Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Micah (English → Spanish)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md. Terms marked [Baseline] are reused exactly from the Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json per the hard rule that established renderings must not be altered. Terms marked [NEW] must be added to the Language Package’s translation memory before Phase 2 begins, with the risk tier shown.
| # | Term (English) | Original (Hebrew, translit.) | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapter(s) | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The LORD (divine name) | יְהוָה, YHWH | Jehová | Critical | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders / all doctrines (divine authority) | 1-7 (pervasive) | NEW | Must stay lexically distinct from “Señor” (reserved for Christ’s exclusive NT lordship per baseline). Ecumenical alternative “el SEÑOR” acceptable as regional variant; “Jehová” chosen for RV1960 consistency. |
| 2 | Sin / transgression | פֶּשַׁע, pesha’ | transgresión / rebelión (contextual; “pecado” acceptable as general gloss) | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 1:5; 6:7 | Reuse [Baseline: pecado] w/ nuance note | Distinguish from chatta’ah; Spanish “pecado” flattens both. |
| 3 | Sin (general) | חַטָּאָה, chatta’ah | pecado | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 6:7 | [Baseline] exact reuse | No change from Romans TM. |
| 4 | Idols / images | פְּסִילִים / גִּלּוּלִים / אֱלִילִים | ídolos | High | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders / True Worship vs. Empty Ritual | 1:7; 5:13 | NEW | Cultural sensitivity: must not be read as an implicit attack on Catholic devotional images of saints/Mary; define precisely per Micah’s own historical target. |
| 5 | High places | בָּמוֹת, bamot | lugares altos | Low | True Worship vs. Empty Ritual | 1:5 | NEW | Historical/geographic note only. |
| 6 | Covet | חָמַד, chamad | codiciar | Medium | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 2:2 | NEW | Tie to concrete economic injustice, not private temptation alone. |
| 7 | Prophet (corrupted/false) | נָבִיא, nabi | profeta | Medium (elevated from Baseline Low in this context) | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 2:6, 2:11; 3:5, 3:11 | [Baseline] reuse + contextual flag | Mercenary false prophets; contrast true prophecy. |
| 8 | Remnant | שְׁאֵרִית, she’erit | remanente | Medium | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 2:12; 4:7; 5:7-8 | NEW | Positive theological category: God’s preserved purposeful people. |
| 9 | Justice / what is right | מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat | justicia | High | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 3:1, 3:8-9; 6:8 | NEW — homonym collision with Baseline “righteousness” | CRITICAL disambiguation task: same Spanish word as Romans’ forensic δικαιοσύνη (“justicia”/righteousness, Baseline Critical). Micah’s mishpat = practiced social/ethical justice, not imputed forensic standing. Requires explicit teaching note at every occurrence. |
| 10 | Spirit of the LORD | רוּחַ יְהוָה, ruach YHWH | Espíritu de Jehová | High | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders (prophetic empowerment) | 3:8 | NEW, related to [Baseline: Espíritu Santo, Critical] | Same divine, personal Spirit as NT Holy Spirit; distinguish from Espiritismo/Santería guide-spirits per baseline caution. |
| 11 | Peace (ironic/false use) | שָׁלוֹם, shalom | paz | Medium | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 3:5 | [Baseline] reuse + ironic-use flag | False prophets’ self-serving “peace” cry; not a positive theological use here. |
| 12 | Peace (positive/eschatological) | שָׁלוֹם, shalom | paz | Medium | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 4:3-4 | [Baseline] exact reuse | Full positive sense; nations’ war-ending peace under God’s reign. |
| 13 | Peace (Messianic, personified) | שָׁלוֹם, shalom | paz | Medium (flag for theologian review) | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5:5 | [Baseline] reuse + Christological flag | ”He shall be their peace” — person identified as peace itself; high doctrinal density despite Medium base risk. |
