Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Joshua (English → Spanish)
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. Terms marked (TM reuse) carry the identical Spanish rendering already fixed in the baseline and MUST NOT be altered. All other terms are new registrations proposed for incorporation into an updated translation memory in Phase 2. Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework (Critical / High / Medium / Low) and routing conventions (Critical/High → human theologian; Medium → native speaker; Low → automated).
| # | English Term | Hebrew (translit.) | LXX Greek (translit.) | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LORD (YHWH) | יְהוָה (YHWH) | κύριος (kyrios) | Jehová | Critical | God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise; Covenant Renewal | 1, 3-6, 21, 24 (throughout) | New registry entry yhwh_lord, distinct from baseline lord (Señor, reserved for κύριος/Christ’s lordship in the NT per Romans 10:9). Never interchange “Jehová” and “Señor” within this curriculum. Alternatives rejected: “el SEÑOR” (valid in other Spanish Bible traditions but inconsistent with this Language Package’s RV1960/RVA2015 anchor), “Yahvé” (Catholic-tradition transliteration, inconsistent with anchor tradition). |
| 2 | God (true God) | אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) | θεός (theos) | Dios | Critical (TM reuse) | All doctrines | throughout | Capitalized, singular referent only. |
| 3 | gods (foreign) | אֱלֹהִים (elohim, plural referent) | θεοί (theoi) | dioses | High | Covenant Renewal; Holy War | 24:14-15, 23:16, 24:20, 23 | Lowercase plural, never capitalized; must be typographically distinct from “Dios” (#2). |
| 4 | serve | עָבַד (avad) | λατρεύω (latreuō) | servir | High | Covenant Renewal; Obedience | 22:5, 24 (throughout) | Must convey exclusive, total allegiance, not generic religious activity. |
| 5 | fear (reverence) | יָרֵא (yare’) | φοβέομαι (phobeomai) | temer | Medium | Covenant Renewal | 4:14, 24:14 | Distinguish reverent covenant fear from punitive/servile dread and from the Canaanites’ terror (#6). |
| 6 | fear (terror, of the nations) | אֵימָה/פַּחַד (eimah/pachad) | φόβος (phobos) | terror / temor | Medium | Rahab Inclusion; Holy War | 2:9-11, 5:1 | Do not conflate with covenant “temer” (#5) in teaching materials. |
| 7 | choose | בָּחַר (bachar) | αἱρέομαι/ἐκλέγομαι | escoger | High | Covenant Renewal | 24:15, 22 | Cross-reference baseline election (elección) — same root, opposite direction of agency (God chooses believer vs. Israel chooses God); do not present as contradictory. |
| 8 | sincerity / integrity | תָּמִים (tamim) | εὐθύτης (euthytēs) | integridad | Medium | Covenant Renewal | 24:14 | Must retain covenantal (undivided loyalty) force, not generic personal-ethics sense. |
| 9 | faithfulness / truth | אֱמֶת (emet) | ἀλήθεια/δικαιοσύνη | verdad | Medium | Covenant Renewal; God’s Faithfulness | 24:14, 2:12, 14 | Relational covenant reliability, not abstract philosophical truth. |
| 10 | put away | סוּר (sur, hiphil) | περιαιρέω (periaireō) | quitar | Low-Medium | Covenant Renewal | 24:14, 23 | Decisive, once-for-all renunciation; do not soften imperative force. |
| 11 | covenant | בְּרִית (brit) | διαθήκη (diathēkē) | pacto | High (TM reuse) | Covenant Renewal | 3-4, 9, 24 | Never “alianza.” Note multiple distinct covenant instances across the book (Gibeon, Shechem) — do not conflate parties/terms. |
| 12 | law / Book of the Law | תּוֹרָה (torah) | νόμος (nomos) | ley | High (TM reuse) | Obedience and the Conquest | 1, 8, 23-24 | — |
| 13 | holy | קָדוֹשׁ (qadosh) | ἅγιος (hagios) | santo | High (TM reuse) | Covenant Renewal; Obedience | 3:5, 24:19 | — |
| 14 | holy ground | קֹדֶשׁ (qodesh) | ἅγιος τόπος | tierra santa (lowercase) | High | Courage through God’s Presence | 5:15 | Must not be read as referring to the modern geographic/pilgrimage designation “Tierra Santa” (capitalized). Localized cultural-collision risk unique to this curriculum. |
| 15 | ark of the covenant | אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית (aron ha-brit) | κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης | arca del pacto | High | God’s Faithfulness; Obedience | 3-4, 6, 8 | Never “arca de la alianza” — parallels baseline covenant ruling exactly. |
| 16 | sanctify / consecrate | הִתְקַדֵּשׁ (hitqadesh) | ἁγνίζομαι (hagnizomai) | santificarse | Medium | Obedience; Holy War | 3:5, 7:13 | Relational/covenantal preparation, not ritual-purity act divorced from meaning. |
| 17 | be strong and courageous | חֲזַק וֶאֱמָץ (chazaq ve-ematz) | ἴσχυε καὶ ἀνδρίζου | esforzarse y ser valiente | High | Courage through God’s Presence | 1:6-9, 18; 10:25 | Must be anchored explicitly to divine presence (“porque Jehová… estará contigo”), not secular self-help/motivational framing. |
| 18 | meditate | הָגָה (hagah) | μελετάω (meletaō) | meditar | Low | Obedience and the Conquest | 1:8 | Guard against generic mindfulness sense. |
| 19 | prosper / succeed | צָלַח (tsalach) | εὐοδόω (euodoō) | prosperar | Medium | Obedience and the Conquest | 1:8 | Must remain tied to obedience to the Law; guard against prosperity-gospel misreading. |
| 20 | cross over | עָבַר (avar) | διαβαίνω (diabainō) | cruzar / pasar | Low | God’s Faithfulness; Rest | 1, 3-4 | — |
| 21 | harlot | זוֹנָה (zonah) | πόρνη (pornē) | ramera | High | Rahab and Inclusion of the Nations by Faith | 2, 6:17, 22-25 | Must NOT be euphemistically softened — the doctrine depends on the bluntness of her social status contrasted with her faith-inclusion. |
