Core Glossary
Core Glossary
2 Corinthians 1–13 | English → Spanish
Purpose: Consolidated per-term glossary of every load-bearing theological term identified across the full book of 2 Corinthians (chs. 1–13), citing the chapter(s) of first/main occurrence. Terms already governed by the Romans baseline are marked [REUSE] and their Romans-established Spanish rendering, risk tier, and rejected alternatives are carried forward unchanged, per hard-rule requirement. Terms new to this curriculum are marked [NEW] and must be added to translation_memory.json (incrementing its version) before Phase 2 translation begins.
Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions exactly:
- Critical — Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — Human theologian review required.
- Medium — Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Automated review sufficient.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| Term (EN) | Greek | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) in 2 Corinthians | Key Passages | Baseline Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | χάρις (charis) | gracia | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving; Power in Weakness | 1:2, 6:1, 8:1, 8:6-7, 9:8, 9:14, 12:9, 13:14 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| faith | πίστις (pistis) | fe | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Genuine vs False Apostleship | 1:24, 4:13, 5:7, 13:5 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | justicia | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:21, 6:7, 6:14, 9:9-10, 11:15 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| salvation | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | salvación | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 1:6, 6:2, 7:10 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | evangelio | High | New Creation in Christ; Genuine vs False Apostleship | 2:12, 4:3-4, 9:13, 10:14, 11:4, 11:7 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | apóstol | Low baseline / High in false-apostle contexts (see doctrine registry entry below) | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 1:1, 11:5, 11:13, 12:11-12 | [REUSE — Romans TM, doctrine-escalated] |
| called | κλητός / κλῆσις | llamado | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:1 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| holy | ἅγιος (hagios) | santo | Medium/High | Genuine vs False Apostleship (holiness of conduct) | 1:12, 7:1 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| saints | ἅγιοι (hagioi) | santos | Critical | Generosity and Grace in Giving (the collection “for the saints”) | 8:4, 9:1, 9:12, 13:12 | [REUSE — Romans TM]. Same Critical corporate-believers-vs-canonized-figures caution applies whenever “the saints” refers to the Jerusalem believers receiving the collection. |
| sanctification | ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos) | santificación | High | New Creation in Christ; Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 7:1 (holiness perfected), 1:12 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| glory | δόξα (doxa) | gloria | Medium/High | New Covenant vs Old; Power in Weakness | 3:7-18, 4:4, 4:17 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| sin | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | pecado | Medium/High (Critical in 5:21 context) | Reconciliation with God | 5:19, 5:21, 11:7 | [REUSE — Romans TM]. NEVER soften to “falta” per baseline forbidden-substitution rule. |
| covenant | διαθήκη (diathēkē) | pacto | High | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:6, 3:14 | [REUSE — Romans TM. “Nuevo pacto” for καινὴ διαθήκη]. |
| Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον (Pneuma Hagion) | Espíritu Santo | Critical | New Covenant vs Old; benediction (13:14) | 1:22, 3:3, 3:6, 3:17-18, 5:5, 13:14 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | Señor | Critical | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (fear of the Lord) | 3:16-18, 5:11, 8:9, 10:17-18, 12:1 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| God | θεός (theos) | Dios | Critical | Reconciliation with God (throughout) | 5:18-21 and passim | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| Christ / Jesus | Χριστός / Ἰησοῦς | Cristo / Jesús | Critical | Reconciliation with God; Power in Weakness | throughout, esp. 5:14-21, 12:9-10 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| fellowship | κοινωνία (koinōnia) | compañerismo (general sense) / contextual comunión or participación | Low baseline / High in specific phrases (see 13:14, 8:4 below) | Generosity and Grace in Giving; benediction | 6:14, 8:4, 13:14 | [REUSE — Romans TM, with contextual gloss per new phrase entries below] |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία (eucharistia) | acción de gracias | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 4:15, 9:11-12 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| church | ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia) | iglesia | Medium | Genuine vs False Apostleship (church oversight) | 1:1, 8:1, 8:18-19, 8:23, 11:8, 11:28 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| in Christ | ἐν Χριστῷ (en Christō) | en Cristo | High | New Creation in Christ; Reconciliation with God | 5:17, 5:19, 12:2 | [REUSE — Romans doctrine “christian_identity_in_christ”] |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις-related (ἐγερθέντι) | resurrección / resucitó | Critical | Reconciliation with God; New Creation in Christ | 4:14, 5:15 | [REUSE — Romans TM] |
| imputation (reckoning) | λογίζομαι (logizomai) | imputar / no tomar en cuenta | Critical | Reconciliation with God (double imputation) | 5:19, 5:21 | [REUSE — Romans TM concept “imputed_righteousness”; extends the same forensic-accounting doctrine to the non-imputation of sin] |
B. New Terms Introduced by 2 Corinthians
