Linguistic Gap Analysis
Linguistic Gap Analysis: 2 Samuel
Purpose and Method
This document executes PRD Phase 1 Step 8 for the 2 Samuel curriculum, anchored at 2 Samuel 7:1-17 (the Davidic covenant oracle) and extending across the doctrine set assigned to this curriculum:
- The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
- David’s Sin and Repentance
- Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
- God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
- The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
It builds directly on the baseline Romans Language Package for Spanish (translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json), which remains the binding language authority for every term already established there. Nothing below contradicts a baseline entry; where 2 Samuel vocabulary overlaps with baseline terms, this analysis records the overlap and any new risk the overlap introduces in this book’s narrative context, rather than proposing a substitute rendering.
Method: for each doctrine, the available Spanish vocabulary is inventoried, its weaknesses are named against source-culture (Hispanic Catholic/nominal-Christian/Evangelical spectrum) assumptions, and a recommended translation strategy is fixed. This is followed by a missing-vocabulary inventory, a “crowded semantic neighborhood” fencing exercise (Spanish words that must carry two or more senses this curriculum needs kept distinct), an explicit transliteration-vs-paraphrase decision table, and a ranked list of this book’s highest-risk ambiguities for Phase 2 routing.
1. Doctrine Vocabulary Matrix
1.1 The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
| Element | Available Spanish Term(s) | Weaknesses | Recommended Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|
| covenant (divine, unilateral) | pacto / alianza | ”Pacto” (baseline-fixed) evokes a two-sided negotiated deal in ordinary usage; “alianza” (Catholic-tradition preference) carries the same mutuality connotation, plus a secular/political-alliance sense (e.g., “la Alianza Atlántica”). Neither Spanish word natively signals unilateral, unconditional divine promise. | Retain baseline “pacto.” Supplement every ch. 7 occurrence with an explicit teaching gloss: “un pacto que Dios hace y garantiza por sí mismo, no un acuerdo entre iguales.” Do not let the political-alliance senses in chs. 3 and 5 bleed into ch. 7’s reading. |
| dynastic house / temple / family (wordplay) | casa | Spanish “casa” comfortably spans building, household, and (via “casa real,” “casa de Borbón” etc.) royal dynasty — a genuine structural gift — but the four-way pun (palace/temple/family/dynasty) is invisible unless flagged; a reader defaults to the literal “building” sense. | Render “casa” uniformly across all four senses (do not diversify into “palacio,” “templo,” “familia,” “linaje” separately, which would destroy the pun). Require an explicit translator/teaching note at 7:1-16 naming the wordplay. |
| throne | trono | Popular Spanish media (telenovelas, European royal-history references, fairy tales) has made “trono” evocative but decorative — a symbol of pageantry rather than binding legal sovereignty. | Render “trono” and pair with explicit teaching that this is a real, legally consequential seat of governance, historically occupied and interrupted, and prophetically guaranteed to Christ (Luke 1:32-33). |
| forever / eternal | para siempre / eterno | Devotional and commercial Spanish (“te amaré para siempre,” advertising slogans) has worn down “para siempre” into hyperbole. “Eterno” is safer but can default to abstract philosophical eternity rather than a promise that survives real historical interruption (the exile) and personal, historical fulfillment. | Use “para siempre” for the oracle’s own idiom (matching 7:13,16) but require a teaching note distinguishing devotional hyperbole from covenantal guarantee, and explicitly bridge to “pacto eterno” (23:5) and to Hebrews 1:8. |
| kingdom | reino | Identical Spanish word to baseline’s “reino de Dios.” Two failure modes: (a) collapsing David’s real historical monarchy into a purely spiritual “reino de Dios,” erasing its concreteness; (b) treating it as a dead ancient nation-state with no forward typological trajectory. | Use “reino” but require context-flagging at every ch. 7 occurrence: this is a genuine historical, political kingdom AND a divinely appointed shadow of the reino de Dios; teach both, collapse neither. |
| offspring / seed | descendencia | Low weakness on its own; risk is only that translators substitute a generic “hijos” for narrative smoothness, losing the covenant-promise technical force carried by Hebrew zera. | MUST reuse baseline seed_of_david rendering exactly: “descendencia.” Never substitute “hijos” in 7:12. |
| establish | establecer | None significant. | Standard rendering; no fencing required. |
1.2 David’s Sin and Repentance
| Element | Available Spanish Term(s) | Weaknesses | Recommended Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|
