Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Samuel
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all 24 chapters of 2 Samuel. Terms that already exist in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json are marked “Baseline reuse — exact” and MUST NOT be altered. New terms native to 2 Samuel are assigned risk tiers using the identical Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline, for eventual promotion into an updated translation memory in a later phase.
Risk tier definitions (identical to baseline):
- Critical — Mistranslation alters or destroys essential doctrine. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — Mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or syncretism risk. Human theologian review required.
- Medium — Mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning. Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Mistranslation causes minor misunderstanding or imprecision. Automated review sufficient.
Table 1 — The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
| Term (EN) | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | LXX Greek (if applicable) | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Baseline Status | Key Passages | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| house (dynastic/temple wordplay) | בַּיִת | bayit | οἶκος | casa | High | New term | 7:1-16 (throughout) | Central fourfold wordplay (palace/temple/family/dynasty); must be taught explicitly, not left implicit. |
| throne | כִּסֵּא | kisse | θρόνος | trono | High | New term | 7:13,16; 22:51; 23:5 | Must retain literal sovereign-seat force, not merely honorific; anchors Messianic fulfillment (Luke 1:32-33). |
| forever/eternal | עוֹלָם | olam | αἰών / εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα | para siempre / eterno | High | New term | 7:13,16,24-29; 23:5 | Risk of hearing as royal-ideology hyperbole rather than literal, Christ-fulfilled eternity. |
| kingdom | מַמְלָכָה | mamlakah | βασιλεία | reino | High | Related to baseline kingdom_of_god (reino de Dios) — same Spanish word, must be contextually distinguished | 7:12-13,16 | Genuine historical political kingdom AND typological shadow of reino de Dios; teach both without collapsing or severing. |
| seed / offspring | זֶרַע | zera | σπέρμα | descendencia | Critical | Baseline reuse — exact (seed_of_david) | 7:12 | Direct OT root of baseline’s seed_of_David term; do not substitute generic “hijos.” |
| everlasting covenant | בְּרִית עוֹלָם | berit olam | διαθήκη αἰώνιος | pacto eterno | Critical | Baseline reuse for “pacto”; “eterno” new modifier | 23:5 | David’s own retrospective confirmation that ch.7 is a formal, eternal covenant — anchor text for this doctrine. |
| covenant (general) | בְּרִית | berit | διαθήκη | pacto | Varies (High in ch.7; Medium in political senses chs. 3,5) | Baseline reuse — exact | 3:12-13; 5:3; 7 (implicit); 23:5 | Same Spanish word covers both human political alliance and divine covenant senses in this book — context must disambiguate. |
| establish | הֵקִים (hiphil of קום) | heqim | ἀνίστημι / ἱστάναι | establecer | Low | New term | 7:12-13 | Standard, unambiguous. |
| name (covenantal renown) | שֵׁם | shem | ὄνομα | nombre | Medium | New term | 7:9,13 | Echoes Abrahamic covenant (Gen 12:2); teach the covenant-promise resonance. |
Table 2 — David’s Sin and Repentance
| Term (EN) | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | LXX Greek | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Baseline Status | Key Passages | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sin | חָטָא / חֵטְא | chata’ / chet | ἁμαρτία | pecado | High | Baseline reuse — exact | 11:27; 12:13 | Must never soften to “falta”; David’s confession is the paradigm biblical confession of sin. |
| iniquity | עָוֹן | avon | ἀνομία / ἀδικία | iniquidad | Medium | New term | 7:14; 12 (implicit) | Nuance distinct from pecado — stresses guilt/moral crookedness; do not silently conflate. |
| adultery | נָאַף | na’aph | μοιχεύω | adulterio | Medium | New term | 11:2-4 | Covenant-breaking dimension (marriage covenant) should be named explicitly. |
| the LORD has put away your sin | הֶעֱבִיר…חַטָּאתֶךָ | he’evir…chatatekha | — | Jehová ha quitado tu pecado | Critical | New term, doctrinally tied to baseline grace/justification | 12:13 | Clearest OT narrative of immediate, faith-response forgiveness without penitential merit process — yet consequences still follow; hold both truths together. |
| discipline / chastening | יכח (hokhiach) + שֵׁבֶט (shevet, “rod”) | hokhiach / shevet | παιδεύω / ῥάβδος | castigar / vara de disciplina | Medium | New term | 7:14 | Restorative fatherly correction, not merely punitive; relational, not transactional. |
Table 3 — Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
| Term (EN) | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | LXX Greek | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Baseline Status | Key Passages | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the sword shall never depart from your house | חֶרֶב לֹא־תָסוּר מִבֵּיתְךָ | cherev lo-tasur mi-veitkha | ῥομφαία / μάχαιρα | la espada no se apartará de tu casa | High | New term | 12:10 | Temporal/familial consequence, NOT revocation of the ch.7 covenant; both realities must be held together explicitly. |
| bloodguilt | דָּם | dam | αἷμα | culpa de sangre / sangre | Medium | New term | 11 (Uriah); 21 (Gibeonites) | Recurs at both personal (David/Uriah) and national (Saul/Gibeonites) scale. |
| defile / disgrace | עִנָּה | innah | ταπεινόω / βιάζομαι | deshonrar / violar | Medium | New term | 13:12-14 | Render with dignity; sin’s consequences unfold concretely within the family, not abstractly. |
| plague (national consequence) | דֶּבֶר / מַגֵּפָה | deber / magephah | θάνατος / πληγή | plaga | Medium | New term | 24:15-25 | Corporate consequence extends the “consequences” doctrine from family to nation. |
| atonement (retributive) | כִּפֶּר | kaphar | ἐξιλάσκομαι | expiación / hacer expiación | Critical | New term, conceptual ancestor of NT atonement vocabulary | 21:3 | Distinguish from priestly-cultic atonement (ch.24) and from a Catholic penitential-satisfaction framework; ultimate atonement is Christ’s, once for all. |
Table 4 — God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