| 14 | Latter days | אַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים, acharit hayamim | los últimos días / los postreros días | Medium-High | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 4:1 | NEW | Avoid collapsing into secular doomsday “fin del mundo” framing; biblical inaugurated-eschatology sense. |
| 15 | Mountain of the LORD’s house | הַר בֵּית־יְהוָה | el monte de la casa de Jehová | Medium | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 4:1-2 | NEW | Requires OT temple-geography background note. |
| 16 | Swords into plowshares | חֲרָבוֹת לְאִתִּים | espadas en azadones / rejas de arado | Low | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 4:3 | NEW | Idiomatic image; translate for sense, retain agricultural picture. |
| 17 | Bethlehem Ephrathah | בֵּית־לֶחֶם אֶפְרָתָה | Belén Efrata | Low (proper name); doctrinally load-bearing | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5:2 | NEW | Fulfillment anchor for Baseline “Mesías” / “seed_of_david.” |
| 18 | Ruler (Messianic) | מוֹשֵׁל, moshel | Señor | Critical | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5:2 | NEW — intentional bridge to [Baseline: lord/Señor, Critical] | Follows RV1960 precedent; deliberate typological link to Christ’s exclusive NT lordship. Modern alternative “gobernante”/“soberano” noted but not adopted for this curriculum. |
| 19 | From everlasting / from ancient days | מִקֶּדֶם מִימֵי עוֹלָם | desde la antigüedad, desde los días de la eternidad | Critical | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5:2 | NEW, feeds [Baseline: Incarnation, Deity of Christ] | Immediate sense = ancient Davidic lineage; fuller sense = eternal pre-existence, later recognized. Teach both layers. |
| 20 | Shepherd (verb: to shepherd) | רָעָה, ra’ah | pastorear | Medium | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5:4 | NEW | Connects forward to NT Good Shepherd Christology (John 10); recommend for future cross-book glossary. |
| 21 | Assyria | אַשּׁוּר, Ashur | Asiria | Low | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5:5-6 | NEW | Proper name, historical background only. |
| 22 | Lawsuit / covenant controversy | רִיב, riv | pleito / causa / controversia | Medium | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6:1-2 | NEW | Retain formal legal-covenantal register; frames ch. 6 as a court case. |
| 23 | Righteous/saving acts of the LORD | צִדְקוֹת יְהוָה, tsidqot YHWH | actos de justicia de Jehová / los hechos justos de Jehová | High | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6:5 | NEW — related to [Baseline: righteousness] | God’s own saving righteousness (closer to Romans’ δικαιοσύνη sense) vs. mishpat’s required human practice at 6:8 — hold both senses distinctly. |
| 24 | Burnt offering | עֹלָה, olah | ofrenda quemada / sacrificio quemado | High | True Worship vs. Empty Ritual | 6:6 | NEW | AVOID unqualified “holocausto” (modern association: the Nazi Holocaust). Use qualified form or avoid the term. |
| 25 | Firstborn (rhetorical extreme) | בְּכוֹר, bekhor | primogénito | High | True Worship vs. Empty Ritual | 6:7 | NEW | Teach as a horrified rhetorical extreme (echoing forbidden child sacrifice), not an endorsed cultic option. |
| 26 | Requires / demands | דָּרַשׁ, darash | requiere / pide | Medium | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6:8 | NEW | Binding divine expectation, not a mild suggestion. |
| 27 | Mercy / steadfast love / covenant faithfulness | חֶסֶד, chesed | misericordia | High | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6:8 | NEW — fills a gap in Baseline (Romans has no dedicated “mercy” entry despite heavy ἔλεος usage in Rom. 9-11) | Active covenant loyalty, not mere pity or almsgiving. Recommend cross-referencing forward into future Romans mercy-language work. |
| 28 | Walk humbly | הַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת, hatsnea lekhet | andar humildemente | Medium | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6:8 | NEW | Distinguish from fatalistic self-deprecation and from performative penitential display; a settled relational posture, not a periodic act. |
