Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Isaiah — English → Spanish
Curriculum: Isaiah | Core passage: Isaiah 53:1-12 Language pair: English → Spanish Generated: Phase 1, Step 1
How to Use This Glossary
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json to Isaiah’s Hebrew vocabulary. Every term already present in the baseline is marked “REUSE” and carries forward its exact recorded Spanish rendering and risk tier — never re-adjudicated here. New terms unique to Isaiah are assigned risk tiers using the identical Critical/High/Medium/Low framework and must be added to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 translation begins, per the baseline’s “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.”
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly:
- Critical — Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — Human theologian review required.
- Medium — Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Automated review sufficient.
Table 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline Romans Package
| English Term | Original (Hebrew, where applicable) | Spanish Rendering (baseline, unchanged) | Risk | Isaiah Occurrences (representative) | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | אֱלֹהִים / אֵל (Elohim / El) | Dios | Critical | throughout | Reuse baseline god exactly. |
| Lord | אֲדֹנָי (Adonai) | Señor | Critical | 6:1,8; 61:1; etc. | Reuse baseline lord; combined with YHWH per new convention below. |
| Father | אָב (Av) | Padre | Critical | 9:6 (“Everlasting Father”); 63:16; 64:8 | Reuse baseline father; 9:6 requires added Trinitarian-clarity teaching note (see 07). |
| Holy Spirit / Spirit of the LORD | רוּחַ קֹדֶשׁ / רוּחַ יְהוָה (ruach qodesh / ruach YHWH) | Espíritu Santo (context-sensitive) | Critical/High | 11:2; 32:15; 42:1; 61:1; 63:10-11 | Reuse baseline holy_spirit; apply context-sensitivity rule per 07 §Ch.11, Ch.63. |
| Holy | קָדוֹשׁ (qadosh) | santo | Medium/Critical (context) | 6:3; 35:8; throughout | Reuse baseline holy; ch.6 threefold repetition elevates to Critical. |
| Saints (all believers) | — (typological, not Isaiah’s own vocabulary; applied via NT reception) | santos | Critical | (typological only) | Reuse baseline saints; not a direct Isaiah lexeme but relevant for cross-curriculum teaching on holiness of God’s people. |
| Sanctification | — | santificación | High | (typological/thematic) | Reuse baseline concept for teaching on separation_unto_gods_service. |
| Righteousness | צְדָקָה (tsedaqah) | justicia | Critical | 1:27; 5:16; 45:8,23; 53:11; 56:1; 61:10-11 | Reuse baseline righteousness exactly. |
| Justification | הִצְדִּיק (hiphil of tsadaq) | justificación / justificar | Critical | 50:8; 53:11 | Reuse baseline justification/imputed_righteousness; Isaiah 53:11 is the OT root text — see 07 for full treatment. Forbidden substitution unchanged: never “justicia infundida.” |
| Salvation | יְשׁוּעָה / יֵשַׁע (yeshuah / yesha) | salvación | Critical | 12:2-3; 43:11; 45:17; 49:6; 51:6,8; 52:7,10; 56:1; 59:16-17; 60:18; 61:10 | Reuse baseline salvation exactly; note etymological (not doctrinal) link to the name “Jesús”/Yeshua. |
| Faith / believe | אָמַן (aman, hiphil he’emin) | fe / creer | High | 7:9; 28:16; 43:10; 53:1 | Reuse baseline faith exactly. |
| Grace | חֵן / (functionally, chesed, ratson) | gracia | High | 55:1-3 (conceptually); 61:2 (“año de la buena voluntad”) | Reuse baseline grace; Isaiah’s “free invitation” texts (55:1) and “year of the LORD’s favor” (61:2) are the OT root of this doctrine — see 07. |
| Covenant | בְּרִית (berit) | pacto | High | 24:5; 42:6; 49:8; 54:10; 55:3; 59:21; 61:8 | Reuse baseline covenant exactly. |
| Messiah | מָשִׁיחַ (mashiach) | Mesías (capitalized, unique referent) / ungido (lowercase, functional sense) | Critical | 45:1 (Cyrus, lowercase “ungido”); typological throughout | Reuse baseline messiah; the disambiguation between capitalized Mesías and lowercase ungido, established at Isaiah 45:1, must be added to translation memory as an explicit sub-rule. |
| Prophet / Prophecy | נָבִיא / נְבוּאָה (navi / nevuah) | profeta / profecía | Low | throughout (Isaiah’s own identity, 1:1) | Reuse baseline prophet/prophecy exactly. |
| Glory | כָּבוֹד (kavod) | gloria | Medium/High | 6:3; 40:5; 60:1-2; 66:18 | Reuse baseline glory exactly. |
| Peace | שָׁלוֹם (shalom) | paz | Medium/Critical (context) | 9:6; 26:3; 32:17; 48:18,22; 53:5; 54:10; 57:19 | Reuse baseline peace; 53:5 occurrence elevated to Critical per direct atonement linkage — see 07. |
| Sin | חֵטְא / פֶּשַׁע / עָוֹן (chet / pesha / avon) | pecado / transgresión / iniquidad | Medium/High | 1:18; 6:7; 53:5,6,8,9,10,12; 59:2,12 | Reuse baseline sin=pecado for chet; extend with transgresión for pesha and iniquidad for avon as documented sub-distinctions (new sub-entries, see Table 2). |
| Gentiles / Nations | גּוֹיִם (goyim) | gentiles (NT-parallel contexts) / naciones (Isaiah’s own broader usage) | Low/Medium | 42:1,6; 49:6; 60:3; 66:18-19 | Reuse baseline gentiles=gentiles for Jew/Gentile-contrast contexts; use naciones as the primary Isaiah-register rendering elsewhere (new sub-entry, Table 2). |
| Israel | יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisra’el) | Israel | Low/Medium | throughout | Reuse baseline israel exactly. |
| David | דָּוִד (David) | David | Low | 9:7; 16:5; 22:22; 55:3 | Reuse baseline david exactly. |
| Calling | קָרָא (qara) | llamado | High | 41:9; 42:6; 49:1; 51:2 | Reuse baseline calling=llamado exactly; never “vocación” per baseline’s forbidden-substitution rule. |
| Election / Chosen | בָּחַר (bachar) | elección / escogido | High | 41:8-9; 42:1; 43:10,20; 44:1-2; 45:4 | Reuse baseline election=elección exactly; avoid fatalistic “destino/suerte.” |
| Providence / Sovereignty | (thematic — no single lexeme; cf. mashal, “to rule”) | providencia / soberanía de Dios | High/Medium | 40:12-31; 45:5-7; 46:9-11 | Reuse baseline providence; extend explicitly to sovereignty_of_god_over_the_nations doctrine. |
| Intercession | פָּגַע (paga) | intercesión / interceder | Critical | 53:12; 59:16 | Reuse baseline intercession exactly; Isaiah 53:12 is the OT root text — see 07. Forbidden substitution unchanged: never default to saint/Marian-mediated intercession. |
| Kingdom of God / Divine Kingship | מָלַךְ (malakh) | reino de Dios / Jehová reinará | Medium | 24:23; 33:22; 52:7 | Reuse baseline kingdom_of_god exactly. |
| Gospel (verbal root) | בָּשַׂר (basar, participle mevasser) | evangelio / anunciar buenas nuevas | Critical | 40:9; 52:7; 61:1 | Reuse baseline gospel=evangelio exactly; these are the OT lexical roots directly quoted in Romans 10:15 — see 07. |
| Son of God | — (typological; not an Isaiah lexeme, but “Mighty God”/9:6 and “Immanuel”/7:14 feed this doctrine) | Hijo de Dios | Critical | (typological, 7:14; 9:6) | Reuse baseline son_of_god; apply via 9:6 and 7:14 teaching notes, not a direct lexical equivalence. |
| Incarnation | — (typological; cf. “Immanuel,” 7:14) | encarnación | Critical/High | (typological, 7:14; 9:6) | Reuse baseline incarnation; Isaiah supplies the prophetic anticipation, not the event itself. |
| Resurrection | חָיָה (chayah, “to live/live again”) | resurrección | Critical | 26:19 | Reuse baseline resurrection exactly, including its Caribbean/Espiritismo syncretism caution — see 07. |
Table 2 — New Terms Introduced by Isaiah (to be added to translation memory)
| English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Isaiah Citations | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holy One of Israel | קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל (Qedosh Yisrael) | el Santo de Israel | High | The Holiness and Majesty of God | 1:4; 5:19; 10:20; 12:6; 17:7; 30:11-15; 37:23; 41:14-20; 43:3,14; 45:11; 47:4; 48:17; 49:7; 54:5; 55:5; 60:9,14 | Isaiah’s signature divine title; must render identically every occurrence. |
