Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across the full book of Mark. Terms are grouped into two sets:
- Reused from the Romans Baseline — the Spanish rendering and risk tier are carried over EXACTLY as recorded in the baseline
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json. These are never re-negotiated in this curriculum; only Mark-specific contextual notes are added. - New Terms Introduced in Mark — not present in the Romans baseline. Each is assigned a proposed Spanish rendering and risk tier for formal addition to
translation_memory.jsonin Phase 2, following the same methodology the baseline used.
Section 1 — Reused from Romans Baseline (render EXACTLY as recorded)
| Term (EN) | Spanish (baseline) | Risk (baseline) | Doctrine | Key Mark References | Mark-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelio | High | Gospel | 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15 | Mark’s opening word; frames the whole book as authoritative proclamation, not biography. |
| son_of_god | Hijo de Dios | Critical | Sonship of Christ / Deity of Christ | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 15:39 | Forms inclusio 1:1/1:11 ↔ 15:39; central to “Suffering Servant and Son of God” doctrine unit. |
| lord | Señor | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:3, 2:28, 7:28, 11:3, 12:36-37 | Mark 12:35-37: David calls the Messiah “Lord” — an argument for Messiah’s transcendence of mere Davidic descent. |
| father | Padre | Critical | Adoption / God as Father | 11:25, 14:36 | 14:36 is the historical anchor for the Romans baseline’s own “Abba” entry. |
| abba | Abba | Medium | Adoption / Intimacy with God | 14:36 | Render “Abba, Padre” exactly per baseline precedent; Gethsemane is its narrative source. |
| jesus | Jesús | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | No variant-form risk. |
| god | Dios | Critical | Deity of Christ | throughout | No rival deity-name confusion. |
| holy_spirit | Espíritu Santo | Critical | Sanctification / Trinity | 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 | Same Espiritismo/Santería distinguishing caution as baseline. |
| faith | fe | High | Faith | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22-24 | Frequently paired with healing (5:34, 10:52) — must not be read as a healing “technique.” |
| sin | pecado | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 1:4-5, 2:5-10 | Do not soften with “falta,” per baseline. |
| kingdom_of_god | reino de Dios | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:15, 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25 | Mark 1:15’s “ἤγγικεν” (has drawn near) is this curriculum’s thesis-verse parallel to Romans 1:16-17; render to preserve inaugurated-kingdom sense. |
| messiah | Mesías | Critical | Messianic Promise | 1:1 (via Christos), 8:29, 14:61 | Peter’s confession (8:29) and the Sanhedrin’s question (14:61) are the two hinge occurrences. |
| resurrection | resurrección | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 6:14, 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34, 12:18-27, 16:6 | Same Caribbean/Espiritismo caution as baseline; ch. 12’s Sadducee debate is a useful apologetic resource. |
| glory | gloria | Medium | Deity of Christ | 8:38, 9:2-3 (transfiguration), 10:37, 13:26 | Core passage (10:37) shows glory misunderstood by the disciples before it is rightly revealed (ch. 9) and finally realized (ch. 13). |
| apostle | apóstol | Low | Apostleship | 3:14, 6:30 | Standard, unambiguous. |
| prophet | profeta | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 6:4, 6:15, 8:28 | Standard. |
| covenant | pacto | High | Davidic Covenant / New Covenant | 14:24 | Echoes Exodus 24:8 and Jeremiah 31:31-34; do not reduce to legal contract. |
| church_related (fellowship register only; “iglesia” itself not used in Mark) | — | — | — | — | Note: ἐκκλησία does not occur in Mark; no “iglesia” entry required for this book. |
Section 2 — New Terms Introduced in Mark (require Phase 2 addition to translation memory)
| Term (EN) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Proposed Spanish | Risk | Doctrine Unit | Key Mark References | Rationale / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | Hijo del Hombre | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62 | Rejected: “un ser humano,” “un hijo de hombre” (both erase the Danielic dominion-and-judgment force). Must remain visibly distinct from “Hijo de Dios.” |
| Ransom | λύτρον | lytron | rescate | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | Rejected: unqualified “rescate” without teaching note (risks generic rescue-from-danger reading, losing the price-for-release/slave-manumission sense). Must be distinguished from “salvación” (mechanism vs. resulting state). |
| Substitution preposition (“for/in place of”) | ἀντί | anti | en lugar de / en rescate por | Critical | The Ransom for Many / Necessity of the Cross | 10:45 | Rejected: a loose “por” alone (risks reducing to “on behalf of,” losing the substitutionary “in place of” force). |
| Servant (table-service register) | διάκονος | diakonos | servidor | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 9:35, 10:43 | Rejected: “diácono” (wrongly imports later formal ecclesial office into Jesus’ general teaching on greatness). |
| Slave/bondservant (intensified register) | δοῦλος | doulos | siervo | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:44 | Rejected: treating as a mere synonym of diakonos (loses the diakonos→doulos rhetorical escalation). “Esclavo” flagged as a valid alternative in more literal modern versions but not adopted here, for RV-tradition continuity. |
| Cross | σταυρός | stauros | cruz | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 8:34, 10:21 (implied), 15:21, 15:30, 15:32 | Lexically standard across traditions; risk is doctrinal — must not drift toward colloquial “cruz” = any life burden. |
| Crucify | σταυρόω | stauroō | crucificar | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:13-15, 15:20-27 | Standard term; weight carried by the narrated event, not the word. |