| 29 | Dishonest scales | מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה, mo’zenei mirmah | balanzas falsas / pesas fraudulentas | Low | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 6:11 | NEW | Concrete economic-justice application of mishpat. |
| 30 | Statutes of Omri | חֻקּוֹת עֹמְרִי | las leyes/estatutos de Omri | Low | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 6:16 | NEW | Historical footnote (1 Kings 16); not doctrinally ambiguous. |
| 31 | Salvation | יֶשַׁע / יְשׁוּעָה, yesha/yeshuah | salvación | Critical | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 7:7 | [Baseline] exact reuse | Personal, relational trust in God, not ritual/social security — reinforces Baseline caution vs. merit/sacrament framing. |
| 32 | Pardoning iniquity / forgiveness | נָשָׂא עָוֹן, nasa avon | perdona la iniquidad / que quita la culpa | Critical | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 7:18 | NEW | God’s free sovereign act, not gradual penitential achievement; echo Baseline caution on “gracia”/“salvación” vs. folk-Catholic merit frameworks. |
| 33 | Compassion | רַחֲמִים / רָחַם, rachamim/racham | compasión | High | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 7:19 | NEW | Distinct from chesed; note the distinction in the same closing doxology. |
| 34 | Cast into the depths of the sea (forgiveness image) | תַּשְׁלִיךְ בִּמְצֻלוֹת יָם | arrojará al fondo del mar | Low | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 7:19 | NEW | Preserve vivid imagery; do not soften to vague “forget.” |
| 35 | Oath (to the patriarchs) | שְׁבוּעָה, shevu’ah | el juramento / lo que juraste a nuestros padres | Medium | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 7:20 | NEW, related to [Baseline: pacto, High] | The sworn form of the underlying covenant (pacto); cross-reference both terms. |
Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline Romans TM (No Change)
| Term | Spanish | Risk (per Baseline) | Micah Occurrence(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| sin | pecado | Medium | 6:7 |
| gentiles/nations (contextual, ch.4’s “peoples”) | (rendered contextually as “pueblos/naciones” — not a Baseline glossary term collision; “gentiles” not applicable to OT nations-plural usage) | — | 4:1-3 |
| peace | paz | Medium | 3:5; 4:3-4; 5:5 |
| salvation | salvación | Critical | 7:7 |
| prophet | profeta | Low (contextually elevated) | 2:6, 2:11; 3:5, 3:11 |
| God | Dios | Critical | 6:8; throughout |
| covenant (underlying concept) | pacto | High | 7:20 (via “juramento”) |
| Messiah / seed of David (fulfillment link) | Mesías / descendencia de David | Critical / Medium | 5:2 (typological anchor) |
Chapters With No New Terms Beyond Those Cataloged
Every chapter of Micah (1–7) has been reviewed in full. All seven chapters contribute new or reused load-bearing terms as cataloged above; no chapter is silent. Chapter 6 receives the deepest treatment because it contains the core passage (6:6-8); its surrounding verses (6:1-5, 6:9-16) are cataloged separately in rows 22–23 and 29–30 above rather than repeated in the verse-by-verse core passage section.
Priority Flags for Phase 2 Routing
- Highest-priority disambiguation: “justicia” used for three distinct concepts across this curriculum and the baseline — (1) mishpat/social justice (Micah 6:8, row 9), (2) tsidqot YHWH/God’s saving righteousness (Micah 6:5, row 23), (3) δικαιοσύνη/forensic imputed righteousness (Baseline Romans, Critical). All three require human theologian review wherever they co-occur in teaching material.
- Highest-priority cultural sensitivity: “ídolos” (row 4) and unqualified “holocausto” (row 24) — both require native-speaker and theologian review respectively before publication.
- Highest-priority Christological bridge: “Señor” for moshel (row 18) and the eternal-origin phrase (row 19) — both require human theologian review given their direct connection to Baseline Critical doctrines (Lordship of Christ, Deity of Christ, Incarnation).
