Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Amos (Full Book)
How to Read This Glossary
- Baseline reuse = the term already exists in the Romans
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.jsonand MUST be reused exactly as recorded there. - New term (Amos) = the term is newly introduced by this curriculum and does not appear in the Romans baseline; a recommended Spanish rendering, risk tier, and rejected alternatives are proposed here for adoption into the shared translation memory going forward.
- Risk tiers (Critical / High / Medium / Low) use the identical definitions established in the Romans
doctrine_risk_registry.json. - All Amos citations use the “Amós” book-name form per Reina-Valera convention (e.g., Amós 5:24), consistent with the baseline’s cross-reference citation rules.
Glossary Table
| # | English Term | Hebrew (transliteration) | Spanish Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Day of the LORD | יוֹם יְהוָה yom YHWH | el día de Jehová (text); “el Día del Señor” (conventional doctrine-title gloss only) | New term (Amos) | Critical | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | ”el día del juicio final” (collapses into generic end-times judgment day, losing Amos’s specific covenant-lawsuit context); “el día de Dios” (loses the covenant-name specificity of YHWH) | Must be rendered “día de Jehová” in the running text (RV-lineage register mandated by the baseline), while the doctrine’s conventional Spanish theological label “el Día del Señor” may be used ONLY as a section heading, never interchangeably with the verse text, to avoid learner confusion between the two forms. |
| 2 | The divine name YHWH | יְהוָה YHWH | Jehová | New term (Amos) | Critical | Underlies all five curriculum doctrines | ”SEÑOR” (versalitas) — valid ecumenical alternative used by NVI/DHH/LBLA, but rejected here for internal consistency with the RV1960/RVA2015 register this Language Package standardizes on; “Yahveh” (transliteration used in some Catholic translations, e.g., Biblia de Jerusalén) — rejected as inconsistent with the mandated register | Every occurrence of YHWH in Amos must render as “Jehová,” never mixed with “SEÑOR” within the same curriculum, to preserve internal consistency per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rules. |
| 3 | Sovereign LORD / Lord GOD | אֲדֹנָי יְהוָה Adonai YHWH | el Señor Jehová | New term (Amos) | Critical | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; Day of the Lord | ”el Todopoderoso” (loses the specific divine-name pairing) | Frequent formula introducing oracles (1:8; 3:7-8; 4:2; etc.); “Señor” here reuses the baseline’s lord → Señor rendering but applied to Adonai (God the Father) rather than to Christ’s Lordship (kyrios) — teaching notes should clarify this is a distinct grammatical/theological referent from the baseline’s Romans 10:9 usage, though the same Spanish word is correctly used for both. |
| 4 | Transgression(s) | פֶּשַׁע pesha | transgresión | New term (Amos) | High | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | ”pecado” (too generic — collapses the specific covenant-treaty-violation sense into baseline’s general sin → pecado) | Distinct from, but related to, baseline sin → pecado. Use “transgresión” specifically for the “for three transgressions… and for four” refrain (chs. 1-2) to preserve its covenant-rebellion nuance; general sin-references elsewhere in Amos may still use “pecado.” |
| 5 | Justice (in the mishpat/tsedaqah pair) | מִשְׁפָּט mishpat | juicio | New term (Amos) | Critical | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | ”justicia” (used by NVI/DHH for both mishpat and tsedaqah, collapsing the Hebrew pair into a single Spanish word and losing the paired-term rhetorical structure); “derecho” (Biblia de Jerusalén’s choice — legally precise but risks a narrow legalistic reading disconnected from social ethics) | RV-register choice retained for baseline register consistency (Amós 5:24, echoed by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s “let justice roll down like waters”). REQUIRES a mandatory teaching note in every occurrence clarifying that “juicio” here means the active exercise of justice toward the poor/oppressed, not a legal verdict or the eschatological “día del juicio.” This is the single highest-priority forbidden-drift risk in this glossary. |
| 6 | Righteousness (in the mishpat/tsedaqah pair) | צְדָקָה tsedaqah | justicia | Baseline reuse (righteousness → justicia) | Critical | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | ”rectitud” (NVI’s choice for this specific pairing — rejected here to preserve baseline consistency with the Romans package’s righteousness → justicia) | Reuses the Romans baseline term exactly. Teaching notes should show learners that the SAME Spanish word “justicia” that carries forensic/soteriological weight in Romans (imputed righteousness) here carries covenant-ethical/social weight in Amos — one Hebrew/Greek-informed theological thread, two emphases, not a contradiction. |
| 7 | Poor / needy / afflicted | דַּל / עָנִי / אֶבְיוֹן dal / ‘ani / ‘evyon | pobre / necesitado / afligido | New term (Amos) | High | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | ”los desafortunados” (softens active exploitation into passive misfortune) | Amos uses at least three near-synonyms; all must retain the sense of victims of active socioeconomic exploitation, not merely people experiencing bad luck. |