| YHWH (Tetragrammaton) | יְהוָה | Jehová | Critical | The Sovereignty of God over the Nations / The Holiness and Majesty of God | throughout | RV1960 convention adopted per baseline’s stated register anchor. Must be taught as the same God as “Dios”/“Señor,” not a separate deity-name. |
| Adonai YHWH (combined) | אֲדֹנָי יֱהוִה | Señor Jehová | Critical | (same as above) | 61:1; and elsewhere | Combined-name convention. |
| Servant of the LORD | עֶבֶד יְהוָה (ebed YHWH) | siervo de Jehová / el Siervo | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 41:8-9; 42:1-9; 49:1-13; 50:4-9; 52:13-53:12 | Central term of the whole curriculum’s core doctrine. Never render “esclavo” (chattel-slavery connotation). Corporate (Israel) vs. individual (Messianic) referent tension must be flagged, not silently resolved, per 07. |
| Suffering Servant | (thematic composite of the above) | el Siervo sufriente | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 52:13-53:12 | Names the curriculum’s core doctrine explicitly; pair every occurrence with a teaching note distinguishing this figure from a merely tragic human victim — his suffering is voluntary, substitutionary, and vindicated. |
| Redeemer | גֹּאֵל (go’el) | Redentor | Critical | Comfort and Restoration for God’s People | 41:14; 43:14; 44:6,24; 47:4; 48:17; 49:7,26; 54:5,8; 59:20; 60:16; 63:16 | Kinsman-redeemer legal background (Ruth-type imagery) applied to God himself; must not be confused with saint/Marian intermediary redemption models per baseline’s salvation caution. |
| Immanuel | עִמָּנוּ אֵל (Immanu El) | Emanuel | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 7:14; 8:8,10 | Transliterated proper name; pair with gloss “Dios con nosotros” at first occurrence. |
| Virgin (7:14 sign) | עַלְמָה (almah; LXX parthenos) | virgen | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 7:14 | Established Christian rendering (Matthew 1:23); flag against extended Marian-devotional drift beyond the text’s own argument. |
| Wonderful Counselor | פֶּלֶא יוֹעֵץ (pele yo’etz) | Consejero Maravilloso | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 9:6 | Part of the fourfold throne-name; do not split or paraphrase. |
| Mighty God | אֵל גִּבּוֹר (El Gibbor) | Dios Fuerte | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / (cross-links baseline deity_of_christ) | 9:6; (cf. 10:21) | Strongest OT statement of the Messiah’s deity; mandatory theologian review, same tier as baseline deity_of_christ. |
| Everlasting Father | אֲבִי־עַד (Avi-Ad) | Padre Eterno | High | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 9:6 | Title of eternal paternal care, not identification with the Trinitarian Person of the Father — teaching note required. |
| Prince of Peace | שַׂר־שָׁלוֹם (Sar Shalom) | Príncipe de Paz | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 9:6 | Established rendering; reuse baseline peace=paz within the title. |
| Root/Branch of Jesse | שֹׁרֶשׁ / נֵצֶר / חֹטֶר יִשַׁי (shoresh / netzer / choter Yishai) | raíz de Jesé / renuevo / vástago | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 4:2; 11:1,10; 53:2 | Must match Romans 15:12 rendering exactly for cross-curriculum consistency. |
| Branch of the LORD | צֶמַח יְהוָה (tsemach YHWH) | renuevo de Jehová | High | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 4:2 | Same word-family as Root/Branch of Jesse; keep consistent. |
| Stone of Stumbling | אֶבֶן נֶגֶף (even negef) | piedra de tropiezo | Critical | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice / The Coming Messiah | 8:14 | Must match Romans 9:33 rendering exactly. |
| Cornerstone / Tested Stone | אֶבֶן פִּנָּה / אֶבֶן בֹּחַן (even pinnah / even bochan) | piedra angular | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 28:16 | Must match Romans 9:33 / 1 Peter 2:6 renderings exactly. |
| Day of the LORD | יוֹם יְהוָה (yom YHWH) | día de Jehová | High | The Sovereignty of God over the Nations / Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice | 2:12; 13:6,9; 34:8 | Technical eschatological-judgment formula; consistent rendering required. |
| Day Star, son of Dawn | הֵילֵל בֶּן־שָׁחַר (helel ben-shachar) | lucero, hijo del alba | High | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice / Sovereignty of God over the Nations | 14:12 | Do not use “Lucifer” as primary rendering — Spanish popular culture treats “Lucifer” as Satan’s proper name; requires explicit teaching-tradition footnote, per 07. |
| Oracle / Burden (genre term) | מַשָּׂא (massa) | oráculo | Medium | Sovereignty of God over the Nations | 13:1; 15:1; 17:1; 19:1; 21:1,11,13; 22:1; 23:1 | Avoid literal “carga,” which loses the genre-label sense. |
| Idol / Carved Image | פֶּסֶל / אֱלִיל (pesel / elil) | ídolo | Medium-High | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice | 2:8,18,20; 44:9-20; 46:1 | Standard term; satirical tone in ch.44 worth a teaching note. |
| Leviathan | לִוְיָתָן (Livyatan) | Leviatán | Low-Medium | Sovereignty of God over the Nations | 27:1 | Symbolic cosmic-evil imagery; transliterate. |
| Highway of Holiness | דֶּרֶךְ הַקֹּדֶשׁ (derekh ha-qodesh) | camino de santidad | High | Comfort and Restoration for God’s People | 35:8 | Reuse baseline holy=santo in compound. |
| Comfort | נָחַם (nacham) | consuelo / consolar | High | Comfort and Restoration for God’s People | 40:1; 49:13; 51:3,12; 52:9; 61:2; 66:13 | Names a curriculum doctrine’s title word; consistent rendering mandatory. |
| Remnant | שְׁאָר / שְׁאֵרִית (she’ar / she’erit) | remanente | Medium-High | Comfort and Restoration for God’s People | 1:9; 4:3; 10:20-22; 11:11,16; 37:31-32; 46:3 | Consistent rendering needed across the book. |
| Redeemer will come to Zion | וּבָא לְצִיּוֹן גּוֹאֵל (u-va le-Tsiyyon go’el) | vendrá a Sion un Redentor | CRITICAL | Comfort and Restoration for God’s People | 59:20 | Must match Romans 11:26 rendering exactly. |
| New Heavens and New Earth | שָׁמַיִם חֲדָשִׁים וָאָרֶץ חֲדָשָׁה (shamayim chadashim va-eretz chadashah) | cielos nuevos y tierra nueva | High | The New Heavens and New Earth | 65:17; 66:22 | Guard against both disembodied-heaven-only and political-utopia misreadings; consistent rendering mandatory. |
| Light to the Nations | אוֹר גּוֹיִם (or goyim) | luz para las naciones | Critical | Salvation Extended to the Nations | 42:6; 49:6 | Quoted Luke 2:32; central anchor text for the doctrine. |
| Nations (Isaiah’s broad usage) | גּוֹיִם / עַמִּים (goyim / ammim) | naciones | Low-Medium | Salvation Extended to the Nations | throughout chs.13-23, 40-66 | Distinguish from baseline’s gentiles=gentiles, used where NT Jew/Gentile contrast is specifically in view. |
| House of Prayer for All Nations | בֵּית־תְּפִלָּה לְכָל־הָעַמִּים (beit tefillah le-khol ha-ammim) | casa de oración para todos los pueblos | Critical | Salvation Extended to the Nations | 56:7 | Must match Mark 11:17 rendering exactly. |
| Every Knee Shall Bow | כִּי־לִי תִּכְרַע כָּל־בֶּרֶךְ (ki li tikhra kol berekh) | ante mí se doblará toda rodilla | Critical | The Sovereignty of God over the Nations / The Coming Messiah | 45:23 | Must match Romans 14:11 rendering exactly. |
| Potter and Clay | יֹצֵר…חֹמֶר (yotser…chomer) | alfarero… barro | Critical | The Sovereignty of God over the Nations | 29:16; 45:9; 64:8 | Must match Romans 9:20-21 rendering exactly. |
| I Was Found by Those Who Did Not Seek Me | נִמְצֵאתִי לְלֹא בִקְשֻׁנִי (nimtseti le-lo viqshuni) | fui hallado por los que no me buscaban | CRITICAL | Salvation Extended to the Nations | 65:1 | Must match Romans 10:20 rendering exactly. |
| Grieved His Holy Spirit | עִצְּבוּ אֶת־רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ (itstsevu et-ruach qodsho) | contristaron su Santo Espíritu | Critical | The Holiness and Majesty of God / (baseline holy_spirit) | 63:10 | Must align with baseline holy_spirit personal-Person emphasis; cf. Ephesians 4:30. |