This glossary extends the baseline Romans Language Package. All Baseline terms are reused verbatim; all NEW terms must be added to an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required) and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Yhwh Divine Name
Approved rendering: Jehová
Transliteration: YHWH / Yahweh
Doctrine: The Divine Name and God’s Covenant Authority
Rejected alternatives: el Señor (Catholic/Orthodox liturgical convention; risks blurring the OT covenant name into the NT title reserved for Christ), Yahvé (valid Catholic-tradition variant, not adopted for this curriculum’s RV1960-anchored register), el Eterno
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
NEW. Must remain lexically distinct from both ‘Dios’ (generic divine-nature term) and ‘Señor’ (reserved for Christ’s exclusive NT lordship confession, Romans 10:9). This three-way fence (Jehová / Dios / Señor) is essential to Micah’s covenant-lawsuit (rib) rhetoric, in which YHWH personally indicts his own people by his covenant name. Also requires an explanatory note that ‘Jehová’ does not signal affiliation with the Jehovah’s Witnesses movement (Testigos de Jehová), a live public-perception risk in Spanish-speaking contexts.
God
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: Elohim / YHWH / theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: אֱלֹהִים / יְהוָה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Critical), copied exactly. Reused for Micah’s generic/relational references to God (e.g., 6:8 ‘tu Dios’), distinct from the specific covenant name Jehová.
Coming Ruler
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: moshel
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Rejected alternatives: gobernante (lexically neutral, used by some modern Spanish versions; rejected here to preserve the deliberate typological bridge to Christ’s Lordship), soberano
Original: מוֹשֵׁל
Category: Christology
NEW — intentional cross-Testament doctrinal bridge to the baseline’s Critical ‘lord’ entry (κύριος/Señor, Romans 10:9), following RV1960 precedent (‘de ti me saldrá el que será Señor en Israel’). Must be flagged for human theologian review at every occurrence to ensure the bridge is taught explicitly (8th-century sense first, fuller Christological sense second), not assumed.
From Everlasting
Approved rendering: desde la antigüedad, desde los días de la eternidad
Transliteration: miqedem mimei olam
Doctrine: Eternal Origin of the Messiah
Rejected alternatives: desde tiempos antiguos (flattens to mere ancient lineage, losing the eternal pre-existence layer)
Original: מִקֶּדֶם מִימֵי עוֹלָם
Category: Christology
NEW. Micah 5:2. Directly feeds the baseline’s Critical Incarnation and Deity of Christ doctrines. Must carry both the plain historical sense (ancient Davidic lineage) and the fuller theological sense (eternal pre-existence, recognized in NT fulfillment) — teach both layers explicitly, do not collapse into either alone.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvación
Transliteration: yesha / yeshuah / sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: salvarse por buenas obras, merecer el cielo mediante sacramentos y penitencia
Original: יֶשַׁע / יְשׁוּעָה / σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Critical), copied exactly. Micah 7:7: even in this OT context, salvation is relational trust in God himself, not ritual or social security — reinforcing the baseline’s caution against a merit/sacrament-secured framing.
Pardon Iniquity
Approved rendering: perdona la iniquidad / que quita la culpa
Transliteration: nasa avon
Doctrine: Divine Forgiveness and Pardon
Rejected alternatives: proceso gradual de purificación mediante penitencia e indulgencias, borra poco a poco (implies a gradual process rather than a decisive sovereign act)
Original: נָשָׂא עָוֹן
Category: Salvation
NEW. Micah 7:18. God’s free, sovereign act of removing guilt — not a status achieved gradually through accumulated penance, indulgences, or sacramental works, echoing the same caution the baseline attaches to ‘salvación’ and ‘gracia.’ One of the highest-value verses in the book for teaching grace-consistency with the Romans baseline.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesías
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: un ungido más, entre otros santos o profetas venerados
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Critical), copied exactly. Micah 5:2 (Belén Efrata) functions as this curriculum’s Old Testament fulfillment anchor, explicitly quoted in Matthew 2:6.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: rectitud moral autónoma, mérito acumulado
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Critical), copied exactly. CRITICAL CROSS-BOOK COLLISION: Micah uses the same Spanish word ‘justicia’ for two additional, distinct Hebrew concepts — mishpat (practiced social justice, Micah 6:8, see ‘justice_mishpat’) and tsidqot YHWH (God’s own saving historical acts, Micah 6:5, see ‘righteous_acts_of_the_lord’). All three senses must be explicitly disambiguated whenever taught together; this is the single highest-priority structural translation gap in the Micah curriculum.