| 8 | Oppress | עָשַׁק (root) ‘ashaq | oprimir | New term (Amos) | High | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | ”afectar,” “perjudicar” (too weak — imply incidental harm rather than deliberate exploitation) | Governs the book’s indictment vocabulary (trampling the poor, crushing the needy, cheating in the gate). |
| 9 | The gate (place of judgment) | שַׁעַר sha’ar | la puerta (juridical sense) | New term (Amos) | Medium-High | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | none rejected — clarifying gloss required rather than a different term | Modern readers need an explanatory note: the city gate functioned as the ancient Near Eastern courthouse; “establish justice in the gate” (5:15) means ensuring fair legal proceedings for the poor. |
| 10 | Feast(s) / festival(s) | חַג chag | fiesta(s) | New term (Amos) | High | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | ”celebración” (too generic, loses cultic-calendar specificity) | Must be anchored to the Mosaic pilgrim-festival calendar, not read as approval or rejection of festivity in general. |
| 11 | Solemn assembly | עֲצָרָה atzarah | asamblea solemne | New term (Amos) | Medium | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | ”reunión” (too weak/informal) | A formally convened sacred gathering, typically closing a festival period. |
| 12 | Burnt offering | עוֹלָה olah | holocausto | New term (Amos), standard Bible-tradition rendering | Medium | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | none — this is the stable cross-tradition Spanish Bible rendering | Distinguish from any NT sacramental category; this is Mosaic cultic vocabulary. |
| 13 | Grain offering | מִנְחָה minchah | ofrenda | New term (Amos) | Medium | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | ”tributo” (loses the specific cultic-offering sense) | Paired with olah and shelamim in 5:22. |
| 14 | Peace offering(s) | שְׁלָמִים shelamim | ofrenda(s) de paz | New term (Amos) | Medium | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | none | Third element of the sacrificial triad rejected in 5:22 despite its costliness. |
| 15 | Return / repent (covenantal) | שׁוּב shub | volver / regresar (a Jehová) | New term (Amos) | High | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual; Social Justice | ”arrepentirse” (valid but tends toward an individualized, internal-emotion reading; Amos’s shub is more corporately/covenantally framed as a response to specific divine disciplinary acts) | Structures the ch.4 refrain; must be taught as covenantal response to God’s discipline, not generic remorse. |
| 16 | Holy / holiness | קֹדֶשׁ qodesh | santo / santidad | Baseline reuse (holy → santo) | Medium | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual (God’s own holiness); underlies Sainthood doctrine elsewhere | none | Reused exactly per baseline; Amos applies it to God’s own character (4:2) and to the profaned “holy name” (2:7). |
| 17 | Prophet / to prophesy | נָבִיא / נבא nabi / nava | profeta / profetizar | Baseline reuse (prophet → profeta) | Low (baseline) / Medium in Amos’s calling-narrative context (7:14-15) | Divine Calling; Inspiration of Scripture | ”vidente,” “adivino” (already rejected in baseline — fortune-teller associations) | Reused exactly; ch.7’s Amaziah conflict raises the doctrinal stakes of this otherwise Low-risk baseline term. |
| 18 | Covenant knowledge / election (“you only have I known”) | יָדַע yada’ | conocer (elective/covenantal sense) | New term (Amos) | High | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; parallels baseline Divine Calling/Election | ”elegir” alone (loses the relational-intimacy nuance of yada’, though “elección” remains the correct baseline term for the related concept of election) | Must be taught alongside baseline election → elección (High risk) as a conceptual parallel, not substituted for it. |
| 19 | Secret / counsel (of God, disclosed to prophets) | סוֹד sod | secreto / consejo | New term (Amos) | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture (parallel doctrine) | “conocimiento oculto/esotérico” (risks resonance with folk-esoteric “secret knowledge” traditions) | Ties Amos’s prophetic authority claim to the baseline’s inspiration_of_scripture doctrine framework. |
| 20 | Roar (of the LORD) | שָׁאַג sha’ag | rugir | New term (Amos) | Medium | Day of the Lord; God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | ”hablar fuerte” (loses the fearsome, animalistic judgment imagery) | Frames the book’s opening (1:2) and reappears at 3:8. |
| 21 | Plumb line | אֲנָךְ anak | plomada | New term (Amos) | Medium | Day of the Lord as Judgment | ”regla de medir” (too generic, loses the specific construction-tool image) | Ch.7 vision; needs a brief construction-trade gloss for readers unfamiliar with the tool. |
| 22 | Basket of summer fruit / the end (wordplay) | קַיִץ / קֵץ qayits / qets | canasta de fruta de verano / el fin | New term (Amos) | High | Day of the Lord as Judgment | Any attempt to force an artificial Spanish pun — rejected as it would distort the text’s actual content rather than merely losing wordplay flavor | Requires an explicit translator’s footnote explaining the untranslatable Hebrew paronomasia. |