| Body / Blood (Last Supper) | σῶμα / αἷμα | sōma / haima | cuerpo / sangre | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 14:22-24 | Not a lexical fault line (Catholic and Protestant Spanish Bibles render identically) — flagged Critical for catechetical reasons: Eucharistic theology diverges sharply downstream of this identical translation; teaching content requires theologian review. |
| Life/Soul | ψυχή | psychē | vida (primary) / alma (secondary, contextual) | Critical | Necessity of the Cross / Ransom for Many | 8:35-37, 10:45 | Rejected: exclusive use of “alma” throughout (imports separable-immortal-soul, purgatory-adjacent connotations foreign to Mark’s holistic Hebraic usage). |
| Forgive(ness) of sins | ἀφίημι / ἀφίενται αἱ ἁμαρτίαι | aphiēmi | perdonar los pecados | Critical | Jesus’ Authority over Sin | 2:5, 2:7, 2:9-10 | Rejected: framing as sacramental absolution/penance process (must preserve Jesus’ direct, unmediated authority to forgive). |
| Authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | autoridad | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28-29, 13:34 | Rejected: rendering that reduces to mere impressive power/charisma (δύναμις); must convey a right to command producing uncontested compliance. |
| Demon | δαιμόνιον | daimonion | demonio | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:34, 1:39, 3:22, 5:1-20, 7:26-30, 9:14-29 | Rejected: any rendering assimilable to a manageable, sometimes-benevolent folk-spiritist entity (Espiritismo/Santería framing). |
| Unclean spirit | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον | pneuma akatharton | espíritu inmundo | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:23-27, 3:11, 5:2, 5:8, 5:13, 6:7, 9:25 | Same caution as “demonio”; uniformly hostile beings expelled by unilateral divine authority, never appeased or negotiated with. |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς | Satanas | Satanás | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In / Necessity of the Cross | 1:13, 3:23-26, 4:15, 8:33 | Rejected: diffusing into a vague evil principle or a manageable trickster-spirit figure. |
| Baptize / Baptism | βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα | baptizō / baptisma | bautizar / bautismo | High | Faith and Discipleship / Necessity of the Cross | 1:4-9, 10:38-39 | Flag dual usage: literal water rite (ch. 1) vs. metaphorical “baptism of suffering” (10:38-39, core passage) — teach both senses distinctly. |
| Cup (suffering metaphor) | ποτήριον | potērion | copa | High | Necessity of the Cross | 10:38-39, 14:23-24, 14:36 | Distinguish the suffering/wrath cup (10:38-39; 14:36) from the covenant-cup of the Last Supper (14:23-24), which it prefigures but is not identical to. |
| Repentance | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | arrepentimiento / arrepentirse | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1:4, 1:15, 6:12 | Rejected: reduction to emotional sorrow/sacramental confession feeling; must convey decisive reorientation of the whole person. |
| Betray / Hand over | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | entregar (contextually traicionar for Judas) | High | Necessity of the Cross / Ransom for Many | 9:31, 10:33, 14:10-11, 14:18-21, 14:41-42, 15:1, 15:10, 15:15 | Preserve both senses: Judas’s real culpable betrayal AND Jesus being “handed over” within the Father’s redemptive purpose. |
| Tribulation | θλῖψις | thlipsis | tribulación | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In (eschatological) | 13:19, 13:24 | Avoid importing modern dispensationalist rapture-chart frameworks foreign to Mark 13’s pastoral aim (watchfulness, endurance). |
| Transfiguration | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | transfigurarse / transfiguración | High | Suffering Servant and Son of God / Messianic Secret | 9:2-8 | Distinguish from shape-shifting/avatar motifs; reveals ongoing divine glory, not temporary alternate form. |
| False messiah / False prophet | ψευδόχριστος / ψευδοπροφήτης | pseudochristos / pseudoprophētēs | falso Mesías (falso Cristo) / falso profeta | High | Messianic Secret / Kingdom of God Breaking In | 13:22 | Must reinforce, not undercut, the Critical uniqueness of the true Mesías (baseline doctrine). |
| King of the Jews | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | Rey de los judíos | High | Necessity of the Cross / Messianic Promise (cross-ref. baseline) | 15:2, 15:9, 15:12, 15:18, 15:26, 15:32 | Preserve the deliberate Markan irony: mockery that is, in fact, true. |
| Save / Heal (dual sense) | σῴζω | sōzō | sanar (primary physical sense) / salvar (theological sense, contextual) | Critical | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness / Salvation (cross-ref. baseline) | 5:23, 5:28, 5:34, 6:56, 10:52 | Must preserve the deliberate double meaning (healing previews salvation); must not be attributed to ritual technique or a healer’s innate power (curanderismo). |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | vida eterna | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In / Faith and Discipleship | 10:17, 10:30 | Tie to present kingdom-belonging via costly discipleship, not merely a future reward for merit/sacramental accumulation. |
| Love (Great Commandment) | ἀγαπάω | agapaō | amar | High | (supporting) Faith and Discipleship | 12:30-31 | Standard term; risk is teaching the whole-hearted, whole-life, undivided character of the command, not lexical ambiguity. |
| Mystery (of the kingdom) | μυστήριον | mystērion | misterio | Medium-High | The Messianic Secret | 4:11 | Distinguish from Rosary-devotional “misterios” and from an unsolvable riddle; this is specific revealed content given to disciples. |
| Blasphemy (against the Spirit) | βλασφημία | blasphēmia | blasfemia | Medium-High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 3:28-29 | Pastoral sensitivity: teaching notes must clarify the specific referent (attributing the Spirit’s evident work to Satan) to avoid lay anxiety over having committed it. |
| Fear / Awe (dual sense) | φοβέομαι | phobeomai | miedo (faithless fear) / temor / atónitos de temor (reverential awe) | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4:40-41, 5:33, 5:36, 6:50, 9:32, 10:32, 16:8 | Track per-occurrence which sense is active, parallel to baseline’s “llamado” discipline. |