| 22 | kindness and truth | חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת (chesed ve-emet) | ἔλεος καὶ ἀλήθεια | misericordia y verdad | Medium | Rahab and Inclusion of the Nations by Faith | 2:12, 14 | Covenant-loyalty language distinct from baseline grace (gracia); do not substitute “gracia.” |
| 23 | sign | אוֹת (ot) | σημεῖον (sēmeion) | señal | Low | Rahab and Inclusion of the Nations by Faith | 2:12, 18 | — |
| 24 | circumcision | מוּל/מִילָה (mul/milah) | περιτομή (peritomē) | circuncisión | Medium | Obedience and the Conquest | 5:2-9 | Teach in Joshua-specific covenant-renewal context, not solely via later Pauline debates. |
| 25 | Passover | פֶּסַח (pesach) | πάσχα (pascha) | Pascua | Low | God’s Faithfulness | 5:10-11 | Anchor to Exodus/Joshua setting, distinct from Christian Easter observance context. |
| 26 | commander of the army of the LORD | שַׂר־צְבָא־יְהוָה | ἀρχιστράτηγος δυνάμεως κυρίου | Príncipe del ejército de Jehová | High | Courage through God’s Presence | 5:14-15 | Christologically sensitive (possible theophany); flag for theologian review, avoid overconfident identification. |
| 27 | devoted to destruction / the ban | חֵרֶם (cherem) | ἀνάθεμα (anathema) | anatema / destruir por completo | Critical | Holy War and Divine Judgment | 6-8, 10-11 | Highest-stakes term in the book. Must not be softened into ordinary war vocabulary nor read as license for indiscriminate violence beyond its unique conquest-era, divinely commanded scope. Human theologian review on every occurrence. |
| 28 | shout / trumpet | תְּרוּעָה/שׁוֹפָר | κραυγή/σάλπιγξ | grito (de guerra) / trompeta | Low | Obedience and the Conquest | 6 | — |
| 29 | sin | חֵטְא/חָטָא | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | pecado | High (TM reuse) | Holy War and Divine Judgment | 7 | Never “falta.” |
| 30 | covet | חָמַד (chamad) | ἐπιθυμέω (epithymeō) | codiciar | Medium | Holy War and Divine Judgment | 7:21 | Connect explicitly to the Decalogue’s coveting prohibition. |
| 31 | the LORD fought for Israel | נִלְחַם יְהוָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל | συνεπολέμησεν κύριος | Jehová peleaba/luchaba por Israel | High | Holy War and Divine Judgment | 10:14, 42 | Preserve agentive combatant force; do not weaken to “ayudar/apoyar.” |
| 32 | as the LORD commanded Moses | כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה אֶת־מֹשֶחה | ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ | como Jehová lo había mandado a Moisés | High | Obedience and the Conquest | 11, and throughout chs. 6-11 | Fixed formula; render identically at every occurrence (Theological Consistency Rule). |
| 33 | land had rest / the LORD gave them rest | שָׁקְטָה/נָח (shaqat/nuach) | κατέπαυσεν (katepausen); κατάπαυσις (katapausis, noun) | reposo | Critical | Rest in the Promised Land as a Type of Salvation Rest | 11:23, 21:44, 22:4 | Render identically (“reposo”) at every occurrence to preserve the Hebrew→LXX→NT (Hebrews 3-4) lexical chain. Never vary with “descanso”/“tranquilidad.” |
| 34 | inheritance | נַחֲלָה (nachalah) | κληρονομία (klēronomia) | heredad | Critical | God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise | 1, 13-21 | ”Herencia” acceptable in abstract contexts; “heredad” preferred for the specific surveyed land-portion sense. Teach as both literal-historical AND theologically paradigmatic. |
| 35 | lot / cast lots | גּוֹרָל (goral) | κλῆρος (klēros) | suerte (only in “echar suertes”) | High | God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise | 13-19 | Direct collision with baseline’s rejection of “suerte” for providence/election (fatalism risk). Use only in the fixed idiom “echar suertes”; always pair with a teaching note distinguishing divinely-superintended lot-casting from vernacular chance/fatalism. |
| 36 | wholly followed the LORD | מִלֵּא אַחֲרֵי יְהוָה | ἐπηκολούθησεν ὀπίσω κυρίου | siguió fielmente a Jehová | Medium | Obedience and the Conquest | 14:8-9, 14 | Connect to 24:14’s “integridad” (#8) as the same wholehearted-loyalty theme. |
| 37 | boundary / border | גְּבוּל (gevul) | ὅριον (horion) | límite / territorio | Low | God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise | 15-19 | — |
| 38 | refuge / city of refuge | מִקְלָט (miqlat) | φυγαδευτήριον (phygadeutērion) | ciudad de refugio | Medium | Rest (typological); Obedience | 20 | Do not equate with Catholic ecclesiastical-sanctuary/asylum tradition; keep OT judicial background primary. |
| 39 | avenger of blood | גֹּאֵל הַדָּם (go’el ha-dam) | ὁ ἀγχιστεύων τὸ αἷμα | vengador de la sangre | Medium-High | Holy War and Divine Judgment | 20 | Same root as “redeemer” (go’el) elsewhere — do NOT render “redentor” here; sense-disambiguate contextually across future curricula. |
| 40 | manslayer | רֹצֵח (rotseach) | φονευτής | homicida | Low | — | 20 | — |
| 41 | peace | שָׁלוֹם (shalom) | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | paz | Medium (TM reuse) | Covenant Renewal | 22 | Communal/covenantal peace here; distinguish from, but do not disconnect from, baseline’s soteriological “peace with God” sense. |
| 42 | cling to / hold fast | דָּבַק (davaq) | προσκολλάομαι | allegarse a / seguir unidos a | Medium | Covenant Renewal; Courage | 22:5, 23:8 | Teach alongside “servir” and “temer” as complementary covenant-loyalty vocabulary. |