| sin | pecado | Baseline-fixed and doctrinally sound; the only live risk is the common pastoral-register euphemism “falta,” which minimizes. | Reuse baseline “pecado” exactly; forbid “falta” per baseline’s existing forbidden-substitution rule, now applied with extra force to David’s unqualified confession (12:13). |
| iniquity/guilt | iniquidad | Interchangeable with “pecado” in casual Spanish speech, which erases the Hebrew text’s own distinction between chata’ (missing the mark) and avon (guilt/crookedness) where the two terms occur in proximity (7:14; ch. 11-12). | Render “iniquidad” and flag proximity occurrences with “pecado” for a disambiguating teaching note; do not silently merge. |
| adultery | adulterio | Popular usage frames adultery as private moral failure/indiscretion rather than covenant-breaking (violation of Bathsheba’s marriage covenant and of God’s law). | Render “adulterio” with an explicit covenant-violation framing note at 11:2-4, tying to the broader “Consequences of Sin” doctrine. |
| immediate forgiveness upon confession | Jehová ha quitado tu pecado | No lexical weakness, but a doctrinal landmine: folk Catholic piety commonly expects forgiveness to require an ongoing penitential process (confession to a priest, acts of penance, indulgence) before assurance is granted. Nathan’s declaration is immediate, faith-response, and complete. | Render literally; pair with an explicit teaching note distinguishing immediate declarative forgiveness (the doctrine also anchoring the baseline’s justification/grace entries) from a merit-cooperation or penitential-satisfaction framework — while simultaneously teaching that real consequences (12:10-14) still follow. Both truths, not one softened into the other. |
| fatherly discipline | castigar / vara de disciplina | ”Castigar” in everyday Spanish leans punitive-only (physical punishment, retribution), obscuring the relational, restorative, covenant-preserving intent of divine fatherly correction. | Render “castigar” / “vara de disciplina” but require a teaching note reframing this as restorative correction within an unbroken covenant relationship, not transactional retribution. |
1.3 Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
| Element | Available Spanish Term(s) | Weaknesses | Recommended Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|
| ”the sword shall never depart from your house” | la espada no se apartará de tu casa | No lexical weakness; theological risk is that Spanish-speaking audiences accustomed to an all-or-nothing framing of divine favor (either fully blessed or fully cursed/“maldito”) will read this as revocation of the ch. 7 covenant rather than a temporal, familial consequence within an unrevoked covenant. | Render literally and require explicit teaching pairing with 7:15 (“but my steadfast love will not depart from him”) to hold forgiveness and consequence together without collapsing either. |
| bloodguilt | culpa de sangre | ”Sangre” alone reads as merely literal/physical in modern Spanish (medical, forensic registers dominate). | Pair “culpa” with “sangre” consistently; do not render “sangre” alone where the idiomatic guilt-sense is intended (11; 21). |
| assault/violation (Tamar) | deshonrar / violar | Risk is not mistranslation but tone: sensationalizing or clinically flattening a sexual-violence narrative in teaching materials for a general Spanish-speaking audience, including adolescents in some curricular settings. | Render with restrained, dignified register; avoid euphemism that erases the severity (“un malentendido familiar”) and avoid graphic amplification. |
| national plague/pestilence | plaga | Some regional Spanish usage treats “plaga” colloquially (agricultural pests, insect infestations), which can trivialize register. | Render “plaga” but anchor with explicit narrative context (24:15-25) as a divine corporate judgment, continuous with, not unrelated to, the family-level consequence theme. |
| retributive atonement | expiación / hacer expiación | Same Spanish gloss will recur in ch. 24’s priestly-cultic sense; conflating the two usages, and further conflating either with a Catholic penitential-satisfaction framework (guilt discharged through repeated human acts), is a live risk. | Render “expiación” in both senses but require a teaching note distinguishing (a) retributive national atonement via retribution (21:3) from (b) priestly sacrificial atonement (ch. 24), and both from the New Testament’s once-for-all atonement in Christ. |
1.4 God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
| Element | Available Spanish Term(s) | Weaknesses | Recommended Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|