| Tradition (of the elders) | παράδοσις | paradosis | tradición | Medium | (supporting) Jesus’ Authority | 7:3-13 | Present as Jesus’ critique of a specific first-century practice, not an implicit polemic against the Catholic doctrine of Sacred Tradition. |
| Ritually unclean / common | κοινός | koinos | impuro / común (contextual) | Medium | (supporting) Jesus’ Authority over Sin | 7:2, 7:5, 7:15, 7:18-23 | Distinguish ceremonial food/purity law from a statement about a person’s worth or salvation status. |
| Deny oneself | ἀπαρνέομαι | aparneomai | negarse a sí mismo | Medium | Necessity of the Cross | 8:34, 14:30, 14:72 | Distinguish from self-hatred/self-erasure; renunciation of self-rule as life’s organizing principle. |
| Cause to stumble | σκανδαλίζω | skandalizō | hacer tropezar (preferred) / escandalizar (contextual) | Medium | (supporting) Servanthood / Discipleship | 9:42-47 | Prefer “hacer tropezar” over “escandalizar,” which drifts toward social scandal/gossip in everyday Spanish. |
| Compassion (visceral) | σπλαγχνίζομαι | splagchnizomai | tener compasión / compadecerse | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness (motive) | 1:41, 6:34, 8:2, 9:22 | Teach the visceral intensity of the Greek idiom; do not flatten to detached formal pity. |
| Watch / Be alert | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | velar / estar alerta | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In / Faith amid Fear | 13:33-37, 14:34-38 | Preserve the deliberate link between eschatological watchfulness (ch. 13) and the disciples’ failure to watch in Gethsemane (ch. 14). |
| Passover | πάσχα | pascha | Pascua | Medium | Necessity of the Cross | 14:1, 14:12, 14:14, 14:16 | Flag potential confusion with “Pascua” as the Christian Easter/resurrection feast; context must clarify referent. |
| House of prayer | οἶκος προσευχῆς | oikos proseuchēs | casa de oración | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 11:17 | Connect to Jesus’ authority over proper temple worship; avoid over-reading as general critique of church buildings. |
| Temptation / Trial | πειρασμός | peirasmos | tentación | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 14:38 | Contextualize as the trial of abandoning faithfulness under acute pressure (Gethsemane). |
| Parable | παραβολή | parabolē | parábola | Medium | The Messianic Secret | 4:2, 4:10-13, 4:33-34, 12:1-12 | Teach the deliberately concealing-and-revealing function (4:11-12), not mere illustrative clarity. |
| Commandment | ἐντολή | entolē | mandamiento | Medium | (supporting) Faith and Discipleship | 7:8-9, 10:5, 12:28-31 | Standard; avoid legalistic checklist framing Mark’s own emphasis resists. |
| Christ (proper-name/title fusion) | Χριστός | Christos | Cristo (name-title) / Mesías (title-content) | Critical (inherited from baseline “messiah”) | Messianic Promise | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21, 14:61, 15:32 | Cross-ref. baseline entry exactly; “Cristo” per established proper-name convention, “Mesías” when foregrounding Jewish messianic expectation. |
| Follow (discipleship) | ἀκολουθέω | akoloutheō | seguir | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1:18, 2:14, 8:34, 10:21, 10:28, 10:52 | Committed, costly discipleship — walking the same road toward the cross — not casual admiration. |
| Legion (proper name) | Λεγιών | Legiōn | Legión | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In (supporting) | 5:9, 5:15 | Transliterated proper noun; Roman-military resonance worth a brief cultural note. |
| Corban | Κορβάν | Korban | Corbán | Low | (supporting) Jesus’ Authority | 7:11 | Transliteration retained; Mark’s own text supplies the gloss. |
| Hosanna | ὡσαννά | hōsanna | Hosanna | Low | (supporting) Messianic Promise | 11:9-10 | Standard transliteration across all Spanish Bible tradition. |
| Beelzebul | Βεελζεβούλ | Beelzeboul | Belcebú | Low-Medium | (supporting) Kingdom of God Breaking In | 3:22 | Proper-name transliteration; ensure cross-curricular consistency. |
| Rebuke | ἐπιτιμάω | epitimaō | reprender | Medium | Necessity of the Cross | 4:39, 8:32-33, 9:25 | Preserve full force of the Peter/Jesus double-rebuke hinge scene (8:32-33). |
Section 3 — Doctrine Unit → Term Cross-Reference (for Phase 2 routing)
| Curriculum Doctrine Unit | Anchoring Terms (this glossary) | Risk Tier of Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | Hijo de Dios (baseline), Hijo del Hombre, transfigurarse, πολλῶν/“por muchos” (Isaiah 53 echo) | Critical |
| The Kingdom of God Breaking In | reino de Dios (baseline), autoridad, demonio, espíritu inmundo, Satanás, misterio, tribulación | High–Critical |
| Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | fe (baseline), miedo/temor, seguir, velar, tentación, arrepentimiento | High |
| The Necessity of the Cross | cruz, crucificar, negarse a sí mismo, vida/alma, copa, entregar, cuerpo/sangre | Critical |
| Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | servidor, siervo, grande/primero, autoridad (contrastive) | Critical |
| The Messianic Secret | misterio, parábola, transfigurarse, mandato de silencio (doctrine-level, no single lexical anchor) | High |
| Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | autoridad, perdonar los pecados, sanar/salvar, demonio/espíritu inmundo | Critical |
| The Ransom for Many | rescate, en lugar de/en rescate por, vida (ψυχή), Hijo del Hombre, por muchos | Critical |
This glossary, together with 07_semantic_analysis.md, forms the complete input for updating translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in the subsequent Phase 1 step. All “New Terms Introduced in Mark” entries require formal risk-tier ratification and theologian review (for Critical/High items) before Phase 2 segment translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Hijo de Dios
Transliteration: huios tou theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: hijo de Dios en el sentido genérico aplicado a todo creyente
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark uses this title to form a structural inclusio between 1:1/1:11 and 15:39 (the centurion’s confession), the Gospel’s own argument for Christ’s deity. Also at 3:11, 5:7, 9:7. Render identically to baseline with no variation.