Justification
Approved rendering: justificación
Transliteration: dikaiōsis
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: proceso gradual de purificación interior
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Critical), copied exactly. Not directly translated within Micah’s Hebrew text but essential background for teaching Micah 6:8 and 7:18-19 without collapsing God’s free pardon into a Tridentine merit/infusion framework.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza impersonal, un espíritu guía o ancestral
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Critical), copied exactly. Cross-referenced by Micah’s new term ‘Espíritu de Jehová’ (see ‘spirit_of_the_lord’) — the same personal, divine Spirit active in both Testaments; never taught as two different spirits.
Lord
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Señor mío (devotional-only, without lordship claim over the whole of life)
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Critical), copied exactly. This curriculum deliberately reuses ‘Señor’ for Micah 5:2’s moshel (see ‘coming_ruler’) as an intentional typological bridge; ‘Señor’ must remain reserved for this Christological weight and never be used for the divine name YHWH/Jehová.
High Risk Terms
Spirit Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Espíritu de Jehová
Transliteration: ruach YHWH
Doctrine: Prophetic Empowerment by the Spirit of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza impersonal, un espíritu guía o ancestral (Espiritismo/Santería), Espíritu Santo (retained only as cross-reference, not substituted, to preserve the OT covenant-name register)
Original: רוּחַ יְהוָה
Category: God
NEW. Micah 3:8. Must be taught as the same personal, divine Spirit as the baseline’s Critical ‘Espíritu Santo,’ active across both Testaments, explicitly distinguished from ancestral or guide spirits invoked in Espiritismo and Santería.
Idols
Approved rendering: ídolos
Transliteration: pesilim / gillulim
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Rejected alternatives: imágenes religiosas (too broad; risks unintended conflation with Catholic devotional images), estatuas (loses the specific cultic-worship connotation)
Original: פְּסִילִים / גִּלּוּלִים
Category: Worship
NEW. Micah 1:7; 5:13. In a historically Catholic Spanish-speaking cultural context, unqualified teaching risks being heard as an implicit polemic against Catholic devotional images of Mary and the saints. Must be defined precisely as Micah’s own 8th-century-BC target (Baal/Asherah-style cultic objects claiming devotion due to Jehová alone), neither suppressed nor weaponized against a distinct contemporary pastoral question.
Justice Mishpat
Approved rendering: justicia
Transliteration: mishpat
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: rectitud social (loses the legal/covenantal register), equidad (too weak, loses covenant grounding)
Original: מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Justice
NEW — CRITICAL COLLISION ALERT with baseline ‘righteousness’/‘justicia’ (forensic imputed right-standing). Micah 3:1, 3:8-9; 6:8. Mishpat is practiced social/ethical justice presupposing an existing covenant relationship, not a status that earns standing before God. Requires an explicit disambiguation note at every occurrence. See also ‘righteousness’ (inherited) and ‘righteous_acts_of_the_lord’ (Micah 6:5) — three distinct senses share one Spanish word.
Peace Messianic Personified
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: Messianic Peace (Personified)
Rejected alternatives: paz que traerá (softens the personification ‘he shall be their peace’ into merely ‘peace he will bring,’ losing the identification)
NEW context-elevated entry. Micah 5:5, ‘he shall be their peace’ — the coming ruler is personally identified AS peace, echoing Ephesians 2:14. Elevated to High and flagged for human theologian review despite the base term’s otherwise Medium baseline risk, given regional sensitivity around ‘procesos de paz’ (peace accords) in some Spanish-speaking contexts.
Latter Days
Approved rendering: en los últimos días / en los postreros días
Transliteration: be’acharit hayamim
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Rejected alternatives: el fin del mundo (secular doomsday framing), el futuro lejano (loses the technical prophetic register)
Original: בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Micah 4:1. Technical prophetic phrase for a future, climactic era of God’s decisive action. Must not collapse into the secular, doom-oriented ‘fin del mundo’ framing pervasive in Spanish-language popular/media culture, which would strip Micah 4:1 of its hopeful, worship-centered content.