| chesed (steadfast covenant love) | misericordia / bondad / amor inquebrantable / fidelidad amorosa / lealtad de pacto | No single Spanish word captures chesed. “Misericordia” is the closest available single-word gloss but is anchored culturally to the major Catholic devotional movement “la Divina Misericordia” (Divine Mercy), which frames the concept almost entirely as compassion/pity toward the guilty or suffering — capturing only half of chesed’s semantic range. Chesed is equally, and often primarily, about covenant LOYALTY: God’s love is steadfast because he is bound by his own promise, not merely because he is moved by pity. “Amor inquebrantable” and “fidelidad amorosa” are accurate but are neologistic compounds, not established single Bible-translation vocabulary, and risk sounding like paraphrase rather than translation. | Use “misericordia” as the running Bible-text gloss (matching Reina-Valera translation precedent for chesed in most OT occurrences) but MANDATE a supplementary phrase — “amor inquebrantable” or “fidelidad amorosa de pacto” — in every teaching note, lesson introduction, and doctrine-statement occurrence. Never let “misericordia” stand alone as a full doctrinal definition of God’s steadfast love in this curriculum. |
| enacted kindness (Mephibosheth) | misericordia / bondad | Same core weakness as above; “bondad” (kindness/goodness) is even further from the covenant-loyalty sense, sounding merely like a pleasant personality trait. | Use “misericordia” (matching ch. 7 usage) rather than switching to “bondad,” to keep the ch. 9 narrative enactment visibly linked to the ch. 7 promise for teaching purposes. |
| God’s providential purposiveness in suffering | quizá Jehová mire mi aflicción | Risk is not the phrase itself but the surrounding vernacular: Spanish everyday speech readily supplies “destino” or “suerte” as glosses for “whatever happens to me,” both of which are impersonal-fate framings baseline already flags as unacceptable for providence language. | Render literally; require explicit teaching contrast with “destino”/“suerte,” matching the baseline’s existing providence caution. |
1.5 The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
| Element | Available Spanish Term(s) | Weaknesses | Recommended Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|
| royal anointed office (ordinary kings) vs. the Messiah | el ungido (de Jehová) vs. Mesías | Both Spanish renderings derive from the same Hebrew root (mashiach), so there is a strong pull toward using “el Mesías” loosely for any anointed king (Saul, David), which would dilute the baseline’s Critical-risk, deliberately narrow “Mesías.” Conversely, treating “el ungido” as having zero forward trajectory misses the book’s own typological arc. | Reserve “Mesías” strictly for the baseline’s technical eschatological referent (never applied to Saul or David in the narrative present). Render every ordinary royal-anointing occurrence (1:14,16; 5:3; 22:51; 23:1) as “el ungido (de Jehová).” Teach explicitly as office-title-now, fulfillment-later. |
| conditional/disciplinable sonship (Solomon) vs. Christ’s eternal Sonship | hijo (lowercase) vs. Hijo de Dios (baseline, capitalized) | Spanish devotional convention capitalizes divine titles readily; an inattentive translator or formatting pass could capitalize “Hijo” at 7:14, pre-loading Christ’s unique, sinless, eternal, undisciplined Sonship onto a verse whose immediate referent is a sinning, disciplinable human king (Solomon). | Render lowercase “hijo” at 7:14 without exception; require an explicit two-layer teaching note (historical conditional covenant-sonship vs. non-identical ultimate fulfillment in Christ, per Hebrews 1:5’s later typological use of this verse). |
| royal-pastoral shepherd metaphor | pastorear | Without comment, reads as a merely rural agricultural image with no messianic weight. | Render “pastorear” and require an explicit forward link to Christ as the true Shepherd-King (John 10) descended from David. |
| David’s personal covenant righteousness vs. imputed righteousness | justicia (same word for both) | Spanish “justicia” is a single word bearing (a) David’s own relative moral/covenant integrity (22:21,25) and (b) the baseline’s Critical-risk forensic sense of righteousness credited by faith apart from works (Romans 4). These are not the same category, but nothing in the surface Spanish text signals the difference. | Reuse baseline “justicia” exactly (no substitute rendering exists or should be invented), but MANDATE an explicit disambiguating teaching note at every 2 Samuel occurrence: this is David’s own covenant faithfulness, not the imputed righteousness of Romans 4; do not let learners import Pauline forensic categories backward onto David’s self-description, nor treat David’s works-righteousness as a model for New Testament justification. |
| deliverance/salvation (military/personal) | salvación | Baseline-fixed rendering; weakness is scope, not lexicon — the OT military/personal-deliverance sense (David’s deliverance from enemies, 22:47) is narrower than the baseline’s full soteriological doctrine. | Reuse baseline “salvación” exactly; teach continuity-without-identity with the baseline’s full doctrine of Salvation. |
2. Missing Vocabulary vs. Crowded Semantic Neighborhoods
2.1 Genuinely Missing Vocabulary (no adequate single Spanish term exists)
These are concepts for which Spanish possesses no single word carrying the full source-language semantic load. Each requires a fixed primary gloss plus mandatory teaching supplementation — not a search for a “better” single word, since none exists.