| Term (EN) | Greek (Translit.) | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Key Passages | Rejected Alternatives | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reconciliation / reconcile | καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω (katallagē / katallassō) | reconciliación / reconciliar | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18-20 | ”el sacramento de la reconciliación como vía de acceso a la reconciliación con Dios” | CRITICAL: In the Spanish-speaking Catholic world, “Reconciliación” is the official alternate name for the Sacrament of Confession/Penance (“el Sacramento de la Reconciliación”). Learners will strongly default to a repeatable sacramental-confessional framework unless explicitly taught that Paul describes God’s own completed, once-for-all reconciling act in Christ (5:18-19, already accomplished), received by faith through the proclaimed “word of reconciliation” (5:19), not administered through a priest-mediated rite. This is the single highest syncretism risk in the entire 2 Corinthians glossary. |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις (kainē ktisis) | nueva creación | High | New Creation in Christ | 5:17; cf. Gal 6:15 | ”renovación personal”, “reinvención de sí mismo” | Risk of collapse into secular/self-help “renewal” or New Age personal-transformation language current in Hispanic wellness culture; must be taught as God’s decisive re-creative act tied to union with the crucified-and-risen Christ (5:14-15), not gradual self-improvement. |
| comfort / consolation | παράκλησις / παρακαλέω (paraklēsis / parakaleō) | consolación / consolar (also consuelo) | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:3-7, 7:6-7, 7:13 | ”consuelo mediante la intercesión de la Virgen o de los santos” | God himself, not a saint or the Virgin, is “el Dios de toda consolación” (1:3); risk of default association with popular Marian titles of consolation (e.g., “Nuestra Señora del Consuelo”). Parallels the baseline’s “intercesión” caution. |
| affliction / tribulation | θλῖψις (thlipsis) | tribulación (also aflicción) | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:4, 1:8, 4:17, 6:4, 7:4 | — | Standard term; teach alongside “comfort” as a paired doctrine. |
| suffering(s) | πάθημα (pathēma) | padecimientos | Medium-High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:5-7 | ”sufrimientos ofrecidos como mérito o penitencia” | Guard against folk-Catholic “ofrecer los sufrimientos” merit framework; Paul’s sufferings are shared solidarity with Christ, met by comfort, not merit accumulation. |
| sincerity | εἰλικρίνεια / ἁπλότης (eilikrineia / haplotēs) | sinceridad / sencillez | Medium-High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12, 2:17 | — | Same Greek word (ἁπλότης) recurs with the sense “generosity” in chs. 8-9; teach the wordplay explicitly rather than treating as unrelated terms. |
| seal / guarantee (arras) | σφραγίς / ἀρραβών (sphragis / arrabōn) | sello / las arras | Medium | New Creation in Christ (Spirit as down payment) | 1:22, 5:5 | — | “Arras” is the established Reina-Valera rendering and echoes the Spanish/Latin American wedding-pledge tradition (“arras matrimoniales”) — a positive cultural bridge if briefly glossed for modern readers unfamiliar with the term. |
| triumphal procession | θριαμβεύω (thriambeuō) | nos lleva en triunfo / desfile triunfal | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry; Power in Weakness | 2:14 | — | Resonates with Hispanic Catholic processional piety (Holy Week processions); helpful bridge image if anchored strictly to Christ’s unique triumph. |
| fragrance / aroma of Christ | ὀσμή / εὐωδία (osmē / euōdia) | olor fragante / grato olor (de Cristo) | Low-Medium | Genuine vs False Apostleship | 2:15-16 | — | Positive resonance with liturgical incense in Catholic worship; low risk. |
| peddle for profit | καπηλεύω (kapēleuō) | mercadear / comerciar con la palabra de Dios | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Generosity and Grace in Giving | 2:17 | — | No lexical collision; pastoral sensitivity needed given cultural suspicion of profit-motivated religious leadership. |
| letter and Spirit | γράμμα / πνεῦμα (gramma / pneuma) | la letra… el Espíritu | Medium-High | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:6 | ”letra = interpretación literal de la Biblia” | Must be taught as a covenantal contrast (condemning code vs. life-giving Spirit), not a hermeneutical rule about literal vs. figurative Bible interpretation. |
| veil | κάλυμμα (kalymma) | velo | Low-Medium | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:13-16 | — | Standard imagery term. |
| minister(s) | διάκονος (diakonos) | ministros | Medium | The New Covenant versus the Old; Genuine vs False Apostleship | 3:6, 6:4, 11:15, 11:23 | ”ministro ordenado en sentido sacramental exclusivo" | "Ministro” in Catholic usage often implies ordained sacramental office; teach as a functional gospel-serving role, echoing the Romans “iglesia” caution against over-institutionalized readings. |
| transformed | μεταμορφούμεθα (metamorphoumetha) | somos transformados | Medium | New Covenant versus the Old; New Creation in Christ | 3:18 | — | Shares a root with “Transfiguración” (the Catholic feast); minor note to avoid narrowing to that single event. |
| boldness / confidence | παρρησία (parrēsia) | confianza / denuedo | Low-Medium | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:12 | — | Standard term. |
| image of God | εἰκὼν τοῦ θεοῦ (eikōn tou theou) | imagen de Dios | High | Power in Weakness (Christ’s glory veiled to unbelievers) | 4:4 | ”imagen y semejanza aplicada de forma genérica a todo ser humano, sin distinción cristológica” | Must be distinguished from the general Genesis 1 sense (all humanity) well known from Hispanic catechesis; here it is Christ’s unique, perfect revelation of God’s glory. |
| treasure in jars of clay | ὀστράκινα σκεύη (ostrakina skeuē) | tesoro en vasos de barro | Medium | Power in Weakness | 4:7 | — | Standard, vivid RVR-attested imagery. |
| outer man / inner man | ἔξω / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος | hombre exterior / hombre interior | Low-Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:16 | — | Standard. |
| eternal weight of glory | βάρος δόξης (baros doxēs) | peso eterno de gloria | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:17 | — | Reuses “gloria” concept from baseline. |
| earthly tent / house | σκῆνος / ἐπίγειος οἰκία | casa terrestre / tabernáculo | Low-Medium | New Creation in Christ | 5:1-4 | — | Standard imagery, minor cultural gloss for tent metaphor. |
| judgment seat of Christ | βῆμα (bēma) | tribunal de Cristo | High | Reconciliation with God; Genuine vs False Apostleship | 5:10 | ”juicio particular con resultado incierto, sujeto a purificación purgatorial” | Risk of collision with Catholic “juicio particular”/purgatory doctrine; must be taught as evaluative reckoning for a believer already secure in Christ, not an uncertain determination of final salvation. |
| unequally yoked | ἑτεροζυγοῦντες (heterozygountes) | unirse en yugo desigual | Medium | Genuine vs False Apostleship (separation from compromising alliances) | 6:14 | — | Agricultural image needing brief gloss for urban readers. |