| 43 | snare / trap | מוֹקֵשׁ/פַּח (moqesh/pach) | σκάνδαλον/παγίς | lazo / trampa | High | Holy War and Divine Judgment; Covenant Renewal | 23:13 | Direct scriptural parallel to baseline’s documented contemporary syncretism risk (Espiritismo, Santería, curanderismo) — apply with explicit contemporary pastoral relevance. |
| 44 | witness (stone) | עֵד (ed) | μαρτύριον (martyrion) | piedra testigo / testigo | Low | Covenant Renewal | 24:26-27 | Legal/judicial “witness” image; useful teaching device for covenant seriousness. |
| 45 | household | בַּיִת (bayit) | οἶκος (oikos) | casa | Low | Covenant Renewal | 24:15, 2:12-19 | — |
| 46 | Amorite | אֱמֹרִי (Emori) | Ἀμορραῖος (Amorraios) | amorreo | Low | Holy War; God’s Faithfulness | 24:15, throughout | Standard ethnonym; cross-reference conquest narrative for full doctrinal weight. |
| 47 | Egypt | מִצְרַיִם (Mitzrayim) | Αἴγυπτος (Aigyptos) | Egipto | Low | God’s Faithfulness | 24:14, 5:9 | — |
| 48 | this day | הַיּוֹם (hayom) | σήμερον (sēmeron) | hoy | Low | Covenant Renewal | 24:14-15 | Rhetorical present-tense force of covenant decision; retain. |
Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 | Human theologian (every occurrence) |
| High | 13 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 15 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 15 | Automated review |
Total glossary terms (new + TM-reuse citations): 48, drawn from every chapter of Joshua (1–24). Chapters 12 and 15–19 are explicitly reviewed and noted as introducing no new Critical/High risk theological vocabulary beyond terms already registered in earlier chapters (see 07_semantic_analysis.md).
This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation begins for the Joshua curriculum. All baseline Romans entries remain unchanged and authoritative; no entry in this glossary overrides or contradicts a baseline entry.
Critical Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Señor mío (devotional-only, without lordship claim over the whole of life)
Inherited from Romans package. In the Joshua curriculum this term must never be used to render YHWH — see the new entry ‘yhwh_lord’ (‘Jehová’). Reserved exclusively for κύριος applied to Christ (Romans 10:9). This Jehová/Señor boundary is the single most consequential name-distinction in the whole Language Package once Joshua is added to the curriculum.
God
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: theos / Elohim / YHWH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: אֱלֹהִים (Elohim, singular referent to the true God) [LXX: θεός, theos]
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Capitalized, singular referent to the one true God only. In Joshua this must never be conflated with the identical Hebrew plural form ‘elohim’ used for foreign gods — see the new entry ‘gods_foreign’ (lowercase ‘dioses’).
Saints
Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: los santos (canonizados, objeto de veneración e intercesión)
Inherited from Romans package. Not itself a Joshua-text term, but its caution against a canonized-veneration reading of ‘santo’ is the direct background for every occurrence of ‘santo’ in Joshua (holy ground, self-consecration, God’s character); confirm in teaching apparatus these mean set-apart/pure, never canonized-and-venerated.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesús
Transliteration: Iēsous / Yeshua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Must remain entirely distinct from ‘Josué’ (see new entry ‘joshua_name’) despite both names deriving from the same Hebrew root via the LXX’s Iēsous. Never interchange, blend, or imply the two names are the same word.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza impersonal, un espíritu guía o ancestral
Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant background for Joshua 23:13’s warning against the ‘snare’ (see new entry ‘snare_trap’) of adopting the surrounding nations’ religious practices — the same live syncretism risk (Espiritismo, Santería) the baseline already documents for this term.
Yhwh Lord
Approved rendering: Jehová
Transliteration: YHWH [LXX: kyrios]
Doctrine: The Divine Name and Exclusive Worship
Rejected alternatives: Señor (reserved for κύριος applied to Christ per baseline), Yahvé (Catholic-tradition transliteration, inconsistent with this Language Package’s RV1960/RVA2015 anchor), el SEÑOR (valid in other Spanish Bible traditions but inconsistent with the RV1960/RVA2015 anchor)
Original: יְהוָה (YHWH) [LXX: κύριος, kyrios]
Category: God
The personal covenant name of God revealed at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14), invoked throughout Joshua including the covenant-renewal speech (24:14-15) and the historical recital (24:2-13). Never interchange with ‘Señor.’ New registry entry distinct from, and cross-referenced to, the baseline’s ‘lord’ entry.
Cherem
Approved rendering: anatema / destruir por completo
Transliteration: cherem [LXX: anathema]
Doctrine: Holy War and Divine Judgment
Rejected alternatives: guerra/batalla (ordinary war vocabulary, loses judicial/consecratory character), maldición general (loses the specific, non-repeatable, divinely commanded conquest-era scope)
Original: חֵרֶם (cherem) [LXX: ἀνάθεμα, anathema]
Category: Holy War and Divine Judgment
The single highest-stakes term in the book (chs.6-8,10-11). Use the tandem noun/verbal rendering; never let it stand as unexplained violence. Pair every occurrence with a teaching note on Genesis 15:16 / Leviticus 18:24-25. Human theologian review required on every occurrence.