| Steadfast Love / Covenant Loyalty | חֶסֶד (chesed) | misericordia / amor fiel | High | Comfort and Restoration for God’s People | 54:8,10; 55:3; 63:7 | No single perfect equivalent; primary “misericordia” per RV1960, supplemented with covenant-loyalty teaching note. |
| Justice (social/legal) | מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat) | juicio (legal-process sense) / justicia (social-fairness sense) | High | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice | 1:17; 5:7; 9:7; 32:1; 33:5; 58:2; 59:8-9 | Context-sensitive dual rendering; distinguish from tsedaqah. |
| Transgression | פֶּשַׁע (pesha) | transgresión | High | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice | 1:2,28; 53:5,8,12; 59:12-13 | Sub-distinguished from baseline sin=pecado (which renders chet); stronger “willful rebellion” sense. |
| Iniquity | עָוֹן (avon) | iniquidad | High | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice | 1:4; 53:5,6,11; 59:2-3,12 | Sub-distinguished from chet and pesha; “moral guilt/crookedness” sense. |
| Guilt Offering / Offering for Sin | אָשָׁם (asham) | ofrenda por el pecado / sacrificio por la culpa | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:10 | Same escalation tier as baseline’s atonement/propitiation flag (Romans 3:25); technical Levitical sacrificial term applied to the Servant’s death. |
| Sheep / Lamb led to slaughter | צֹאן / שֶׂה לַטֶּבַח (tson / seh la-tevach) | ovejas / cordero al matadero | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:6-7 | Passover/Lamb-of-God typology (John 1:29); must not be diluted to generic animal imagery. |
| Bear / Carry (substitutionary) | נָשָׂא / סָבַל (nasa / sabal) | llevar / cargar | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:4,11,12 | Central substitution-verb of the whole chapter; never weaken to “sentir” or “compartir.” |
| Arm of the LORD | זְרוֹעַ יְהוָה (zeroa YHWH) | brazo de Jehová | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / Salvation Extended to the Nations | 51:9; 53:1 | Must render identically at both occurrences (quoted together in John 12:38). |
| Anointed (functional, non-titular) | מְשִׁיחוֹ (meshicho) | ungido (lowercase) | High | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 45:1 (Cyrus) | Explicit disambiguation from capitalized “Mesías”; prevents doctrinal dilution of the unique Messianic title. |
| Sprinkle Many Nations | יַזֶּה גּוֹיִם רַבִּים (yazzeh goyim rabbim) | rociará a muchas naciones | High | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / Salvation Extended to the Nations | 52:15 | Flagged genuine Hebrew lexical ambiguity; alternative “asombrará a muchas naciones” recorded per Ambiguity Handling protocol. |
| How Beautiful Are the Feet (gospel herald) | מְבַשֵּׂר (mevasser) | el que anuncia buenas nuevas | CRITICAL | Salvation Extended to the Nations / (baseline gospel) | 52:7; 61:1 | OT lexical root of evangelio; must match Romans 10:15 rendering exactly. |
| He Who Vindicates/Justifies Me | מַצְדִּיקִי (matsdiqi, root tsadaq) | el que me justifica | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 50:8 | Same root as baseline justification; precursor to 53:11. |
| Make Many to Be Accounted Righteous | יַצְדִּיק לָרַבִּים (yatsdiq la-rabbim) | justificará (a muchos) | CRITICAL | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:11 | THE Old Testament root text of the baseline’s justification/imputed_righteousness doctrine. Forbidden substitution identical to baseline: never a gradual-infusion rendering. |
| Makes Intercession for the Transgressors | יַפְגִּיעַ לַפֹּשְׁעִים (yaphgia, root paga) | intercede / intercedió por los transgresores | CRITICAL | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:12 | THE Old Testament root text of baseline’s intercession doctrine. Forbidden substitution identical to baseline: never saint/Marian-mediated intercession framing. |
| Sinlessness of the Servant | לֹא־חָמָס…וְלֹא מִרְמָה (lo chamas…ve-lo mirmah) | ningún agravio… ni engaño | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:9 | Quoted verbatim 1 Peter 2:22; root of Christ’s sinlessness doctrine. |
| Man of Sorrows | אִישׁ מַכְאֹבוֹת (ish mak’ovot) | varón de dolores | High | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:3 | Most quoted devotional title of the passage; keep established phrase exactly. |
| Lamb Led to the Slaughter | שֶׂה לַטֶּבַח (seh la-tevach) | cordero al matadero | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:7 | (See “Sheep/Lamb” above — listed separately for direct citation clarity.) |
| Cut Off from the Land of the Living | נִגְזַר מֵאֶרֶץ חַיִּים (nigzar me-eretz chayyim) | cortado de la tierra de los vivientes | High | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:8 | Sets up resurrection implication of vv.10-11. |
| Voice Crying in the Wilderness | קוֹל קוֹרֵא בַּמִּדְבָּר (qol qore ba-midbar) | voz que clama en el desierto | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 40:3 | Must match Gospel-text rendering (Matthew 3:3, etc.) exactly. |
| Hephzibah / Beulah | חֶפְצִי־בָהּ / בְּעוּלָה (Chephzi-bah / Be’ulah) | Hefzibá / Beulá | Medium | Comfort and Restoration for God’s People | 62:4 | Transliterate with gloss. |
| Watchman | צֹפֶה (tsofeh) | atalaya / centinela | Medium | Sovereignty of God over the Nations | 21:6-8; 62:6 | Prophetic-vigilance metaphor. |
| Woe (oracle formula) | הוֹי (hoy) | ¡ay de…! | Low-Medium | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice | 5:8-22; 10:1; 28:1; 29:1; 30:1; 31:1; 33:1 | Standard prophetic genre-marker; keep consistent. |
| Every Knee / Swallow Up Death / Wipe Away Tears | (see individual entries above; 25:8 cluster) | sorberá la muerte / enjugará las lágrimas | High | The New Heavens and New Earth | 25:8 | Quoted 1 Corinthians 15:54 / Revelation 21:4. |
| Your Dead Shall Live | יִחְיוּ מֵתֶיךָ (yichyu metekha) | tus muertos vivirán | Critical | The New Heavens and New Earth | 26:19 | Reuse baseline resurrection risk profile exactly, incl. Espiritismo/Santería caution. |
Table 3 — Proper Names and Geography (Low Risk, Standard Bible-Translation Forms)
| English | Spanish | Isaiah Citations |
|---|---|---|
| Isaiah | Isaías | 1:1 |
| Zion | Sion | throughout |
| Jerusalem | Jerusalén | throughout |
| Egypt | Egipto | 19-20; 30-31 |
| Assyria | Asiria | 7-10; 36-37 |
| Babylon | Babilonia | 13-14; 21; 39; 47-48 |
| Edom | Edom | 34; 63:1 |
| Moab | Moab | 15-16 |
| Damascus | Damasco | 17 |
| Cush (Ethiopia) | Cus | 18; 20 |
| Tyre | Tiro | 23 |
| Cyrus | Ciro | 44:28; 45:1 |
| Sennacherib | Senaquerib | 36-37 |
| Hezekiah | Ezequías | 36-39 |
| Immanuel | Emanuel | 7:14; 8:8 |
| Hephzibah | Hefzibá | 62:4 |
| Beulah | Beulá | 62:4 |
Cross-Curriculum Consistency Flags (Mandatory Alignment with Romans Phase 2 Output)
The following Isaiah terms are directly quoted or clearly echoed in Romans (already translated under the baseline Language Package) and must be rendered identically in both curricula, per the baseline’s “Theological Consistency Rules Across Documents”:
| Isaiah Text | Romans Quotation | Shared Term |
|---|---|---|
| Isaiah 8:14; 28:16 | Romans 9:33 | piedra de tropiezo / piedra angular |
| Isaiah 10:22-23; 1:9 | Romans 9:27, 29 | remanente |
| Isaiah 11:10 | Romans 15:12 | raíz de Jesé |
| Isaiah 29:16; 45:9 | Romans 9:20-21 | alfarero / barro |
| Isaiah 45:23 | Romans 14:11 | ante mí se doblará toda rodilla |
| Isaiah 52:7 | Romans 10:15 | el que anuncia buenas nuevas |
| Isaiah 53:1 | Romans 10:16 | ¿quién ha creído a nuestro mensaje? |
| Isaiah 59:20-21 | Romans 11:26-27 | vendrá a Sion un Redentor |
| Isaiah 65:1 | Romans 10:20 | fui hallado por los que no me buscaban |
Instruction to Phase 2 processing: before translating any Isaiah segment containing these texts, the AI must check the corresponding Romans segment’s finalized rendering (if already translated) and enforce identical wording, per the baseline’s glossary enforcement priority order (Critical risk terms take absolute precedence).
