Core Glossary

Core Glossary: Numbers (Números)

How to use this glossary

This glossary extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans Language Package. Every term already present in the baseline translation_memory.json is marked “Baseline — reuse exactly” and its Spanish rendering, risk tier, and notes are carried forward unchanged. Every term newly introduced by the book of Numbers is marked “New — propose for translation memory” with a recommended risk tier consistent with the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework, ready for insertion into translation memory per the versioning procedure in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.

Citation convention: this book is cited as Números (e.g., Números 21:4-9), never “Numbers,” in all Spanish-facing material.

Part A — Baseline Terms Reused (from Romans Language Package)

Term (English)	Spanish Rendering	Risk	Chapters activating it in Numbers	Numbers-specific note
sin	pecado	Medium	5, 15, 21 (core), 25	Never soften to “falta”; Numbers adds the legal distinction unwitting vs. presumptuous sin (ch. 15) not present in Romans’ usage.
holy / holy ones	santo	Medium/High	6, 16	Ch. 16’s Korah crisis directly parallels the baseline’s “santos” caution: corporate holiness does not erase God-appointed distinctions of office.
saints (corporate, all-believers-parallel usage)	santos	Critical	16	Korah’s claim “toda la congregación, todos son santos” (16:3) is a misuse of a true principle; teach alongside, and to sharpen, the baseline Romans 1:7 note.
grace	gracia	High	6	Priestly blessing (6:25, “sea propicio/tenga gracia de ti”) anticipates the baseline’s unmerited-favor doctrine.
faith / believe	fe / creer	High	14, 20	Numbers 14:11 (“¿hasta cuándo no creerán en mí?”) is the OT root of the baseline’s Critical “faith” doctrine.
covenant	pacto	High	10, 18, 25	Standardize on “pacto” per baseline; never substitute “alianza” within this curriculum.
intercession	intercesión	Critical	11, 12, 14, 16, 21 (core), 25	Numbers supplies the fullest OT type-scenes for this Critical baseline doctrine (Moses, Aaron, Phinehas); reinforce that mediated intercession here is God-appointed and unique, not a model for saint/Marian mediation.
glory	gloria	Medium/High	9, 14, 16, 20	Consistently appears at flashpoints of rebellion and intercession; reuse baseline rendering exactly across all occurrences.
prophet / prophecy	profeta / profecía	Low/High*	11, 12, 22-24	*Elevated risk in Balaam narrative specifically — see Part B; elsewhere standard baseline risk applies.
election	elección	High	17, 26	Aaron’s confirmed priesthood (ch.17) and the land-lot allocation (ch. 26) both reinforce the baseline’s caution against fatalistic “destino/suerte” framing.
providence	providencia	Medium	26	Ch. 26’s casting of lots must be taught as providentially directed, not left as bare “suerte” (chance).
Messiah	Mesías	Critical	24	Balaam’s Star/Scepter oracle (24:17) is continuous with the baseline’s Messianic Promise doctrine (Rom 1:3-4, 9:5); teach in direct continuity, not isolation.
God	Dios	Critical	all	Standard, unchanged.
Israel	Israel	Low	all	Standard, unchanged.
peace	paz	Medium	25	”Covenant of peace” (25:12) reuses this baseline term exactly.
Spirit	Espíritu (cf. Espíritu Santo)	High	11	OT anticipation of the full baseline “Espíritu Santo” doctrine; teach continuity without overclaiming full NT Trinitarian articulation is yet explicit in this text.

Part B — New Terms Introduced by Numbers (propose for translation memory)