| temple of God | ναὸς θεοῦ (naos theou) | templo de Dios | Medium-High | New Creation in Christ | 6:16 | ”el templo como edificio físico o santuario venerado” | Must clarify corporate believers as God’s dwelling, not a physical building or shrine — echoes the “iglesia” institutional caution. |
| godly sorrow | λύπη κατὰ θεόν (lypē kata theon) | tristeza según Dios | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 7:9-11 | ”tristeza/contrición como acto meritorio que produce el perdón” | Must not be framed as a meritorious penitential act producing forgiveness; sorrow leads to repentance, which is met by God’s free grace. |
| repentance | μετάνοια (metanoia) | arrepentimiento | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 7:9-10 | ”el sacramento de la penitencia con confesión sacerdotal y penitencia asignada” | Must be distinguished from the Catholic Sacrament of Penance; μετάνοια here is a direct, unmediated inward reorientation before God. |
| fellowship / partnership in giving | κοινωνία (koinōnia, financial-participation sense) | compañerismo / participación | Medium-High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:4 | ”comunión de los santos (fórmula credal católica)“ | Contextual gloss “participación” recommended for the financial-partnership sense; avoid the specific Catholic creedal phrase per Romans baseline rule. |
| equality | ἰσότης (isotēs) | igualdad | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:13-14 | — | Voluntary grace-driven balance, not enforced economic leveling. |
| generosity / liberality | ἁπλότης (haplotēs, giving sense) | generosidad / liberalidad | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:2, 9:11, 9:13 | — | Shares root with “sincerity” (ch. 1); teach the wordplay. |
| cheerful giver | ἱλαρὸς δότης (hilaros dotēs) | dador alegre | Low-Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:7 | — | Standard, vivid RVR-attested phrase. |
| weapons of warfare / strongholds | ὅπλα / ὀχύρωμα (hopla / ochyrōma) | armas de nuestra milicia / fortalezas | Medium | Genuine vs False Apostleship | 10:4 | — | Spiritual-warfare metaphor; intellectual/spiritual, not literal military. |
| meekness and gentleness (of Christ) | πραΰτης καὶ ἐπιείκεια (prautēs kai epieikeia) | mansedumbre y ternura | Low-Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Genuine vs False Apostleship | 10:1 | — | Christ’s own character contrasted with domineering false apostles. |
| boasting | καυχάομαι / καύχησις (kauchaomai / kauchēsis) | gloriarse (positive, Lord-directed) / jactancia (negative, self-exalting) | Medium-High | Genuine vs False Apostleship; Power in Weakness | 10:17-18, 11:16-30, 12:1-11 | — | Two Spanish registers required for one Greek word family depending on referent (Lord vs. self); must not conflate. |
| false apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι (pseudapostoloi) | falsos apóstoles | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:13 | — | Doctrine-escalation of the otherwise Low-risk baseline term “apóstol”; requires explicit teaching on discerning genuine apostolic/spiritual authority. |
| angel of light | ἄγγελος φωτός (angelos phōtos) | ángel de luz | Low-Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:14 | — | Satan’s chief strategy is imitation of legitimate authority. |
| godly jealousy | ζῆλος θεοῦ (zēlos theou) | celo de Dios | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 11:2 | ”celos posesivos en sentido romántico/negativo” | Must be glossed as protective covenantal zeal, not petty romantic jealousy. |
| Eve deceived | ἐξηπάτησεν τὴν Εὕαν | Eva fue engañada | Low | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 11:3 | — | Typological warning against deception. |
| foolishness (of boasting) | ἀφροσύνη (aphrosynē) | locura / necedad | Low-Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:1, 11:16-21 | — | Rhetorical/ironic marker for the boasting section. |
| visions and revelations | ὀπτασίαι καὶ ἀποκαλύψεις | visiones y revelaciones | Medium | Power in Weakness | 12:1-4 | — | Sets up the thorn-in-the-flesh paradox. |
| thorn in the flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί (skolops tē sarki) | aguijón en mi carne | Medium | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | — | Avoid flattening into generic “everyone has struggles” self-help reading; God’s purposeful use of unresolved weakness for his glory. |
| messenger of Satan | ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ | mensajero de Satanás | Low | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | — | Standard. |
| my grace is sufficient | ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου (arkei hē charis mou) | bástate mi gracia | High | Power in Weakness | 12:9 | ”mi gracia se aumenta o completa mediante mi mérito o cooperación” | Direct dominical intensification of the baseline grace/merit caution; grace, not removal of affliction, is Christ’s provision, and is not increased by human cooperation. |
| power in weakness | δύναμις / ἀσθένεια (dynamis / astheneia) | poder… debilidad | High | Power in Weakness | 12:9-10 | ”la debilidad soportada como técnica para desatar poder o bendición (evangelio de la prosperidad invertido)”; “el sufrimiento soportado como mérito religioso” | Must avoid both a prosperity-gospel “reversal technique” reading and a folk-Catholic redemptive-suffering-as-merit reading; God’s power is displayed, not earned or engineered, through weakness. |
| signs of a true apostle | σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου | señales de apóstol | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 12:12 | — | Authenticating marks of genuine apostolic ministry. |
| examine yourselves | δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς (dokimazete heautous) | examinaos a vosotros mismos | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 13:5 | — | Personal application of the discernment doctrine to every believer. |
| fellowship of the Holy Spirit | κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος | la comunión del Espíritu Santo | High | New Creation in Christ (Trinitarian benediction) | 13:14 | ”la Sagrada Comunión (Eucaristía)" | "Comunión” strongly defaults to the Eucharist in Hispanic Catholic usage; must be clarified as shared participation with the Holy Spirit himself, consistent with the Romans baseline’s reservation of “comunión de los santos” for its specific creedal referent. |