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia
Transliteration: dikaiosynē (Gk.); tsedaqah (Heb., Isaiah 1:27; 5:16; 45:8,23; 53:11; 56:1; 61:10-11)
Doctrine: Salvation / Justification by Faith (OT Root)
Rejected alternatives: rectitud moral autónoma, mérito acumulado
Original: צְדָקָה
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 53:11 is the Old Testament root text of this Critical doctrine; must not collapse into self-achieved moral rectitude.
Justification
Approved rendering: justificación / justificar
Transliteration: dikaiōsis (Gk.); hitsdiq, hiphil of tsadaq (Heb., Isaiah 50:8; 53:11)
Doctrine: Salvation / Justification by Faith (OT Root)
Rejected alternatives: proceso gradual de purificación interior, justicia infundida
Original: הִצְדִּיק (hiphil of צָדַק)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 53:11 (‘justificará a muchos’) is THE Old Testament root text of the Reformation-Trent fault line already Critical in the baseline. Forbidden substitution unchanged: never ‘justicia infundida.‘
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvación
Transliteration: sōtēria (Gk.); yeshuah / yesha (Heb., Isaiah 12:2-3; 43:11; 45:17; 49:6; 51:6,8; 52:7,10; 56:1; 59:16-17; 60:18; 61:10)
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: salvarse por buenas obras, merecer el cielo mediante sacramentos y penitencia
Original: יְשׁוּעָה / יֵשַׁע
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Note (teaching-level only) the etymological, non-translational link to the name ‘Jesús’/‘Yeshua.’ Reuse baseline’s caution against a merit-and-mediation folk Catholic framework.
Saints
Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: hagioi (Gk.); (typological in Isaiah, cf. qadosh, 4:3)
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: los santos (canonizados, objeto de veneración e intercesión)
Original: (typological; cf. qadosh, 4:3’s ‘recorded for life… called holy’)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Applied typologically via Isaiah’s remnant theology (4:3, ‘llamado santo’); must be paired with the clarifying note that every believer, not only canonized figures, is called ‘santo.‘
Resurrection
Approved rendering: resurrección
Transliteration: anastasis (Gk.); chayah (Heb., Isaiah 26:19)
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ / Resurrection Hope
Rejected alternatives: reencarnación
Original: חָיָה
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, including its Caribbean Espiritismo/Santería syncretism caution. Isaiah 26:19 (‘tus muertos vivirán’) is one of the clearest Old Testament bodily-resurrection statements; Isaiah 53:10-11’s ‘offspring’ and ‘prolonged days’ imply the same doctrine for the Servant.
Lord
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: kyrios (Gk.); Adonai (Heb., Isaiah 6:1,8; 61:1; throughout)
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Señor mío (devotional-only, without lordship claim over the whole of life)
Original: אֲדֹנָי / κύριος (LXX)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In Isaiah, combines with YHWH at 61:1 as ‘Señor Jehová’ (see adonai_yhwh entry). Must convey exclusive, supreme lordship.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Hijo de Dios
Transliteration: huios theou (Gk.); (typological in Isaiah, cf. ‘Mighty God’ 9:6, ‘Immanuel’ 7:14)
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ / Deity of the Messiah
Rejected alternatives: hijo de Dios en el sentido genérico aplicado a todo creyente
Original: (typological; cf. 9:6 ‘Mighty God,’ 7:14 ‘Immanuel’)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Applied via Isaiah 9:6 and 7:14 teaching notes, not a direct lexical equivalence in the Hebrew text itself.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: encarnación
Transliteration: ho logos sarx egeneto (Gk.); (typological, cf. Immanuel 7:14; seed of David 9:6-7)
Doctrine: Incarnation / The Incarnation Anticipated
Original: (typological; cf. Immanuel, 7:14; seed of David, 9:6-7)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah supplies the prophetic anticipation (7:14; 9:6), not the event itself; the risk remains catechetical, as in the baseline.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesías
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach (Gk./Heb.)
Doctrine: Messianic Promise / The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: un ungido más, entre otros santos o profetas venerados
Original: מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Capitalized and reserved for the unique referent; must be explicitly distinguished from the lowercase functional ‘ungido’ applied to Cyrus (45:1) — see ‘anointed_functional’ entry.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesús
Transliteration: Iēsous / Yeshua (Gk./Heb.)
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. The name itself does not occur in Isaiah’s Hebrew text; retained for the etymological (teaching-level, not translation-level) link to yeshuah/yesha (‘salvation’) and for NT-fulfillment cross-referencing throughout the Servant Songs.
God
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: theos / Elohim / YHWH (Gk./Heb.)
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Exclusive Monotheism
Original: אֱלֹהִים / אֵל
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah’s exclusive-monotheism polemic (43:10-11; 44:6-8; 45:5-6,21-22) intensifies this term’s doctrinal load well beyond Romans’ usage; risk is catechetical (teaching against a merit-and-mediation devotional framework), not lexical.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: pneuma hagion (Gk.); ruach qodesh (Heb., Isaiah 63:10-11)
Doctrine: Sanctification / The Holy Spirit’s Person and Work
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza impersonal, un espíritu guía o ancestral
Original: רוּחַ קֹדֶשׁ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, including its Espiritismo/Santería caution. Reserve for contexts paralleling clear NT full-Person statements (e.g., 63:10-11); see ‘spirit_of_the_lord’ below for the more functional-anointing register (11:2; 42:1; 61:1).
Father
Approved rendering: Padre
Transliteration: patēr (Gk.); Av (Heb., Isaiah 63:16; 64:8)
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אָב
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Also the base term within the Messianic title ‘Padre Eterno’ (9:6) — see ‘everlasting_father’ entry, which requires an additional Trinitarian-clarity teaching note.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia imputada
Transliteration: elogisthē autō eis dikaiosynēn (Gk.); (root behind Isaiah 53:11’s hiphil tsadaq)
Doctrine: Justification by Faith / Justification by Faith (OT Root)
Rejected alternatives: justicia infundida (Tridentine category of righteousness progressively infused and increased through merit)
Original: (root behind 53:11’s hiphil tsadaq)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, with the identical forbidden substitution. Isaiah 53:11 grounds this doctrine before Paul systematizes it in Romans 4.