Term (English gloss)	Original (Hebrew; LXX Greek where relevant)	Transliteration	Spanish Rendering	Risk	Doctrine	Chapters	Notes / Rejected Alternatives
Bronze serpent	נְחַשׁ נְחֹשֶׁת; LXX ὄφιν χαλκοῦν	nechash nechoshet / ophin chalkoun	serpiente de bronce	Critical	The Bronze Serpent as a Type of Christ	21 (core), cf. 2 Ki 18:4, John 3:14	Fixed technical term; never vary the wording. Must be taught with the dual warning: (1) the object itself was later worshiped as the idol Nehustán and destroyed by Hezekiah — it has no inherent power and must never be treated devotionally like a relic/image; (2) it typifies, but is not equal to, Christ’s superior once-for-all saving work. Rejected: “serpiente de cobre” (inconsistent with established RV metal terminology), “imagen de serpiente” (loses the fixed technical phrase).
Fiery serpent(s)	הַנְּחָשִׁים הַשְּׂרָפִים / שָׂרָף	nachash saraph / saraph	serpiente(s) ardiente(s)	Critical	Bronze Serpent typology; God’s Patience and Judgment	21 (core)	Root shared with “seraphim” (Isa 6) — surface this resonance in teaching notes (fire/holiness/judgment). Not a folk-omen term; anchor to this specific, one-time historical judgment.
Pole / standard	נֵס	nes	asta	High	Bronze Serpent typology	21 (core)	Same semantic field as a military rallying banner (cf. Exod 17:15, “the LORD is my banner”); connect explicitly to John 3:14/12:32’s “lifted up” (Gk. ὑψωθῆναι) language and to the baseline’s existing “root of Jesse” banner imagery (Rom 15:12).
To look / to gaze intently	רָאָה (v.8) / נָבַט (v.9)	ra’ah / nabat	mirar	High	Bronze Serpent typology; Faith	21 (core)	Spanish (like most English versions) collapses two distinct Hebrew verbs into one; teaching notes must recover the intensifying nuance (general look → fixed, trusting gaze) to model the nature of saving faith.
Murmuring / complaining against God	לוּן / אנן (+ preposition בְּ, “against”)	lun / ‘anan; dabar be-	murmurar / quejarse / hablar contra	High	Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation	11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 21 (core), 25	Resist pastoral softening toward harmless “venting”; the text treats this pattern as sin against proven divine faithfulness. Rejected: “expresar frustración” (too neutral).
Rebellion / open defiance	מָרָה / מָרַד	marah / marad	rebelión / rebelarse	High	Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation	13-14, 16, 20, 32	Distinguish from mere “duda” (doubt) or “desacuerdo” (disagreement); this is willful defiance of God’s revealed word and appointed leadership.
Craving / disordered desire	תַּאֲוָה	ta’avah	codicia / antojo desordenado	Medium	Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation	11	Avoid trivializing renderings (“antojo” alone); pair with “desordenado” to retain moral weight.
Evil report	דִּבָּה	dibbah	mal informe / mal reporte	Medium	Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation	13	Distinguish honest difficulty-reporting from fear-driven distortion; the sin is the distortion, not the acknowledgment of real obstacles.
Promised land flowing with milk and honey	אֶרֶץ זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבַשׁ	eretz zavat chalav u-devash	tierra que fluye leche y miel	High	Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure	13, 14	Fixed biblical idiom; tie explicitly to the faithfulness-despite-failure doctrine as tangible, evidenced proof of covenant promise.
God’s oath (“as I live”)	חַי־אָנִי	chai-ani	”como yo vivo” / juramento divino	High	God’s Patience and Judgment; Faithfulness of God’s Promises	14	Same divine self-oath formula underwrites both God’s promises and his judgments; teach both halves together.
Patience / slow to anger	אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם	erekh appayim	tardo para la ira	High	God’s Patience and Judgment	14	Must always be taught paired with the same formula’s justice clause (Exod 34:6-7; Num 14:18b) — patience is real but not indulgence without consequence.
Steadfast covenant love / mercy	חֶסֶד	chesed	misericordia	High	Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure	14	Keep firmly as God’s own covenant-keeping character; do not let it drift toward devotional usage directed at saints/the Virgin as mediators of mercy.
Presumptuous (“high-handed”) sin vs. unwitting sin	בְּיָד רָמָה vs. בִּשְׁגָגָה	yad ramah / bishgagah	pecado con mano alzada / deliberado vs. pecado por error / sin intención	High	Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation; God’s Patience and Judgment	15	Preserve this legal distinction carefully — it explains why some wilderness sins receive uniquely severe judgment outside the ordinary sacrificial remedy.
Atonement / to make atonement	כִּפֶּר	kipper	expiación / hacer expiación	Critical	Intercession; God’s Patience and Judgment	16, 28-29	New fixed term for this curriculum (the baseline flags “atonement/propitiation” as a risk category without assigning a term — this glossary supplies it). Must not be taught as an ongoing, works-administered system (avoid drift toward a penance/absolution framing); present as God’s own provided remedy through his appointed mediator, prefiguring Christ.
Plague (as direct divine judgment)	נֶגֶף / מַגֵּפָה	negef / maggephah	plaga	Medium	God’s Patience and Judgment	16, 25, 31	Do not flatten into a purely naturalistic “epidemia”; retain the judgment-instrument sense.
Zeal (Phinehas)	קִנְאָה	qinah	celo	High	Intercession (Phinehas)	25	Critical false-friend risk: contemporary Spanish “celos” primarily connotes romantic/sexual jealousy. Must be glossed as zeal for God’s honor, mirroring God’s own “jealousy” for exclusive worship (Exod 20:5); also flag as a unique, non-repeatable historical act, not a general model for personal action.
Idolatry / covenant unfaithfulness (Baal-Peor)	זָנָה (Baal Pe’or)	zanah	idolatría / fornicación espiritual	High	Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation	25	Hebrew fuses literal sexual sin and covenant unfaithfulness; preserve both dimensions rather than moralizing narrowly or spiritualizing away the history.
Curse	אָרַר / קָלַל	arar / qalal	maldición	Critical	Balaam and God’s Sovereign Blessing	22-24	Direct cultural collision risk: must explicitly counter, not reinforce, live folk beliefs (maldiciones, mal de ojo, brujería) in the mechanical power of spoken curses; teach that no human ritual specialist has power over blessing/cursing apart from God’s sovereign will.
Blessing (pronounced/invoked)	בְּרָכָה / בָּרַךְ	berakhah / barak	bendición / bendecir	High	Balaam and God’s Sovereign Blessing	6, 22-24	Distinguish from quasi-magical folk usage (e.g., “pedir la bendición” as ritual protective formula); anchor as God’s own sovereign, freely given favor.
Divination / diviner	קֶסֶם / קוֹסֵם	qesem / qosem	adivinación / adivino	Critical	Balaam and God’s Sovereign Blessing	22-24	Live collision with santería, espiritismo, curanderismo, fortune-telling practices across Spanish-speaking cultures; the narrative displays God’s sovereignty over, not endorsement of, this condemned practice.
Angel of the LORD	מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה	mal’akh YHWH	el ángel del SEÑOR	Critical	Balaam and God’s Sovereign Blessing	22	Never render as indefinite “un ángel”; must retain the uniquely authoritative, definite character. Present with theological caution regarding possible Christophany without overclaiming textual certainty; explicitly distinguish from popular guardian-angel devotion.
Oracle	מָשָׁל / נְאֻם	mashal / ne’um	oráculo	Medium	Balaam and God’s Sovereign Blessing	23-24	Distinguish from “profecía” if the curriculum wishes to preserve Balaam’s ambiguous status as a true-speaking diviner rather than a covenant prophet.
”God is not a man, that he should lie”	לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב	lo ish El vayekhazzev	”Dios no es hombre, para que mienta”	Critical	Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure	23	Central theological-thesis verse for this doctrine across the whole book; cross-reference explicitly with Num 14:21-23.
Star / Scepter (Messianic oracle)	כּוֹכָב / שֵׁבֶט	kokhav / shevet	estrella / cetro	Critical	Balaam and God’s Sovereign Blessing; Messianic Promise	24	Teach in direct continuity with the baseline’s Critical “Mesías” doctrine; explicitly distinguish from astrological/horoscope associations with “estrella” in popular culture.
Census / numbering (of the covenant people)	מִסְפָּר / פְקֻדִּים	mispar / pequdim	censo	Medium	Census and the People of God	1, 26	Recover the covenantal, by-name character against a purely bureaucratic reading of “censo.”
Congregation (of Israel)	עֵדָה	edah	congregación	Medium	Census and the People of God	1 and throughout	Distinguish from “iglesia” (reserved per baseline for the NT church); this names the whole covenant nation under Moses.
Redemption price (firstborn)	פִּדְיוֹם	pidyom (root: padah)	redención / rescate	High	Faithfulness of God’s Promises (typological)	3	Typological forerunner to Christ-accomplished redemption; avoid conflation with purely commercial “pagar un rescate.”
Nazirite vow	נָזִיר	nazir	nazareo	Medium	(Sanctification background)	6	Explicit homophone-adjacent confusion risk with “Nazareno” (of Nazareth, i.e., Jesus); flag distinctly in every occurrence.
Red heifer	פָרָה אֲדֻמָּה	parah adumah	vaca alazana / novilla roja	High	Bronze Serpent typology (parallel purification typology)	19	Strong NT typological connection (Heb 9:13-14); teach the connection without implying the OT rite had independent saving power.
Cities of refuge	עָרֵי מִקְלָט	arei miqlat	ciudades de refugio	High	(Intercession/refuge background)	35	Rich typological connection to refuge in Christ; keep the immediate legal-historical function (protection from private vengeance, intent-vs-accident distinction) primary before drawing the type.
Avenger of blood	גֹּאֵל הַדָּם	go’el ha-dam	vindicador de la sangre	High	(contrast term)	35	Shares a Hebrew root with the positive “Redeemer/Redentor” title; deliberately avoid “Redentor” in this legal-avenger context to prevent doctrinal confusion in Spanish, which cannot preserve the Hebrew wordplay safely.
Herem / total destruction vow	חָרַם	cherem	destrucción total / voto de exterminio	High	(historical-conquest background)	21, 33	Anchor strictly to its unique, one-time covenant-historical setting; do not generalize into a model for warfare or personal action.
Inheritance (land)	נַחֲלָה	nachalah	herencia	Medium/High	Faithfulness of God’s Promises; Census and the People of God	26, 27, 34, 36	Rich bridge term to the baseline’s “adopción” doctrine (full inheritance rights); reinforce this connection explicitly.
Lot / allotment	גּוֹרָל	goral	sorteo (avoid bare “suerte”)	Medium	Census and the People of God; Providence	26	Parallel to the baseline’s existing caution against fatalistic “destino/suerte” language for providence/election; always pair with a providence-affirming teaching note.
Unfaithfulness (covenant betrayal)	מַעַל	ma’al	infidelidad / deslealtad	High	Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation	5	Distinguish from merely relational “infidelidad matrimonial”; anchor the God-ward, covenantal sense.
Uncleanness / ritual impurity	טָמֵא	tamei	impuro / inmundo	Medium	(background to Sanctification)	5, 8, 19, 31	Distinguish ritual impurity (status requiring cleansing rites) from moral sin (requiring confession/atonement) while showing their intersection.