Lord
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Señor mío (devotional-only, without lordship claim over the whole of life)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 12:35-37 (David calls the Messiah ‘Lord’) argues for the Messiah’s transcendence of mere Davidic descent. Also 1:3, 2:28, 7:28, 11:3.
Father
Approved rendering: Padre
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:36 (Gethsemane) is the historical narrative anchor for the Romans baseline’s own ‘Abba’ entry (Romans 8:15). Also Mark 11:25.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesús
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. No variant-form risk; used throughout Mark.
God
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. No rival deity-name confusion in mainstream Hispanic Christian usage.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza impersonal, un espíritu guía o ancestral
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:8, 1:10, 1:12 (Spirit drives Jesus into the wilderness), 3:29 (blasphemy against the Spirit), 12:36, 13:11. Same Espiritismo/Santería distinguishing caution as baseline.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesías
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: un ungido más, entre otros santos o profetas venerados
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 8:29 (Peter’s confession) and 14:61 (the Sanhedrin’s question) are the two hinge occurrences. See also ‘christ_title’ entry below for the fused name-title usage.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: resurrección
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: reencarnación
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 6:14, 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34, 12:18-27 (Sadducee debate, a useful apologetic resource), 16:6. Same Caribbean/Espiritismo caution as baseline: bodily, historical, once-for-all, never a spirit’s return.
Servant
Approved rendering: servidor
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: diácono (wrongly imports the later formal ecclesial office into Jesus’ general teaching on greatness)
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark. Mark 9:35, 10:43. Doctrinal center of ‘Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness.’ Must be visibly distinct from, and precede, ‘siervo’ (doulos) below — this is the diákonos→doulos rhetorical escalation, not two synonyms.
Slave
Approved rendering: siervo
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: esclavo (a valid alternative in more literal modern versions to recover full force, but not adopted here for Reina-Valera-tradition register continuity), treating as a synonym of servidor/diakonos
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:44; escalates from ‘servidor’ (v.43), intensifying the inversion: the one who wants to be first must become the lowest, with no legal claim to status at all.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Hijo del Hombre
Transliteration: huios tou anthrōpou
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: un ser humano (erases Danielic dominion-and-judgment force), un hijo de hombre (loses the fixed-title sense)
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW BASELINE ENTRY — not present in the Romans package. Mark’s central self-designation, fusing Daniel 7:13-14’s exalted dominion-receiving figure with genuine humanity and coming suffering. Occurs 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45 (core passage), 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62. Must remain capitalized and lexically distinct in form from ‘Hijo de Dios’ — related but not identical theological freight.
Life Soul
Approved rendering: vida / alma
Transliteration: psychē
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: alma exclusively throughout (imports separable-immortal-soul, purgatory-adjacent connotations foreign to Mark’s holistic Hebraic usage)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
NEW — Mark. Mark 8:35-37, 10:45 (core passage). Render ‘vida’ as the primary sense (life given up, saved/lost); reserve ‘alma’ only where the whole-inner-self nuance is unmistakably in view (8:36-37), always with a footnote distancing from purgatorial/intercessory-prayer afterlife machinery.
Ransom
Approved rendering: rescate
Transliteration: lytron
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘rescate’ without a teaching gloss (risks a generic action-movie ‘rescue from danger’ reading, losing the price-paid-to-free-a-captive/slave-manumission sense)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW GLOSSARY ENTRY — not present in the Romans baseline. Mark 10:45, the anchor term for ‘The Ransom for Many.’ Everyday Latin American Spanish ‘rescate’ (kidnapping ransom) is a linguistic asset as a teaching bridge but must be explicitly refined toward the ancient slave-manumission-price sense. Must be kept conceptually distinct from ‘salvación’ (baseline Critical term): rescate is the price/mechanism, salvación is the resulting reconciled state.
In Place Of
Approved rendering: en lugar de / en rescate por
Transliteration: anti
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: por (bare, ambiguous between ‘on behalf of’ and ‘instead of’; loses the substitutionary force)
Original: ἀντί
Category: Salvation
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:45 (core passage). This preposition specifies Jesus’ ψυχή given IN THE PLACE OF the many, establishing substitutionary atonement. Ranked the single highest-risk ambiguity in the whole book per 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md — never render with a bare ‘por.‘
Christ Title
Approved rendering: Cristo / Mesías
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark, cross-referencing the Romans baseline ‘messiah’ entry exactly. Render ‘Cristo’ as the established fused proper-name/title (per baseline’s own ‘Christ = Cristo’ convention), reserving ‘Mesías’ where the title’s Jewish messianic-expectation content is foregrounded (8:29, 14:61). Mark 1:1, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21, 15:32.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: perdonar los pecados
Transliteration: aphiēmi
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: framing that reads naturally as invoking priestly absolution/penance
Original: ἀφίημι / ἀφίενται αἱ ἁμαρτίαι
Category: Salvation
NEW — Mark. Mark 2:5,7,9-10. Must preserve Jesus’ direct, unmediated authority to forgive sins, grounded in his identity as Son of Man, not a sacramental-confession process.