Righteous Acts Of The Lord
Approved rendering: actos de justicia de Jehová / los hechos justos de Jehová
Transliteration: tsidqot YHWH
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: bondad de Jehová (too weak, loses the specific saving-deeds sense)
Original: צִדְקוֹת יְהוָה
Category: Justice
NEW. Micah 6:5. God’s own historical acts of deliverance viewed as covenant faithfulness, closer to the baseline’s sense of God’s own righteousness/character than to mishpat’s practiced-justice sense. Hold distinct from ‘justice_mishpat’ (6:8) even though Spanish uses one word for both.
Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: ofrenda quemada / sacrificio quemado
Transliteration: olah
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Rejected alternatives: holocausto (unqualified — collides with the modern Nazi Holocaust referent in contemporary Spanish)
Original: עוֹלָה
Category: Worship
NEW. Micah 6:6. Default rendering; reserve ‘holocausto (levítico)’ only as a parenthetical gloss on first technical use, never standalone.
Firstborn Rhetorical
Approved rendering: primogénito
Transliteration: bekhor
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Rejected alternatives: hijo mayor (loses the specific firstborn legal/cultic status)
Original: בְּכוֹר
Category: Worship
NEW. Micah 6:7. Deliberately invokes child sacrifice as a horrifying rhetorical extreme God explicitly refuses, not a live cultic option Israel considered acceptable. Must be taught with this explicit historical framing.
Mercy Chesed
Approved rendering: misericordia
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: God’s Compassion and Steadfast Love
Rejected alternatives: lástima (mere pity, too weak), limosna/caridad ocasional (reduces to occasional almsgiving)
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: Justice
NEW. Micah 6:8; 7:20. Fills a gap the baseline Romans package leaves unaddressed (no dedicated ‘mercy’ entry despite heavy ἔλεος usage in Romans 9-11); the LXX renders chesed here as ἔλεος. Active covenant loyalty, not mere pity. Distinguish from ‘compassion’ (racham) at 7:19 — do not merge the two into one undifferentiated concept. Recommend cross-referencing into future Romans mercy-language work.
Compassion
Approved rendering: compasión
Transliteration: rachamim / racham
Doctrine: God’s Compassion and Steadfast Love
Rejected alternatives: misericordia (must not be merged/collapsed with chesed’s distinct covenant-loyalty sense)
Original: רַחֲמִים / רָחַם
Category: Salvation
NEW. Micah 7:19. Deep, tender compassion, paired with chesed as the relational ground of forgiveness in the closing doxology; must be kept distinct from ‘mercy_chesed’ via an explicit translator note at every co-occurrence.
Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: berit / diathēkē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal, alianza (valid Catholic-tradition synonym for ecumenical settings, not standardized for this curriculum)
Original: בְּרִית / διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline (High), copied exactly. Underlies Micah 7:20’s oath language (see ‘oath_to_the_fathers’) and the Davidic covenant background required for Micah 5:2.
Grace
Approved rendering: gracia
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favor merecido, recompensa por buenas obras
Inherited from Romans package baseline (High), copied exactly. Directly relevant cross-reference for Micah 7:18-19’s free, sovereign forgiveness (‘pardon_iniquity’) — the same grace-versus-merit fault line the baseline documents for Romans applies here.
Faith
Approved rendering: fe
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: devoción religiosa general, creencia cultural heredada
Inherited from Romans package baseline (High), copied exactly. Relevant cross-reference for Micah 7:7’s personal trust in God (‘esperaré al Dios de mi salvación’) — the same OT-NT continuity of personal trust, not inherited cultural religiosity, applies.
Medium Risk Terms
Transgression
Approved rendering: transgresión / rebelión
Transliteration: pesha’
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: pecado (flattens the distinction from chatta’ah in the same verses), falta (softening euphemism)
Original: פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
NEW. Micah 1:5; 6:7. Distinct from chatta’ah (‘missing the mark’); Spanish ‘pecado’ flattens both Hebrew nuances into one word. Use ‘transgresión/rebelión’ with a translator note where the distinction matters pastorally.