| 23 | Sheol (realm of the dead) | שְׁאוֹל Sheol | Seol | New term (Amos) | High | Day of the Lord as Judgment | ”infierno” (imports NT Gehenna/eternal-punishment connotations foreign to this OT term); “purgatorio” (imports a specifically Catholic doctrinal category absent from the Hebrew text) | Must be explicitly distinguished from both popular-Catholic “purgatorio” and generic “infierno” in teaching notes; Sheol here simply names the realm of the dead, used to illustrate inescapability, not a punitive afterlife destination. |
| 24 | Nations (surrounding polities under judgment) | גּוֹיִם goyim | naciones | New term (Amos), distinct from baseline gentiles | Medium | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | ”gentiles” (baseline term reserved for the NT Jew/Gentile theological category in Romans; Amos’s goyim refers to specific named historical polities under direct divine judgment, a related but distinct usage) | Use “naciones” for Amos’s nation-oracles (chs. 1-2, 9:7); reserve “gentiles” for contexts paralleling the Romans baseline’s Jew-Gentile unity theme. |
| 25 | Remnant | שְׁאֵרִית she’erit | remanente / resto | New term (Amos) | High | The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope) | “sobrevivientes” (too neutral/secular, loses covenant-theological weight) | Appears at 5:15 (remnant of Joseph) and 9:12 (remnant of Edom); must be taught as a positive, hope-bearing theological category anticipating restoration, connecting forward to Romans 11:5’s remnant theology. |
| 26 | The fallen tent/booth of David | סֻכַּת דָּוִיד הַנֹּפֶלֶת sukkat David hannophelet | el tabernáculo caído de David | New term (Amos) | Critical | The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope) | “la choza caída de David” (lexically closer to sukkah’s literal “hut/booth” sense but breaks with the RV1960 precedent and loses the tabernacle-associations useful for connecting to Acts 15 and the broader biblical “dwelling of God” motif); “el trono caído de David” (overinterprets — the Hebrew says “tent/booth,” not “throne,” though the referent is the collapsed dynasty) | The book’s central Messianic term. Must be taught in explicit connection to the Davidic covenant (baseline davidic_covenant, seed_of_david) and to Acts 15:16-17’s citation of this very verse at the Jerusalem Council. This is the highest-priority new term in the glossary alongside mishpat. |
| 27 | Sikkuth / Kiyyun (astral deities) | סִכּוּת / כִּיּוּן Sikkuth / Kiyyun | Sicut / Quiún (transliterated proper nouns) | New term (Amos) | Medium | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | Translating as generic “estrellas” (stars) — rejected, as it erases the proper-noun idol-deity reference the text intends | Textually difficult verse (5:26); render as transliterated proper nouns with a footnote acknowledging translation disputes across major versions. |
| 28 | Ephah / shekel / deceitful balances | אֵיפָה / שֶׁקֶל / מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה | efa / siclo / balanzas falsas | New term (Amos) | Medium | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | ”medidas y pesos” (too generic, loses the concrete ancient-commerce specificity, though acceptable as a simplifying gloss in children’s-level material) | Concrete commercial-fraud vocabulary (8:5); modern equivalent is rigged scales/price gouging — teaching note should draw this contemporary parallel. |
| 29 | Famine of hearing the words of the LORD | רָעָב לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶת־דִּבְרֵי יְהוָה | hambre de oír la palabra de Jehová | New term (Amos) | High | Day of the Lord as Judgment; parallels baseline Inspiration of Scripture | ”silencio de Dios” (too abstract/philosophical, loses the specific covenant-judgment framing) | Must be taught as a specific historical covenant-lawsuit judgment (8:11-12), not a general theological claim that God’s word becomes broadly unavailable. |
| 30 | Complacent / at ease (culpable) | שַׁאֲנָן sha’anan | complaciente / que vive cómodamente [sin preocuparse] | New term (Amos) | High | Social Justice and Care for the Poor; Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | ”tranquilo” (too neutral/positive — loses the culpable moral-blindness sense) | Ch.6’s opening indictment; comfort funded by exploitation, paired with moral anesthesia toward coming disaster. |
| 31 | Herdsman / dresser of sycamore figs (Amos’s calling) | בּוֹקֵר / בּוֹלֵס שִׁקְמִים boqer / boles shiqmim | pastor de ganado / cultivador de higos silvestres | New term (Amos) | Medium | Divine Calling (parallel to baseline calling/called) | none rejected — clarifying agricultural gloss required | Ch.7:14; establishes that prophetic calling is God-initiated, not guild-credentialed — direct thematic parallel to baseline’s calling → llamado (avoid “vocación” narrowing per baseline caution). |
| 32 | David | דָּוִד David | David | Baseline reuse (david → David) | Low | The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent | none | Reused exactly per baseline. |
| 33 | Israel | יִשְׂרָאֵל Yisra’el | Israel | Baseline reuse (israel → Israel) | Low | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; Social Justice | none | Reused exactly per baseline. |