Save Heal
Approved rendering: sanar / salvar
Transliteration: sōzō
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: sanar exclusively (loses the salvation-echo), salvar exclusively (loses the concrete physical referent)
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
NEW — Mark. Mark 5:23,28,34, 6:56, 10:52. Must preserve the deliberate double meaning (physical healing previews full salvation) and must be kept distinct from curanderismo folk-healing frameworks where a healer’s own power or an invoked spirit effects the cure — here it is explicitly the sufferer’s faith in Jesus that is credited.
Cross
Approved rendering: cruz
Transliteration: stauros
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: cruz used loosely as any personal burden (the colloquial ‘esa es mi cruz’ idiom, which strips the phrase of its specific reference to Jesus’ foretold death)
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark. Mark 8:34, 15:21,30,32. Lexically standard across Catholic and Protestant tradition (like the baseline’s ‘evangelio’); risk is doctrinal, not lexical — ‘tomar la cruz’ must be taught as costly, death-oriented discipleship in union with Christ’s own path to Calvary.
Body Blood
Approved rendering: cuerpo / sangre
Transliteration: sōma / haima
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Sacrament
NEW — Mark. Mark 14:22-24. The single highest-stakes passage in Mark for Catholic-Protestant sacramental collision; both traditions render the words of institution identically, so the risk is entirely catechetical — teaching content requires theologian review to state Mark’s own covenant-inaugurating, Passover-typology meaning without presupposing either tradition’s later sacramental resolution.
Crucify
Approved rendering: crucificar
Transliteration: stauroō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark. Mark 15:13-15,20-27. Standard, unambiguous vocabulary; the narrated event is the hinge of ‘The Necessity of the Cross’ and must be translated and taught with full historical and theological weight.
Raised From The Dead
Approved rendering: ha resucitado / fue levantado
Transliteration: egeirō / ēgerthē
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἐγείρω / ἠγέρθη
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark lexically, but doctrine is inherited from the Romans baseline ‘resurrección’ entry. Mark 16:6, ‘He has risen; he is not here.’ Same Caribbean/Espiritismo caution as baseline — bodily, historical, once-for-all, not a spirit’s return or reincarnation.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelio
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: buenas nuevas (only as a descriptive gloss, never the standalone technical term)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:1 uses this as the Gospel’s own opening word, framing the entire book as an authoritative herald’s proclamation, not a biography among others (Mark 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15). Reinforces the baseline’s caution against a generic ‘buenas nuevas’ reading.
Faith
Approved rendering: fe
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: devoción religiosa general, creencia cultural heredada
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Frequently paired with healing in Mark (2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22-24); must not be read as a healing ‘technique’ but as personal trust directed at Jesus.
Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:24, ‘this is my blood of the covenant,’ echoing Exodus 24:8 and Jeremiah 31:31-34; do not reduce to a mere legal contract. Note also the destination-culture caution already flagged in 05_translation_landscape.md regarding ‘pacto’s’ occult connotation in some contexts — teach the biblical covenant sense explicitly.
Cup
Approved rendering: copa
Transliteration: potērion
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: cáliz (imports exclusively liturgical/Eucharistic register at 10:38-39, where the sense is suffering/wrath, not sacrament)
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:38-39 and 14:36 use the OT idiom (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17; Jer 25:15) for apportioned suffering/wrath; 14:23-24’s covenant cup at the Last Supper is related but distinct. Fence required in every occurrence: readers formed by Catholic Eucharistic devotion may hear only ‘cáliz’/Mass overtones in 10:38-39, missing the suffering-cup sense that is the verse’s actual point.
Exercise Authority Tyranny
Approved rendering: ejercen autoridad sobre ellas
Transliteration: katexousiazō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: gobiernan con mano dura (loses the direct ἐξουσία word-group echo)
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:42; sets the same ἐξουσία word-group used of Jesus’ own authority against itself — worldly rulers dominate with it, Jesus serves with it. Rendering must not blur this deliberate contrast with ‘authority’ (autoridad) below.
Baptism
Approved rendering: bautizar / bautismo
Transliteration: baptizō / baptisma
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα
Category: Sacrament
NEW — Mark. Mark 1:4-9 (John’s preparatory water rite of repentance) and 10:38-39 (Jesus’ metaphorical ‘baptism’ of suffering, prefiguring his passion). In Catholic-majority contexts ‘bautismo’ is heavily associated with infant baptismal regeneration; must not collapse Mark’s distinct literal and metaphorical senses into one sacramental frame.
Repentance
Approved rendering: arrepentimiento / arrepentirse
Transliteration: metanoia / metanoeō
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: contrición sacramental (narrows to emotional-sorrow-before-a-priest register)
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Faith
NEW — Mark. Mark 1:4, 1:15, 6:12. Must convey decisive whole-person reorientation, paired inseparably with ‘fe’ (1:15), not private emotional or sacramental transaction.