Rest
Approved rendering: reposo
Transliteration: shaqat / nuach [LXX: katepausen; katapausis]
Doctrine: Rest in the Promised Land as a Type of Salvation Rest
Rejected alternatives: descanso, tranquilidad, sosiego (all break the Hebrew-to-LXX-to-Hebrews-3-4 lexical chain)
Original: שָׁקְטָה / נָח (shaqat / nuach) [LXX: κατέπαυσεν; κατάπαυσις, katapausis]
Category: Rest in the Promised Land as a Type of Salvation Rest
Territorial rest and cessation from war given by the LORD (11:23; 21:44; 22:4). Render identically at every occurrence — never varied — to preserve the canonical lexical chain a Spanish-reading student will later meet in Hebrews 3-4.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: heredad
Transliteration: nachalah [LXX: klēronomia]
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
Rejected alternatives: herencia (acceptable only in abstract contexts, not the specific surveyed land-portion sense dominant in chs.13-21)
Original: נַחֲלָה (nachalah) [LXX: κληρονομία, klēronomia]
Category: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
The central term of Joshua 13-21; the specific, surveyed, tribally-allotted fulfillment of the land promise sworn to the patriarchs. Teach as both historically literal AND theologically paradigmatic.
High Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: puro en sentido ritual
Original: קָדוֹשׁ (qadosh) [LXX: ἅγιος, hagios]
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Applied in Joshua to the ground of theophany (5:15, see ‘holy_ground’) and to the LORD’s own character (24:19). Must retain the moral/relational set-apart sense; guard against the popular-piety canonized-saint filter the baseline already documents for ‘santos.‘
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: falta (minimizing euphemism common in pastoral speech)
Original: חֵטְא / חָטָא (chet / chata) [LXX: ἁμαρτία, hamartia]
Category: Holy War and Divine Judgment
Inherited from Romans package. Never softened to ‘falta.’ Achan’s cherem-violation (Joshua 7) models a personal sin with corporate covenantal consequence — see the Joshua-specific doctrine ‘Corporate Accountability for Sin.‘
Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal, alianza
Original: בְּרִית (brit) [LXX: διαθήκη, diathēkē]
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Never ‘alianza.’ Joshua contains at least three distinct covenant instances requiring parties/terms to be distinguished in teaching text: the Sinai/Mosaic covenant renewed at Shechem (ch.24), the covenant sworn to Gibeon (ch.9), and the ark of that covenant (chs.3-4, 6, 8).
Election
Approved rendering: elección
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: destino, suerte
Inherited from Romans package. Cross-referenced against Joshua 24:15’s ‘escoger’ (see new entry ‘choose’) — the same conceptual root but the opposite direction of agency: in Romans, God chooses the believer; in Joshua, Israel is called to choose God in response to what he has already done. Teach as complementary, never contradictory.
Faith
Approved rendering: fe
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: devoción religiosa general, creencia cultural heredada
Inherited from Romans package. Rahab’s faith-confession (Joshua 2:9-11) is a distinct Old Testament instance of this doctrine — inclusion of a Gentile/Canaanite social outsider by faith alone, prior to covenant membership or circumcision — and should be taught as a canonical anticipation of Romans’ faith doctrine, not an unrelated anecdote.
Grace
Approved rendering: gracia
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favor merecido, recompensa por buenas obras, misericordia y verdad (chesed ve’emet) as a substitute rendering
Inherited from Romans package. Must NOT be substituted for Rahab’s ‘kindness and truth’ (chesed ve-emet, see new entry ‘kindness_and_truth’); chesed is covenant-loyalty language, thematically related but conceptually distinct from the unmerited salvific-grace category this term protects.
Law
Approved rendering: ley
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: תּוֹרָה / סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה (torah / sefer ha-torah) [LXX: νόμος, nomos]
Category: Covenant / Obedience and the Conquest
Inherited from Romans package. The Mosaic Law/Book of the Law grounds Joshua’s own success (1:8) and the conquest generation’s covenant faithfulness (8:30-35); extends into the Joshua-specific doctrine ‘Obedience and the Conquest.’ No deviation permitted.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: santificación
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purificación penitencial, vía purgativa
Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to Joshua’s ‘sanctify yourselves’ command (hitqadesh, see new entry ‘sanctify_consecrate,’ 3:5, 7:13) — the same caution against collapsing sanctification into a penitential/ritual-purity act divorced from relational preparation for God’s action.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: obediencia de la fe
Transliteration: hypakoē pisteōs
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: obediencia a los preceptos de la Iglesia, cumplimiento de mandamientos eclesiásticos
Inherited from Romans package. Cross-referenced in Joshua’s ‘serve’ vocabulary (avad, see new entry ‘serve’) — obedience flowing from covenant relationship and total allegiance, not generic compliance with religious activity.
Gods Foreign
Approved rendering: dioses
Transliteration: elohim (plural referent) [LXX: theoi]
Doctrine: Covenant Renewal at Shechem
Rejected alternatives: Dioses (capitalized), ídolos (loses the deliberate lexical echo with ‘Dios’ that makes Joshua 24:14-15’s choice sharp)
Original: אֱלֹהִים (elohim, plural referent to foreign deities) [LXX: θεοί, theoi]
Category: Covenant Renewal / Idolatry
The false gods served by Israel’s ancestors in Mesopotamia and Egypt and by surrounding Canaanite nations (24:14-15, 23; 23:16). Render lowercase plural, always typographically distinct from capitalized singular ‘Dios.’ A dropped or added capital erases the antithesis the whole covenant-renewal speech exists to force.
Serve
Approved rendering: servir
Transliteration: avad [LXX: latreuō]
Doctrine: Covenant Renewal at Shechem
Rejected alternatives: ir a la iglesia / cumplir con los sacramentos (generic religious-activity gloss)
Original: עָבַד (avad) [LXX: λατρεύω, latreuō]
Category: Covenant Renewal / Obedience
Occurs four times in Joshua 24:14-15 alone. Must convey exclusive, total allegiance modeled on the ancient Near Eastern vassal treaty, not generic religious activity. Connect to the baseline ‘obedience_of_faith’ doctrine note.
Choose
Approved rendering: escoger
Transliteration: bachar [LXX: haireomai / eklegomai]
Doctrine: Covenant Renewal at Shechem
Rejected alternatives: elegir (acceptable synonym elsewhere, but ‘escoger’ is the RV1960 precedent for this passage)
Original: בָּחַר (bachar) [LXX: αἱρέομαι / ἐκλέγομαι]
Category: Covenant Renewal
The pivot verb of the Shechem covenant renewal (24:15). Cross-reference the baseline ‘election’ entry: same conceptual root, opposite direction of agency. Teach as complementary, not contradictory.