| 34 | God | אֱלֹהִים Elohim | Dios | Baseline reuse (god → Dios) | Critical | All five curriculum doctrines | none | Reused exactly per baseline. |
| 35 | Sin (general) | חַטָּאָה chatta’ah | pecado | Baseline reuse (sin → pecado) | Medium (baseline) | Social Justice; Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | ”falta” (already rejected in baseline) | Reused exactly per baseline for Amos’s general sin-references, distinct from the more specific pesha (transgresión) entry above. |
| 36 | Covenant | בְּרִית berit | pacto | Baseline reuse (covenant → pacto) | High (baseline) | The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent; God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | ”alianza” (baseline-noted Catholic-tradition synonym, not used here) | Reused exactly per baseline; underlies the Davidic covenant background of ch.9 even though the word itself is not frequent in Amos’s own text. |
Forbidden Substitutions Introduced by This Glossary (to be added to Phase 2 enforcement rules)
- mishpat: NEVER render as bare “justicia” without pairing/distinguishing it from tsedaqah in the same verse; NEVER let “juicio” be taught as merely “the Last Judgment” or a courtroom verdict divorced from active social-justice content.
- sukkat David hannophelet: NEVER render as a purely architectural image (“una choza vieja”) without the Messianic/Davidic-covenant teaching note; NEVER decouple from Acts 15:16-17.
- Sheol: NEVER translate as “infierno” or “purgatorio.”
- pesha: NEVER collapse into generic “pecado” in the chs. 1-2 refrain.
- yom YHWH / Jehová: NEVER mix “Jehová” and “SEÑOR” (versalitas) within the same curriculum document.
Coverage Confirmation
All nine chapters of Amos have been analyzed for load-bearing theological vocabulary: Chapter 1 (oracles against nations, part 1), Chapter 2 (oracles against nations, part 2 + Israel), Chapter 3 (prophetic authority, election), Chapter 4 (ritual without repentance), Chapter 5 (core passage + lament/seek-God/Sikkuth material), Chapter 6 (complacency, coming exile), Chapter 7 (visions + Amaziah conflict + Amos’s calling), Chapter 8 (summer fruit/end, corrupt commerce, famine of the word), Chapter 9 (sovereignty over nations, restoration of David’s fallen tent). No chapter is silently omitted.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: Elohim / theos
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; underlies all five Amos curriculum doctrines
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Render exactly as ‘Dios’ in every Amos oracle; the speaker and subject of the entire book.
Lord
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: kyrios (Gk NT) / Adonai (Heb)
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ (Romans); underlies ‘el Señor Jehová’ compound title in Amos
Rejected alternatives: Señor mío (devotional-only, without lordship claim)
Inherited from Romans package. In Amos, ‘Señor’ is the component of the compound divine title ‘el Señor Jehová’ (Adonai YHWH) applied to God the Father/Adonai, a distinct referent from the Romans 10:9 kyrios-confession of Christ, though the same Spanish word correctly serves both — teach the distinction explicitly (see sovereign_lord entry below).
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercesión
Transliteration: hyperentynchanei / enteuxis (Gk)
Doctrine: Prophetic Intercession
Rejected alternatives: intercesión de los santos o de la Virgen como mediadores necesarios ante Dios
Inherited from Romans package. Amos’s direct plea to God after the locust/fire visions (7:2-3, 5-6) models unmediated prophetic intercession; must never be filtered through a saint/Marian-mediation framework.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesías
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Rejected alternatives: un ungido más, entre otros santos o profetas venerados
Inherited from Romans package. The unique OT-promised Anointed One in whom Amos 9:11’s Davidic restoration is fulfilled (Acts 15:16-17).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia
Transliteration: dikaiosynē (Gk) / tsedaqah (Heb)
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: rectitud (NVI’s choice for this specific Hebrew pairing — rejected to preserve baseline consistency), mérito acumulado
Inherited from Romans package (righteousness → justicia). In Amos, this same Spanish word renders tsedaqah, the ethical-social half of the mishpat/tsedaqah pair (5:24, 5:7, 5:15). Teaching notes must show learners that the SAME word carries forensic/soteriological weight in Romans but covenant-ethical/social weight in Amos — one theological thread, two emphases, never a contradiction.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: día de Jehová
Transliteration: yom YHWH
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: el día del juicio final (collapses into generic end-times judgment, losing Amos’s covenant-lawsuit reversal), el día de Dios (loses YHWH’s covenant-name specificity)
Original: יוֹם יְהוָה
Category: Eschatology
New term (Amos). Render running text as ‘el día de Jehová.’ Reserve ‘el Día del Señor’ only as a doctrine-title section heading, never interchangeably with verse text. Every occurrence (esp. 5:18-20) requires a teaching note naming the rhetorical reversal: Israel expected vindication over enemies; Amos declares judgment on Israel itself.