Yhwh
Approved rendering: Jehová
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: The Holiness and Majesty of God / The Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Rejected alternatives: Yahvé (non-standard for this register), el SEÑOR en versalitas (Catholic-tradition small-caps convention, not adopted for this curriculum)
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
New convention required by Isaiah’s far heavier reliance on the Tetragrammaton (used well over 400 times). Rendered per Reina-Valera precedent. CRITICAL because learners from a Catholic-majority background rarely encounter ‘Jehová’ liturgically and may mistake it for a separate or sectarian deity-name (reinforced by its association with Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Spanish-speaking world) rather than the same one God as ‘Dios’/‘Señor.’ Mandatory teaching note at first occurrence.
Adonai Yhwh
Approved rendering: Señor Jehová
Transliteration: Adonai YHWH
Doctrine: Deity of the Messiah / Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: Señor Dios (loses the combined-title specificity)
Original: אֲדֹנָי יֱהוִה
Category: God
Combined divine title at Isaiah 61:1, directly self-applied by Jesus in Luke 4:18. Any deviation from this fixed combined rendering risks obscuring the direct dominical quotation.
Grieved His Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: contristaron su Santo Espíritu
Transliteration: itstsevu et-ruach qodsho
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Person and Work
Rejected alternatives: entristecieron su espíritu (lowercase, loses personhood/deity)
Original: עִצְּבוּ אֶת־רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ
Category: God
Isaiah 63:10, one of the clearest OT statements of the Spirit’s personal nature (a force cannot be ‘grieved’). Reinforces baseline’s caution against impersonal-force readings; cross-links to Ephesians 4:30.
Immanuel
Approved rendering: Emanuel
Transliteration: Immanu El
Doctrine: The Incarnation Anticipated
Rejected alternatives: Emmanuel (non-standard spelling for this register)
Original: עִמָּנוּ אֵל
Category: Christology
‘God with us’ (7:14; 8:8,10). Transliterate, paired with the gloss ‘Dios con nosotros’ at first occurrence. Direct OT lexical root of Matthew 1:23.
Virgin Sign
Approved rendering: virgen
Transliteration: almah (Heb.); LXX parthenos
Doctrine: The Incarnation Anticipated
Rejected alternatives: joven / mujer joven (loses the established Christian rendering and the Matthew 1:23 link)
Original: עַלְמָה
Category: Christology
Isaiah 7:14. Retain established Christian rendering; flag against extended Marian-devotional drift. Teach the double-fulfillment structure (8th-century sign; ultimate fulfillment in Christ) intact.
Wonderful Counselor
Approved rendering: Consejero Maravilloso
Transliteration: pele yo’etz
Doctrine: Deity of the Messiah
Rejected alternatives: sabio consejero (paraphrase, loses the established fixed title)
Original: פֶּלֶא יוֹעֵץ
Category: Christology
First of the fourfold Messianic throne-name (9:6); do not split or paraphrase.
Mighty God
Approved rendering: Dios Fuerte
Transliteration: El Gibbor
Doctrine: Deity of the Messiah
Rejected alternatives: un ser divino, un dios poderoso (both imply a lesser or created divine being)
Original: אֵל גִּבּוֹר
Category: Christology
The strongest single OT affirmation of the Messiah’s full deity (9:6). Must retain ‘Dios.’ Mandatory theologian review, identical tier to baseline’s deity_of_christ.
Prince Of Peace
Approved rendering: Príncipe de Paz
Transliteration: Sar Shalom
Doctrine: Peace with God through the Servant
Rejected alternatives: príncipe pacífico (paraphrase, loses royal-covenantal weight)
Original: שַׂר־שָׁלוֹם
Category: Christology
Culminating Messianic throne-title (9:6), tying royal rule to covenantal shalom.
Root Branch Of Jesse
Approved rendering: raíz de Jesé
Transliteration: shoresh / netzer / choter Yishai
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: vástago de Jesé (acceptable only as a secondary synonym, never replacing the anchor phrase)
Original: שֹׁרֶשׁ / נֵצֶר / חֹטֶר יִשַׁי
Category: Christology
Messianic growth-imagery (4:2; 11:1,10; 53:2). Must match exactly the rendering used for Romans 15:12’s direct quotation.
Servant Of The Lord
Approved rendering: siervo de Jehová
Transliteration: ebed YHWH
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: esclavo de Jehová (chattel-slavery connotation, forbidden)
Original: עֶבֶד יְהוָה
Category: Christology
Central term of the curriculum’s core doctrine (41:8-9; 42:1-9; 49:1-13; 50:4-9; 52:13-53:12). The corporate (Israel) vs. individual (Messianic) referent tension must be flagged for the learner, not silently resolved.
Suffering Servant
Approved rendering: el Siervo sufriente
Transliteration: (thematic composite; 52:13-53:12)
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: víctima trágica (undercuts the voluntary, substitutionary, vindicated nature of the suffering)
Original: (thematic composite; 52:13-53:12)
Category: Christology
Names the curriculum’s core doctrine explicitly; every occurrence should be paired with a teaching note distinguishing this figure from a merely tragic human victim.
Lamb To Slaughter
Approved rendering: cordero al matadero
Transliteration: seh la-tevach
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: animal sacrificado (generic, loses the Passover/Lamb-of-God typology)
Original: שֶׂה לַטֶּבַח
Category: Christology
Isaiah 53:7. Direct OT root of John 1:29’s ‘Lamb of God’ and 1 Corinthians 5:7’s Passover Christology.
Sinlessness Of The Servant
Approved rendering: ningún agravio… ni engaño
Transliteration: lo chamas…ve-lo mirmah
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: buen carácter en general (softens the double negation into general good character)
Original: לֹא־חָמָס…וְלֹא מִרְמָה
Category: Christology
Isaiah 53:9, quoted verbatim in 1 Peter 2:22 of Christ; must preserve the double negation.
Stone Of Stumbling
Approved rendering: piedra de tropiezo
Transliteration: even negef
Doctrine: Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice
Rejected alternatives: piedra de choque (non-standard)
Original: אֶבֶן נֶגֶף
Category: Christology
Isaiah 8:14. Must match exactly the rendering used for Romans 9:33’s direct quotation, per cross-curriculum consistency.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: piedra angular
Transliteration: even pinnah / even bochan
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: piedra probada (loses the established rendering)
Original: אֶבֶן פִּנָּה / אֶבֶן בֹּחַן
Category: Christology
Isaiah 28:16. Must match the exact rendering used for Romans 9:33 and 1 Peter 2:6.
Make Many Righteous
Approved rendering: justificará
Transliteration: yatsdiq la-rabbim
Doctrine: Justification by Faith (OT Root)
Rejected alternatives: hará justos mediante un proceso, los purificará moralmente (both repeat the Trent/Reformation fault line already Critical in the baseline)
Original: יַצְדִּיק לָרַבִּים
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 53:11. Must use the verb ‘justificar,’ matching the forensic ‘declarado justo’ standard exactly. Mandatory human theologian review, zero tolerance for deviation.
He Who Justifies Me
Approved rendering: el que me justifica
Transliteration: matsdiqi
Doctrine: Justification by Faith (OT Root)
Rejected alternatives: el que me defiende, el que me vindica (both sever the lexical tie to 53:11)
Original: מַצְדִּיקִי
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 50:8. Same forensic root as ‘justification’; precursor to and grounds 53:11’s argument.
Guilt Offering
Approved rendering: ofrenda por el pecado / sacrificio por la culpa
Transliteration: asham
Doctrine: The Substitutionary Atonement of the Servant
Rejected alternatives: sacrificio (bare noun, too generic, loses the Levitical technical sense)
Original: אָשָׁם
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 53:10. Technical Levitical sacrificial term applied to the Servant’s death; same escalation tier as the baseline’s atonement/propitiation flag for Romans 3:25.
Bear Carry Substitutionary
Approved rendering: llevar / cargar
Transliteration: nasa / sabal
Doctrine: The Substitutionary Atonement of the Servant
Rejected alternatives: sentir (to feel), compartir (to share) — both reduce substitution to empathy
Original: נָשָׂא / סָבַל
Category: Salvation
Central substitution-verb of Isaiah 53 (vv.4,11,12). Never weaken to empathetic language; must retain the sense of bearing another’s due penalty.