Holy Ground
Approved rendering: tierra santa
Transliteration: qodesh [LXX: hagios topos]
Doctrine: Courage through God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: Tierra Santa (capitalized, the fixed modern geographic/pilgrimage designation for Israel-Palestine)
Original: קֹדֶשׁ (qodesh) [LXX: ἅγιος τόπος]
Category: Courage through God’s Presence
The specific patch of ground made holy by the theophanic encounter before Joshua (5:15). Render lowercase without exception, paired with a note preventing readers from hearing a reference to the modern ‘Holy Land’ designation.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: arca del pacto
Transliteration: aron ha-brit [LXX: kibōtos tēs diathēkēs]
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
Rejected alternatives: arca de la alianza (the far more culturally familiar phrase in Spanish-speaking Catholic contexts, reinforced by popular media)
Original: אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית (aron ha-brit) [LXX: κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης]
Category: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise / Obedience and the Conquest
Leads Israel through the Jordan (chs.3-4) and around Jericho (ch.6). Enforce ‘pacto’ without exception, mirroring the baseline covenant ruling exactly.
Be Strong And Courageous
Approved rendering: esforzarse y ser valiente
Transliteration: chazaq ve-ematz [LXX: ischye kai andrizou]
Doctrine: Courage through God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: sé fuerte (drops the second verb’s boldness sense)
Original: חֲזַק וֶאֱמָץ (chazaq ve-ematz) [LXX: ἴσχυε καὶ ἀνδρίζου]
Category: Courage through God’s Presence
Repeated at 1:6,7,9,18; 10:25. Must never appear without its grounding clause (‘porque Jehová tu Dios estará contigo’); otherwise risks assimilation into secular self-help/motivational Spanish-language rhetoric.
Harlot
Approved rendering: ramera
Transliteration: zonah [LXX: pornē]
Doctrine: Rahab and the Inclusion of the Nations by Faith
Rejected alternatives: una mujer de mala reputación, una mujer de la calle (euphemistic softenings)
Original: זוֹנָה (zonah) [LXX: πόρνη, pornē]
Category: Rahab and the Inclusion of the Nations by Faith
The narrator’s unflinching description of Rahab (ch.2; 6:17,22-25). Must NOT be euphemistically softened; the doctrine depends on the bluntness of her status contrasted with her faith-inclusion, paralleling the baseline’s refusal to soften ‘pecado’ to ‘falta.‘
Commander Of The Lords Army
Approved rendering: Príncipe del ejército de Jehová
Transliteration: sar-tseva-YHWH [LXX: archistratēgos dynameōs kyriou]
Doctrine: Theophany and the Commander of the LORD’s Army
Rejected alternatives: un ángel común (flattens the holy-ground significance), el Señor Jesucristo en forma pre-encarnada (overconfident dogmatic assertion)
Original: שַׂר־צְבָא־יְהוָה (sar-tseva-YHWH) [LXX: ἀρχιστράτηγος δυνάμεως κυρίου]
Category: Courage through God’s Presence
The unnamed figure who identifies holy ground and receives worship-posture from Joshua (5:13-15), widely but not unanimously read as a theophany. Flag for human theologian review at every occurrence; do not resolve the disputed identity in the base translation.
Lord Fought For Israel
Approved rendering: Jehová peleaba/luchaba por Israel
Transliteration: nilcham YHWH le-Yisra’el [LXX: synepolemēsen kyrios tō Israēl]
Doctrine: Holy War and Divine Judgment
Rejected alternatives: Jehová ayudaba/apoyaba a Israel (weakens the agentive combatant force to mere assistance)
Original: נִלְחַם יְהוָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל (nilcham YHWH le-Yisra’el) [LXX: συνεπολέμησεν κύριος τῷ Ἰσραήλ]
Category: Holy War and Divine Judgment
Explicit credit of military victory to divine action (10:14,42), not Israelite tactical superiority. Preserve the stronger combatant claim.
As The Lord Commanded Moses
Approved rendering: como Jehová lo había mandado a Moisés
Transliteration: ka’asher tsivvah YHWH et-Mosheh [LXX: hon tropon synetaxen kyrios tō Mōysē]
Doctrine: Obedience and the Conquest
Rejected alternatives: paraphrased variants (e.g. ‘tal como Dios ordenó,’ ‘según lo dispuesto por el Señor a Moisés’) — any variation breaks the text’s deliberate literary repetition
Original: כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה אֶת־מֹשֶׁה (ka’asher tsivvah YHWH et-Mosheh) [LXX: ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ]
Category: Obedience and the Conquest
A fixed formula recurring throughout the conquest narrative (11:12,15,20,23 and elsewhere). Render identically at every occurrence — a Theological Consistency Rule parallel to the baseline’s Romans 8:28 rule.
Lot Cast Lots
Approved rendering: suerte (only in “echar suertes”)
Transliteration: goral [LXX: klēros]
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
Rejected alternatives: suerte as a standalone noun (collides directly with the baseline’s fatalism rejection for ‘providence’/‘election’), por casualidad
Original: גּוֹרָל (goral) [LXX: κλῆρος, klēros]
Category: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
A divinely-superintended procedure for assigning tribal territories (14:2; 18:6,8,10; 19:51). Use only inside the fixed idiom ‘echar suertes’; pair every occurrence with a teaching note distinguishing this from vernacular chance/fatalism.
Avenger Of Blood
Approved rendering: vengador de la sangre
Transliteration: go’el ha-dam [LXX: ho anchisteuōn to haima]
Doctrine: Holy War and Divine Judgment
Rejected alternatives: redentor (reserved for the positive rescuing sense of the same root elsewhere, e.g. Ruth 4)
Original: גֹּאֵל הַדָּם (go’el ha-dam) [LXX: ὁ ἀγχιστεύων τὸ αἷμα]
Category: Holy War and Divine Judgment
The kinsman with a legal duty to avenge a killing (ch.20). Never render ‘redentor’ here; flag every future go’el occurrence for contextual sense-disambiguation.
