalting sense — this distinction must be made explicit to translators to avoid conflating the two.

Chapter 11 — False Apostles; Paul’s Foolish Boasting and Sufferings

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
false apostles ψευδαπόστολοι pseudapostoloi false/lying apostles	deceptive claimants to apostolic authority ”false apostles” (all major versions)	The direct named threat behind the doctrine of Genuine versus False Apostleship (11:13); reuses baseline apóstol (Low in Romans, but doctrinally elevated here).	falsos apóstoles. Risk: High. NEW TERM/doctrine escalation. Though “apóstol” itself is Low risk per Romans baseline, its compound here activates a High-risk doctrine requiring careful teaching on how to discern genuine from false spiritual authority — relevant given the plurality of self-styled apostolic/prophetic movements across the contemporary Hispanic evangelical landscape.
angel of light ἄγγελος φωτός angelos phōtos messenger/angel of light	deceptive appearance of holiness/divine origin ”angel of light” (all major versions)	Satan’s chief strategy is imitation of legitimate spiritual authority (11:14) — direct warning tied to discerning false apostleship.	ángel de luz. Risk: Low-Medium.
godly jealousy ζῆλος θεοῦ zēlos theou zeal/jealousy of God	protective, covenantal jealousy (marriage-betrothal imagery, 11:2) “godly jealousy” (ESV/NASB), “jealous…as God is jealous” (NIV), “godly jealousy” (KJV)	Paul’s protective concern for the Corinthians’ undivided devotion to Christ, likened to a father guarding his daughter’s betrothal — not sinful envy.	celo de Dios / os celo con celo de Dios. Risk: Medium. NEW TERM. “Celos” in everyday Spanish usually connotes possessive romantic jealousy (often negative); must be glossed as protective covenantal zeal, not petty jealousy.
Eve deceived ἐξηπάτησεν (τὴν Εὕαν) exēpatēsen (tēn Euan) deceived (Eve)	seduction, deception ”Eve was deceived” (all major versions)	11:3 — typological warning that the Corinthians’ minds could likewise be led astray from “sincere and pure devotion to Christ” by clever deception, tying back to Sincerity.	Eva fue engañada. Risk: Low.
foolishness (of boasting) ἀφροσύνη aphrosynē mindlessness, folly	foolish speech, irony marker ”foolishness” (all major versions)	Paul’s ironic self-deprecating frame for the boasting section (11:1, 11:16-21) — signals that what follows is a rhetorical strategy forced on him by the false apostles’ tactics, not genuine self-promotion.	locura / necedad. Risk: Low-Medium.