| Term (EN) | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | LXX Greek | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Baseline Status | Key Passages | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| steadfast love / lovingkindness | חֶסֶד | chesed | ἔλεος | misericordia (supplement with “amor inquebrantable / fidelidad amorosa / lealtad de pacto” in teaching notes) | Critical | New term — no direct baseline entry; closest baseline analogue is grace (gracia), but NOT identical | 7:15; 9:1,3,7; 22:51 | The single richest and highest-risk new term in this curriculum. “Misericordia” alone (esp. given the “Divina Misericordia” devotional tradition) skews toward pity/compassion; chesed is equally about covenant loyalty. Must be taught, not just translated. |
| kindness enacted (Mephibosheth) | חֶסֶד | chesed | ἔλεος | misericordia / bondad | Critical (same term as above) | New term | ch. 9 | Concrete narrative enactment of ch.7’s abstract promise — ideal teaching bridge. |
| forgiveness/removal of guilt | הֶעֱבִיר | he’evir | ἀφαιρέω | quitar (el pecado) | Critical | Cross-listed with Table 2 | 12:13 | See Table 2 note. |
| perhaps the LORD will look on my affliction | אוּלַי יִרְאֶה יהוה | ’ulai yir’eh YHWH | ἐπιβλέψει κύριος | quizá Jehová mire mi aflicción | Medium | Related to baseline providence | 16:12 | OT analogue to Romans 8:28 providence doctrine; avoid fatalistic “destino/suerte” framing. |
Table 5 — The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
| Term (EN) | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | LXX Greek | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Baseline Status | Key Passages | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anointed (royal office title) | מָשִׁיחַ / מָשַׁח | mashiach / mashach | χριστός | el ungido (de Jehová) | Critical | Distinct from, but typologically pointing to, Baseline reuse — exact: Mesías | 1:14,16; 5:3; 22:51; 23:1 | MUST NOT be rendered “el Mesías” at ordinary occurrences (Saul, David as reigning kings); reserve “Mesías” strictly for the baseline’s technical eschatological referent. Teach the office→fulfillment trajectory explicitly. |
| father / son (covenantal adoptive sonship) | אָב / בֵּן | av / ben | πατήρ / υἱός | Padre (baseline reuse) / hijo (lowercase) | Critical | Padre = Baseline reuse — exact; “hijo” (lowercase) deliberately distinguished from baseline’s capitalized son_of_god (Hijo de Dios) | 7:14 | Immediate referent is Solomon (disciplinable for sin); must not pre-load Christ’s unique, sinless, undisciplined eternal Sonship onto this verse’s primary sense — teach as type, not identity. |
| shepherd (royal-pastoral metaphor) | רָעָה | ra’ah | ποιμαίνω | pastorear | Medium | New term; typological link to NT “Good Shepherd” | 7:7 | Anticipates Christ as the true Shepherd-King (John 10) descended from David. |
| righteousness (David’s personal integrity, NOT imputed) | צְדָקָה | tsedaqah | δικαιοσύνη | justicia | Critical | Baseline term reused, but with an explicit disambiguating note required | 22:21,25 | Must be distinguished from the baseline’s Critical-risk imputed righteousness (Romans 4) — this is David’s own relative covenant faithfulness, not forensic righteousness credited by faith apart from works. |
| salvation / deliverance | יֵשַׁע / יְשׁוּעָה | yesha’ / yeshuah | σωτηρία | salvación | High | Baseline reuse — exact | 8 (implicit); 22:47 | OT military/personal-deliverance sense; teach continuity with, but not simple identity to, the baseline’s full soteriological salvation doctrine. |
Table 6 — General Narrative and Supporting Terms (All Chapters)
| Term (EN) | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | LXX Greek | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Baseline Status | Key Passages | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| king | מֶלֶךְ | melek | βασιλεύς | rey | Low | New term, unambiguous | throughout | Standard. |
| prophet | נָבִיא | navi | προφήτης | profeta | Low | Baseline reuse — exact | 7:2; 12; 24:11 | — |
| word of the LORD | דְּבַר־יהוה | devar YHWH | ῥῆμα κυρίου / λόγος κυρίου | palabra de Jehová | High | New term; connects to baseline inspiration_of_scripture doctrine category | 7:4; 24:11 | Technical prophetic-revelation formula, not general inspiration. |
| YHWH (the LORD, covenant name) | יהוה | YHWH | κύριος | Jehová (distinguished from Señor/Adonai) | Critical | Related to baseline god/lord but requires new disambiguating note | throughout | Must be typographically/lexically distinguished from Adonai (“Señor,” David’s address to God) — the Hebrew text itself distinguishes these; do not collapse. |
| servant (honorific) | עֶבֶד | ebed | δοῦλος | siervo | Medium | New term | 7:5,8,19-29 | Honorific covenant title, not menial status. |
| ark of God / ark of the covenant | אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים / אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית | aron ha’elohim / aron ha-berit | ἡ κιβωτὸς τοῦ θεοῦ / τῆς διαθήκης | arca de Dios / arca del pacto | Medium | New term | 6; 7:2 | Unique sacred object; teach as such, not a generic relic. |
| holy | קָדוֹשׁ | qadosh | ἅγιος | santo | High | Baseline reuse — exact | 6:1-11 | Uzzah narrative: holiness demands obedience to God’s terms, not sincere improvisation. |
| bless / curse | בָּרַךְ / קָלַל | barak / qalal | εὐλογέω / καταράομαι | bendecir / maldecir | Low | New terms | 6:18,20; 16:5-13 | Standard. |
| vision | חִזָּיוֹן | chizzayon | ὅρασις | visión | Low-Medium | New term | 7:17 | Technical revelatory-genre term, not subjective dream. |
| altar / burnt offering / sacrifice | מִזְבֵּחַ / עֹלָה / זֶבַח | mizbeach / olah / zevach | θυσιαστήριον / ὁλοκαύτωμα / θυσία | altar / holocausto / sacrificio | High | New terms | 24:18-25 | Teach alongside (not collapsed into) Christ’s once-for-all sacrifice; guard against repeatable-ritual-merit framing. |
| mighty man | גִּבּוֹר | gibbor | δυνατός | valiente | Low | New term | 23:8-39 | Standard. |
| worthless fellow (Belial) | אִישׁ בְּלִיַּעַל | ish beliyya’al | ἄνθρωπος υἱὸς λοιμοῦ / cf. Βελίαρ (2 Cor 6:15) | hombre perverso | Low-Medium | New term | 20:1 | Minor NT intertextual echo (2 Cor 6:15 “Belial”) worth noting in teaching materials. |
Chapters Explicitly Reviewed with No New Terms
Per the full-book-coverage mandate, the following chapters were reviewed in full and confirmed to introduce no new load-bearing theological vocabulary beyond terms already tabled above:
- Chapter 2 — reuses “rey,” “ungido” (ch.1 sense), “casa” (tribal-political sense).