| Concept | Hebrew | Gap Description | Fixed Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|
| chesed | חֶסֶד | Combines loyalty + mercy + faithfulness + covenant obligation in one word; Spanish splits this across “misericordia,” “fidelidad,” “lealtad,” “bondad,” none of which alone covers the range. | Primary gloss “misericordia”; mandatory supplemental phrase “amor inquebrantable / fidelidad amorosa de pacto” in every teaching occurrence. Single highest-priority gap in this curriculum. |
| bayit wordplay (palace/temple/family/dynasty in one word) | בַּיִת | Spanish “casa” happens to span the same four senses lexically (a genuine typological gift), but the unity of the wordplay across the chapter is not automatically perceptible to a reader the way it is to a Hebrew listener without explicit signposting. | Not a lexical gap but a rhetorical-transparency gap: render uniformly “casa,” supply an explicit structural note mapping all four senses at 7:1-16. |
| berit olam as performative self-naming of a covenant | בְּרִית עוֹלָם | Spanish has “pacto eterno,” but the genre — David’s own retrospective, self-authenticating naming of what happened in ch. 7 as a formal eternal covenant “ordered in all things” — has no natural Spanish equivalent literary category. | Render “pacto eterno” (23:5) and explicitly teach it as the book’s own internal confirmation/label for the ch. 7 oracle, not a new promise. |
| mashiach’s dual register (office title now / technical eschatological title later) within a single root | מָשִׁיחַ | Spanish has two available words (“el ungido,” “Mesías”) but no single word that itself signals the office-now/fulfillment-later trajectory the Hebrew root carries organically across the canon. | Fence the two Spanish renderings deliberately (see §2.2) rather than attempting one word for both senses. |
2.2 Crowded Semantic Neighborhoods Requiring Fencing
These are cases where one Spanish word must legitimately serve multiple senses this curriculum needs kept distinct. Each requires an explicit “fence” — a rule for when the word carries which sense, and what teaching note must accompany ambiguous occurrences.
| Spanish Word | Senses Sharing It | Fence Required |
|---|---|---|
| pacto | (1) ordinary human political alliance (David–Abner, 3:12-13; David–Israel’s elders, 5:3); (2) God’s unilateral, unconditional dynastic covenant (ch. 7, implicit; explicit at 23:5) | Fence: mark every occurrence explicitly as human-negotiated vs. divine-unilateral. Never let ch. 7’s covenant be read through the two-sided-bargain frame of chs. 3/5. |
| reino | (1) David’s real historical political monarchy (7:12-13,16); (2) the baseline’s “reino de Dios” (God’s sovereign reign, Romans usage) | Fence: 2 Samuel’s “reino” is a genuine historical kingdom AND a typological shadow of God’s reign — teach both layers explicitly at every 7:12-16 occurrence; do not sever the historical referent to make it “purely spiritual,” and do not leave it merely historical with no forward trajectory. |
| justicia | (1) David’s own relative covenant faithfulness/integrity (22:21,25); (2) baseline’s Critical-risk forensic “imputed righteousness” (Romans 4) | Fence: mandatory disambiguating note at every 2 Samuel occurrence (see §1.5 above). This is the book’s single most theologically consequential re-use of a baseline term. |
| misericordia | (1) chesed — covenant-grounded steadfast love/loyalty (7:15; 9:1-7; 22:51); (2) popular Catholic devotional “Divina Misericordia” — compassion/pity toward sinners | Fence: every occurrence requires the supplemental “amor inquebrantable / fidelidad amorosa” phrase; never allow the term to stand alone as a full definition of the doctrine “God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure.” |
| hijo (lowercase) vs. Hijo de Dios (baseline, capitalized) | (1) Solomon’s conditional, disciplinable covenant sonship (7:14); (2) Christ’s eternal, unique, co-equal divine Sonship (baseline) | Fence: strict lowercase/uppercase distinction enforced without exception at 7:14; explicit two-layer (type/fulfillment) teaching note required. |
| santo(s) | (1) baseline’s corporate all-believers sense (Romans 1:7); (2) the ark/tabernacle’s cultic holiness in 2 Samuel 6 (Uzzah) | Fence: 2 Samuel 6’s use reinforces, and must be explicitly cross-referenced to, the baseline’s existing caution that holiness is obedience to God’s revealed terms, not sincerity-based improvisation — an even sharper illustration than anything in Romans. |
| el ungido vs. Mesías | (1) any Israelite king anointed with oil (Saul, David, ordinary royal office); (2) baseline’s Critical-risk technical eschatological title | Fence: absolute rule — “Mesías” NEVER applied to Saul or David in narrative-present occurrences; reserved exclusively for the baseline’s technical referent. “El ungido” used for every ordinary royal-anointing occurrence, always paired with a forward-typological teaching note. |