Besides Me No Savior
Approved rendering: fuera de mí no hay salvador
Transliteration: u-mibbal’adai ein moshia
Doctrine: Exclusive Monotheism
Rejected alternatives: no hay otro salvador como yo (weakens exclusivity of existence to mere comparison)
Original: וּמִבַּלְעָדַי אֵין מוֹשִׁיעַ
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 43:11; 45:21. Grounds the exclusivity of the salvation doctrine against any mediating-savior framework.
Redeemer
Approved rendering: Redentor
Transliteration: go’el
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration for God’s People
Rejected alternatives: mediador (invites saint/Marian intermediary confusion)
Original: גֹּאֵל
Category: Salvation
God as Israel’s kinsman-redeemer (41:14; 43:14; 44:6,24; 47:4; 48:17; 49:7,26; 54:5,8; 59:20; 60:16; 63:16). Must not be confused with saint or Marian intermediary redemption models.
Redeemer Will Come To Zion
Approved rendering: vendrá a Sion un Redentor
Transliteration: u-va le-Tsiyyon go’el
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration for God’s People
Original: וּבָא לְצִיּוֹן גּוֹאֵל
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 59:20. Must match exactly the rendering used for Romans 11:26’s direct quotation.
Your Dead Shall Live
Approved rendering: tus muertos vivirán
Transliteration: yichyu metekha
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope
Rejected alternatives: tus muertos volverán (risks a reincarnation/spirit-return reading)
Original: יִחְיוּ מֵתֶיךָ
Category: Eschatology
Isaiah 26:19. Reuse the baseline resurrection risk profile exactly, including the Caribbean Espiritismo/Santería caution.
Makes Intercession For Transgressors
Approved rendering: intercede por los transgresores
Transliteration: yaphgia la-posh’im
Doctrine: The Intercession of the Servant
Rejected alternatives: intercesión de los santos o de la Virgen como mediadores necesarios (forbidden — the Servant intercedes directly)
Original: יַפְגִּיעַ לַפֹּשְׁעִים
Category: Faith / Salvation
Isaiah 53:12, THE Old Testament root text of the baseline’s Critical intercession doctrine. Uniquely dangerous because the intercessor is a human-appearing, visibly suffering figure — precisely the profile Hispanic popular piety assigns to saints and the Virgin. Mandatory human theologian review.
Arm Of The Lord
Approved rendering: brazo de Jehová
Transliteration: zeroa YHWH
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / Salvation Extended to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: poder de Jehová (loses the specific anthropomorphic image quoted together in John 12:38)
Original: זְרוֹעַ יְהוָה
Category: Salvation
Must render identically at both occurrences (51:9 and 53:1), quoted together in John 12:38.
Voice Crying In Wilderness
Approved rendering: voz que clama en el desierto
Transliteration: qol qore ba-midbar
Doctrine: Gospel Proclamation / The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Original: קוֹל קוֹרֵא בַּמִּדְבָּר
Category: Covenant / Christology
Isaiah 40:3, quoted of John the Baptist (Matthew 3:3; Mark 1:3; Luke 3:4; John 1:23). Must match the established Spanish Gospel-text rendering exactly.
Light To The Nations
Approved rendering: luz para las naciones
Transliteration: or goyim / le-or goyim
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: אוֹר גּוֹיִם / לְאוֹר גּוֹיִם
Category: Church / Nations
42:6; 49:6, quoted Luke 2:32 (Simeon’s Nunc Dimittis).
Gospel Herald
Approved rendering: el que anuncia buenas nuevas
Transliteration: mevasser
Doctrine: Gospel Proclamation
Original: מְבַשֵּׂר
Category: Church / Nations
52:7; 61:1. OT lexical root of gospel; must match the exact Romans 10:15 rendering.
House Of Prayer For All Nations
Approved rendering: casa de oración para todos los pueblos
Transliteration: beit tefillah le-khol ha-ammim
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: בֵּית־תְּפִלָּה לְכָל־הָעַמִּים
Category: Church / Nations
Isaiah 56:7. Must match the rendering used for Mark 11:17 and Matthew 21:13.
Every Knee Shall Bow
Approved rendering: ante mí se doblará toda rodilla
Transliteration: ki li tikhra kol berekh
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Original: כִּי־לִי תִּכְרַע כָּל־בֶּרֶךְ
Category: God / Nations
Isaiah 45:23. Must align exactly with the Romans 14:11 rendering; echoed in Philippians 2:10-11.
I Was Found By Those Who Did Not Seek Me
Approved rendering: fui hallado por los que no me buscaban
Transliteration: nimtseti le-lo viqshuni
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: נִמְצֵאתִי לְלֹא בִקְשֻׁנִי
Category: Salvation / Nations
Isaiah 65:1. Must match exactly the rendering used for Romans 10:20’s direct quotation.
Potter And Clay
Approved rendering: alfarero… barro
Transliteration: yotser…chomer
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Original: יֹצֵר…חֹמֶר
Category: God / Sovereignty
29:16; 45:9; 64:8. Must match the rendering used for Romans 9:20-21’s direct argument from this imagery.
Peace Through The Servant
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: Peace with God through the Servant
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidad emocional (baseline rejection, reinforced here since this peace is causally tied to substitutionary suffering)
Isaiah 53:5 specifically. Elevated beyond the base ‘peace’ entry’s Medium risk because here peace is causally grounded in the Servant’s substitutionary chastisement, not mere emotional calm — the direct OT ground of Romans 5:1.
Holy Threefold
Approved rendering: Santo, santo, santo
Transliteration: qadosh, qadosh, qadosh
Doctrine: The Holiness and Majesty of God
Rejected alternatives: cualquier abreviación o paráfrasis de la triple repetición (forbidden — the threefold form must be preserved exactly)
Isaiah 6:3, the Bible’s clearest single statement of God’s own transcendent holiness, quoted Revelation 4:8. Must be explicitly distinguished from every other ‘santo’ occurrence applied to believers or venerated figures.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelio
Transliteration: euangelion (Gk.); basar / mevasser (Heb., Isaiah 40:9; 52:7; 61:1)
Doctrine: Gospel / Gospel Proclamation
Rejected alternatives: buenas nuevas (only as a descriptive gloss, never the standalone technical term)
Original: בָּשַׂר (basar, participle mevasser)
Category: Church / Nations
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 52:7 and 61:1 supply the direct Hebrew lexical root (mevasser) behind the LXX’s euangelizomenos and must be rendered consistently with this entry and with the Romans 10:15 quotation of Isaiah 52:7.
Grace
Approved rendering: gracia
Transliteration: charis (Gk.); chen, functionally chesed/ratson (Heb., Isaiah 55:1-3; 61:2)
Doctrine: Grace / Grace and Free Invitation
Rejected alternatives: favor merecido, recompensa por buenas obras
Original: חֵן / (functionally חֶסֶד, רָצוֹן)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 55:1’s ‘compra… sin dinero y sin precio’ is the direct Old Testament root of grace as unmerited favor; must not be moralized into a merit-cooperation reading, per the baseline’s caution.
Faith
Approved rendering: fe
Transliteration: pistis (Gk.); aman, hiphil he’emin (Heb., Isaiah 7:9; 53:1)
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: devoción religiosa general, creencia cultural heredada
Original: אָמַן (hiphil הֶאֱמִין)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 53:1 (‘¿Quién ha creído a nuestro mensaje?’) is directly quoted in Romans 10:16; render identically at both occurrences.
Calling
Approved rendering: llamado
Transliteration: klēsis (Gk.); qara (Heb., Isaiah 41:9; 42:6; 49:1; 51:2)
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocación (in the narrow sense of a call to priesthood or religious life)
Original: קָרָא
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never ‘vocación’ for the general call of every believer, prophet, or the Servant, per baseline’s forbidden-substitution rule; reserve ‘vocación’ only with an explicit clarifying gloss.