- Chapter 4 — reuses house-of-Saul narrative vocabulary from chs. 1-3.
- Chapter 10 — reuses royal/military narrative vocabulary from ch. 8.
- Chapter 14 — reuses “casa” (household/family) and the sword/consequence theme from chs. 12-13.
- Chapter 15 — extends the ch. 12 consequence theme without new terms.
- Chapter 17 — political/military counsel narrative; providence theme already covered under ch. 16.
- Chapter 18 — reuses “hijo” and the consequence theme from ch. 12; pastorally significant but lexically no new term.
- Chapter 19 — reuses “paz” (baseline reuse) and the chesed theme from ch. 9.
Cross-Reference Note to Baseline Package
This glossary extends, and in no place contradicts, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. Every term marked “Baseline reuse — exact” above must be enforced identically to its baseline entry in all Phase 2 translation work for this 2 Samuel curriculum. New Critical/High-risk terms identified here (casa, trono, para siempre, el ungido/Mesías distinction, misericordia/chesed, pacto eterno, expiación, la espada no se apartará de tu casa, Jehová/Señor distinction, justicia/David’s-integrity-vs-imputed disambiguation) should be proposed for formal addition to an updated translation memory in the next Phase 1 step.
Critical Risk Terms
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesías
Transliteration: Mashiach
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: un ungido más, entre otros santos o profetas venerados, el ungido (reserved for the ordinary royal office title in this book, never a substitute for this term)
Original: מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘Mesías,’ Critical risk). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: this rendering must NEVER be applied to Saul or David as reigning kings in the narrative present; those occurrences use the distinct office-title ‘el ungido (de Jehová).’ See anointed_office below. Reserve ‘Mesías’ strictly for the technical eschatological referent fulfilled exclusively in Jesus.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia
Transliteration: tsedaqah / tsedeq
Doctrine: David’s Relative Covenant Integrity vs. Imputed Righteousness
Rejected alternatives: rectitud moral autónoma, mérito acumulado
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘justicia,’ Critical risk). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: see the distinct new entry righteousness_davidic_integrity for the book’s own self-referential usage (22:21,25), which must not be conflated with, or read into, this baseline forensic-imputation sense.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvación
Transliteration: yesha’ / yeshuah
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: salvarse por buenas obras, merecer el cielo mediante sacramentos y penitencia
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘salvación,’ Critical risk). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: see the distinct new entry salvation_deliverance_military for the book’s narrower OT military/personal-deliverance usage (8; 22:47), which is continuous with but not identical to the baseline’s full soteriological doctrine.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendencia
Transliteration: zera (Heb.); sperma (LXX)
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: hijos (generic, loses singular/collective covenant-promise force)
Original: זֶרַע
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘descendencia,’ Critical risk, there anchored to Romans 1:3). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: this is the direct Old Testament root of the baseline term (2 Samuel 7:12). Never substitute ‘hijos’ for narrative smoothness.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia imputada
Transliteration: cf. Gen 15:6 chashav (‘reckoned’)
Doctrine: David’s Relative Covenant Integrity vs. Imputed Righteousness
Rejected alternatives: justicia infundida
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘justicia imputada,’ Critical risk). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: retained here strictly as the CONTRAST term against which 22:21/22:25’s David’s own relative righteousness (see righteousness_davidic_integrity) must be explicitly distinguished, so that neither text’s doctrine is imported into the other.
Father
Approved rendering: Padre
Transliteration: av
Doctrine: The Davidic King’s Adoptive Sonship and Christ’s Eternal Sonship
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘Padre,’ Critical risk). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: reused exactly at 7:14 for God’s own title (‘I will be to him a father’); the human referent’s sonship is rendered lowercase ‘hijo’ — see son_covenantal below — never assimilated to the baseline’s capitalized ‘Hijo de Dios.‘
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Hijo de Dios
Transliteration: cf. Ps 2:7; huios theou (Gk.)
Doctrine: The Davidic King’s Adoptive Sonship and Christ’s Eternal Sonship
Rejected alternatives: hijo de Dios en el sentido genérico aplicado a todo creyente o a cualquier rey davídico
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘Hijo de Dios,’ Critical risk). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: retained here strictly as the CONTRAST term against which 7:14’s disciplinable, sin-capable, lowercase ‘hijo’ (Solomon) must be kept distinct. Hebrews 1:5 later applies 7:14 typologically to Christ, but the immediate referent is not Christ’s eternal, sinless Sonship.