Divine Name Yhwh
Approved rendering: Jehová
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: Underlies all five Amos curriculum doctrines
Rejected alternatives: SEÑOR (versalitas) — valid ecumenical NVI/DHH/LBLA alternative, rejected for RV-register consistency, Yahveh (Biblia de Jerusalén transliteration)
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
New term (Amos). Render every occurrence of YHWH as ‘Jehová.’ Never mix with ‘SEÑOR’ or ‘Yahveh’ within this curriculum.
Sovereign Lord
Approved rendering: el Señor Jehová
Transliteration: Adonai YHWH
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: el Todopoderoso (loses the specific divine-name pairing)
Original: אֲדֹנָי יְהוָה
Category: God
New term (Amos). Compound oracle-introduction formula (1:8; 3:7-8; 4:2). ‘Señor’ here reuses the baseline lord → Señor rendering but applies to Adonai/God the Father, a distinct referent from Christ’s kyrios-lordship in Romans 10:9; teaching notes must clarify this distinction even though the Spanish word is identical and correctly so.
Mishpat Justice
Approved rendering: juicio
Transliteration: mishpat
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: justicia (NVI/DHH’s choice for both mishpat and tsedaqah, collapsing the Hebrew rhetorical pair into one Spanish word), derecho (Biblia de Jerusalén’s choice — legally precise but risks a narrow legalistic reading)
Original: מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Social Justice
New term (Amos). RV-register choice for RV-lineage consistency (Amós 5:24, echoed by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s ‘let justice roll down like waters’). SINGLE HIGHEST-PRIORITY FORBIDDEN-DRIFT RISK in this glossary: mandatory teaching note at EVERY occurrence clarifying ‘juicio’ means the active, sustained exercise of justice toward the poor/oppressed, never a legal verdict or ‘el día del juicio final.’ Always taught paired with ‘justicia’ (tsedaqah) as one Hebrew rhetorical unit, never split into two unrelated ideas.
Fallen Tent Of David
Approved rendering: el tabernáculo caído de David
Transliteration: sukkat David hannophelet
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Rejected alternatives: la choza caída de David (lexically closer to sukkah’s literal sense but breaks with RV1960 precedent and loses tabernacle-associations useful for Acts 15), el trono caído de David (overinterprets — the Hebrew says ‘tent/booth,’ not ‘throne’)
Original: סֻכַּת דָּוִיד הַנֹּפֶלֶת
Category: Messianic Hope
New term (Amos). The book’s central Messianic term (9:11). CRITICAL: never reduce to a purely architectural image; must be taught in explicit connection to the Davidic covenant (2 Samuel 7) and to Acts 15:16-17’s citation of this verse at the Jerusalem Council as fulfilled in Christ and the inclusion of the Gentiles.
High Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: diathēkē (Gk) / berit (Heb)
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent; God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: alianza (valid Catholic-tradition synonym, not used here), contrato legal
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the Davidic-covenant background of Amos ch. 9 even though the word itself is infrequent in Amos’s own Hebrew text; also underlies the accountability logic of chs. 1-3.
Election
Approved rendering: elección
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Covenant Election and Accountability (parallel doctrine)
Rejected alternatives: destino, suerte
Inherited from Romans package. Cross-referenced, never substituted, alongside the new Amos term ‘conocer’ (yada’) at 3:2; avoid fatalistic destino/suerte framing in both.
Calling
Approved rendering: llamado
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Prophetic Authority and Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocación (narrow priesthood/religious-life sense)
Inherited from Romans package. Governs Amos’s own calling narrative (7:14-15); never use ‘vocación’ for Amos’s God-initiated, non-guild commissioning.
Called
Approved rendering: llamado
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Prophetic Authority and Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: convocado
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to Amos’s own prophetic summons; context-sensitive per baseline usage rules.
Transgression
Approved rendering: transgresión
Transliteration: pesha
Doctrine: Covenant Rebellion (Transgression); God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: pecado (too generic — collapses the specific covenant-treaty-violation sense into the baseline’s general sin → pecado)
Original: פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
New term (Amos). Governs the eightfold ‘for three transgressions… and for four’ refrain (chs. 1-2). Distinct from, but related to, baseline sin → pecado; general sin-references elsewhere in Amos still use ‘pecado.‘
Poor Needy Afflicted
Approved rendering: pobre / necesitado / afligido
Transliteration: dal / ‘ani / ‘evyon
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: los desafortunados (softens active exploitation into passive misfortune, erasing exploiter culpability)
Original: דַּל / עָנִי / אֶבְיוֹן
Category: Social Justice
New term (Amos). Near-synonym cluster; use all three terms, never reduced to a single word, to preserve cumulative rhetorical weight. Must retain the sense of victims of active socioeconomic exploitation.