| perfect / complete (exhortation) | καταρτίζεσθε (katartizesthe) | sed perfectos / sed restaurados | Low-Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship (closing unity exhortation) | 13:11 | — | General edification sense, parallels Romans “mutual_edification.” |
C. Summary Statistics
| Risk Tier | Reused from Romans (Section A) | New to 2 Corinthians (Section B) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Critical | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| High | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| Medium | 4 | 18 | 22 |
| Low | 2 | 8 | 10 |
| Total | 24 | 37 | 61 |
Note on the single highest new risk: reconciliación (Reconciliation with God) is assessed as this curriculum’s most significant new syncretism risk, on par with the Romans baseline’s “santos”/“intercesión” pair, because of its direct collision with the official Catholic sacramental name “Sacramento de la Reconciliación.” All Phase 2 segments containing this term must be routed to human theologian review without exception.
Action required before Phase 2: All Section B terms must be added to a curriculum-specific extension of translation_memory.json (2 Corinthians addendum), incrementing the version number per the Romans baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions, before any segment translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation; Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: rectitud moral autónoma, mérito acumulado
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. In 2 Cor 5:21, ‘llegar a ser justicia de Dios’ is the double-imputation climax of the core passage; every occurrence requires a translator note cross-referencing the Romans ‘justicia imputada’ doctrine so the forensic, credited sense is preserved against a Tridentine infused-righteousness reading.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvación
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation; Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: salvarse por buenas obras, merecer el cielo mediante sacramentos y penitencia
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Tied in 2 Corinthians to the decisive ‘día de salvación’ (6:2) and to genuine repentance unto salvation (7:10).
Saints
Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood; Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: los santos (canonizados, objeto de veneración e intercesión)
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. In 2 Corinthians specifically denotes the ordinary Jerusalem believers receiving the collection (8:4; 9:1, 12); the Critical corporate-believers-vs-canonized-figures caution applies with full force in this concrete financial context and must never specialize back toward venerated figures.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification; The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza impersonal, un espíritu guía o ancestral
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Central to the letter/Spirit contrast (3:3, 6, 17-18), the Spirit as seal and down payment (1:22; 5:5), and the closing benediction (13:14). Retain the Espiritismo/Santería caution against impersonal-spirit readings.
Lord
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Señor mío (devotional-only, without lordship claim over the whole of life)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Grounds ‘el temor del Señor’ (5:11) and legitimate boasting ‘en el Señor’ (10:17-18).
God
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ; Reconciliation with God
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Sole originator of reconciliation and new creation (5:18-19).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesús
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged.
Christ
Approved rendering: Cristo
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise (functioning here as Christ’s proper title/name)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Connects to the Romans baseline ‘Mesías’ doctrine (Critical) but functions in 2 Corinthians primarily as Christ’s proper name/title (5:14-21; 12:9-10). Established, unambiguous rendering across Spanish Bible traditions.
Father
Approved rendering: Padre
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family; Divine Comfort and Consolation
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. In 2 Cor 1:3, ‘el Padre de misericordias y Dios de toda consolación’ must be taught as God’s own direct comfort, not routed through Marian titles of consolation (‘Nuestra Señora del Consuelo’).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: resurrección / resucitó
Transliteration: anastasis / egerthenti
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ; New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: reencarnación
Original: ἐγερθέντι (ἀνάστασις-related)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Grounds the transformed life-direction of 5:15 (‘murió y resucitó’) and the resurrection hope of 4:14. Retain the Caribbean-context caution against reincarnation/spirit-return readings (Espiritismo, Santería).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia imputada
Transliteration: elogisthē… eis dikaiosynēn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith; Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: justicia infundida (Tridentine category of righteousness progressively infused and increased through merit)
Original: ἐλογίσθη… εἰς δικαιοσύνην (cf. Rom 4:3)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Extended in 2 Cor 5:21 to the double-imputation exchange (Christ’s sin-bearing credited to us; God’s righteousness credited to believers). NEVER substitute ‘justicia infundida.‘
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: reconciliación / reconciliar
Transliteration: katallagē / katallassō
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: el sacramento de la reconciliación como vía de acceso a la reconciliación con Dios, restauración (euphemism that avoids, rather than resolves, the collision)
Original: καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM — HIGHEST-PRIORITY RISK IN THIS CURRICULUM. ‘Reconciliación’ is the official alternate Catholic name for the Sacrament of Confession/Penance (‘el Sacramento de la Reconciliación’). Must be taught as God’s own completed, once-for-all reconciling act in Christ (5:18-19), received by faith through the proclaimed ‘palabra de la reconciliación’ (5:19), never a repeatable priest-mediated rite. No substitute lexical term exists or should be invented; the distinction must be carried entirely by teaching notes. Route every occurrence to human theologian review without exception.