Lord
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: Adonai
Doctrine: The Covenant Name of God: YHWH Distinguished from Adonai
Rejected alternatives: Señor mío (devotional-only, without lordship claim), identical undifferentiated ‘Señor’ substituted for both Adonai and YHWH
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘Señor,’ Critical risk, there anchored to Romans 10:9’s kyrios confession). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: reserved exclusively for Adonai/address contexts (e.g., David’s prayer, 7:18-29). See yhwh_covenant_name and lord_adonai below for the specific 2 Samuel disambiguation this book requires that Romans did not.
God
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: The Covenant Name of God: YHWH Distinguished from Adonai
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard, unambiguous rendering for Elohim, the generic/general divine designation, distinguished in this book from the covenant name YHWH (Jehová) — see yhwh_covenant_name.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesús
Transliteration: Iēsous / Yeshua
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Inherited from Romans package. Does not occur in the 2 Samuel text itself but is required vocabulary for every teaching note bridging the Davidic covenant/Messianic Hope doctrines forward to their New Testament fulfillment (Luke 1:32-33; Hebrews 1:5,8).
Everlasting Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto eterno
Transliteration: berit olam
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: pacto duradero (softens eternity to mere longevity), promesa (loses the formal covenant category)
Original: בְּרִית עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant
David’s own retrospective naming (23:5) of the ch. 7 oracle as an eternal, secure covenant ‘ordered in all things.’ This is the book’s own self-confirming label for the Davidic covenant and the single clearest textual anchor for this curriculum’s core doctrine. Built from the baseline-fixed ‘pacto’; ‘eterno’ must never be softened to ‘duradero.‘
Anointed Office
Approved rendering: el ungido (de Jehová)
Transliteration: mashiach / mashach
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: el Mesías (forbidden for these ordinary royal occurrences)
Original: מָשִׁיחַ / מָשַׁח
Category: Christology
The royal-office title given to Israel’s God-designated, oil-anointed kings — Saul (1:14,16), David (5:3; retrospectively 22:51; 23:1). MUST NEVER be rendered ‘el Mesías’ at these ordinary occurrences. Strong etymological kinship with ‘Mesías’ creates a live risk of over-application, diluting the baseline’s protected uniqueness; conversely, severing ‘ungido’ from its forward Messianic trajectory misses the book’s own typological arc. Teach as office-title-now, fulfillment-later at every occurrence.
Son Covenantal
Approved rendering: hijo
Transliteration: ben
Doctrine: The Davidic King’s Adoptive Sonship and Christ’s Eternal Sonship
Rejected alternatives: Hijo (capitalized — forbidden at this occurrence)
Original: בֵּן
Category: Christology
The disciplinable, conditional adoptive sonship God grants the Davidic king (7:14) — proximately Solomon. MUST be rendered lowercase without exception. Spanish devotional convention readily capitalizes divine titles; a capitalized ‘Hijo’ here would pre-load Christ’s unique, sinless, eternal Sonship (baseline’s ‘Hijo de Dios’) onto a verse whose immediate referent is a sinning, disciplinable human king. Hebrews 1:5 applies this verse typologically to Christ, but type ≠ identity; teach both layers explicitly.
Forgiveness Of Sin Narrative
Approved rendering: Jehová ha quitado tu pecado
Transliteration: he’evir et-chatatekha
Doctrine: Grace Received through Immediate Confession
Rejected alternatives: un proceso gradual de purificación interior antes de la certeza del perdón
Original: הֶעֱבִיר…אֶת־חַטָּאתֶךָ
Category: Sin
Nathan’s immediate declaration following David’s unqualified confession (12:13). The clearest Old Testament narrative illustration of the baseline’s grace/justification distinctions: forgiveness immediate and complete upon faith-filled confession, not earned through gradual penitential process — directly relevant to guarding against the folk-Catholic expectation that forgiveness requires ongoing acts of penance or priestly absolution before assurance is granted. Real temporal consequences (12:10-14) still follow; both truths must be held together, neither flattened into the other.
Atonement Retributive
Approved rendering: expiación
Transliteration: kaphar
Doctrine: Atonement for Bloodguilt
Rejected alternatives: un acto de penitencia que descarga progresivamente la culpa (Tridentine-adjacent penitential-satisfaction framing)
Original: כִּפֶּר
Category: Sin
To atone/cover/appease national bloodguilt (Saul’s massacre of the Gibeonites, 21:3) — distinct from the priestly-cultic sacrificial sense of the same root in ch. 24. Direct conceptual ancestor of the entire New Testament atonement vocabulary underlying the baseline’s salvation doctrine. Both 2 Samuel usages must be taught as related but distinct from each other, and both as provisional and insufficient apart from Christ’s once-for-all atonement — never through a Catholic penitential-satisfaction lens of guilt progressively discharged through repeated human acts.
Steadfast Love
Approved rendering: misericordia
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: misericordia used alone without the mandatory supplemental phrase (forbidden — see AI translation requirements), bondad (as a full substitute — too weak, loses covenant-loyalty force)
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: Steadfast Love
THE single highest-risk new term in this curriculum. Chesed combines covenant loyalty, mercy, and faithfulness in one Hebrew word with no single-word Spanish equivalent. ‘Misericordia,’ the closest available gloss, collides with the major Catholic devotional tradition ‘la Divina Misericordia,’ which skews toward pity/compassion toward the guilty and suffering rather than chesed’s equal emphasis on self-binding covenant LOYALTY. MANDATORY: every occurrence (7:15; 9:1,3,7; 22:51) must be supplemented in teaching notes with ‘amor inquebrantable,’ ‘fidelidad amorosa,’ or ‘lealtad de pacto.’ Never let ‘misericordia’ stand alone as a full doctrinal definition.