Demon
Approved rendering: demonio
Transliteration: daimonion
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: espíritu guía o ancestral manejable (folk-spiritist framing)
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Conflict
NEW — Mark. Mark 1:34, 1:39, 3:22, 5:1-20, 7:26-30, 9:14-29. Must retain uniformly hostile character, expelled solely by Jesus’ unilateral authority, never negotiated with or invoked, per the Espiritismo/Santería/curanderismo caution.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: espíritu inmundo
Transliteration: pneuma akatharton
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Spiritual Conflict
NEW — Mark. Mark 1:23-27, 3:11, 5:2,8,13, 6:7, 9:25. Same caution as ‘demonio.‘
Authority
Approved rendering: autoridad
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: poder impresionante/carisma (loses the ‘right to command’ sense, collapses toward δύναμις)
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark, though this doctrine unit’s risk is elevated to Critical in doctrine_risk_registry.json given its centrality. Mark 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28-29, 13:34. Must be consistently distinguished from mere impressive power; the deliberate 10:42 contrast with Gentile rulers’ coercive exercise of authority depends on this same noun carrying two opposed moral colorings.
Satan
Approved rendering: Satanás
Transliteration: Satanas
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: un principio vago del mal, una figura embaucadora manejable (trickster-spirit framing found in some Afro-Caribbean syncretism)
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Conflict
NEW — Mark. Mark 1:13, 3:23-26, 4:15, 8:33. Must be kept personal and singular, the chief adversary.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: blasfemia
Transliteration: blasphēmia
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
NEW — Mark. Mark 3:28-29. Pastorally sensitive ‘unforgivable sin’ verse; teaching notes on its specific referent (attributing the Spirit’s evident work to Satan) are essential regardless of rendering, to prevent lay anxiety.
Mystery
Approved rendering: misterio
Transliteration: mystērion
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: los misterios del rosario (devotional-meditation sense), un enigma sin solución
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark. Mark 4:11. Must be taught as specific, already-revealed content given to disciples, distinct from the Rosary’s devotional ‘misterios’ cycle or an unsolvable riddle.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: transfigurarse / transfiguración
Transliteration: metamorphoō
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: transformarse (too generic; risks shape-shifting/avatar-transformation reading)
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark. Mark 9:2-8. Must be clearly distinguished from shape-shifting or avatar-transformation motifs in regional folk narrative; reveals Jesus’ true, ongoing divine glory momentarily made visible, not a temporary alternate form.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: vida eterna
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: simplemente ‘ir al cielo’ como recompensa por mérito o participación sacramental
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:17, 10:30. Ties to present kingdom-belonging via costly discipleship and grace, not merit or sacramental accumulation.
Love
Approved rendering: amar
Transliteration: agapaō
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear (supporting)
Original: ἀγαπάω
Category: Faith
NEW — Mark. Mark 12:30-31, the Great Commandment. Not lexically ambiguous; the whole-hearted, whole-life, undivided character of the commanded love must be taught with full force.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: tribulación
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: marcos de interpretación dispensacionalista de ‘fin de los tiempos’ (arrebatamiento, cronologías especulativas — importaciones modernas ajenas a la tradición bíblica hispana histórica)
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
NEW — Mark. Mark 13:19, 13:24. Avoid importing modern dispensationalist end-times frameworks that could distract from Mark 13’s own pastoral aim of sober watchfulness.
False Messiah
Approved rendering: falso Mesías (falso Cristo) / falso profeta
Transliteration: pseudochristos / pseudoprophētēs
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: otro maestro religioso (implies these are merely alternative valid options rather than deceivers)
Original: ψευδόχριστος / ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark. Mark 13:22. Must reinforce, not undercut, the baseline’s Critical ‘Mesías’ doctrine — these figures are counterfeit and deceptive.
Betray
Approved rendering: entregar / traicionar
Transliteration: paradidōmi
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: reducir a solo ‘entregar’ sin matiz de traición en los pasajes centrados en Judas, reducir a solo ‘traicionar’ en los pasajes que expresan el propósito redentor del Padre
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark. Mark 9:31, 10:33, 14:10-11,18,21,41-42, 15:1,10,15. Both senses must stand together: Judas’s real culpable betrayal, and Jesus ‘handed over’ within the Father’s redemptive purpose.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: Rey de los judíos
Transliteration: basileus tōn Ioudaiōn
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark. Mark 15:2,9,12,18,26,32. Preserve the deliberate Markan irony: mockery that is, in fact, true. Cross-references the baseline’s ‘Mesías’ and ‘davidic_covenant’ doctrine entries.
Medium Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:36 is Mark’s own source usage that the Romans 8:15 baseline entry later echoes; retain the transliteration paired with ‘Padre’ exactly: ‘Abba, Padre.‘
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: falta (minimizing euphemism common in pastoral speech)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:4-5, 2:5-10. Do not soften with ‘falta,’ per baseline.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: reino de Dios
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, risk tier elevated in this curriculum’s own doctrine_risk_registry.json to High for the standalone doctrine ‘Kingdom of God Breaking In,’ though the lexical entry itself remains Medium per baseline convention. Mark 1:15’s ἤγγικεν (‘has drawn near’) must be rendered ‘se ha acercado’ or ‘ha llegado,’ never a future-only ‘vendrá.’ Also 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 10:37 shows glory misunderstood by the disciples as political splendor before it is rightly revealed at the Transfiguration (9:2-3) and finally realized at 13:26. Fence against popular association with earthly royal/political splendor using 10:37 itself as the teaching hook.