One Died For All
Approved rendering: uno murió por todos
Transliteration: heis hyper pantōn apethanen
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God; Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: uno murió como ejemplo para todos (lectura meramente ejemplarista, no sustitutiva)
Original: εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. The substitutionary sense of ὑπέρ (‘en lugar de / a favor de’) must be preserved, not softened into merely inspirational or exemplary death (5:14); anchors the forensic logic completed in 5:21.
Made Him To Be Sin
Approved rendering: lo hizo pecado
Transliteration: hamartian epoiēsen
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: lo hizo pecador de naturaleza (lectura que implica corrupción de la naturaleza de Cristo)
Original: ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. Christ, though sinless, was judicially/representatively identified with sin (5:21); must be glossed at every occurrence to prevent a docetic or ‘Christ became morally sinful’ misreading. The sense is forensic and representative, exactly parallel to imputation.
Become Righteousness Of God
Approved rendering: llegar a ser justicia de Dios
Transliteration: hēmeis genōmetha dikaiosynē theou
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God; Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: justicia infundida y aumentada progresivamente por mérito o cooperación sacramental
Original: ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM (specific phrase). MUST reuse baseline ‘justicia’ exactly. Requires a translator note on every occurrence connecting explicitly to the Romans ‘justicia imputada’ doctrine so the double-imputation logic of 5:21 is taught as one unified doctrine.
Non Imputation Of Sin
Approved rendering: no tomarles en cuenta (sus transgresiones)
Transliteration: mē logizomenos (ta paraptōmata)
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: perdonándoles como recompensa por su penitencia o contrición
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος (τὰ παραπτώματα)
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM, same verb family (λογίζομαι) as Romans 4’s imputed righteousness. God’s decision not to count believers’ trespasses against them (5:19), the reverse side of imputed righteousness. Never a response to human contrition.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelio
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: buenas nuevas (only as a descriptive gloss, never the standalone technical term)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. In 2 Corinthians defended against distortion by false apostles proclaiming ‘otro Jesús… otro evangelio’ (11:4) and against the veiling of the gospel to unbelievers (4:3-4).
Grace
Approved rendering: gracia
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace; Generosity and Grace in Giving; Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: favor merecido, recompensa por buenas obras
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Extended in 2 Corinthians to the source and character of generous giving (8:1, 6-7; 9:8) and to Christ’s sufficient provision in weakness (12:9, ‘bástate mi gracia’). Giving and endurance of suffering must never be taught as increasing or generating grace/merit before God.
Faith
Approved rendering: fe
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: devoción religiosa general, creencia cultural heredada
Original: πίστις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Grounds Paul’s own conduct (4:13; 5:7, ‘andamos por fe’) and the object of the Corinthians’ self-examination (13:5).
Called
Approved rendering: llamado
Transliteration: klētos / klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: convocado (bureaucratic/legal register)
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Used in the 2 Corinthians salutation (1:1, Paul ‘llamado apóstol’).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: santificación
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purificación penitencial, vía purgativa
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Connected to ‘perfeccionando la santidad’ (7:1).
Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant; The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. ‘Nuevo pacto’ (3:6, 14) must reuse this exact rendering; ‘alianza’ remains an acceptable ecumenical synonym per baseline notes.
In Christ
Approved rendering: en Cristo
Transliteration: en Christō
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Rejected alternatives: como cristiano (identidad cultural heredada por nacimiento)
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Salvation
Inherited from the Romans doctrine framework ‘christian_identity_in_christ.’ The theological hinge of 5:17 (‘si alguno está en Cristo’), 5:19, and 12:2; must not be diluted to generic cultural Christian identity.
Ministry Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: el ministerio de la reconciliación
Transliteration: diakonia tēs katallagēs
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God; Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: oficio sacerdotal mediador que dispensa la reconciliación mediante un rito
Original: διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. The delegated stewardship of proclaiming an already-accomplished reconciliation (5:18-20); must remain a non-sacerdotal proclaiming role, not a mediating priestly office.
All Died
Approved rendering: todos murieron
Transliteration: hoi pantes apethanon
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Rejected alternatives: todos murieron automáticamente sin necesidad de fe (lectura universalista)
Original: οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. The representative/positional death of all united to Christ, the judicial basis for new creation (5:14, 17); must be taught together with ‘en Cristo’ (union received by faith), never as automatic universal salvation apart from faith.
New Creation
Approved rendering: nueva creación
Transliteration: kainē ktisis
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: renovación personal, reinvención de sí mismo, la mejor versión de ti mismo
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Popular Hispanic self-help/wellness usage of ‘renovarse/reinventarse’ risks flattening this into psychological reinvention; must be taught as God’s decisive, already-accomplished re-creative act (5:17, perfect-tense force), tied to 5:14-15’s death-and-resurrection logic, not gradual self-improvement.
Grace Sufficient
Approved rendering: bástate mi gracia
Transliteration: arkei hē charis mou
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: mi gracia se aumenta o completa mediante mi mérito o cooperación
Original: ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (dominical saying, 12:9). Direct intensification of the Romans grace/merit distinction; grace, not removal of affliction, is Christ’s provision, and is never increased by human endurance or cooperation.