Yhwh Covenant Name
Approved rendering: Jehová
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: The Covenant Name of God: YHWH Distinguished from Adonai
Rejected alternatives: Yahvé (Catholic-edition transliteration, avoided here to match this package’s RV1960/RVA2015 register anchor), collapsing to undifferentiated ‘Señor’
Original: יהוה
Category: God
The personal, covenant name of the God of Israel, distinct from Adonai (‘my Lord/Master,’ the term of address) and Elohim (‘God’ generically). 2 Samuel 7 uses both YHWH and Adonai side by side (esp. 7:18-29); Spanish Bible tradition has historically distinguished them typographically (‘Jehová’ vs. ‘Señor’/‘SEÑOR’). Collapsing both to identical ‘Señor’ would erase a distinction the Hebrew text itself deliberately makes.
Lord Adonai
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: Adonai
Doctrine: The Covenant Name of God: YHWH Distinguished from Adonai
Rejected alternatives: Jehová (forbidden substitute for Adonai-address contexts)
Original: אֲדֹנָי
Category: Christology
The term of respectful address David uses toward God (7:18-29), distinct from the covenant name YHWH. Reuses the baseline’s ‘lord’ rendering exactly but requires the additional Hebrew-name disambiguation this book demands and Romans did not: never let ‘Señor’ silently absorb occurrences that are properly YHWH/Jehová.
Righteousness Davidic Integrity
Approved rendering: justicia
Transliteration: tsedaqah
Doctrine: David’s Relative Covenant Integrity vs. Imputed Righteousness
Rejected alternatives: a distinct Spanish word invented to avoid overlap with the baseline term — REJECTED, since no such word exists or should be manufactured; disambiguation must be carried by teaching notes, exactly as the baseline already does for ‘justicia’/‘justificación’ generally
David describes his own relative righteousness/covenant integrity before his enemies (22:21,25) — NOT the baseline’s Critical-risk forensic, imputed righteousness received by faith apart from works (Romans 4). Mandatory disambiguating teaching note at every occurrence: this is David’s own covenant faithfulness, a real but relative and self-referential claim, not forensic imputation; learners must not import Romans’ doctrine into this psalm, nor read this psalm’s self-vindication back into Romans.
Spirit Of The Lord Speaking
Approved rendering: el Espíritu de Jehová habló por mí
Transliteration: ruach YHWH
Doctrine: Prophetic Revelation as the Word of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: una inspiración poética general, un espíritu impersonal o una musa
2 Samuel 23:2, David’s last words: ‘The Spirit of the LORD spoke by me, and his word was on my tongue.’ A direct Old Testament testimony to the personal, speaking divine Spirit behind prophetic and (by canonical extension) scriptural revelation, feeding directly into the baseline’s Critical-risk Holy Spirit and inspiration-of-Scripture doctrines. Must not be reduced to generic poetic inspiration or an impersonal spirit/muse; this is the same divine Person later fully revealed as the Holy Spirit.
High Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: berit
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal, alianza (Catholic-tradition synonym, permitted only in ecumenical settings per baseline)
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘pacto,’ High risk). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: the same Spanish word covers both ordinary human political alliance (David-Abner, 3:12-13; David-Israel’s elders, 5:3) and God’s unilateral, unconditional covenant (ch. 7; confirmed 23:5). Context must disambiguate; never let ch. 7’s covenant be read through the two-sided-bargain frame of chs. 3 and 5. See covenant_political_alliance and everlasting_covenant below.
Election
Approved rendering: elección
Transliteration: bachar (Heb. ‘to choose’); cf. Gk. eklogē
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Election of David
Rejected alternatives: destino, suerte
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘elección,’ High risk). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: David’s rise from shepherd to ‘príncipe’ (7:8) is God’s sovereign, personal choice, not impersonal fate; everyday Spanish vernacular readily supplies ‘destino’/‘suerte’ as glosses for life outcomes, which must be explicitly rejected here as in the baseline.
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: qadosh
Doctrine: The Holiness of God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: puro en sentido ritual, sincero/bien intencionado (as if sincerity alone satisfies holiness)
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED from the baseline’s Medium to High for this curriculum. Baseline translation (‘santo’) is unchanged, but 2 Samuel 6’s Uzzah narrative (death for touching the ark despite apparently sincere intent) sharpens the risk beyond Romans’ usage: holiness here demands obedience to God’s own prescribed terms, not well-meaning improvisation — a point Spanish-speaking audiences shaped by a devotional culture valuing ‘buena fe’/‘buena intención’ must not soften.
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: chata’ / chet
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: falta (minimizing euphemism), un error, una falla
Original: חָטָא / חֵטְא
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED from the baseline’s Medium to High for this curriculum. Baseline translation (‘pecado’) is unchanged, but David’s unqualified confession ‘He pecado contra Jehová’ (12:13) is the paradigm biblical confession and the anchor of this curriculum’s core repentance doctrine; the euphemism ‘falta’ is forbidden with even greater force here than in Romans.
Grace
Approved rendering: gracia
Transliteration: chen (Heb.; distinct root from chesed)
Doctrine: Grace Received through Immediate Confession
Rejected alternatives: favor merecido, recompensa por buenas obras, perdón obtenido mediante un proceso penitencial gradual
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘gracia,’ High risk). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: 12:13’s ‘Jehová ha quitado tu pecado’ is the clearest Old Testament narrative illustration of the baseline’s grace doctrine — forgiveness immediate upon faith-filled confession, not earned through gradual penitential process — yet real temporal consequences still follow (12:10-14); hold both truths together.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: reino de Dios
Transliteration: cf. malkut (Heb.); basileia tou theou (Gk.)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘reino de Dios,’ Medium risk in Romans; RISK NOTED AS HIGH here given the typological load this book places on it). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: the new entry kingdom_davidic (‘reino’) below is lexically identical but denotes David’s real historical political monarchy (7:12-13,16); teach both as genuine historical kingdom AND typological shadow of this baseline term, collapsing neither into the other.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: ruach hakodesh (post-biblical); cf. ruach YHWH, 23:2
Doctrine: Prophetic Revelation as the Word of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza impersonal, un espíritu guía o ancestral
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘Espíritu Santo,’ Critical risk in Romans; noted High here since 2 Samuel’s own vocabulary is ‘el Espíritu de Jehová/del Señor,’ not the full New Testament Trinitarian title). See the new entry spirit_of_the_lord_speaking below for 23:2’s direct textual occurrence.