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: hagios (Gk.); qadosh (Heb., Isaiah 6:3; 35:8; throughout)
Doctrine: Sanctification / The Holiness and Majesty of God
Rejected alternatives: puro en sentido ritual
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: God / Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 6:3’s threefold repetition is treated as a separate Critical entry (see ‘holy_threefold’ below) because it names God’s own unique, transcendent holiness, distinct from every other ‘santo’ occurrence in this term.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: santificación
Transliteration: hagiasmos (Gk.); (thematic in Isaiah, cf. qadosh and ‘camino de santidad,’ 35:8)
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purificación penitencial, vía purgativa
Original: (thematic; cf. qadosh, holiness of the remnant and ‘highway of holiness,’ 35:8)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Must not collapse into a penitential/purgatorial framework where holiness is earned through accumulated religious acts.
Law
Approved rendering: ley
Transliteration: nomos (Gk.); torah (Heb., Isaiah 1:10; 2:3; 5:24; 8:20)
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 2:3 anticipates the law/teaching going forth from Zion to the nations.
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: hamartia (Gk.); chet (Heb., Isaiah 1:18; 6:7; 53:5,6,8,9,10,12; 59:2,12)
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability / Universal Human Sinfulness
Rejected alternatives: falta (minimizing euphemism common in pastoral speech)
Original: חֵטְא
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved specifically for chet; Isaiah’s two stronger sin-terms (pesha, avon) are sub-distinguished as separate ‘transgression’ and ‘iniquity’ entries below — do not use ‘pecado’ interchangeably for all three in Isaiah 53.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: doxa (Gk.); kavod (Heb., Isaiah 6:3; 40:5; 60:1-2; 66:18)
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / The Holiness and Majesty of God
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Must be taught as God’s own uncreated radiance, not a poetic synonym for human fame or saintly-halo devotional iconography.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: obediencia de la fe
Transliteration: hypakoē pisteōs (Gk.)
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: obediencia a los preceptos de la Iglesia, cumplimiento de mandamientos eclesiásticos
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Isaiah lexeme; retained for typological connection to Isaiah’s ‘quietud y confianza’ (30:15) trust-vocabulary.
Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: diathēkē (Gk.); berit (Heb., Isaiah 24:5; 42:6; 49:8; 54:10; 55:3; 59:21; 61:8)
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / Covenant Faithfulness and Steadfast Love
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 24:5 depicts the everlasting covenant broken by universal sin; chs.54-55, 61 reaffirm it unbreakably after the Servant’s atoning work.
Election
Approved rendering: elección
Transliteration: eklogē (Gk.); bachar (Heb., Isaiah 41:8-9; 42:1; 43:10,20; 44:1-2; 45:4)
Doctrine: Effectual Calling / Election
Rejected alternatives: destino, suerte
Original: בָּחַר
Category: God / Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Grounds God’s sovereign, personal choice of Israel and of the Servant; avoid fatalistic ‘destino/suerte’ framing.
Providence
Approved rendering: providencia
Transliteration: pronoia (Gk.); (thematic, Isaiah 40:12-31; 45:5-7; 46:9-11)
Doctrine: Providence / Providence and God’s Sovereign Plan
Rejected alternatives: destino, la suerte
Original: (thematic; cf. 40:12-31; 46:9-11)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah’s Cyrus prophecy (44:28-45:1) is an especially vivid test case for this doctrine’s anti-fatalism requirement.
Holy One Of Israel
Approved rendering: el Santo de Israel
Transliteration: Qedosh Yisrael
Doctrine: The Holiness and Majesty of God
Rejected alternatives: el Santo (dropping ‘de Israel’ loses the covenant-specific title)
Original: קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: God
Isaiah’s signature divine title, recurring over two dozen times (1:4; 5:19; 10:20; 12:6; 17:7; 30:11-15; 37:23; 41:14-20; 43:3,14; 45:11; 47:4; 48:17; 49:7; 54:5; 55:5; 60:9,14). Must render identically at every occurrence.
Spirit Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Espíritu de Jehová
Transliteration: ruach YHWH
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Person and Work
Rejected alternatives: Espíritu Santo (reserved for clearer NT-parallel full-Person contexts)
Original: רוּחַ יְהוָה
Category: God
Functional description of the Spirit resting on and empowering the Messiah for mission (11:2; 42:1; 61:1). Case-by-case native-speaker/theologian judgment required per occurrence, following the same context-sensitivity principle the baseline applies to ‘llamado.‘
Anointed Functional
Approved rendering: ungido
Transliteration: meshicho
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Rejected alternatives: su Mesías (capitalized — forbidden, dilutes the unique Messianic title)
Original: מְשִׁיחוֹ
Category: Christology
Applied to Cyrus (45:1) as God’s chosen instrument for Israel’s deliverance — a functional, non-titular anointing. Must render lowercase ‘su ungido,’ never capitalized or conflated with ‘Mesías.‘
Everlasting Father
Approved rendering: Padre Eterno
Transliteration: Avi-Ad
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: Padre (dropping ‘Eterno’ loses the title)
Original: אֲבִי־עַד
Category: Christology
Messianic title (9:6) of eternal, paternal care — not an identification of the Son with the Trinitarian Person of the Father. Requires an explicit teaching note preventing Person-confusion.
Branch Of The Lord
Approved rendering: renuevo de Jehová
Transliteration: tsemach YHWH
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Original: צֶמַח יְהוָה
Category: Christology
First Messianic ‘Branch’ title (4:2), developed fully at 11:1 and 53:2; keep consistent across all three.
Man Of Sorrows
Approved rendering: varón de dolores
Transliteration: ish mak’ovot
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: hombre de tristezas (non-established paraphrase)
Original: אִישׁ מַכְאֹבוֹת
Category: Christology
Isaiah 53:3. The most quoted devotional title of the passage in Spanish liturgical/hymnic tradition; keep the established phrase exactly.
Day Star Son Of Dawn
Approved rendering: lucero, hijo del alba
Transliteration: helel ben-shachar
Doctrine: Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice
Rejected alternatives: Lucifer (forbidden as the primary rendering — functions as Satan’s proper name in Spanish popular culture)
Original: הֵילֵל בֶּן־שָׁחַר
Category: Christology / Judgment
Isaiah 14:12, a satirical funeral-taunt against the king of Babylon. Never use ‘Lucifer’ as the primary rendering; any reference to the traditional reading must be flagged explicitly as later Christian tradition.
Transgression
Approved rendering: transgresión
Transliteration: pesha
Doctrine: Universal Human Sinfulness / Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice
Rejected alternatives: pecado (already reserved for chet — reusing it here would flatten Isaiah’s three-tier sin distinction)
Original: פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
Willful rebellion against covenant authority (1:2,28; 53:5,8,12; 59:12-13); stronger than chet.
Iniquity
Approved rendering: iniquidad
Transliteration: avon
Doctrine: Universal Human Sinfulness
Rejected alternatives: culpa (loses the moral-crookedness nuance)
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Sin
Moral guilt/crookedness before God (1:4; 53:5,6,11; 59:2-3,12); central to 53:6’s ‘the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all.‘
Idol
Approved rendering: ídolo
Transliteration: pesel / elil
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: פֶּסֶל / אֱלִיל
Category: Sin
Manufactured cult objects; central to ch.44’s idol-satire. Teaching notes must extend to contemporary syncretism (curanderismo, Santería) without implying condemnation of devotional imagery as such.
Justice Mishpat
Approved rendering: juicio / justicia
Transliteration: mishpat
Doctrine: Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice / Social Justice and True Worship
Rejected alternatives: justicia como única traducción (crea colisión con tsedaqah, especialmente peligrosa en Isaías 53:8)
Original: מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Sin / Judgment
Context-sensitive dual rendering: ‘juicio’ for legal-process sense (esp. 53:8, where ‘justicia’ would ironically imply the trial was fair), ‘justicia’ for social-ethical sense (chs.1, 58).
Steadfast Love
Approved rendering: misericordia / amor fiel
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness and Steadfast Love
Rejected alternatives: lástima, compasión (both skew toward pity, losing the covenant-loyalty sense)
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: Covenant
No single perfect Spanish equivalent (54:8,10; 55:3; 63:7). Use ‘misericordia’ as primary per RV1960 convention, always supplemented with a covenant-loyalty teaching note.