Chapter 12 — Visions, the Thorn in the Flesh, and Sufficient Grace

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
visions and revelations ὀπτασίαι καὶ ἀποκαλύψεις optasiai kai apokalypseis sights and unveilings	supernatural experiences of divine disclosure ”visions and revelations” (all major versions)	Paul’s extraordinary spiritual experience (12:1-4), immediately balanced by the thorn given to prevent pride — sets up the Power in Weakness paradox.	visiones y revelaciones. Risk: Medium.
thorn in the flesh σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί skolops tē sarki a stake/thorn in the flesh	a persistent affliction, physical or circumstantial ”thorn in the flesh” (all major versions)	A lasting, unresolved affliction given to keep Paul humble and dependent on grace — one of the most-cited texts on Power in Weakness.	aguijón en mi carne (RVR). Risk: Medium. NEW TERM. Popular use of “espina/aguijón” as a general metaphor for any personal struggle is fine and matches common usage; ensure the theological point (God’s purposeful use of unresolved weakness, not its removal, for his glory) is not lost to a generic self-help “everyone has their struggles” reading.
messenger of Satan ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ angelos Satana messenger of Satan	an agent or instrument of the adversary ”messenger of Satan” (all major versions)	The thorn’s proximate agent — a reminder that God sovereignly permits and overrules even satanic instruments for his own good purposes.	mensajero de Satanás. Risk: Low.
my grace is sufficient ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου arkei hē charis mou my grace suffices	adequacy, sufficiency ”my grace is sufficient” (all major versions)	Christ’s direct answer to Paul’s request for the thorn’s removal — grace, not removal of the affliction, is God’s provision; reuses baseline gracia (High) in an intensely personal, dominical-word context.	bástate mi gracia / mi gracia te basta (RVR). Risk: High (reuse of gracia, intensified by direct dominical speech).
power / weakness δύναμις / ἀσθένεια dynamis / astheneia power/strength / weakness/frailty	might, ability vs. frailty, infirmity, incapacity ”power… weakness” (all major versions)	“My power is perfected/made perfect in weakness” (12:9) and “when I am weak, then I am strong” (12:10) — the theological center of the Power in Weakness doctrine, and paradoxically also of apostolic authentication against the false apostles’ triumphalist boasting.	poder… debilidad. Risk: High. NEW TERM. Must be distinguished both from a prosperity-gospel reversal (weakness as a technique for unlocking power/blessing) and from a folk-Catholic redemptive-suffering-as-merit framework (enduring weakness as a meritorious religious achievement); Paul’s point is that God’s power is displayed, not earned or engineered, through human incapacity.
signs of a true apostle σημεῖα (τοῦ ἀποστόλου) sēmeia (tou apostolou) signs (of the apostle)	authenticating marks, miracles, evidences ”signs of a true apostle” (ESV/NIV), “signs of an apostle” (KJV/NASB)	12:12 — Paul’s ministry was authenticated by God-given signs, in contrast to the false apostles’ self-authentication; directly relevant to Genuine versus False Apostleship.	señales (de apóstol). Risk: Medium.

Chapter 13 — Final Warnings, Self-Examination, and the Trinitarian Benediction

Terms	Variants	Contextual Theological Meaning	Spanish Rendering & Risk
examine/test yourselves δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς dokimazete heautous test/examine yourselves	self-examination, proving genuineness ”examine/test yourselves” (all major versions)	Call to verify one’s own genuine faith and the reality of Christ’s presence within — direct, personal application of Genuine versus False Apostleship to the hearers themselves, not only to leaders.	examinaos a vosotros mismos. Risk: Medium.
fellowship of the Holy Spirit κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος koinōnia tou Hagiou Pneumatos fellowship/participation of the Holy Spirit	shared participation with/in the Spirit ”fellowship of the Holy Spirit” (all major versions)	The closing Trinitarian benediction (13:14) — pairs baseline gracia, a term for God’s love, and Espíritu Santo (both Critical/High baseline terms) with compañerismo/comunión.	la comunión del Espíritu Santo. Risk: High. NEW TERM (specific phrase). “Comunión” here risks being heard through the lens of “la Sagrada Comunión” (the Eucharist), one of the most central and frequent religious associations of the word “comunión” in Hispanic Catholic life; must be clarified as shared participation in/with the Holy Spirit himself, not a sacramental rite. Consistent with the Romans baseline’s caution to reserve “comunión de los santos” for its specific creedal referent and use “compañerismo” or a clarified contextual “comunión” elsewhere.
perfect/complete καταρτίζεσθε katartizesthe be restored, made complete, put in order	mending, equipping, restoring to proper condition ”become complete” (ESV/NASB), “aim for restoration” (NIV), “be perfect” (KJV)	Final exhortation toward wholeness and unity in the church — reuses the general sense of Romans’ “mutual_edification” (Low).	sed perfectos / sed restaurados. Risk: Low-Medium.
grace, love, fellowship (benediction) χάρις… ἀγάπη… κοινωνία charis… agapē… koinōnia grace… love… fellowship	Trinitarian summary formula ”grace… love… fellowship/communion” (all major versions)	The letter’s closing benediction unites all three Persons of the Trinity with their distinct gifts — reuses baseline gracia and the ch.13 “comunión del Espíritu Santo” entry above.	la gracia… el amor… la comunión (reuse). Risk: High (reuse, composite).

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This document must be loaded alongside the Romans Language Package (translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, doctrine_risk_registry.json) before Phase 1 Step 2 (doctrine analysis) and before any Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Corinthians. See analysis/08_core_glossary.md for the consolidated glossary table of all NEW terms introduced by this book.