House Dynastic
Approved rendering: casa
Transliteration: bayit
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: diversifying into palacio/templo/familia/linaje separately, which destroys the wordplay
Original: בַּיִת
Category: Covenant
Fourfold Hebrew wordplay across 2 Samuel 7: David’s palace (7:1-2), the temple he proposes to build (7:5,13), his household/family, and his eternal dynasty (7:11,16). Render ‘casa’ UNIFORMLY across all four senses — Spanish ‘casa’ can bear the same range — but the connection is invisible without an explicit teaching note unpacking the wordplay, since the chapter’s central irony (David wants to build God a casa; God instead promises to build David a casa) collapses into a flat ‘building’ reading otherwise.
Throne
Approved rendering: trono
Transliteration: kisse
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: asiento honorífico (drains the term of binding sovereign authority)
Original: כִּסֵּא
Category: Covenant
The royal seat symbolizing legitimate, sovereign, dynastic rule (7:13,16), directly cited of Christ in Luke 1:32-33. Popular Spanish media (telenovelas, European royal-history references, fairy tales) risks reading ‘trono’ as decorative pageantry rather than an actual, legally consequential seat of governance; must be taught as historically real and prophetically Christ-fulfilled.
Forever Eternal
Approved rendering: para siempre / eterno
Transliteration: olam
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: mucho tiempo (undersells the eternal claim)
Original: עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant
Applied to the Davidic throne (7:13,16) and to God’s steadfast love (22:51). Spanish devotional and commercial usage (‘te amaré para siempre,’ advertising slogans) has worn ‘para siempre’ down to hyperbole; requires explicit teaching distinguishing devotional cliché from a divinely guaranteed reality, historically interrupted at the exile in the human line but fulfilled without interruption in Christ (Hebrews 1:8).
Kingdom Davidic
Approved rendering: reino
Transliteration: mamlakah
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
The Davidic-Israelite royal dominion (7:12-13,16), lexically identical to the baseline’s ‘reino de Dios’ but denoting a real historical political monarchy here. Two failure modes to correct explicitly: (a) collapsing it into a purely spiritual ‘reino de Dios,’ erasing historical concreteness; (b) treating it as a dead ancient nation-state severed from its typological trajectory toward Christ’s eternal reign.
Sword Judgment
Approved rendering: la espada no se apartará de tu casa
Transliteration: cherev lo-tasur mi-veitkha
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: חֶרֶב לֹא־תָסוּר מִבֵּיתְךָ
Category: Sin
Nathan’s specific pronouncement of ongoing violent consequence within David’s household (12:10). Must be carefully distinguished from any implication that the ch. 7 covenant is revoked (explicitly unconditional, 7:15); Spanish-speaking audiences accustomed to an all-or-nothing framing of divine favor need this tension — forgiven yet consequential — taught explicitly, not smoothed over in either direction.
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: palabra de Jehová
Transliteration: devar YHWH
Doctrine: Prophetic Revelation as the Word of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: una impresión espiritual personal, una opinión profética no inspirada (cf. Nathan’s own uninspired counsel in 7:3, corrected in 7:4-5)
Original: דְּבַר־יהוה
Category: God
The technical formula introducing authoritative divine speech through a prophet (7:4; 24:11), marking Nathan’s oracle as binding divine revelation, not royal ideology or prophetic guesswork. Must be distinguished from general religious inspiration, from the broader Catholic framework in which Sacred Tradition and Magisterial teaching stand alongside Scripture, and from popular charismatic use of ‘palabra’/‘visión’ for any perceived personal spiritual impression.
Altar Sacrifice
Approved rendering: altar / holocausto / sacrificio
Transliteration: mizbeach / olah / zevach
Doctrine: Sacrificial Worship and the Altar
Original: מִזְבֵּחַ / עֹלָה / זֶבַח
Category: Worship
David’s altar and burnt offering (24:18-25), resolving the plague, insisting on paying full price (‘I will not offer… that which cost me nothing’). Must be taught alongside, not collapsed into, the New Testament’s once-for-all sacrifice of Christ; risk of equation with the Catholic sacramental ‘sacrificio de la Misa’ unless the ‘once for all’ qualification is made explicit.
Salvation Deliverance Military
Approved rendering: salvación
Transliteration: yesha’ / yeshuah
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
The OT military/personal-deliverance sense of the same root underlying the baseline’s full soteriological ‘salvación’ (8, implicit ‘the LORD gave David victory’; 22:47, ‘God of my salvation’). Teach continuity with, but not simple identity to, the baseline’s Critical-risk Salvation doctrine — this is deliverance from enemies in history, the seed from which the fuller New Testament doctrine grows.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidad emocional
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘paz,’ Medium risk). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: applies to David’s reconciliation with former enemies in ch. 19, echoing the chesed of ch. 9; relational restoration, not merely absence of conflict.