Part C — Highest-Priority Risk Deep-Dives (Critical tier, human theologian review mandatory)

Serpiente de bronce / serpiente(s) ardiente(s) (ch. 21, core passage) — the book’s central typological term; dual risk of (a) devotional-object confusion given Spanish-speaking Catholic material piety around images/relics, countered by the object’s own later destruction as an idol (2 Ki 18:4), and (b) under-teaching the positive Christ-typology John 3:14 draws from it.
Intercesión (chs. 11, 12, 14, 16, 21, 25) — reused baseline Critical term, now with five distinct OT type-scenes (Moses ×3, Aaron, Phinehas) requiring careful handling so none of them models saint/Marian-style mediation.
Santos / santidad corporativa (ch. 16, Korah) — reused baseline Critical term; Numbers supplies a cautionary narrative (misuse of true corporate holiness to claim illegitimate office) that sharpens rather than repeats the baseline’s Romans 1:7 note.
Maldición / bendición / adivinación (chs. 22-24) — new Critical-tier cultural collision cluster with live Spanish-speaking folk-religious practice (curses, evil eye, divination, witchcraft); requires the most explicit counter-teaching of any new term set in this glossary.
El ángel del SEÑOR (ch. 22) — new Critical term requiring careful theological caution regarding possible Christophany, and explicit distinction from popular guardian-angel devotion.
Expiación (ch. 16, 28-29) — new Critical term filling a gap the baseline flagged but did not fill; must avoid drift toward a works/penance-administered framing.
Estrella / cetro (Mesías) (ch. 24) — new Critical term in direct continuity with the baseline’s existing Messianic Promise doctrine; must be taught as continuous, not standalone.
“Dios no es hombre, para que mienta” (ch. 23) and the oath “como yo vivo” (ch. 14) — together form the Critical/High theological backbone of “Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure” and should be cross-taught as a matched pair.

This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before any Phase 2 Numbers segment translation begins. All “New — propose for translation memory” entries require formal addition to translation memory (with version increment) before Phase 2 processing of any segment containing them, per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.

Critical Risk Terms

Saints

Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: qedoshim (Heb., corporate use cf. Exod 19:6); hagioi (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: Corporate Holiness and Appointed Office
Rejected alternatives: los santos (canonizados, objeto de veneración e intercesión)
Original: קְדֹשִׁים (corporate use, cf. Exod 19:6)
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package; rendering and Critical risk tier unchanged. Numbers 16:3 (Korah’s claim, ‘toda la congregación, todos son santos’) sharpens the baseline Romans 1:7 caution: this is a true corporate principle misused to claim illegitimate office. Every occurrence in Numbers 16-17 requires a teaching note distinguishing the true doctrine from Korah’s illegitimate conclusion.

Intercession

Approved rendering: intercesión
Transliteration: palal / hitpallel; paga’ (Heb.); enteuxis / hyperentynchanei (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: Intercession (Moses, Aaron, Phinehas)
Rejected alternatives: intercesión de los santos o de la Virgen como mediadores necesarios ante Dios
Original: פָּלַל (Hitpael: הִתְפַּלֵּל) / פָּגַע
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package; rendering and Critical risk tier unchanged. Numbers supplies the fullest Old Testament type-scenes for this doctrine (Moses x3: 11:2, 12:13, 14:13-19, 21:7; Aaron: 16:46-48; Phinehas: 25:7-13). Every occurrence must be taught as a unique, divinely appointed mediator acting directly with God, never as validating petitioning saints or the Virgin Mary as intermediaries; point forward to Christ’s superior intercession (Heb 7:25).

Messiah

Approved rendering: Mesías
Transliteration: Mashiach (implied by kokhav/shevet, Heb.); Christos (Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: Messianic Star and Scepter Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: un ungido más, entre otros santos o profetas venerados
Original: מָשִׁיחַ (implied by the Star/Scepter oracle, כּוֹכָב / שֵׁבֶט)
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Balaam’s Star and Scepter oracle (24:17) must be taught in direct continuity with the baseline’s Messianic Promise doctrine (Rom 1:3-4, 9:5), not as an isolated Old Testament curiosity spoken through a pagan diviner.