Oppress
Approved rendering: oprimir
Transliteration: ‘ashaq
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: afectar, perjudicar (imply incidental harm rather than deliberate exploitation)
Original: עָשַׁק
Category: Social Justice
New term (Amos). Governs the book’s indictment vocabulary (2:6-8; 4:1; 8:4).
The Gate
Approved rendering: la puerta
Transliteration: sha’ar
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: שַׁעַר
Category: Social Justice
New term (Amos). The ancient Near Eastern site of legal proceedings (5:10, 12, 15). Every occurrence requires a standing explanatory teaching note identifying the gate as the courthouse-equivalent; without it, readers will miss that ‘establecer el juicio en la puerta’ means ensuring fair trials for the poor.
Feast
Approved rendering: fiesta(s)
Transliteration: chag
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: celebración (too generic, loses cultic-calendar specificity)
Original: חַג
Category: Worship and Ritual
New term (Amos). Must be anchored to the Mosaic pilgrim-festival calendar (5:21); never taught as blanket rejection of celebration or festivity in general.
Return Repent
Approved rendering: volver / regresar a Jehová
Transliteration: shub
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual; Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: arrepentirse (dominant everyday devotional default; tends toward individualized, internal-emotion reading rather than corporate covenantal response to divine discipline)
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Covenant
New term (Amos). Structures the ch. 4 refrain ‘yet you did not return to me.’ ‘Arrepentirse’ is explicitly flagged as the forbidden default substitution for this specific refrain; it remains acceptable elsewhere in general repentance contexts outside this refrain.
Covenant Election Yada
Approved rendering: conocer
Transliteration: yada’
Doctrine: Covenant Election and Accountability
Rejected alternatives: elegir alone (loses the relational-intimacy nuance, though ‘elección’ remains correct for the related baseline concept)
Original: יָדַע
Category: Covenant
New term (Amos). ‘You only have I known’ (3:2) — covenant-election intimacy, not mere cognitive awareness. Must be taught alongside baseline election → elección as a conceptual parallel, never substituted. Preserves the verse’s logic: greater covenant knowledge produces greater accountability, not exemption.
Prophetic Intercession
Approved rendering: intercesión / interceder
Transliteration: selach
Doctrine: Prophetic Intercession
Rejected alternatives: intercesión de los santos o de la Virgen como mediadores necesarios ante Dios
Original: סְלַח
Category: Prayer and Intercession
New term (Amos), reusing the baseline’s Critical-risk caution on intercesión → intercesión. Amos’s direct plea ‘Señor Jehová, te ruego que perdones’ (7:2-3, 5-6) models unmediated prophetic intercession; never filtered through a saint/Marian-mediation framework.
Summer Fruit End Wordplay
Approved rendering: canasta de fruta de verano / el fin
Transliteration: qayits / qets
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: any forced artificial Spanish pun — rejected as it would distort the text’s content rather than merely lose wordplay flavor
Original: קַיִץ / קֵץ
Category: Eschatology
New term (Amos). Untranslatable Hebrew paronomasia (8:1-2). Requires an explicit translator’s footnote explaining the pun rather than attempting a matching Spanish pun.
Sheol
Approved rendering: Seol
Transliteration: Sheol
Doctrine: The Inescapability of Divine Judgment
Rejected alternatives: infierno (imports NT Gehenna/eternal-punishment connotations foreign to this OT term), purgatorio (imports a specifically Catholic doctrinal category absent from the Hebrew text)
Original: שְׁאוֹל
Category: Eschatology
New term (Amos). Standard Spanish Bible transliteration (9:2). NEVER translate as ‘infierno’ or ‘purgatorio.’ Sheol here is simply the realm of the dead, illustrating inescapability, not a punitive afterlife destination.
Remnant
Approved rendering: remanente / resto
Transliteration: she’erit
Doctrine: Remnant Theology; The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent
Rejected alternatives: sobrevivientes (too neutral/secular, loses covenant-theological weight)
Original: שְׁאֵרִית
Category: Messianic Hope
New term (Amos). Appears at 5:15 (remnant of Joseph) and 9:12 (remnant of Edom). Must be taught as a positive, hope-bearing theological category; render consistently with Romans 11:5’s remnant concept for cross-document consistency.