| Jehová vs. Señor | (1) YHWH, the covenant name (God’s proper name); (2) Adonai, the title of address David uses toward God (e.g., 7:18-29, where both Hebrew words appear side by side in the same prayer) | Fence: absolute rule — never collapse both to identical “Señor.” “Jehová” renders YHWH; “Señor” renders Adonai, matching the baseline’s lord entry but now requiring the additional Hebrew-name distinction the baseline did not previously need to make explicit (Romans has no comparable side-by-side occurrence). |
| castigar | (1) fatherly, relational, restorative covenant discipline (7:14; 12); (2) everyday Spanish’s dominant sense of punitive retribution/punishment | Fence: teaching note required distinguishing restorative covenant discipline from mere retribution at every occurrence in the “David’s Sin and Repentance” and “Consequences of Sin” doctrines. |
| expiación | (1) retributive national atonement via retribution (21:3, Gibeonites); (2) priestly-cultic sacrificial atonement (ch. 24); (3) baseline’s conceptual background for NT atonement fulfilled in Christ | Fence: teach the two OT usages as related but distinct from each other, and both as anticipatory/incomplete relative to Christ’s once-for-all atonement; explicitly guard against a Catholic penitential-satisfaction reading in all three layers. |
3. Transliteration vs. Paraphrase Decisions
| Term | Decision | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| chesed | Paraphrase (do not transliterate) — render “misericordia” + mandatory supplemental phrase | Transliterating “chesed” untranslated (as the baseline does with “Abba”) would create a foreign technical term with zero existing resonance in Spanish Bible tradition or lay vocabulary, unlike “Abba” which Reina-Valera precedent already normalizes. Paraphrase-with-fencing is more teachable than transliteration here. |
| mashiach (ordinary office use) | Do not transliterate; do not use “Mesías.” Use existing Spanish Bible-tradition phrase “el ungido (de Jehová)." | "El ungido” is already the standard Reina-Valera-tradition rendering for this exact sense; no transliteration is needed or beneficial. |
| YHWH | Use established Spanish Bible-tradition substitution “Jehová” (Reina-Valera convention), not a transliteration attempt (e.g., “Yahvé,” used in some Catholic editions) | Matches this Language Package’s RV1960/RVA2015 register anchor (per baseline system prompt) and avoids introducing a second, less familiar proper-name form (“Yahvé”) that could read as a different deity-name to audiences formed by Reina-Valera-tradition churches. |
| berit olam | Compound Spanish phrase, not transliteration: “pacto eterno” | Standard compound already available and doctrinally load-bearing; no transliteration warranted. |
| bayit (wordplay) | Single consistent translation, not transliteration: “casa” | Transliteration would be meaningless to a Spanish reader and would forfeit the fortunate lexical overlap Spanish “casa” already provides across all four senses. |
| Abba (cross-reference only; not native to 2 Samuel but relevant to the Messianic Hope doctrine’s forward NT linkage) | Retain baseline transliteration decision: “Abba, Padre” | No change; 2 Samuel does not introduce this term natively, but any teaching material bridging 7:14’s “hijo” typology forward to Romans 8:15 must use the baseline’s exact established form. |
| nagid | Translate, do not transliterate: “príncipe” | Established Reina-Valera-tradition rendering; transliteration would be opaque and unnecessary. |
| gibbor | Translate, do not transliterate: “valiente” | Standard narrative vocabulary; no theological load justifying transliteration. |
| ish beliyya’al (Belial) | Translate primary text, footnote the transliteration: “hombre perverso,” with an optional footnote noting the later NT personification “Belial” (2 Cor 6:15) | Low doctrinal weight; transliteration only useful as a minor intertextual teaching aid, not for the primary rendering. |
General principle established for this curriculum: transliteration is reserved for cases with existing Reina-Valera-tradition precedent and genuine untranslatable intimacy/technical force (as with “Abba” in the baseline). No new transliterations are introduced in this Language Package extension; all new 2 Samuel vocabulary is handled by fixed Spanish renderings plus mandatory teaching-note fencing, which better serves this curriculum’s mixed cradle-Catholic/nominal/Evangelical audience than introducing unfamiliar loanwords.