God

Approved rendering: Dios / SEÑOR
Transliteration: YHWH / Elohim (Heb.); theos (Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: God’s Patience and Judgment / God’s Unchanging, Faithful Character
Original: יהוה / אֱלֹהִים
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Where the text uses the covenant name YHWH, follow this curriculum’s established Spanish Bible convention consistently, especially in the fixed phrase ‘el ángel del SEÑOR.‘

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: ruach YHWH (Heb.); pneuma hagion (Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: The Spirit of God and Prophetic Empowerment
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza impersonal, un espíritu guía o ancestral
Original: רוּחַ (יְהוָה)
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Numbers 11:16-29 uses only ‘ruach’ without the full New Testament Trinitarian title; teach continuity of the same divine Spirit without overclaiming full Trinitarian articulation was yet revealed. Must not be presented as validating modern spiritist or mediumistic phenomena (Espiritismo, Santería).

Bronze Serpent

Approved rendering: serpiente de bronce
Transliteration: nechash nechoshet (Heb.); ophin chalkoun (LXX Gk.)
Doctrine: The Bronze Serpent as a Type of Christ
Rejected alternatives: serpiente de cobre, imagen de serpiente
Original: נְחַשׁ נְחֹשֶׁת; LXX ὄφιν χαλκοῦν
Category: Typology

Core passage fixed technical term (21:8-9); never vary the wording. Must be taught with the dual warning: (1) later worshiped as the idol Nehustán and destroyed by Hezekiah (2 Ki 18:4) — the object has no inherent power and must never be treated devotionally like a relic or ex-voto; (2) it typifies, but is not equal to, Christ’s superior once-for-all saving work (John 3:14-15).

Fiery Serpent

Approved rendering: serpiente(s) ardiente(s)
Transliteration: nachash saraph / saraph (Heb.)
Doctrine: The Bronze Serpent as a Type of Christ / God’s Patience and Judgment
Rejected alternatives: mal augurio popular (interpretación folclórica de serpientes como presagio)
Original: הַנְּחָשִׁים הַשְּׂרָפִים / שָׂרָף
Category: Judgment

Root shared with ‘serafines’ (Isa 6:2, 6) — invisible in Spanish; surface this fire/holiness/judgment resonance in teaching notes. Must be taught as a specific, one-time historical judgment sent directly by the LORD (21:6), not filtered through generalized rural folk-belief about snakes as evil omens found in parts of Latin America.

Atonement

Approved rendering: expiación / hacer expiación
Transliteration: kipper (Heb.)
Doctrine: Atonement and Mediated Forgiveness
Rejected alternatives: penitencia continua administrada por obras, absolución sacerdotal como sistema en curso
Original: כִּפֶּר
Category: Salvation

New fixed technical term filling a category the baseline flagged (Rom 3:25) without assigning a Spanish term. Given the developed Catholic sacramental Penance/Reconciliation framework in Spanish-speaking cultures, must not be taught as an ongoing works-and-absolution system; present as God’s own provided remedy through his appointed mediator (16:46-48; 28:1-29:40), prefiguring Christ’s unrepeatable atonement.

Curse

Approved rendering: maldición
Transliteration: arar / qalal (Heb.)
Doctrine: Balaam and God’s Sovereign Blessing
Rejected alternatives: maldición mecánicamente eficaz pronunciada por un especialista ritual
Original: אָרַר / קָלַל
Category: God

Direct, live cultural collision with folk-religious belief in maldiciones, mal de ojo, and brujería across Spain and Latin America. Balaam repeatedly confesses he can only speak what God permits (22:38; 23:8, 12, 20, 26; 24:13); teaching must state plainly that no ritual specialist has independent power to curse apart from God’s sovereign will.

Divination

Approved rendering: adivinación / adivino
Transliteration: qesem / qosem (Heb.)
Doctrine: Divination and the Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: profecía (confundiría un oficio condenado con el oficio profético legítimo)
Original: קֶסֶם / קוֹסֵם
Category: God

Live, direct collision with santería, espiritismo, curanderismo, and general fortune-telling practices across Spanish-speaking cultures. Balaam is elsewhere named a ‘qosem’ (Josh 13:22); teaching must state plainly that his own arts are not commended even as God’s absolute sovereignty over them is affirmed.

Angel Of The Lord

Approved rendering: el ángel del SEÑOR
Transliteration: mal’akh YHWH (Heb.)
Doctrine: The Angel of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: un ángel (indefinido), ángel de la guarda popular
Original: מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה
Category: God

Must never be rendered as indefinite ‘un ángel,’ which loses the definite, uniquely authoritative character of the phrase (22:22-35), nor equated with popular guardian-angel devotion widespread in Hispanic Catholic piety. Present with theological caution regarding possible Christophany without overclaiming textual certainty.

Gods Unchanging Character

Approved rendering: “Dios no es hombre, para que mienta, ni hijo de hombre para que se arrepienta”
Transliteration: lo ish El vayekhazzev (Heb.)
Doctrine: God’s Unchanging, Faithful Character
Original: לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב
Category: God

The single most important verse (23:19) grounding the whole faithfulness-despite-failure doctrine in God’s own character rather than human performance; must be cross-referenced explicitly with Números 14:21-23.

Star Scepter Messianic

Approved rendering: estrella / cetro
Transliteration: kokhav / shevet (Heb.)
Doctrine: Messianic Star and Scepter Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: estrella en sentido astrológico u horóscopo
Original: כּוֹכָב / שֵׁבֶט
Category: Christology

Balaam’s fourth oracle (24:15-19); teach in direct continuity with the baseline’s Critical Messianic Promise doctrine (Rom 1:3-4, 9:5). Explicitly exclude contemporary astrological/horoscope associations with ‘estrella.‘

High Risk Terms

Grace

Approved rendering: gracia
Transliteration: chen (Heb., contextually the priestly blessing, 6:25); charis (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: Grace / The Priestly Blessing
Rejected alternatives: favor merecido, recompensa por buenas obras
Original: חֵן (contextually, priestly blessing 6:25)
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Numbers 6:25’s priestly benediction (‘sea propicio/tenga gracia de ti’) is an Old Testament liturgical anchor for the baseline’s unmerited-favor doctrine; must not be taught as a formula whose efficacy depends on priestly technique rather than God’s free choice to bless.

Faith

Approved rendering: fe
Transliteration: aman / batach (Heb.); pistis (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: Faith / Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation
Rejected alternatives: devoción religiosa general, creencia cultural heredada
Original: אמן / בָּטַח
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Numbers 14:11 (‘¿hasta cuándo no creerán en mí?’) and 20:12 (Moses’ and Aaron’s own failure) are the Old Testament root of the baseline’s Critical faith doctrine, functioning as the negative counterpart to Romans’ positive faith doctrine.