Seek The Lord
Approved rendering: buscar a Jehová
Transliteration: darash
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: buscar [ayuda/favor/milagro] via a saint, the Virgin, a shrine, or a curandero
Original: דָּרַשׁ
Category: Covenant
New term (Amos). Covenantal seeking of God, contrasted with seeking at Bethel/Gilgal/Beersheba (5:4-6). Must always be taught paired with the negative contrast clause (5:5) in the same teaching unit.
Bethel Gilgal
Approved rendering: Betel / Gilgal
Transliteration: Beit-El / ha-Gilgal
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism; Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
New term (Amos). Proper place names; both sites were originally legitimate patriarchal/covenant-memorial locations (Genesis 28; Joshua 4) later corrupted into syncretistic royal shrines (4:4-5; 5:5). Without background teaching, this irony is invisible; requires an explicit historical note at first occurrence.
She Erit Edom Inclusion
Approved rendering: el remanente de Edom / todas las naciones sobre las cuales es invocado mi nombre
Transliteration: she’erit Edom
Doctrine: Unity and Inclusion of the Nations in Restoration
Rejected alternatives: a narrowly nationalistic reading limiting restoration to ethnic Israel reconquering Edom
New term (Amos). 9:12’s Gentile-inclusion scope, cited in Acts 15 as proof-text for Gentile inclusion in the church apart from circumcision/Torah observance. Must retain full, unqualified universal scope, consistent with the baseline’s unity_of_jews_and_gentiles handling in Romans.
Medium Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: hagios (Gk) / qodesh (Heb)
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual (God’s own holiness); Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Rejected alternatives: puro en sentido ritual
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly for Amos’s qodesh (4:2, God’s own holy character; 2:7, God’s ‘holy name’ profaned by covenant-community abuse).
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: hamartia (Gk) / chatta’ah (Heb)
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor; Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: falta (minimizing euphemism)
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved for Amos’s general sin-references (chatta’ah); distinct from the more specific covenant-rebellion term pesha (see transgression entry below), which must NOT be collapsed into ‘pecado’.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: prophētēs (Gk) / nabi (Heb)
Doctrine: Prophetic Authority and Divine Calling; Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: vidente, adivino
Inherited from Romans package. Amos’s calling narrative (7:14-15) raises the doctrinal stakes of this otherwise Low-risk baseline term by grounding prophetic authority in direct divine commissioning rather than guild credentials.
Providence
Approved rendering: providencia
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: destino, la suerte
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background concept for Amos 9:7’s claim of God’s governance over every nation’s history.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendencia de David
Transliteration: sperma Dauid
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Inherited from Romans package. Background covenant vocabulary connecting Amos 9:11 forward to the NT’s Davidic-descent Christology.
Solemn Assembly
Approved rendering: asamblea solemne
Transliteration: atzarah
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: reunión (too weak/informal)
Original: עֲצָרָה
Category: Worship and Ritual
New term (Amos). A formally convened sacred gathering, typically closing a festival period (5:21).
Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: holocausto
Transliteration: olah
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Original: עוֹלָה
Category: Worship and Ritual
New term (Amos). Stable cross-tradition Spanish Bible rendering (5:22). Requires a one-time clarifying footnote at first occurrence distinguishing the OT cultic-offering sense from modern Spanish’s dominant Shoah association.
Grain Offering
Approved rendering: ofrenda
Transliteration: minchah
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: tributo (loses the specific cultic-offering sense)
Original: מִנְחָה
Category: Worship and Ritual
New term (Amos). Second element of the sacrificial triad rejected in 5:22.
Peace Offering
Approved rendering: ofrenda(s) de paz
Transliteration: shelamim
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Original: שְׁלָמִים
Category: Worship and Ritual
New term (Amos). Third, costliest element of the triad rejected in 5:22 despite its expense — God’s rejection is of ritual detached from justice, not of insufficient religious effort.
Nazirite
Approved rendering: nazareo
Transliteration: nazir
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Original: נָזִיר
Category: Worship and Ritual
New term (Amos). One under a vow of consecrated abstention (2:12), forced by Israel to break their vow. Largely unfamiliar to modern readers; requires a brief explanatory gloss on the Nazirite vow (Numbers 6).
Secret Counsel
Approved rendering: secreto / consejo
Transliteration: sod
Doctrine: Prophetic Authority and Divine Calling; Inspiration of Scripture (parallel)
Rejected alternatives: conocimiento oculto/esotérico (risks resonance with folk-esoteric ‘secret knowledge’ traditions)
Original: סוֹד
Category: Prophecy
New term (Amos). God’s intimate deliberative counsel disclosed specifically to his prophets (3:7).
Roar Of The Lord
Approved rendering: rugir
Transliteration: sha’ag
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment; God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: hablar fuerte (loses the fearsome, animalistic judgment imagery)
Original: שָׁאַג
Category: Divine Judgment
New term (Amos). Frames the book’s opening (1:2) and reappears at 3:8.