Snare Trap
Approved rendering: lazo / trampa
Transliteration: moqesh / pach [LXX: skandalon / pagis]
Doctrine: Syncretism and the Remaining Nations
Rejected alternatives: tentación (too generic, loses the hunting-trap image and specific idolatry referent)
Original: מוֹקֵשׁ / פַּח (moqesh / pach) [LXX: σκάνδαλον / παγίς]
Category: Holy War and Divine Judgment / Covenant Renewal
The remaining Canaanite nations and their gods becoming a spiritual entrapment (23:12-13). Direct scriptural parallel to documented contemporary syncretism risk (Espiritismo, Santería, curanderismo); teach with explicit contemporary application.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidad emocional
Original: שָׁלוֹם (shalom) [LXX: εἰρήνη, eirēnē]
Category: Covenant Renewal
Inherited from Romans package. Joshua 22 applies this to intertribal/covenantal peace restored after the Transjordan altar dispute. Teach as related to, but distinct from, the baseline’s individual soteriological ‘peace with God through justification’ sense (Romans 5:1).
Providence
Approved rendering: providencia
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: destino, la suerte
Inherited from Romans package. Directly reactivated by Joshua’s lot-casting procedure (goral, see new entry ‘lot_cast_lots’): the baseline’s fatalism-fence against ‘suerte’ must be extended verbatim to Joshua 13-19, where ‘suerte’ is permitted only inside the fixed idiom ‘echar suertes.‘
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dones espirituales
Transliteration: charismata
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: poderes espirituales
Inherited from Romans package. Cross-referenced in Joshua 23:13 teaching notes as part of the same contemporary syncretism-risk cluster (curanderismo’s folk-healing ‘dones’ framework) documented for the snare/trap warning.
Fear Reverence
Approved rendering: temer
Transliteration: yare’ [LXX: phobeomai]
Doctrine: Covenant Renewal at Shechem
Rejected alternatives: temor servil/punitivo
Original: יָרֵא (yare’) [LXX: φοβέομαι, phobeomai]
Category: Covenant Renewal
Reverent covenant awe (24:14), not servile dread. Distinguish carefully from the Canaanites’ terror (see ‘fear_terror’) so the two are not flattened into one concept.
Fear Terror
Approved rendering: terror / temor
Transliteration: eimah / pachad [LXX: phobos]
Doctrine: Rahab and the Inclusion of the Nations by Faith
Original: אֵימָה / פַּחַד (eimah / pachad) [LXX: φόβος, phobos]
Category: Holy War and Divine Judgment / Rahab
The dread that seized the Canaanite nations, including Rahab, upon hearing of the LORD’s acts (2:9-11; 5:1). Do not conflate with Israel’s reverent ‘temer’ at 24:14.
Sincerity Integrity
Approved rendering: integridad
Transliteration: tamim [LXX: euthytēs]
Doctrine: Covenant Renewal at Shechem
Rejected alternatives: sinceridad (too subjective/emotional, loses the wholeness/undivided-loyalty sense)
Original: תָּמִים (tamim) [LXX: εὐθύτης, euthytēs]
Category: Covenant Renewal
Wholehearted, undivided covenant loyalty (24:14), ruling out the divided loyalty of the very idolatry Joshua warns against. Guard against flattening into generic secular-ethics ‘integridad.‘
Faithfulness Truth
Approved rendering: verdad
Transliteration: emet [LXX: alētheia / dikaiosynē]
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
Rejected alternatives: fidelidad (acceptable gloss but ‘verdad’ is the RV1960 precedent)
Original: אֱמֶת (emet) [LXX: ἀλήθεια / δικαιοσύνη]
Category: Covenant Renewal / God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
Paired with tamim in 24:14; echoes God’s own covenant faithfulness recited in vv.2-13. Tie explicitly to that recital rather than abstract philosophical truth.
Put Away
Approved rendering: quitar
Transliteration: sur, hasiru [LXX: perielesthe]
Doctrine: Covenant Renewal at Shechem
Rejected alternatives: deshacerse de (weaker imperative force)
Original: סוּר, hiphil הָסִירוּ (sur, hasiru) [LXX: περιαιρέω, perielesthe]
Category: Covenant Renewal
A decisive, once-for-all renunciation of rival gods (24:14, 23), not a gradual weaning. Preserve the imperative force; do not soften into a suggestion.
Sanctify Consecrate
Approved rendering: santificarse
Transliteration: hitqadesh [LXX: hagnizomai]
Doctrine: Obedience and the Conquest
Rejected alternatives: purificarse (ritual-only sense)
Original: הִתְקַדֵּשׁ (hitqadesh) [LXX: ἁγνίζομαι, hagnizomai]
Category: Sanctification / Obedience and the Conquest
Preparation before witnessing God’s wonders (3:5) or before battle (7:13). Must not collapse into a penitential ritual-purity act divorced from relational preparation.
Prosper Succeed
Approved rendering: prosperar
Transliteration: tsalach [LXX: euodoō]
Doctrine: Obedience and the Conquest
Rejected alternatives: tener éxito (loses covenantal resonance)
Original: צָלַח (tsalach) [LXX: εὐοδόω, euodoō]
Category: Obedience and the Conquest
Success conditioned explicitly on obedience to the Law (1:8). Never present without its conditioning clause; guard against prosperity-gospel drift widespread in parts of Latin America and the Caribbean.