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: chatta’ah / hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: falta (softening euphemism common in pastoral speech)
Original: חַטָּאָה / ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Medium), copied exactly. In Micah 6:7, chatta’ah stands in synonymous parallel with pesha’ (transgression); teach both together as the totality of Israel’s guilt that no quantity of sacrifice can address.
Covet
Approved rendering: codiciar
Transliteration: chamad
Doctrine: Social and Economic Injustice
Rejected alternatives: desear (too weak/generic, loses the illicit-seizure sense)
Original: חָמַד
Category: Justice
NEW. Micah 2:2. Must be tied to concrete social/economic injustice (land-grabbing from the defenseless), not reduced to private inward temptation only.
Prophet Mercenary
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: False Prophecy for Profit
Rejected alternatives: falso profeta (acceptable descriptive gloss but not a substitute lexeme; retain ‘profeta’ with source-text qualifiers)
NEW context-elevated entry. Micah 2:6, 2:11; 3:5, 3:11 depict mercenary prophets who prophesy falsely for personal gain (‘predicen por vino y sidra’). Must be distinguished sharply from legitimate pastoral ministry despite using the same word as the baseline’s Low-risk ‘prophet’ entry. Directly relevant to prosperity-oriented religious teaching in contemporary Spanish-speaking contexts.
Remnant
Approved rendering: remanente
Transliteration: she’erit
Doctrine: Remnant Theology
Rejected alternatives: sobrevivientes (reduces to chance survival, losing the purposeful-preservation sense), resto (too weak/generic)
Original: שְׁאֵרִית
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Micah 2:12; 4:7; 5:7-8. Must be taught as a positive theological category — God’s preserved, purposeful covenant people — not merely ‘those who happened to survive.‘
Peace
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: shalom / eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidad emocional
Original: שָׁלוֹם / εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Medium), copied exactly. Reused for Micah 4:3-4’s full positive eschatological sense (cessation of conflict under God’s future reign). See separate entries ‘peace_ironic_use’ (3:5) and ‘peace_messianic_personified’ (5:5) for context-specific elevated senses within Micah.
Peace Ironic Use
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: False Prophecy for Profit
NEW context-flagged entry. Micah 3:5: corrupt prophets ‘cry peace’ when well-fed but threaten those who do not pay them. Must be flagged as an ironic, self-serving false use, never taught as a positive theological statement in this specific occurrence.
Mountain Of The Lords House
Approved rendering: el monte de la casa de Jehová
Transliteration: har beit YHWH
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Rejected alternatives: el templo (too narrow, loses the mountain/Zion imagery and its future universal-worship symbolism)
Original: הַר בֵּית־יְהוָה
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Micah 4:1-2. Requires an Old Testament temple-geography background note for readers without prior catechesis.
Shepherd Verb
Approved rendering: pastorear
Transliteration: ra’ah
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Rejected alternatives: cuidar (too generic, loses the royal-pastoral office sense)
Original: רָעָה
Category: Christology
NEW. Micah 5:4. Connects forward to NT Good Shepherd Christology (John 10); recommend for future cross-book glossary consistency.
Lawsuit
Approved rendering: pleito / causa / controversia
Transliteration: riv
Doctrine: Covenant Lawsuit (Rib)
Rejected alternatives: desacuerdo (too weak, loses the formal legal register), queja (mere complaint, loses the lawsuit genre)
Original: רִיב
Category: Justice
NEW. Micah 6:1-2. Must retain the formal legal-covenantal register — a court case — framing the whole of chapter 6, including the core passage.
Requires
Approved rendering: requiere / pide
Transliteration: darash
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: sugiere (too weak, softens a binding divine expectation into a mild suggestion)
Original: דָּרַשׁ
Category: Justice
NEW. Micah 6:8. Active divine requirement, not optional piety — central to the core passage’s rhetorical force.
Walk Humbly
Approved rendering: andar humildemente
Transliteration: hatsnea lekhet
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: humillarse con resignación fatalista (‘no soy nadie’), actos públicos de penitencia como fin en sí mismos
Original: הַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת
Category: Justice
NEW. Micah 6:8. Must be distinguished from fatalistic self-deprecation and from performative penitential display, both live Hispanic-culture false neighbors; a settled, durative relational posture, not a periodic devotional act.