Providence
Approved rendering: providencia
Transliteration: cf. ‘ulai yir’eh YHWH (16:12); no fixed biblical Hebrew noun
Doctrine: Providence and Submission to God’s Will amid Suffering
Rejected alternatives: destino, la suerte
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged: ‘providencia,’ Medium risk, there anchored to Romans 8:28). EXTENSION FOR 2 SAMUEL: see the new entry providence_phrase below for the book’s own narrative instance (16:12), a direct Old Testament analogue to the baseline’s providence doctrine.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: kavod
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Inherited from Romans package. Minor occurrence potential in teaching material connecting God’s manifest presence (the ark, ch. 6) to his kavod/gloria; no significant new risk introduced by this book.
Name Covenantal
Approved rendering: nombre
Transliteration: shem
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: fama, celebridad
Original: שֵׁם
Category: Covenant
A divinely granted enduring reputation and legacy (7:9,13), echoing the Abrahamic covenant promise ‘I will make your name great’ (Gen 12:2). A flat ‘fama’/‘celebridad’ reading loses this specific covenant-promise echo; must be taught, not assumed.
Rest Given By God
Approved rendering: reposo
Transliteration: nuach
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidad emocional
Original: נוּחַ
Category: Covenant
God-given cessation from war and settled safety (7:1,11), the precondition for temple-building. Risk of being misheard as subjective emotional calm rather than God-given geopolitical and covenantal security — the same caution the baseline records for ‘peace’ (paz) applies here.
Plant Metaphor
Approved rendering: plantar
Transliteration: nata’
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: נָטַע
Category: Covenant
Metaphor for God-given secure, permanent settlement (7:10; cf. Ps 44:2; Amos 9:15). Without comment, Spanish readers hear only literal horticulture; must be taught as a metaphor of divinely secured permanence.
Covenant Political Alliance
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: berit
Doctrine: Covenant Language in Human Political Alliances
The same Spanish word ‘pacto’ covers David’s ordinary political alliance with Abner (3:12-13) and Israel’s elders’ installation covenant with David (5:3) — a human, negotiated agreement, distinct from God’s unilateral covenant in ch. 7. Context must clearly mark which sense is active so learners neither over-theologize the human alliances nor under-theologize God’s covenant by treating it as merely one more negotiated arrangement.
Anoint Verb
Approved rendering: ungir
Transliteration: mashach
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
The verbal installation rite (e.g., 5:3, ‘ungieron a David’). Same office-title caution as anointed_office; David is anointed progressively across the narrative (privately, over Judah, over all Israel), showing the office confirmed in stages, not self-seized.
Shepherd Metaphor
Approved rendering: pastorear
Transliteration: ra’ah
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Original: רָעָה
Category: Christology
The dominant ANE and biblical metaphor for kingship (7:7; cf. 5:2). Without comment reads as a merely rural agricultural image; must be taught with its full royal-messianic trajectory toward Christ as the true Shepherd-King (John 10:11).
Iniquity
Approved rendering: iniquidad
Transliteration: avon
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Sin
Guilt/moral crookedness, distinct from but related to chata’/chet (‘pecado,’ missing the mark); applied to the disciplinable Davidic king (7:14) and near ‘pecado’ in chs. 11-12. Casual Spanish usage treats ‘iniquidad’ and ‘pecado’ as interchangeable; do not silently conflate where the Hebrew text distinguishes them.
Adultery
Approved rendering: adulterio
Transliteration: na’aph
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Original: נָאַף
Category: Sin
Sexual sin violating the marriage covenant, forbidden in the Decalogue (Exod 20:14); David’s sin with Bathsheba (11:2-4). Popular usage frames adultery as private indiscretion; the covenant-breaking dimension (against Bathsheba’s marriage, against Uriah, against God’s law, against David’s own covenant office) must be named explicitly.
Discipline Rod
Approved rendering: castigar / vara de disciplina
Transliteration: hokhiach (root יכח) + shevet
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: יכח (hokhiach) + שֵׁבֶט
Category: Sin
Fatherly rebuke/correction promised for the disciplinable Davidic king (7:14). Everyday Spanish ‘castigar’ leans punitive-only (physical punishment, retribution); must be taught as covenantal, restorative, relationship-preserving correction, not merely punitive violence.
Bloodguilt
Approved rendering: culpa de sangre
Transliteration: dam
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: sangre (alone; reads as merely literal/forensic)
Original: דָּם
Category: Sin
Literally ‘blood’; idiomatically culpability for unjustly shed blood, recurring at personal (Uriah, ch. 11) and national (Gibeonites, ch. 21) scale. Pair ‘culpa’ with ‘sangre’ consistently to retain the idiomatic guilt-sense.
Defile Disgrace
Approved rendering: deshonrar / violar
Transliteration: innah
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: un malentendido familiar (euphemism that erases severity)
Original: עִנָּה
Category: Sin
Amnon’s assault on Tamar (13:12-14), the sword-judgment of 12:10 unfolding concretely within David’s household. Render with restrained, dignified register — avoid both euphemistic minimizing and sensationalized amplification in teaching materials.
Plague National
Approved rendering: plaga
Transliteration: deber / magephah
Doctrine: Corporate and National Consequences of Sin
Original: דֶּבֶר / מַגֵּפָה
Category: Sin
Pestilence as divine judgment on Israel corporately for David’s census sin (24:15-25). Some regional Spanish usage treats ‘plaga’ colloquially (agricultural pests); anchor explicitly as the corporate/national extension of the consequences-of-sin theme already established at the family level.