Kindness And Truth
Approved rendering: misericordia y verdad
Transliteration: chesed ve-emet [LXX: eleos kai alētheia]
Doctrine: Rahab and the Inclusion of the Nations by Faith
Rejected alternatives: gracia (the baseline’s distinct soteriological grace category)
Original: חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת (chesed ve-emet) [LXX: ἔλεος καὶ ἀλήθεια]
Category: Rahab and the Inclusion of the Nations by Faith
The covenant-loyalty terms Rahab requests from the spies (2:12,14). Always render as the fixed pair, never ‘misericordia’ alone, which narrows to pity.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: circuncisión
Transliteration: mul / milah [LXX: peritomē]
Doctrine: Obedience and the Conquest
Original: מוּל / מִילָה (mul / milah) [LXX: περιτομή, peritomē]
Category: Obedience and the Conquest
Renewal of the covenant sign immediately before the conquest begins (5:2-9). Teach self-containedly in this covenant-renewal setting, not solely via later Pauline circumcision debates, which belong to a different argument outside this curriculum’s scope.
Covet
Approved rendering: codiciar
Transliteration: chamad [LXX: epithymeō]
Doctrine: Corporate Accountability for Sin
Original: חָמַד (chamad) [LXX: ἐπιθυμέω, epithymeō]
Category: Holy War and Divine Judgment
Achan’s confession (7:21) echoes the Decalogue’s coveting prohibition. Make this connection explicit in teaching notes.
Wholly Followed The Lord
Approved rendering: siguió fielmente a Jehová
Transliteration: mille’ acharei YHWH [LXX: epēkolouthēsen opisō kyriou]
Doctrine: Obedience and the Conquest
Original: מִלֵּא אַחֲרֵי יְהוָה (idiom, e.g. 14:8-9,14) [LXX: ἐπηκολούθησεν ὀπίσω κυρίου]
Category: Obedience and the Conquest
Caleb’s wholehearted, undivided loyalty (14:8-9,14), rewarded with his inheritance. Connect explicitly to 24:14’s ‘integridad’ as the same wholehearted-loyalty theme.
City Of Refuge
Approved rendering: ciudad de refugio
Transliteration: miqlat [LXX: phygadeutērion]
Doctrine: Justice and the Cities of Refuge
Rejected alternatives: santuario eclesiástico (conflates with the distinct Catholic ecclesiastical-asylum tradition)
Original: מִקְלָט (miqlat) [LXX: φυγαδευτήριον, phygadeutērion]
Category: Rest (typological) / Obedience and the Conquest
Legal asylum for unintentional manslaughter, pending a fair hearing (ch.20). Keep the Old Testament judicial background primary; mark any typological application to Christ explicitly as application, not exegesis.
Cling To The Lord
Approved rendering: allegarse a / seguir unidos a
Transliteration: davaq [LXX: proskollaomai]
Doctrine: Covenant Renewal at Shechem
Original: דָּבַק (davaq) [LXX: προσκολλάομαι / ἔχομαι]
Category: Covenant Renewal / Courage through God’s Presence
Joshua’s charge to hold fast to the LORD (23:8). Teach alongside ‘servir’ and ‘temer’ as complementary facets of one covenant-loyalty doctrine.
Joshua Name
Approved rendering: Josué
Transliteration: Yehoshua [LXX: Iēsous]
Doctrine: Joshua’s Name and Typological Foreshadowing
Rejected alternatives: Jesús (never interchanged despite sharing a Hebrew root and LXX Greek form)
Original: יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshua, “YHWH saves/is salvation”) [LXX: Ἰησοῦς, Iēsous]
Category: Courage through God’s Presence / Obedience and the Conquest
Joshua’s Hebrew name means ‘the LORD saves.’ ‘Josué’ and ‘Jesús’ must remain entirely distinct, non-interchangeable Spanish Bible names; the etymological/typological connection may be noted only as an edifying aside.
Blessing And Curse
Approved rendering: bendición y maldición
Transliteration: berakhah u-qelalah [LXX: eulogia kai katara]
Doctrine: Obedience and the Conquest
Rejected alternatives: prosperidad y castigo (drifts toward prosperity-gospel framing, loses the formal covenant-sanction register)
Original: בְּרָכָה וּקְלָלָה (berakhah u-qelalah) [LXX: εὐλογία καὶ κατάρα]
Category: Obedience and the Conquest
The Deuteronomic covenant sanctions publicly read at Mount Ebal (8:34); reinforces Obedience and the Conquest rather than introducing new theology.
Oath
Approved rendering: juramento
Transliteration: shevu’ah [LXX: horkos]
Doctrine: Covenant Oath Integrity
Rejected alternatives: promesa (too weak for the binding, God-witnessed legal sense)
Original: שְׁבוּעָה (shevu’ah) [LXX: ὅρκος, horkos]
Category: Covenant Renewal
Israel’s leaders swear an oath to the Gibeonites under false pretenses yet remain bound to honor it (9:15,19-20). Highlight the tension between honoring a sworn oath and the deception by which it was obtained without implying deception is condoned.
Low Risk Terms
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisra’el) [LXX: Ἰσραήλ, Israēl]
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Standard proper name; the collective covenant people who are the subject of the conquest and land-inheritance narrative throughout Joshua.
Meditate
Approved rendering: meditar
Transliteration: hagah [LXX: meletaō]
Doctrine: Obedience and the Conquest
Original: הָגָה (hagah) [LXX: μελετάω, meletaō]
Category: Obedience and the Conquest
Sustained, embodied reflection on and recitation of the Law (1:8). Guard against a generic contemplative/mindfulness sense divorced from Scripture-saturated content.
Cross Over
Approved rendering: cruzar / pasar
Transliteration: avar [LXX: diabainō]
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
Original: עָבַר (avar) [LXX: διαβαίνω, diabainō]
Category: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise / Rest
The Jordan-crossing motif (1:2,11; chs.3-4) enacting entry into the promised inheritance. Standard, low risk.
Sign
Approved rendering: señal
Transliteration: ot [LXX: sēmeion]
Doctrine: Rahab and the Inclusion of the Nations by Faith
Original: אוֹת (ot) [LXX: σημεῖον, sēmeion]
Category: Rahab and the Inclusion of the Nations by Faith
The scarlet cord (2:12,18), a visible token guaranteeing the spies’ promise. Standard, low risk.