Prepared Divine Passive
Approved rendering: está preparado
Transliteration: hētoimastai
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: Dios lo ha preparado (supplies an explicit subject the Greek passive leaves implicit)
Original: ἡτοίμασται
Category: God
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:40; render as an impersonal passive, ‘para quienes está preparado,’ preserving the divine-passive ambiguity rather than supplying an explicit subject.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: se enseñorean de ellas
Transliteration: katakyrieuō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: gobiernan (neutral ‘govern,’ loses the coercive polemical edge building toward v.45)
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:42; the negative foil against which Jesus defines kingdom greatness. Fixed pairing with ‘exercise_authority_tyranny’ below.
To Serve
Approved rendering: ser servido / servir
Transliteration: diakonēthēnai / diakonēsai
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: διακονηθῆναι / διακονῆσαι
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:45; Jesus states his mission as a deliberate antithesis; preserve the antithetical parallel structure clearly in Spanish word order.
Many
Approved rendering: por muchos
Transliteration: pollōn
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: por unos pocos elegidos (wrongly imports a restrictive numerical-minority reading foreign to the Isaianic background)
Original: πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:45 (core passage); deliberate echo of Isaiah 53 LXX. ‘Muchos’ should not be taught as a strict numerical minority excluded from the gospel offer, in tension with the baseline’s universal-scope-of-gospel doctrine.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: Belcebú
Transliteration: Beelzeboul
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (supporting)
Rejected alternatives: señor de las moscas (paraphrase obscures the referent as prince of demons)
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Spiritual Conflict
NEW — Mark. Mark 3:22. Transliterated proper name; ensure cross-curricular consistency.
Parable
Approved rendering: parábola
Transliteration: parabolē
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark. Mark 4:2, 4:10-13, 4:33-34, 12:1-12. Deliberately concealing-and-revealing function (4:11-12); popular usage assumes straightforward illustrative clarity, which must be corrected in teaching.
Fear
Approved rendering: miedo / temor
Transliteration: phobeomai
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: a single flat equivalent throughout (collapses Mark’s deliberate faithless-fear vs. reverential-awe contrast)
Original: φοβέομαι
Category: Faith
NEW — Mark. Mark 4:40-41, 5:33,36, 6:50, 9:32, 10:32, 16:8. Track per-occurrence which sense is active: ‘miedo’ for rebuked faithless panic (4:40), ‘temor’/‘atónitos de temor’ for commended reverential awe (4:41).
Compassion
Approved rendering: tener compasión / compadecerse
Transliteration: splagchnizomai
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (supporting)
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark. Mark 1:41, 6:34, 8:2, 9:22. Standard vocabulary exists but should be taught with the visceral intensity of the Greek idiom, not read as detached formal pity.
Tradition
Approved rendering: tradición
Transliteration: paradosis
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (supporting)
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant
NEW — Mark. Mark 7:3-13. Present as Jesus’ critique of a specific first-century practice (the Corban example) that nullified God’s actual command, not an implicit polemic against the Catholic doctrine of Sacred Tradition, a distinct theological question outside this passage’s scope.
Unclean Common
Approved rendering: impuro / común
Transliteration: koinos
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (supporting)
Original: κοινός
Category: Sin
NEW — Mark. Mark 7:2,5,15,18-23. Distinguish ceremonial food/purity law from a statement about a person’s worth or salvation status; distinct from the baseline’s general ‘holy/set apart’ framework.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: reprender
Transliteration: epitimaō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross (supporting)
Rejected alternatives: corregir suavemente (softens Jesus’ rebuke of Peter into gentle correction)
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Discipleship
NEW — Mark. Mark 4:39, 8:32-33, 9:25. Preserve full force of the Peter/Jesus double-rebuke hinge scene, where Peter’s resistance to the cross is likened to Satan’s opposition.
Deny Oneself
Approved rendering: negarse a sí mismo
Transliteration: aparneomai
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross (supporting)
Rejected alternatives: odiarse a sí mismo (imports self-hatred foreign to the text)
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι
Category: Discipleship
NEW — Mark. Mark 8:34 (also of Peter’s denial of Jesus, 14:30,72). Renunciation of self-preservation as life’s organizing principle, in favor of following Christ.
Cause To Stumble
Approved rendering: hacer tropezar / escandalizar
Transliteration: skandalizō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (supporting)
Original: σκανδαλίζω
Category: Sin
NEW — Mark. Mark 9:42-47. ‘Escandalizar’ in everyday Spanish tends toward social scandal/gossip; ‘hacer tropezar’ more reliably preserves the moral-spiritual sense and should be preferred.
Follow
Approved rendering: seguir
Transliteration: akoloutheō
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW — Mark. Mark 1:18, 2:14, 8:34, 10:21,28,52. Must be taught as committed, costly discipleship — leaving everything, walking the same road toward the cross — not casual admiration.
House Of Prayer
Approved rendering: casa de oración
Transliteration: oikos proseuchēs
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (supporting)
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς
Category: Worship
NEW — Mark. Mark 11:17, quoting Isaiah 56:7. Connect to Jesus’ authority over the temple’s proper worship function; avoid over-reading as a general critique of church buildings.
Commandment
Approved rendering: mandamiento
Transliteration: entolē
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear (supporting)
Original: ἐντολή
Category: Covenant
NEW — Mark. Mark 7:8-9, 10:5, 12:28-31. Avoid a legalistic checklist-completion framing Mark’s own emphasis on love resists.