Power In Weakness
Approved rendering: poder… debilidad
Transliteration: dynamis / astheneia
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: la debilidad soportada como técnica para desatar poder o bendición (evangelio de la prosperidad invertido), el sufrimiento soportado como mérito religioso
Original: δύναμις / ἀσθένεια
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Must avoid both a prosperity-gospel ‘reversal technique’ reading and a folk-Catholic redemptive-suffering-as-merit reading (12:9-10; 13:4); God’s power is displayed, not earned or engineered, through human incapacity.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: falsos apóstoles
Transliteration: pseudapostoloi
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM/doctrine escalation of the otherwise Low-risk baseline term ‘apóstol’ (11:13). Requires explicit teaching on discerning genuine from false spiritual authority, given the plurality of self-styled apostolic/prophetic movements in the contemporary Hispanic evangelical landscape.
Boasting
Approved rendering: gloriarse (positivo) / jactancia (negativo)
Transliteration: kauchaomai / kauchēsis
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship; Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: un solo término (p. ej. solo ‘jactancia’ o solo ‘gloriarse’) colapsando ambos sentidos
Original: καυχάομαι / καύχησις
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Two distinct Spanish registers are mandatory for one Greek word family: ‘gloriarse’ only when the object is the Lord (10:17-18); ‘jactancia’ only for the false apostles’ self-exalting boasting (11:16-30; 12:1-11). Collapsing to one word inverts the passage’s polarity.
Image Of God
Approved rendering: imagen de Dios
Transliteration: eikōn tou theou
Doctrine: Deity of Christ; Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: imagen y semejanza aplicada de forma genérica a todo ser humano, sin distinción cristológica
Original: εἰκὼν τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (4:4). Must be distinguished from the general creational ‘imagen y semejanza de Dios’ applied to all humans, well known from Hispanic catechesis; here it is Christ’s unique, perfect revelation of God’s glory.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: temor del Señor
Transliteration: phobos tou kyriou
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: miedo supersticioso
Original: φόβος τοῦ κυρίου
Category: God
NEW TERM (5:11). ‘Temor’ in popular Hispanic piety can be heard as superstitious dread rather than reverent submission; must be paired with the baseline Critical term ‘Señor’ to preserve the reverence-not-terror sense.
Godly Sorrow
Approved rendering: tristeza según Dios
Transliteration: lypē kata theon
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: tristeza/contrición como acto meritorio que produce el perdón
Original: λύπη κατὰ θεόν
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (7:9-11). Must not be framed as a penitential-merit act; sorrow leads to repentance, which is met by God’s free grace, not earned through the intensity of contrition.
Repentance
Approved rendering: arrepentimiento
Transliteration: metanoia
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: el sacramento de la penitencia con confesión sacerdotal y penitencia asignada
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (7:9-10). Must be clearly distinguished from the Catholic Sacrament of Penance/Reconciliation; μετάνοια here is a direct, unmediated inward reorientation before God, reinforcing the caution flagged for ‘reconciliación.‘
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: templo de Dios
Transliteration: naos theou
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ; Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: el templo como edificio físico o santuario venerado
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (6:16). Risk of confusion with a physical church building (colloquial ‘el templo’) or venerated shrine; must clarify the corporate believers as God’s dwelling, echoing the Romans ‘iglesia’ caution.
Letter And Spirit
Approved rendering: la letra… el Espíritu
Transliteration: gramma / pneuma
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: letra = interpretación literal de la Biblia (lectura hermenéutica, no covenantal)
Original: γράμμα / πνεῦμα
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (3:6). Must be taught as a covenantal contrast (condemning code vs. life-giving Spirit), not a hermeneutical rule about literal vs. figurative Bible interpretation.
Fellowship Of The Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: la comunión del Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: koinōnia tou Hagiou Pneumatos
Doctrine: Trinitarian Fellowship and Benediction
Rejected alternatives: la Sagrada Comunión (Eucaristía)
Original: κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: Church
NEW TERM (specific phrase, 13:14). ‘Comunión’ strongly defaults to the Eucharist in Hispanic Catholic usage; must be clarified as shared participation with the Holy Spirit himself. This benediction must render identically across every document in this curriculum.
Comfort
Approved rendering: consolación / consolar (also consuelo)
Transliteration: paraklēsis / parakaleō
Doctrine: Divine Comfort and Consolation; Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: consuelo mediante la intercesión de la Virgen o de los santos
Original: παράκλησις / παρακαλέω
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (1:3-7; 7:6-7, 13). God himself, not a saint or the Virgin, is ‘el Dios de toda consolación’ (1:3); risk of default association with popular Marian titles of consolation. Parallels the Romans baseline’s ‘intercesión’ caution.
Suffering
Approved rendering: padecimientos
Transliteration: pathēma
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: sufrimientos ofrecidos como mérito o penitencia
Original: πάθημα
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (1:5-7). Guard against the folk-Catholic ‘ofrecer los sufrimientos’ merit/indulgence framework; Paul’s point is comfort and solidarity with Christ, not merit accumulation.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: tribunal de Cristo
Transliteration: bēma (tou Christou)
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God; Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: juicio particular con resultado incierto, sujeto a purificación purgatorial
Original: βῆμα (τοῦ Χριστοῦ)
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (5:10). Risk of collision with the Catholic doctrine of ‘juicio particular’ and purgatory; must be taught as an evaluative reckoning of a believer already secure in Christ (reuse Romans ‘assurance_of_salvation’), not an uncertain determination of final salvation status.
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People; Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: la Iglesia (institución jerárquica en sentido católico-institucional)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Referenced regarding oversight and the collection (1:1; 8:1, 18-19, 23; 11:8, 28).
Signs Of A True Apostle
Approved rendering: señales de apóstol
Transliteration: sēmeia tou apostolou
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου
Category: Apostleship
God-given authenticating evidence of genuine apostolic ministry (12:12), not self-claimed credentials.