Covenant

Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: berit (Heb.); diatheke (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal, alianza (rejected per baseline standardization for this curriculum)
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package; standardize on ‘pacto,’ never ‘alianza,’ exactly as the baseline mandates. Numbers supplies three distinct covenant type-scenes: the ark of the covenant (10:33), the covenant of salt (18:19), and the covenant of peace granted to Phinehas (25:12-13).

Election

Approved rendering: elección
Transliteration: bachar (Heb.); eklogē (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: Corporate Holiness and Appointed Office / Providence and the Casting of Lots
Rejected alternatives: destino, suerte
Original: בָּחַר
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Aaron’s confirmed priesthood (Aaron’s budding rod, ch. 17) and the tribal land allotments (ch. 26) both reinforce the baseline’s caution against fatalistic ‘destino/suerte’ framing.

Sanctification

Approved rendering: santificación
Transliteration: qadash; nadar; nazir (Heb.)
Doctrine: Consecration and Vows
Rejected alternatives: purificación penitencial, vía purgativa
Original: קדש (root); נֶדֶר / נָזִיר (Nazirite vow as an instance)
Category: Sanctification

Inherited from Romans package. The Nazirite vow (ch. 6) illustrates this doctrine concretely but must not be taught as an analogue to permanent consecrated religious life; it is a temporary, voluntary lay dedication open to any Israelite.

Standard Pole

Approved rendering: asta
Transliteration: nes (Heb.)
Doctrine: The Bronze Serpent as a Type of Christ
Rejected alternatives: poste genérico, bandera (loses the fixed RV60 term)
Original: נֵס
Category: Typology

Same semantic field as a military rallying standard (Exod 17:15, ‘Yahweh-Nissi’; Isa 5:26; 11:10). ‘Asta’ is lexically correct but visually flat in modern Spanish; teaching notes must surface the banner/rallying resonance to connect forward to John 3:14/12:32’s ‘lifted up’ language and the baseline’s ‘root of Jesse’ banner imagery (Rom 15:12).

Gaze Look

Approved rendering: mirar
Transliteration: ra’ah (v.8) / nabat (v.9) (Heb.)
Doctrine: The Bronze Serpent as a Type of Christ / Faith
Rejected alternatives: mirada pasajera sin matiz de confianza
Original: רָאָה (v.8) / נָבַט (v.9)
Category: Faith

Spanish collapses two distinct Hebrew verbs into one; the text intensifies from a general ‘look’ (v.8) to a fixed, intent ‘gaze’ (v.9). Teaching notes must recover this nuance — a passing glance becoming a fixed, trusting gaze — as the narrative’s own embodiment of saving faith.

Murmuring

Approved rendering: murmurar / hablar contra
Transliteration: lun / ‘anan; dabar be- (Heb.)
Doctrine: Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation
Rejected alternatives: expresar frustración, queja emocional neutra
Original: לוּן / אנן; דבר בְּ
Category: Sin

Everyday pastoral Spanish softens ‘queja’ into harmless emotional venting; the text’s own verb (11:1; 12:1; 14:2; 16:41; 20:2-5; 21:5) requires the stronger ‘hablar/murmurar contra Dios,’ treated throughout Numbers as sin, not venting.

Rebellion

Approved rendering: rebelión / rebelarse
Transliteration: marah / marad (Heb.)
Doctrine: Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation
Rejected alternatives: desacuerdo, duda pasajera
Original: מָרָה / מָרַד
Category: Sin

Distinguish from mere ‘duda’ (doubt) or ‘desacuerdo’ (disagreement); Numbers treats this as willful defiance of God’s revealed will carrying real judgment even for its most eminent leaders (13-14; 16; 20:24). Avoid political-revolutionary connotations (armed uprising, coup) current in Latin American usage.

Land Flowing Milk Honey

Approved rendering: tierra que fluye leche y miel
Transliteration: eretz zavat chalav u-devash (Heb.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure
Original: אֶרֶץ זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבַשׁ
Category: Covenant

Fixed, well-established idiom in the Spanish Bible tradition (13:27; 14:8); tie explicitly to the faithfulness-despite-failure doctrine as tangible, evidenced proof of covenant promise the wilderness generation refused to trust.

Divine Oath

Approved rendering: “como yo vivo” / juramento divino
Transliteration: chai-ani (Heb.)
Doctrine: God’s Patience and Judgment / Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: juramento humano ordinario
Original: חַי־אָנִי
Category: God

God’s self-swearing oath formula (14:21-23, 28-30) underwrites both his promises and his judgments elsewhere in Scripture; teach both uses so God’s faithfulness is seen covering the whole of his spoken word. No existing Spanish transliteration tradition; retain literal RV-style wording plus a teaching gloss: ‘un juramento en el que Dios se compromete a sí mismo como garantía.‘

Patience Slow To Anger

Approved rendering: tardo para la ira
Transliteration: erekh appayim (Heb.)
Doctrine: God’s Patience and Judgment
Rejected alternatives: paciencia (aislada, sin la cláusula de justicia que la acompaña)
Original: אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם
Category: God

Must always be taught paired with the same formula’s justice clause (Exod 34:6-7; Num 14:18b) — isolating mercy alone risks an indulgent-deity misreading common when this idiom is separated from judgment in pastoral Spanish teaching.

Steadfast Love Chesed

Approved rendering: misericordia
Transliteration: chesed (Heb.)
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Covenant Love (Chesed)
Rejected alternatives: misericordia mediada por la Virgen o los santos
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: God

God’s loyal, covenant-keeping love persisting despite Israel’s unfaithfulness (14:18-19). ‘Misericordia’ in popular devotional Catholic usage is frequently petitioned from the Virgin or the saints (e.g., ‘Virgen de la Misericordia’); anchor firmly and grammatically to God as sole subject.

Presumptuous Sin

Approved rendering: pecado con mano alzada / pecado deliberado
Transliteration: be-yad ramah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Presumptuous versus Unwitting Sin
Rejected alternatives: pecado grave (sin el matiz legal específico)
Original: בְּיָד רָמָה
Category: Sin

Explains why several wilderness rebellions receive uniquely severe judgment, excluded from the ordinary sacrificial remedy (15:30-31). The idiom ‘mano alzada’ requires an explicit gloss (‘de manera deliberada y desafiante’) for modern Spanish-speaking readers.

Zeal

Approved rendering: celo
Transliteration: qinah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Zeal for God’s Honor
Rejected alternatives: celos (sentido romántico o sexual dominante en el español contemporáneo)
Original: קִנְאָה
Category: Faith

Critical false-friend risk: contemporary Spanish ‘celos’ overwhelmingly connotes romantic/sexual jealousy. Phinehas’ zeal (25:11-13) mirrors God’s own jealousy for exclusive worship (Exod 20:5) and must be flagged as a unique, non-repeatable historical act, not a model for personal or vigilante action.