Passover
Approved rendering: Pascua
Transliteration: pesach [LXX: pascha]
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
Original: פֶּסַח (pesach) [LXX: πάσχα, pascha]
Category: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
The first Passover kept in the land (5:10-11), tying the conquest generation to the Exodus deliverance. Anchor contextually to Exodus/Joshua, distinct from the Christian Easter observance.
Shout Trumpet
Approved rendering: grito (de guerra) / trompeta
Transliteration: teru’ah / shofar [LXX: kraugē / salpigx]
Doctrine: Obedience and the Conquest
Original: תְּרוּעָה / שׁוֹפָר (teru’ah / shofar) [LXX: κραυγή / σάλπιγξ]
Category: Obedience and the Conquest
The ritual war shout and trumpet blast preceding Jericho’s fall (6:5,20); victory through obedience, not military technique.
Boundary
Approved rendering: límite / territorio
Transliteration: gevul [LXX: horion]
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
Original: גְּבוּל (gevul) [LXX: ὅριον, horion]
Category: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
The precise tribal boundary lines (chs.15-19) underlining the concreteness of the land-promise fulfillment.
Manslayer
Approved rendering: homicida
Transliteration: rotseach [LXX: phoneutēs]
Doctrine: Justice and the Cities of Refuge
Original: רֹצֵח (rotseach) [LXX: ὁ φονεύσας / φονευτής]
Category: Holy War and Divine Judgment
One who has killed another, whether intentionally or unintentionally; the subject of the cities-of-refuge legislation (ch.20).
Witness Stone
Approved rendering: piedra testigo / testigo
Transliteration: ed [LXX: martyrion]
Doctrine: Covenant Renewal at Shechem
Original: עֵד (ed) [LXX: μαρτύριον, martyrion]
Category: Covenant Renewal
The great stone Joshua sets up at Shechem, a formally designated legal witness against Israel (24:26-27).
Household
Approved rendering: casa
Transliteration: bayit [LXX: oikos]
Doctrine: Covenant Renewal at Shechem
Original: בַּיִת (bayit) [LXX: οἶκος, oikos]
Category: Covenant Renewal / Rahab
Joshua’s household resolve (24:15) and Rahab’s household spared in the conquest (2:12-19; 6:22-25).
Amorite
Approved rendering: amorreo
Transliteration: ha-Emori [LXX: Amorraios]
Doctrine: Holy War and Divine Judgment
Original: אֱמֹרִי (ha-Emori) [LXX: Ἀμορραῖος, Amorraios]
Category: Holy War and Divine Judgment / God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
A representative ethnonym for the Canaanite peoples whose land Israel occupies (24:15 and throughout).
Egypt
Approved rendering: Egipto
Transliteration: Mitzrayim [LXX: Aigyptos]
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
Original: מִצְרַיִם (Mitzrayim) [LXX: Αἴγυπτος, Aigyptos]
Category: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
The second historical location of ancestral idol-service (24:14), bracketing the Exodus deliverance as itself an act of grace.
This Day
Approved rendering: hoy
Transliteration: hayom [LXX: sēmeron]
Doctrine: Covenant Renewal at Shechem
Original: הַיּוֹם (hayom) [LXX: σήμερον, sēmeron]
Category: Covenant Renewal
The rhetorical ‘today’ of covenant decision (24:14-15); preserve the present-tense force in teaching framing.
Moses
Approved rendering: Moisés
Transliteration: Mosheh [LXX: Mōysēs]
Doctrine: Obedience and the Conquest
Original: מֹשֶׁה (Mosheh) [LXX: Μωυσῆς, Mōysēs]
Category: Obedience and the Conquest
The mediator of the Law and Joshua’s predecessor, invoked in the recurring ‘as the LORD commanded Moses’ formula.
Rahab Name
Approved rendering: Rahab
Transliteration: Rachav [LXX: Rhaab]
Doctrine: Rahab and the Inclusion of the Nations by Faith
Original: רָחָב (Rachav) [LXX: Ῥαάβ, Rhaab]
Category: Rahab and the Inclusion of the Nations by Faith
The proper name of the Canaanite woman whose faith-confession (2:9-11) models the inclusion of the nations.
Memorial Stones
Approved rendering: piedras (memoriales)
Transliteration: avanim [LXX: lithos]
Doctrine: Intergenerational Transmission of Covenant Memory
Original: אֶבֶן / אֲבָנִים (even / avanim, “stone(s)”) [LXX: λίθος, lithos]
Category: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
The twelve stones at Gilgal (4:1-9,20-24), a perpetual intergenerational teaching device.
Altar
Approved rendering: altar
Transliteration: mizbeach [LXX: thysiastērion]
Doctrine: Obedience and the Conquest
Original: מִזְבֵּחַ (mizbeach) [LXX: θυσιαστήριον, thysiastērion]
Category: Obedience and the Conquest / Covenant Renewal
Built at Mount Ebal per the Law (8:30-31) and, controversially, by the Transjordan tribes (22:10-34); teach the ch.22 controversy as a covenant-loyalty-clarity matter, not sacrificial theology.
Valley Of Achor
Approved rendering: Valle de Acor
Transliteration: Emeq Achor [LXX: koilas Achōr]
Doctrine: Corporate Accountability for Sin
Original: עֵמֶק עָכוֹר (Emeq Achor, “Valley of Trouble”) [LXX: κοιλὰς Αχωρ]
Category: Holy War and Divine Judgment
The site of Achan’s execution; a wordplay memorializing judgment (‘Acor’ ≈ ‘trouble/aflicción’).
Levites
Approved rendering: levitas
Transliteration: Levi’im [LXX: Leuitai]
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
Original: לְוִיִּם (Levi’im) [LXX: Λευῖται, Leuitai]
Category: God’s Faithfulness to the Land Promise
The priestly tribe allotted cities rather than a contiguous territorial inheritance (ch.21).
Referenced passages