Altar
Approved rendering: altar
Transliteration: mizbeach
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual; Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Original: מִזְבֵּחַ
Category: Worship and Ritual
New term (Amos). The corrupted/syncretistic altar(s) of Bethel (3:14; 9:1); judgment in ch. 9 ironically begins precisely at this worship site.
Exile Captivity
Approved rendering: cautividad / destierro
Transliteration: galut / galah
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment; God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Original: גָּלוּת / גָּלָה
Category: Covenant
New term (Amos). Covenant-curse exile as the culminating judgment (cf. Leviticus 26, Deuteronomy 28). Tie explicitly to covenant-curse theology, not generic military defeat; connects forward to ch. 9’s restoration/reversal.
Plumb Line
Approved rendering: plomada
Transliteration: anak
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: regla de medir (too generic, loses the specific construction-tool image)
Original: אֲנָךְ
Category: Divine Judgment
New term (Amos). Ch. 7 vision; God measures Israel against his own standard. Obscure/technical term for modern readers; requires a brief construction-trade gloss. Ties judgment to an objective divine standard, not arbitrary punishment.
Herdsman Dresser Of Figs
Approved rendering: pastor de ganado / cultivador de higos silvestres
Transliteration: boqer / boles shiqmim
Doctrine: Prophetic Authority and Divine Calling
Original: בּוֹקֵר / בּוֹלֵס שִׁקְמִים
Category: Divine Calling
New term (Amos). Amos’s actual, non-guild rural trade (7:14), cited to deny professional-prophet credentials while insisting on direct divine commissioning. Needs a cultural-agricultural gloss; must not be read as diminishing Amos’s authority — the opposite is intended.
Sea Serpent
Approved rendering: serpiente
Transliteration: nachash
Doctrine: The Inescapability of Divine Judgment
Original: נָחָשׁ
Category: Divine Judgment
New term (Amos). A sea-serpent/deep-sea creature commanded by God to pursue the guilty (9:3). Should not be conflated with the Genesis 3 serpent without a clarifying note.
Nations
Approved rendering: naciones
Transliteration: goyim
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: gentiles (baseline term RESERVED for the Romans/NT Jew-Gentile ecclesiological category — see forbidden substitutions)
Original: גּוֹיִם
Category: Nations
New term (Amos), distinct from baseline gentiles → gentiles. Use for Amos’s nation-oracles (chs. 1-2, 9:7) — concrete historical polities under direct divine judgment.
Sikkuth Kiyyun
Approved rendering: Sicut / Quiún
Transliteration: Sikkuth / Kiyyun
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Rejected alternatives: estrellas (generic ‘stars’ — erases the proper-noun idol-deity reference the text intends)
Original: סִכּוּת / כִּיּוּן
Category: Worship and Ritual
New term (Amos). Names of Mesopotamian astral deities, evidence of syncretistic worship (5:26). Textually difficult verse; requires a translator’s footnote acknowledging alternate renderings across major versions.
Planting Permanence
Approved rendering: plantar / nunca más serán arrancados
Transliteration: nata’ / lo yinnatshu
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Original: נָטַע / לֹא יִנָּתְשׁוּ
Category: Messianic Hope
New term (Amos). Agricultural permanence-of-restoration image (9:15), the deliberate positive reversal of the exile/uprooting judgment language of chs. 1-6.
Lament
Approved rendering: lamento
Transliteration: qinah
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Original: קִינָה
Category: Divine Judgment
New term (Amos). A formal funeral-dirge genre applied prophetically to a still-living nation (5:1); Amos mourns Israel as already dead, reinforcing certainty (not mere possibility) of judgment.
Vision
Approved rendering: visión
Transliteration: chazon / hir’ani
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture (parallel); Prophetic Authority and Divine Calling
Original: חָזוֹן / הִרְאַנִי
Category: Prophecy
New term (Amos). Standard prophetic revelatory-vision vocabulary structuring the five visions of chs. 7-9.
Low Risk Terms
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Nations
Inherited from Romans package. Standard proper name; primary addressee of Amos’s judgment oracles.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Standard proper name; subject of the ch. 9 restoration oracle.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profecía
Transliteration: prophēteia (Gk) / nevu’ah (Heb)
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture; Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: horóscopo, predicción esotérica
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to Amos’s own oracular material and to its NT fulfillment (Acts 15:16-17 citing Amos 9:11-12).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: gentiles
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles (Romans-specific)
Rejected alternatives: paganos (pejorative)
Inherited from Romans package. RESERVED EXCLUSIVELY for the Romans/NT Jew-Gentile ecclesiological category. NEVER use for Amos’s goyim (concrete historical nations under judgment); use the new term ‘naciones’ instead. See forbidden substitutions.
Referenced passages