Oath To The Fathers
Approved rendering: el juramento / lo que juraste a nuestros padres
Transliteration: shevu’ah
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness to Covenant Promises
Rejected alternatives: promesa (too generic, loses the formal oath/sworn-covenant sense)
Original: שְׁבוּעָה
Category: Covenant
NEW. Micah 7:20. Cross-reference with the baseline’s High-risk ‘covenant’ entry so learners see the hope is grounded in God’s own prior faithfulness, not Israel’s merit.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendencia de David
Transliteration: sperma Dauid / zera David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Medium), copied exactly. Micah 5:2’s Bethlehem/David lineage is the Old Testament anchor for this term, requiring explicit 2 Samuel 7 background for readers without prior catechesis.
Low Risk Terms
High Places
Approved rendering: lugares altos
Transliteration: bamot
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: בָּמוֹת
Category: Worship
NEW. Micah 1:5. Historical/geographic term; requires a brief historical footnote rather than doctrinal caution.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: nabi / prophētēs
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: vidente, adivino
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline (Low), copied exactly. Reused for Micah’s own legitimate prophetic office (e.g., 3:8). See separate entry ‘prophet_mercenary’ for the elevated-risk corrupted sense found elsewhere in the book.
Swords Into Plowshares
Approved rendering: espadas en azadones / rejas de arado
Transliteration: charavot le’ittim
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Original: חֲרָבוֹת לְאִתִּים
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Micah 4:3. Idiomatic agricultural image; translate for sense, retain the concrete picture.
Bethlehem Ephrathah
Approved rendering: Belén Efrata
Transliteration: Beit Lechem Ephratah
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Original: בֵּית־לֶחֶם אֶפְרָתָה
Category: Christology
NEW proper name, doctrinally load-bearing as the fulfillment anchor for the baseline’s ‘messiah’ and ‘seed_of_david’ entries (explicitly quoted in Matthew 2:6).
Assyria
Approved rendering: Asiria
Transliteration: Ashur
Doctrine: Historical Background of Judgment
Original: אַשּׁוּר
Category: Covenant
NEW proper name. Micah 5:5-6. Historical geopolitical threat; footnote-level background only.
Dishonest Scales
Approved rendering: balanzas falsas / pesas fraudulentas
Transliteration: mo’zenei mirmah
Doctrine: Social and Economic Injustice
Original: מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה
Category: Justice
NEW. Micah 6:11. Concrete, unambiguous economic-justice image; real-world application of mishpat.
Statutes Of Omri
Approved rendering: las leyes / estatutos de Omri
Transliteration: chuqqot Omri
Doctrine: Historical Background of Judgment
Original: חֻקּוֹת עֹמְרִי
Category: Covenant
NEW. Micah 6:16. Historical shorthand for institutionalized corruption; requires a brief footnote (1 Kings 16), not doctrinally ambiguous.
Cast Into The Sea
Approved rendering: arrojará al fondo del mar
Transliteration: tashlikh bimtsulot yam
Doctrine: Divine Forgiveness and Pardon
Rejected alternatives: olvidará nuestros pecados (too vague, loses the vivid, total-removal imagery)
Original: תַּשְׁלִיךְ בִּמְצֻלוֹת יָם
Category: Salvation
NEW. Micah 7:19. Preserve the vivid imagery literally; do not soften into a vaguer ‘will forget.‘
Nations
Approved rendering: naciones / pueblos
Transliteration: goyim / ammim
Doctrine: Eschatological Ingathering of the Nations
Rejected alternatives: gentiles (the baseline’s NT-specific term for non-Jewish peoples relative to the covenant community; a narrower fit than Micah’s broader ‘peoples of the world’ sense)
Original: גּוֹיִם / עַמִּים
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Micah 4:1-3. The world’s peoples streaming voluntarily to the mountain of the LORD’s house; cross-reference the baseline’s High-risk Universal Scope of the Gospel doctrine when teaching this passage’s forward-looking universal hope.
Referenced passages