Watch
Approved rendering: velar / estar alerta
Transliteration: grēgoreō
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (supporting)
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
NEW — Mark. Mark 13:35,37, 14:34,37-38. Preserve the deliberate link between eschatological watchfulness (ch.13) and the disciples’ failure to watch in Gethsemane (ch.14) through consistent vocabulary.
Passover
Approved rendering: Pascua
Transliteration: pascha
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross (supporting)
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
NEW — Mark. Mark 14:1,12,14,16. ‘Pascua’ also denotes the Christian Easter/resurrection feast in ordinary Spanish; context resolves the referent in Mark 14, but teaching material should state the layered Passover-typology explicitly.
Temptation
Approved rendering: tentación
Transliteration: peirasmos
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear (supporting)
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Faith
NEW — Mark. Mark 14:38, Gethsemane. Teach as the specific trial of abandoning faithfulness under acute pressure.
Longer Ending
Approved rendering: Marcos 16:9-20 (final más largo)
Transliteration: N/A
Doctrine: Textual Reliability of the Longer Ending of Mark
Original: Mark 16:9-20 (Greek manuscript tradition)
Category: Textual Criticism
NEW — Mark, editorial/textual-criticism entry, not a lexical translation choice. Mark 16:9-20 is absent from the earliest and most reliable Greek manuscripts. Any teaching content drawn from these verses (including the ‘signs’ of 16:17-18) requires an editorial footnote flagging manuscript uncertainty.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apóstol
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 3:14, 6:30. Standard, unambiguous.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: prophētēs
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: vidente, adivino
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 6:4, 6:15, 8:28. Standard.
Teacher
Approved rendering: Maestro
Transliteration: didaskale
Doctrine: Divine Calling (supporting)
Rejected alternatives: Rabí (accurate but less standard in Spanish Bible tradition), Señor mío (overstates the title beyond what the Greek vocative conveys)
Original: διδάσκαλε
Category: Discipleship
NEW — Mark. James and John’s address in Mark 10:35 falls short of full confession of Jesus’ identity (contrast ‘Señor,’ ‘Hijo de Dios’). Standard, unambiguous Reina-Valera-tradition term.
Indignant
Approved rendering: se indignaron
Transliteration: aganakteō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (supporting)
Original: ἀγανακτέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:41; shows the whole group of Twelve, not only James and John, caught up in status-seeking.
Great First
Approved rendering: grande / primero
Transliteration: megas / prōtos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (supporting)
Original: μέγας / πρῶτος
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark. Mark 9:34-35, 10:43-44. Jesus relocates the path to these goods through service, not status-seeking; risk is purely catechetical, not lexical.
Proclaim
Approved rendering: predicar / proclamar
Transliteration: kēryssō
Doctrine: Gospel Proclamation
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Faith
NEW — Mark. Mark 1:4,14,38-39, 3:14, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15,20. ‘Proclamar’ better preserves the herald-nuance than the more generic ‘predicar’ in passages emphasizing authoritative announcement.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: recaudador de impuestos / pecador
Transliteration: telōnēs / hamartōlos
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (supporting)
Original: τελώνης / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
NEW — Mark. Mark 2:15-16. Standard social-historical vocabulary; a brief cultural note on first-century tax collectors’ social standing aids comprehension.
Fast
Approved rendering: ayunar
Transliteration: nēsteuō
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear (supporting)
Original: νηστεύω
Category: Faith
NEW — Mark. Mark 2:18-20. Catholic Lenten fasting practice provides a ready cultural anchor to illuminate, not obscure, Jesus’ point about newness.
Legion
Approved rendering: Legión
Transliteration: Legiōn
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (supporting)
Rejected alternatives: una multitud (paraphrase erases the Roman-military resonance)
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Spiritual Conflict
NEW — Mark. Mark 5:9, 5:15. Transliterated proper noun; likely implicit anti-imperial resonance worth a brief cultural note.
Send
Approved rendering: enviar
Transliteration: apostellō
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (supporting)
Original: ἀποστέλλω
Category: Church
NEW — Mark. Mark 6:7, the sending of the Twelve with authority over unclean spirits; theological weight rests on ‘autoridad,’ not this verb.
Bread
Approved rendering: pan
Transliteration: artos
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (supporting)
Original: ἄρτος
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark. Mark 6:38-44, 8:1-9, 14:22. Note the intentional narrative thread connecting the bread-miracles to the bread of the Last Supper; teach as a connected motif.
Corban
Approved rendering: Corbán
Transliteration: Korban
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (supporting)
Original: Κορβάν
Category: Covenant
NEW — Mark. Mark 7:11. Transliteration retained; Mark’s own text supplies the gloss.
Forfeit
Approved rendering: perder
Transliteration: zēmioō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross (supporting)
Original: ζημιόω
Category: Discipleship
NEW — Mark. Mark 8:36; standard vocabulary.
Rich
Approved rendering: rico
Transliteration: plousios
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear (supporting)
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Discipleship
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:17-27; theological weight carried by ‘reino de Dios’ and ‘vida eterna,’ not by this term itself.
Child
Approved rendering: niño
Transliteration: paidion
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (supporting)
Original: παιδίον
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark. Mark 10:13-16; standard vocabulary.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosanna
Transliteration: hōsanna
Doctrine: Messianic Promise (supporting)
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark. Mark 11:9-10. Universally standard transliteration across all Spanish Bible tradition.
Caesar
Approved rendering: César
Transliteration: Kaisar
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (supporting)
Original: Καῖσαρ
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark. Mark 12:14-17. Proper name; brief Roman-imperial-context note useful.
Referenced passages