Ambassadors
Approved rendering: embajadores / actuamos como embajadores
Transliteration: presbeuomen
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πρεσβεύομεν
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (5:20). No major lexical collision, but must be taught as delegated, Christ-derived authority, not an independent religious office.
Minister
Approved rendering: ministros
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old; Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ministro ordenado en sentido sacramental exclusivo
Original: διάκονος
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (3:6; 6:4; 11:15, 23). In Catholic-majority usage ‘ministro’ carries strong sacramental-clergy associations; must be taught as a functional gospel-serving role, echoing the Romans ‘iglesia’ caution.
Examine Yourselves
Approved rendering: examinaos a vosotros mismos
Transliteration: dokimazete heautous
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς
Category: Apostleship
Personal application of the discernment doctrine to every believer (13:5), not only to leaders.
Weapons Of Warfare
Approved rendering: armas de nuestra milicia / fortalezas
Transliteration: hopla tēs strateias / ochyrōma
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας / ὀχύρωμα
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (10:4). Intellectual/spiritual metaphor, not literal military conflict; must stay clearly figurative given the currency of literal spiritual-warfare language in some Hispanic charismatic contexts.
Visions And Revelations
Approved rendering: visiones y revelaciones
Transliteration: optasiai kai apokalypseis
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ὀπτασίαι καὶ ἀποκαλύψεις
Category: Apostleship
Paul’s extraordinary spiritual experience (12:1-4), balanced by the thorn given to prevent pride; must be taught as a paired unit with the thorn, never isolated as a spiritual-attainment marker.
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: aguijón en mi carne
Transliteration: skolops tē sarki
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: una lucha personal genérica sin propósito divino específico
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (12:7). Popular use of ‘espina/aguijón’ as a generic personal-struggle metaphor is acceptable, but the specific purpose clause (‘para que no me enalteciese’) must travel with it to avoid flattening into a generic self-help reading.
Godly Jealousy
Approved rendering: celo de Dios
Transliteration: zēlos theou
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: celos posesivos en sentido romántico/negativo
Original: ζῆλος θεοῦ
Category: God
NEW TERM (11:2). ‘Celos’ in everyday Spanish usually connotes possessive romantic jealousy; must be glossed as protective covenantal concern likened to guarding a betrothal.
Transformed
Approved rendering: somos transformados
Transliteration: metamorphoumetha
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old; Sanctification
Original: μεταμορφούμεθα
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (3:18). Shares a root with ‘Transfiguración’ (the Catholic feast); minor risk of narrowing to that single event rather than ongoing believer transformation.
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: unirse en yugo desigual
Transliteration: heterozygountes
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἑτεροζυγοῦντες
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (6:14). Agricultural imagery less immediately familiar to urban Hispanic audiences; gloss briefly. No doctrinal collision.
Fellowship Giving
Approved rendering: compañerismo / participación
Transliteration: koinōnia (financial-participation sense)
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: comunión de los santos (fórmula credal católica)
Original: κοινωνία (financial-participation sense)
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (specific sense, 8:4). ‘Participación’ is the preferred contextual gloss for the financial-partnership sense; avoid the specific Catholic creedal phrase per the Romans baseline rule.
According To The Flesh
Approved rendering: según la carne
Transliteration: kata sarka
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Rejected alternatives: cuerpo físico en sentido meramente biológico
Original: κατὰ σάρκα
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (5:16). ‘Carne’ must be understood in the Pauline theological sense (fallen human viewpoint/nature), not merely ‘cuerpo físico.‘
Affliction
Approved rendering: tribulación (also aflicción)
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (1:4, 8; 4:17; 6:4; 7:4). Standard term; teach alongside ‘comfort’ as a paired doctrine.
Sincerity
Approved rendering: sinceridad / sencillez
Transliteration: eilikrineia / haplotēs
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: εἰλικρίνεια / ἁπλότης
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (1:12; 2:17). Same Greek word (ἁπλότης) recurs in chs. 8-9 with the sense ‘generosity’; teach the deliberate Pauline wordplay explicitly rather than as unrelated glossary items.
Seal Guarantee
Approved rendering: sello… las arras
Transliteration: sphragis / arrabōn
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: σφραγίς / ἀρραβών
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (1:22; 5:5). ‘Arras’ is the established Reina-Valera rendering and echoes the Spanish/Latin American wedding-pledge tradition; a positive cultural bridge if briefly glossed.
Triumphal Procession
Approved rendering: nos lleva en triunfo / desfile triunfal
Transliteration: thriambeuō
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry; Power in Weakness
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (2:14). Resonates with Hispanic Catholic processional piety (Holy Week processions); must be anchored to Christ’s unique triumph, not folded into devotion to a carried religious image.
Peddle For Profit
Approved rendering: mercadear / comerciar con la palabra de Dios
Transliteration: kapēleuō
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: καπηλεύω
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (2:17). No lexical collision, but cultural suspicion of religious leaders profiting from ministry gives this real pastoral weight; render forcefully, do not soften.
Treasure In Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: tesoro en vasos de barro
Transliteration: thēsauron en ostrakinois skeuesin
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: θησαυρὸν ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (4:7). Standard, vivid Reina-Valera-attested imagery; the gospel’s power resides in God, not impressive human ministers.
Eternal Weight Of Glory
Approved rendering: peso eterno de gloria
Transliteration: baros doxēs (aiōnion)
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: βάρος δόξης (αἰώνιον)
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (4:17). Reuses the ‘gloria’ concept; disproportionate-compensation image (light affliction, weighty eternal glory) must not minimize present suffering’s reality.