4. Ranked List of This Curriculum’s Highest-Risk Ambiguities
Ranked by combined severity (doctrinal centrality × likelihood of culturally-conditioned mistranslation) for Phase 2 review routing priority:
-
chesed → “misericordia” (God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure). Highest risk in the entire curriculum: the single closest available Spanish word is anchored to a major, unrelated Catholic devotional framework (Divina Misericordia) that captures only the pity/compassion half of the concept, entirely missing the covenant-loyalty half. Every occurrence (7:15; 9:1-7; 22:51) requires theologian-level review.
-
justicia (David’s covenant integrity) vs. justicia (imputed righteousness, baseline Critical term). Same Spanish word carrying two categorically different doctrines (moral covenant faithfulness vs. forensic credited status) with no lexical marker distinguishing them. High risk of learners retroactively importing Pauline forensic categories onto David’s self-description, or conversely treating David’s righteousness as a works-based model undermining the baseline’s imputed-righteousness doctrine.
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el ungido vs. Mesías. Direct etymological kinship between the two Spanish renderings creates strong pull toward over-applying “Mesías” to Saul or David, diluting the baseline’s carefully protected eschatological uniqueness — or, in the opposite failure, treating “el ungido” as having no forward messianic trajectory at all.
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hijo (lowercase, 7:14) vs. Hijo de Dios (baseline, capitalized). A single capitalization slip or an inattentive teaching gloss could pre-load Christ’s eternal, sinless, undisciplined Sonship onto a verse describing a disciplinable human king (Solomon), collapsing type into fulfillment prematurely.
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Jehová vs. Señor (YHWH vs. Adonai). The Hebrew text of 2 Samuel 7 itself distinguishes these two words side by side (David’s prayer, 7:18-29); collapsing both into a single undifferentiated Spanish “Señor” erases a distinction the source text deliberately makes, with consequences for how learners understand the difference between God’s covenant name and the title of reverent address.
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la espada no se apartará de tu casa vs. the unconditional ch. 7 covenant promise. Risk that Spanish-speaking audiences’ binary (blessed/cursed) cultural intuitions about divine favor will read Nathan’s judgment (12:10) as revoking the covenant of 7:15, rather than holding forgiveness and temporal consequence together as the text requires.
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pacto (human political alliance, chs. 3 & 5) vs. pacto (God’s unilateral covenant, ch. 7). Risk that the mutual-bargain connotation dominant in ordinary Spanish usage of “pacto” flattens God’s unconditional promise into a negotiated exchange.
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reino (David’s historical monarchy) vs. reino de Dios (baseline). Risk of either over-spiritualizing 2 Samuel’s kingdom language into an ahistorical abstraction, or under-connecting it to its typological trajectory toward Christ’s eternal reign.
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Jehová ha quitado tu pecado (12:13) and the immediacy of forgiveness. Risk that folk-Catholic expectations of a penitential process (confession, absolution, acts of penance) before assurance is granted will soften the narrative’s forensic immediacy — or, in the opposite failure, that the text’s insistence on real ongoing consequences (12:10-14) will be erased to make forgiveness look consequence-free.
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expiación across its two 2 Samuel senses (21:3 retributive; ch. 24 priestly-cultic) and the Catholic “sacrificio de la Misa” association at ch. 24’s altar/holocausto/sacrificio language. Risk of collapsing OT repeatable atonement categories into either each other or into a sacramental-repetition framework that obscures the NT’s “once for all” fulfillment.
5. Cross-Reference Note to Baseline and Registry
This analysis extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json, and is fully consistent with the 2 Samuel bible_term_registry.json extension already produced for this curriculum. Every fencing rule and transliteration decision recorded here should be treated as binding input to the forthcoming 07_semantic_analysis.md and the already-drafted 08_core_glossary.md, and must inform the doctrine risk registry update and Phase 2 AI translation requirements extension for this curriculum.