Providence Phrase
Approved rendering: quizá Jehová mire mi aflicción
Transliteration: ‘ulai yir’eh YHWH
Doctrine: Providence and Submission to God’s Will amid Suffering
Original: אוּלַי יִרְאֶה יהוה
Category: God
David’s submission to Shimei’s curse (16:12), possibly permitted for his discipline, trusting God’s sovereign, purposive governance — a direct Old Testament analogue to the baseline’s providence doctrine (Romans 8:28). Avoid the fatalistic vernacular framing of ‘destino’/‘suerte’; David’s posture is active trust in a personal God, not passive resignation.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: Jehová de los ejércitos
Transliteration: YHWH Tseva’ot
Doctrine: The Covenant Name of God: YHWH Distinguished from Adonai
Original: יהוה צְבָאוֹת
Category: God
‘YHWH of armies’ (7:8) — God as commander of the heavenly and/or earthly armies, a title of total sovereign power. Must not be reduced to a merely martial or nationalistic title; conveys total divine sovereignty relevant to the providence doctrine.
Prince Nagid
Approved rendering: príncipe
Transliteration: nagid
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Election of David
Original: נָגִיד
Category: Kingship
A divinely designated ruler (7:8), distinct from melek (‘king’) in emphasizing appointment by God rather than dynastic right or self-assertion. Modern secular Spanish (‘el príncipe heredero’) carries a dynastic-inheritance sense that could obscure the point: divine election/designation to rule, connecting directly to the baseline’s election doctrine.
Servant Honorific
Approved rendering: siervo
Transliteration: ebed
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: עֶבֶד
Category: Kingship
A covenantal honorific title of intimate divine favor and commission (‘my servant David,’ 7:5,8), used elsewhere of Moses and Abraham and echoed in the New Testament of Christ. Spanish ‘siervo’ can carry a menial connotation in everyday usage; teach as covenant office of divine favor, not administrative subordination.
Ark Of God
Approved rendering: arca de Dios
Transliteration: aron ha’elohim / aron ha-berit
Doctrine: The Holiness of God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: reliquia sagrada / amuleto
Original: אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים / אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית
Category: Worship
The sacred gold-covered chest containing the tablets of the covenant, the locus of God’s manifest presence (ch. 6; 7:2). No rival referent in Spanish-speaking culture, but must be taught as a unique, once-for-all sacred object, distinguished from popular veneration of physical religious objects (relics, images).
Vision Chizzayon
Approved rendering: visión
Transliteration: chizzayon
Doctrine: Prophetic Revelation as the Word of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: sueño subjetivo, impresión espiritual personal
Original: חִזָּיוֹן
Category: Worship
A distinct genre-marker for a prophetic revelatory experience, retroactively naming Nathan’s oracle ‘a vision’ (7:17), forming an inclusio with ‘word of the LORD’ (v.4). Must not be flattened to a generic dream or subjective religious experience, a live risk given the popularity of ‘visiones’/‘sueños’ language in charismatic and folk-religious Hispanic contexts.
Low Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Standard proper name, unchanged.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Standard proper name, unchanged.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: navi
Doctrine: Prophetic Revelation as the Word of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: vidente, adivino
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to Nathan (7:2; 12) and Gad (24:11).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profecía
Transliteration: nevu’ah
Doctrine: Prophetic Revelation as the Word of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: horóscopo, predicción esotérica
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to Nathan’s oracle (ch. 7) as fulfilled, forward-pointing revelation.
Establish
Approved rendering: establecer
Transliteration: heqim (hiphil of qum)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: הֵקִים
Category: Covenant
To cause to stand, set up firmly (7:12-13). Standard, unambiguous term.
King
Approved rendering: rey
Transliteration: melek
Doctrine: Kingship as Divine Designation, Not Mere Dynasty
Original: מֶלֶךְ
Category: Kingship
Monarch, sovereign ruler; used throughout of Saul, David, and his successors. Standard, unambiguous across all Spanish traditions.
Mighty Man
Approved rendering: valiente
Transliteration: gibbor
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: גִּבּוֹר
Category: Kingship
David’s elite warriors (23:8-39). Standard narrative term reinforcing God’s providential protection of David’s kingdom.
Worthless Fellow
Approved rendering: hombre perverso
Transliteration: ish beliyya’al
Doctrine: Kingship as Divine Designation, Not Mere Dynasty
Original: אִישׁ בְּלִיַּעַל
Category: Kingship
Literally ‘man of Belial/worthlessness’ (20:1); a wicked, rebellious person who incites rebellion against God’s anointed order. Minor NT intertextual echo (2 Cor 6:15, ‘Belial’) worth a teaching footnote.
Judges Shophetim
Approved rendering: jueces
Transliteration: shophetim
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: שֹׁפְטִים
Category: Kingship
The tribal military-charismatic leaders of Israel’s pre-monarchic period (7:7). Standard, unambiguous term.
Heart Lev
Approved rendering: corazón
Transliteration: lev
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: לֵב
Category: Kingship
Seat of will and intention in Hebrew usage (7:3), broader than modern Spanish ‘corazón”s default emotional connotation. Standard rendering; teach the volitional nuance where relevant.
Tent Tabernacle
Approved rendering: tienda / tabernáculo
Transliteration: ohel / mishkan
Doctrine: The Holiness of God’s Presence
Original: אֹהֶל / מִשְׁכָּן
Category: Worship
The tent/portable sanctuary housing the ark before the temple (7:2,6). Standard, unambiguous terms.
Bless Curse
Approved rendering: bendecir / maldecir
Transliteration: barak / qalal
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Original: בָּרַךְ / קָלַל
Category: Worship
To bless/speak well over and bestow favor (6:18,20), or to curse/treat with contempt (16:5-13). Standard terms, no significant translation risk.
Lament
Approved rendering: lamento / elegía
Transliteration: qinah
Doctrine: Mourning as an Expression of Covenant Loyalty
David’s formal laments over Saul, Jonathan, Abner, and Absalom (1:1-27; 3:31-39; 18:33), modeling honor and grief coexisting with, not contradicting, God’s covenant purposes and judgments. Standard vocabulary, minimal risk.
Referenced passages