Idolatry Covenant Unfaithfulness

Approved rendering: infidelidad / deslealtad / idolatría
Transliteration: ma’al (ch. 5); zanah (ch. 25) (Heb.)
Doctrine: Covenant Unfaithfulness and Idolatry
Rejected alternatives: infidelidad matrimonial (sentido meramente relacional)
Original: מַעַל (ch. 5); זָנָה (Baal Pe’or, ch. 25)
Category: Sin

The Hebrew of ch. 25 fuses literal sexual sin and covenant unfaithfulness into a single narrative; preserve both dimensions without moralizing narrowly on sexual sin alone or spiritualizing away the history.

Blessing

Approved rendering: bendición / bendecir
Transliteration: berakhah / barak (Heb.)
Doctrine: Balaam and God’s Sovereign Blessing / The Priestly Blessing
Rejected alternatives: fórmula verbal mágica transferible, bendición dispensada por curanderos
Original: בְּרָכָה / בָּרַךְ
Category: God

Covers both the Aaronic priestly benediction (6:24-26) and the blessing God repeatedly compels from Balaam’s mouth (chs. 23-24). Must be distinguished from quasi-magical folk usage; anchor firmly as God’s own sovereign, freely given favor.

Redemption Firstborn

Approved rendering: redención / rescate
Transliteration: pidyom (root: padah) (Heb.)
Doctrine: Redemption of the Firstborn
Rejected alternatives: pagar un rescate (sentido puramente comercial, p. ej. secuestro)
Original: פִּדְיוֹם (root: פדה)
Category: Salvation

The Levites substitute for Israel’s firstborn sons, who properly belonged to God by right of the Exodus deliverance (3:11-13, 44-51). A typological forerunner to Christ-accomplished redemption; must be taught as pointing toward, not substituting for, it.

Red Heifer

Approved rendering: vaca alazana / novilla roja
Transliteration: parah adumah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Ritual Purity and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: vaca roja (pierde el registro RV60 y el matiz típológico)
Original: פָרָה אֲדֻמָּה
Category: Purity

Ch. 19; strongly typological (Heb 9:13-14). Teach the connection to Christ’s superior cleansing while avoiding any implication the OT rite had inherent saving power. RV60’s ‘alazana’ is archaic; gloss as ‘de color rojizo.‘

Cities Of Refuge

Approved rendering: ciudades de refugio
Transliteration: arei miqlat (Heb.)
Doctrine: Justice, Cities of Refuge, and Bloodguilt
Original: עָרֵי מִקְלָט
Category: Justice

Designated cities protecting the unintentional killer from private vengeance pending fair judgment (ch. 35). Rich typological connection to refuge in Christ; keep the immediate legal-historical function primary before drawing the type.

Avenger Of Blood

Approved rendering: vindicador de la sangre
Transliteration: go’el ha-dam (Heb.)
Doctrine: Justice, Cities of Refuge, and Bloodguilt
Rejected alternatives: Redentor (título reservado exclusivamente para Cristo en este Language Package)
Original: גֹּאֵל הַדָּם
Category: Justice

Shares the Hebrew root go’el with the positive ‘kinsman-redeemer’ role; Spanish cannot preserve this wordplay safely, so this legal-avenger role must be kept lexically distinct from ‘Redentor’ to prevent doctrinal confusion (ch. 35).

Herem

Approved rendering: destrucción total / voto de exterminio
Transliteration: cherem (Heb.)
Doctrine: Holy War and Herem
Rejected alternatives: venganza personal, modelo general de guerra o violencia
Original: חָרַם
Category: Judgment

A unique OT category of holy war devoted to God (21:1-3; ch. 31; 33:50-56); must never be generalized into a model for warfare, personal vengeance, or nationalist violence — anchor strictly to its unique, one-time covenant-historical setting.

Inheritance

Approved rendering: herencia
Transliteration: nachalah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Inheritance and the Promised Land
Original: נַחֲלָה
Category: Covenant

Covenant-guaranteed land-possession passed through family lines, extended uniquely to Zelophehad’s daughters (ch. 27) and finalized in tribal boundaries (ch. 34) and closing land law (ch. 36). Rich bridge term to the baseline’s ‘adopción’ doctrine (full inheritance rights).

Priestly Blessing

Approved rendering: bendición sacerdotal
Transliteration: berakhah (Heb., Aaronic formula, 6:24-26)
Doctrine: The Priestly Blessing
Rejected alternatives: fórmula mágica de bendición
Original: בְּרָכָה (Aaronic formula, 6:24-26)
Category: God

The most quoted Old Testament blessing formula in Jewish and Christian liturgy (‘El SEÑOR te bendiga y te guarde…’); anchor firmly as God’s own sovereign favor spoken through his appointed priesthood, not a transferable verbal charm.

Faithfulness Of God

Approved rendering: fidelidad (de Dios)
Transliteration: n/a (theological category grounded in 23:19 and 14:21-23)
Doctrine: Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: fidelidad transaccional a cambio de devociones, novenas o votos cumplidos

New term formally adopted per the linguistic gap analysis: no currently registered term isolated God’s covenant-keeping reliability as distinct from ‘fe’ (human trust) and ‘misericordia’ (God’s covenant love). Must be rooted purely and unconditionally in God’s own unchanging character (23:19), not read through a transactional ‘promise-for-devotion’ folk-piety lens.

Vengeance

Approved rendering: venganza
Transliteration: neqamah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Holy War and Herem
Rejected alternatives: venganza personal o nacional generalizada

Ch. 31:2-3; God’s own commanded judicial retribution against Midian for Baal-Peor (ch. 25), not personal vendetta. High risk of over-generalization in casual teaching; always anchor to its specific, divinely commanded, one-time historical context.

Medium Risk Terms

Sin

Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: chattah / chata’ (Heb.); hamartia (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability / Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation
Rejected alternatives: falta (minimizing euphemism common in pastoral speech)
Original: חַטָּאת / חָטָא
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package; rendering and risk tier unchanged. Numbers 21:7’s clean confession (‘hemos pecado’) and the ch. 15 legal distinction (presumptuous vs. unwitting sin) extend, but do not alter, this term’s baseline sense.