Generosity
Approved rendering: generosidad / liberalidad
Transliteration: haplotēs (giving sense)
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἁπλότης (giving sense)
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (8:2; 9:11, 13). Shares a root with ‘sincerity’ (ch. 1); teach the deliberate Pauline wordplay explicitly.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: acción de gracias
Transliteration: eucharistia
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. The collection is designed to overflow in thanksgiving to God (4:15; 9:11-12).
Eve Deceived
Approved rendering: Eva fue engañada
Transliteration: exēpatēsen tēn Euan
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἐξηπάτησεν τὴν Εὕαν
Category: Apostleship
Typological warning (11:3) that the Corinthians’ minds could be led astray from sincere devotion to Christ; standard narrative reference.
Foolishness Of Boasting
Approved rendering: locura / necedad
Transliteration: aphrosynē
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἀφροσύνη
Category: Apostleship
Paul’s ironic, self-deprecating frame for the boasting section (11:1, 16-21), forced on him by his opponents’ tactics.
Messenger Of Satan
Approved rendering: mensajero de Satanás
Transliteration: angelos Satana
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ
Category: God
The proximate agent of Paul’s thorn (12:7), a reminder that God sovereignly permits and overrules even satanic instruments.
Meekness And Gentleness
Approved rendering: mansedumbre y ternura
Transliteration: prautēs kai epieikeia
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πραΰτης καὶ ἐπιείκεια (τοῦ Χριστοῦ)
Category: Christology
Christ’s own character (10:1), appealed to by Paul in explicit contrast to the domineering, self-promoting style of the false apostles.
Satan
Approved rendering: Satanás
Transliteration: Satanas
Doctrine: Satanic Deception and False Authority
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: God
The personal, cosmic adversary, active in unforgiveness (2:11) and disguised deception (11:14). Standard, unambiguous term.
Belial
Approved rendering: Belial
Transliteration: Beliar
Doctrine: Satanic Deception and False Authority
Original: Βελίαρ
Category: God
NEW TERM. A synonym for Satan (6:15); transliterated per established Bible-translation convention for proper names/titles, glossed as ‘(Satanás)’ for clarity.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: ángel de luz
Transliteration: angelos phōtos
Doctrine: Satanic Deception and False Authority; Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: God
Satan’s chief strategy of imitating legitimate holiness/divine origin (11:14).
Veil
Approved rendering: velo
Transliteration: kalymma
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Moses’ literal veil and, metaphorically, Israel’s ongoing veiled understanding, removed only in Christ (3:13-16).
Perfect Complete
Approved rendering: sed perfectos / sed restaurados
Transliteration: katartizesthe
Doctrine: Mutual Edification and Unity
Original: καταρτίζεσθε
Category: Church
Final exhortation toward wholeness and unity (13:11); parallels the Romans ‘mutual_edification’ doctrine (Low risk).
Fragrance Of Christ
Approved rendering: olor fragante / grato olor de Cristo
Transliteration: osmē / euōdia (Christou)
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ὀσμή / εὐωδία (Χριστοῦ)
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (2:15-16). Positive resonance with liturgical incense use in Catholic worship; low doctrinal risk.
Boldness
Approved rendering: confianza / denuedo
Transliteration: parrēsia
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: παρρησία
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (3:12). Confident, unveiled access and speech granted by the new covenant, contrasted with Moses’ veiled ministry.
Outer Inner Man
Approved rendering: hombre exterior / hombre interior
Transliteration: exō anthrōpos / esō anthrōpos
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (4:16). The believer’s decaying body coexisting with an inwardly renewed self.
Earthly Tent
Approved rendering: casa terrestre / tabernáculo
Transliteration: skēnos / epigeios oikia
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: σκῆνος / ἐπίγειος οἰκία
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM (5:1-4). The mortal body as a temporary dwelling to be exchanged for a permanent resurrection body; minor cultural gloss needed for the tent metaphor.
Equality
Approved rendering: igualdad
Transliteration: isotēs
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (8:13-14). A voluntary, grace-driven balance meeting real needs, not enforced economic leveling.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: dador alegre
Transliteration: hilaros dotēs
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (9:7). ‘Dios ama al dador alegre’ — giving motivated by joy, not compulsion or social pressure; standard, vivid Reina-Valera-attested phrase.
Low (baseline) / High (in false-apostleship contexts) Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apóstol
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship; Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged; risk tier escalates in 2 Corinthians because Paul’s own apostleship is directly contested (11:5, 13; 12:11-12). See ‘false_apostles’ and ‘signs_of_a_true_apostle’ below.
Medium/High Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: puro en sentido ritual
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Applied to Paul’s conduct (1:12) and to holiness perfected ‘en el temor de Dios’ (7:1).
Glory
Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old; Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Chapter 3 develops increasing, unveiled glory under the new covenant (‘de gloria en gloria,’ 3:18); chapter 4 applies it to Christ’s glory as ‘imagen de Dios’ (4:4), veiled to unbelievers.
Medium/High (Critical in 5:21 context) Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability; Reconciliation with God; Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: falta (minimizing euphemism common in pastoral speech)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Central to Christ’s sinlessness (5:21, ‘el que no conoció pecado’) and to non-imputation (5:19). NEVER soften to ‘falta’ per the baseline forbidden-substitution rule.
Low (baseline) / High in specific phrases Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: compañerismo
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: comunión de los santos (specific Catholic liturgical formula)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Baseline general sense used at 6:14; see ‘fellowship_giving’ and ‘fellowship_of_the_holy_spirit’ below for context-escalated specific phrases unique to this book.
Referenced passages