Holy

Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: qadosh (Heb.); hagios (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: Sanctification / Ritual Purity and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: puro en sentido ritual
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Sanctification

Inherited from Romans package. Numbers grounds this term in a rich ceremonial context (Kohathites’ handling restrictions, ch. 4; the Nazirite’s consecrated state, ch. 6); teach that ritual holiness in Numbers anticipates, but is not identical to, the moral holiness Romans applies to all believers.

Glory

Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: kevod YHWH (Heb.); doxa (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: The Glory and Guiding Presence of God
Original: כְּבוֹד יְהוָה
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Numbers activates this term consistently at moments of guidance (9:15-23) and at flashpoints of rebellion and intercession (14:10; 16:19, 42; 20:6) — teach as one continuous divine glory-presence across all occurrences, not separate concepts.

Providence

Approved rendering: providencia
Transliteration: n/a (theological category; cf. Prov 16:33 on the lot)
Doctrine: Providence and the Casting of Lots
Rejected alternatives: destino, la suerte
Original: cf. Numbers 26:52-56’s casting of lots as a directed, not chance, process
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Numbers 26:52-56’s casting of lots is this book’s primary illustration; avoid the bare word ‘suerte’ as the rendering for the underlying process — see ‘lot_allotment’ below.

Peace

Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: shalom (Heb.); eirene (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidad emocional
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Numbers 25:12’s ‘covenant of peace’ granted to Phinehas reuses this term exactly; teach as relational, covenantal peace flowing from God’s gracious response, not mere absence of conflict.

Craving

Approved rendering: codicia / antojo desordenado
Transliteration: ta’avah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation
Rejected alternatives: antojo (sin calificar, sonaría a un capricho inofensivo)
Original: תַּאֲוָה
Category: Sin

Names the root sin beneath the ch. 11 complaint pattern (giving its name to ‘Kibrot-hataavá,’ 11:34); always pair with ‘desordenado’ to retain the moral weight of desire eclipsing trust in God.

Evil Report

Approved rendering: mal informe / mal reporte
Transliteration: dibbah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation
Rejected alternatives: informe neutral (perdería el matiz de distorsión intencionada)
Original: דִּבָּה
Category: Sin

Distinguish the ten spies’ fear-driven, exaggerated account (13:32-33) from honest difficulty-reporting; the sin is the distortion, not the acknowledgment of real obstacles.

Unwitting Sin

Approved rendering: pecado por error / sin intención
Transliteration: bishgagah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Presumptuous versus Unwitting Sin
Original: בִּשְׁגָגָה
Category: Sin

Contrasted with ‘presumptuous_sin’ (15:22-29); the pairing, not either term alone, carries the doctrinal weight explaining differential judgment severity.

Plague

Approved rendering: plaga
Transliteration: negef / maggephah (Heb.)
Doctrine: God’s Patience and Judgment
Rejected alternatives: epidemia (naturalista, pierde el sentido de instrumento de juicio)
Original: נֶגֶף / מַגֵּפָה
Category: Judgment

Direct divine judgment-affliction, halted only through intercession (16:46-50; 25:8-9; 31:16). Do not flatten into a purely naturalistic reading.

Oracle

Approved rendering: oráculo
Transliteration: mashal / ne’um (Heb.)
Doctrine: Balaam and God’s Sovereign Blessing
Rejected alternatives: profecía (confundiría Balaam’s ambiguous status with the covenant prophetic office)
Original: מָשָׁל / נְאֻם
Category: Covenant

Balaam’s four formal pronouncements (chs. 23-24) are God’s true, binding words spoken through a compromised pagan mediator; distinguish deliberately from ‘profecía’ to preserve his boundary status.

Census

Approved rendering: censo
Transliteration: mispar / pequdim (Heb.)
Doctrine: Census and the People of God
Rejected alternatives: censo puramente burocrático sin sentido pactual
Original: פְקֻדִּים / מִסְפָּר
Category: Church

Taken twice (chs. 1, 26); recover the covenantal, by-name, God-ordained character against a purely bureaucratic reading. Ch. 26’s second census confirms God’s ch. 14 judgment-oath was fulfilled exactly as spoken.

Congregation

Approved rendering: congregación
Transliteration: edah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Census and the People of God
Rejected alternatives: iglesia (reservado por la línea base para la iglesia neotestamentaria)
Original: עֵדָה
Category: Church

The whole covenant community of Israel gathered as one body under Moses, distinct from a mere crowd. Keep firmly distinct from ‘iglesia’ per baseline standardization.

Nazirite Vow

Approved rendering: nazareo
Transliteration: neder nazir (Heb.)
Doctrine: Consecration and Vows
Rejected alternatives: nazareno (de Nazaret, título devocional de Jesús)
Original: נֶדֶר נָזִיר
Category: Sanctification

Explicit homophone-adjacent confusion risk: ‘nazareo’ must not be conflated with ‘nazareno’ (a common devotional title for Jesus in Hispanic Holy Week piety); flag this distinction in every occurrence (ch. 6).

Lot Allotment

Approved rendering: sorteo
Transliteration: goral (Heb.)
Doctrine: Providence and the Casting of Lots
Rejected alternatives: suerte (azar/fatalismo, colisiona con la doctrina de la providencia)
Original: גּוֹרָל
Category: Faith

A method of land allocation understood as directed by God’s providence, not blind chance (26:52-56; cf. Prov 16:33). Never use bare ‘suerte’; always pair ‘sorteo’ with a providence-affirming teaching note.

Ritual Impurity

Approved rendering: impuro / inmundo
Transliteration: tamei (Heb.)
Doctrine: Ritual Purity and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: pecado (colapsaría impureza ritual con pecado moral)
Original: טָמֵא
Category: Purity

Ritual defilement disqualifying approach to God’s presence (chs. 5, 8, 19, 31), addressed through prescribed cleansing rites; distinguish carefully from moral ‘pecado’ while showing their intersection.

Tithe

Approved rendering: diezmo
Transliteration: ma’aser (Heb.)
Doctrine: Provision for the LORD’s Ministers
Original: מַעֲשֵׂר
Category: Covenant

The proportional offering supporting the Levitical/priestly ministry (ch. 18). Keep teaching narrowly tied to its OT Levitical-support context unless the curriculum explicitly bridges to NT tithing application, given the wide range of contemporary Latin American church practice around tithing.

Vow

Approved rendering: voto
Transliteration: neder (Heb.)
Doctrine: Consecration and Vows
Rejected alternatives: votos religiosos permanentes (vida consagrada)
Original: נֶדֶר
Category: Sanctification

A voluntary, binding promise made to God (ch. 6; ch. 30). ‘Voto’ carries strong associations with Catholic religious-order vows; clarify this is a general, voluntary, temporary act of dedication open to any Israelite. Handle ch. 30’s household-authority material with cultural sensitivity, kept historically descriptive.

Imposition Of Hands

Approved rendering: imposición de manos
Transliteration: samakh yad (Heb.)
Doctrine: Leadership Succession and God’s Continuing Purpose
Original: סָמַךְ יָד
Category: Church

A physical act of formally transferring authority, office, or blessing, used at Joshua’s commissioning (27:18-23); note continuity with later New Testament ordination language, and its significance modeling that God’s purposes continue past the death of even the greatest human mediator.

Firstborn

Approved rendering: primogénito
Transliteration: bekhor (Heb.)
Doctrine: Redemption of the Firstborn

The firstborn son’s special consecration rooted in the Exodus Passover deliverance (Exod 13:2; Num 3); introduces the substitution principle behind ‘redemption_firstborn’ above.

Passover

Approved rendering: Pascua
Transliteration: pesach (Heb.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure

Ch. 9. In Spanish, ‘Pascua’ is also the standard word for ‘Easter’; teaching material must make clear from context which referent (OT Passover feast vs. NT resurrection celebration) is meant.

Leprosy

Approved rendering: lepra
Transliteration: tzara’at (Heb.)
Doctrine: Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation

Ch. 12, Miriam’s affliction; clarify the ancient term’s broader medical scope versus modern clinical leprosy (Hansen’s disease) to avoid anachronistic assumptions.

Giants

Approved rendering: gigantes
Transliteration: Anaqim / Nephilim (Heb.)
Doctrine: Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation

Ch. 13:33; the object of the spies’ fear, contrasted with the object that should have governed their response — God’s proven power. Avoid folkloric over-literalization.

Bloodguilt

Approved rendering: culpa de sangre
Transliteration: dam (Heb., in the specific sense of bloodguilt)
Doctrine: Justice, Cities of Refuge, and Bloodguilt

Ch. 35:33-34; unresolved bloodguilt ‘pollutes’ the land — an important background concept for the wider biblical theology of sin’s defiling, not merely private, consequences.

Low Risk Terms

Prophet

Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: navi (Heb.); prophetes (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: The Spirit of God and Prophetic Empowerment
Rejected alternatives: vidente, adivino

Inherited from Romans package. Do not apply this term to Balaam without qualification (see ‘divination’ and ‘oracle’ below); Balaam is a diviner God sovereignly compels to speak, not a covenant prophet like Moses.

Prophecy

Approved rendering: profecía
Transliteration: ne’um (Heb.); propheteia (LXX/Gk. cf. baseline)
Doctrine: The Spirit of God and Prophetic Empowerment
Rejected alternatives: horóscopo, predicción esotérica

Inherited from Romans package. The seventy elders’ brief prophesying (11:25-29) is a democratized instance; distinguish carefully from Balaam’s ‘oráculo’ (see below), which is a separate, lower-confidence category.

Israel

Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Census and the People of God
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package; standard proper name, no variant-form risk.

Covenant Of Salt

Approved rendering: pacto de sal
Transliteration: berit melach (Heb.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure
Original: בְּרִית מֶלַח
Category: Covenant

An idiom for an enduring, incorruptible covenant, using salt’s preservative properties as its image (18:19); reuse baseline ‘pacto’ exactly; benefits from a brief explanatory gloss for readers unfamiliar with the ancient idiom.

Tribe

Approved rendering: tribu
Transliteration: matteh / shevet (Heb.)
Doctrine: Census and the People of God

Kinship-based sub-unit of the nation (ch. 1); the twelve-tribe structure embodies fulfillment of the patriarchal promises (Gen 49).

Camp

Approved rendering: campamento
Transliteration: machaneh (Heb.)
Doctrine: Census and the People of God

The ordered encampment surrounding the tabernacle at its center (ch. 2); a visual theology of God’s presence structuring the people-of-God doctrine.

Approved rendering: estandarte / bandera
Transliteration: degel (Heb.)
Doctrine: Census and the People of God

Tribal rallying emblem (ch. 2); minor thematic anticipation of the core passage’s ‘nes’ (standard, ch. 21), though a distinct Hebrew word.

Cloud Glory

Approved rendering: nube
Transliteration: anan (Heb.)
Doctrine: The Glory and Guiding Presence of God

The visible sign of God’s manifest presence leading Israel (ch. 9:15-23); always paired conceptually with ‘gloria’ as the same divine presence, not a separate concept.

Ark Of Covenant

Approved rendering: arca del pacto
Transliteration: aron ha-berit (Heb.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure

Ch. 10; physical embodiment of God’s covenant faithfulness, traveling with and outlasting an unfaithful generation. Reuse baseline ‘pacto’ exactly.

Trumpets

Approved rendering: trompetas
Transliteration: chatzotzerot (Heb.)
Doctrine: Census and the People of God

Signal instruments for assembly, war, and worship (ch. 10); reused with heightened significance at the Feast of Trumpets (ch. 29).

Spies

Approved rendering: espías
Transliteration: meraglim (Heb.)
Doctrine: Unbelief and the Wilderness Generation

Ch. 13; reconnaissance agents sent to assess the promised land, setting up the pivotal test of faith versus unbelief.

Continual Offering

Approved rendering: ofrenda continua / perpetua
Transliteration: tamid (Heb.)
Doctrine: Atonement and Mediated Forgiveness

Chs. 28-29; the unceasing daily sacrifice maintained on Israel’s behalf, background for the NT contrast with Christ’s single, sufficient sacrifice.

Appointed Feasts

Approved rendering: fiestas solemnes / tiempos señalados
Transliteration: mo’ed (Heb.)
Doctrine: Atonement and Mediated Forgiveness

God’s fixed, calendared occasions for covenant worship (chs. 28-29), including Passover, Trumpets, and the Día de Expiación.

Journey Stages

Approved rendering: jornadas
Transliteration: mas’ei (Heb., root shared with the core passage’s v.4 ‘nasa’)
Doctrine: Faithfulness of God’s Promises despite Human Failure

Ch. 33; the formal wilderness travel-itinerary, reinforcing God’s guidance from Egypt to the edge of the promised land as one continuous, faithful record.

Boundary

Approved rendering: frontera / límite
Transliteration: gevul (Heb.)
Doctrine: Inheritance and the Promised Land

Ch. 34; the precise, divinely specified extent of the promised inheritance, reinforcing that God’s promises are concrete and specific.

Library content is free and openly licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — share and adapt it for non-commercial use, with attribution to tri-bible.ai.