New Heavens And New Earth
Approved rendering: cielos nuevos y tierra nueva
Transliteration: shamayim chadashim va-eretz chadashah
Doctrine: The New Heavens and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: ir al cielo (disembodied individualist afterlife paraphrase), un mundo mejor (secular political-utopia paraphrase)
Original: שָׁמַיִם חֲדָשִׁים וָאָרֶץ חֲדָשָׁה
Category: Eschatology
Isaiah 65:17; 66:22, quoted 2 Peter 3:13 and Revelation 21:1. Must guard against both the disembodied-heaven-only under-reading and the political-utopia over-reading simultaneously.
Comfort
Approved rendering: consuelo / consolar
Transliteration: nacham
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration for God’s People
Original: נָחַם
Category: Eschatology / Comfort
Programmatic opening word of Isaiah 40-66 (40:1; 49:13; 51:3,12; 52:9; 61:2; 66:13); names a curriculum doctrine’s title word — consistent rendering mandatory. Must stay grounded in the Servant’s finished atoning work (ch.53), not float free as generic encouragement.
Highway Of Holiness
Approved rendering: camino de santidad
Transliteration: derekh ha-qodesh
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration for God’s People
Original: דֶּרֶךְ הַקֹּדֶשׁ
Category: Eschatology / Sanctification
Isaiah 35:8. Ties restoration to holiness rather than mere geographic return.
Swallow Up Death
Approved rendering: sorberá la muerte
Transliteration: billa ha-mavet
Doctrine: The New Heavens and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: destruirá la muerte (acceptable secondary gloss, not the primary rendering)
Original: בִּלַּע הַמָּוֶת
Category: Eschatology
Isaiah 25:8, quoted 1 Corinthians 15:54’s resurrection victory-song.
Cut Off From Land Of Living
Approved rendering: cortado de la tierra de los vivientes
Transliteration: nigzar me-eretz chayyim
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant
Original: נִגְזַר מֵאֶרֶץ חַיִּים
Category: Eschatology / Christology
Isaiah 53:8. Must be taught as pointing toward vindication beyond death (offspring, prolonged days), not a final, hopeless end.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: día de Jehová
Transliteration: yom YHWH
Doctrine: The Day of the LORD and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: ese día (flattens the technical eschatological formula)
Original: יוֹם יְהוָה
Category: Eschatology / Judgment
2:12; 13:6,9; 34:8. Must be rendered consistently across all occurrences against both Judah and pagan empires.
Sprinkle Many Nations
Approved rendering: rociará a muchas naciones
Transliteration: yazzeh goyim rabbim
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / Salvation Extended to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: asombrará a muchas naciones (recorded as the flagged alternative per Ambiguity Handling protocol, not rejected outright)
Original: יַזֶּה גּוֹיִם רַבִּים
Category: Nations / Christology
Isaiah 52:15. Genuine Hebrew lexical ambiguity (sprinkle vs. startle); preferred rendering follows the priestly-sprinkling sense, strengthening the atonement-bridge into ch.53.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: llamado
Transliteration: klētos (Gk.); qara (Heb., Isaiah 41:9; 42:6; 48:12; 49:1; 51:2)
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: convocado (bureaucratic/legal register)
Inherited from Romans package. Extends to Isaiah’s prophetic call (6:8), the Servant’s call from the womb (49:1), and Israel’s/Abraham’s call (41:9; 51:2).
Adoption
Approved rendering: adopción
Transliteration: huiothesia (Gk.)
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Not a distinct Isaiah lexeme; retained for typological connection to Isaiah’s Father/child imagery (63:16; 64:8) and comfort-as-maternal-tenderness imagery (49:15; 66:13).
Peace
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: eirēnē (Gk.); shalom (Heb., Isaiah 9:6; 26:3; 32:17; 48:18,22; 53:5; 54:10; 57:19)
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidad emocional
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package at the base term level. Isaiah 53:5’s occurrence is handled as a separate Critical entry (‘peace_through_the_servant’) because there peace is causally tied to the Servant’s substitutionary chastisement, not mere emotional calm.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dones espirituales
Transliteration: charismata (Gk.)
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: poderes espirituales
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Isaiah lexeme; retained for typological connection to the Spirit’s sevenfold equipping of the Messiah (11:2) and outpouring on the people (32:15; 44:3).
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: ekklēsia (Gk.)
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: la Iglesia (institución jerárquica en sentido católico-institucional)
Inherited from Romans package. Not an Isaiah-era concept as such; retained for typological connection to Isaiah’s covenant-people/remnant/nations-streaming-to-Zion imagery.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: reino de Dios
Transliteration: basileia tou theou (Gk.); malakh (Heb., Isaiah 24:23; 33:22; 52:7)
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission / The Kingdom of God and the Messianic Reign
Original: מָלַךְ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 52:7’s ‘tu Dios reina’ is the climactic gospel-content statement; distinguish from a political, territorial, or nationalist kingdom.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: gentiles
Transliteration: ethnē (Gk.); goyim, in NT-parallel Jew/Gentile-contrast contexts (Heb.)
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: paganos (pejorative in modern Spanish)
Original: גּוֹיִם (in NT-parallel Jew/Gentile-contrast contexts)
Category: Church / Nations
Inherited from Romans package. Use only where Isaiah’s text is read through a specific NT Jew/Gentile-unity lens; otherwise prefer the new ‘nations’ entry for Isaiah’s own broader register.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: poder de Dios
Transliteration: dynamis theou (Gk.); koach / gevurah (Heb., Isaiah 40:26,29; 63:1)
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: כֹּחַ / גְּבוּרָה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard, unambiguous rendering, extended to Isaiah’s creation and judgment-power passages.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercesión / interceder
Transliteration: hyperentynchanei / enteuxis (Gk.); paga (Heb., Isaiah 53:12; 59:16)
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: intercesión de los santos o de la Virgen como mediadores necesarios ante Dios
Original: פָּגַע
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package at the base term-risk level (Medium), mirroring the baseline’s own split between term-level and doctrine-level risk. The doctrine-level Isaiah 53:12 occurrence is handled as a separate Critical entry (‘makes_intercession_for_transgressors’) below. Never let ‘intercesión’ default to saint- or Marian-mediated intercession.
Mission
Approved rendering: misión
Transliteration: apostolē / pempō (Gk.); (thematic, Isaiah 6:8; 49:6)
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations / Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: (thematic; cf. 6:8’s commissioning; 49:6’s ‘to the end of the earth’)
Category: Church / Nations
Inherited from Romans package, including its mild historical-colonial-association caveat. Isaiah 6:8’s ‘Aquí estoy, envíame’ and 49:6’s ‘hasta lo postrero de la tierra’ are the doctrine’s OT anchors.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el (Heb.)
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, with the baseline’s noted contemporary political sensitivity in some regions. In Isaiah, also names the corporate ‘servant Israel’ (41:8) in creative tension with the individual Messianic Servant of chs.49-53.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba (Aramaic)
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah itself does not use this term; retained only for cross-curriculum consistency where Isaiah’s Father material (63:16; 64:8) is taught alongside Romans 8:15.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendencia de David
Transliteration: sperma Dauid (Gk.); (cf. Root of Jesse, Isaiah 11:1,10)
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: (cf. Root of Jesse, 11:1,10)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reuse where Isaiah’s Davidic-line language parallels Romans 1:3’s phrasing; the fuller Messianic-growth imagery is carried separately by ‘root_branch_of_jesse’ below.
Created Formed
Approved rendering: creó / formó
Transliteration: bara / yatsar
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Sovereign Plan
Original: בָּרָא / יָצַר
Category: God
God’s sovereign creative action, both ex nihilo (bara) and as a potter shaping clay (yatsar); feeds directly into the Critical potter-and-clay imagery (29:16; 45:9; 64:8).
Remnant
Approved rendering: remanente
Transliteration: she’ar / she’erit
Doctrine: Remnant Theology
Rejected alternatives: sobrevivientes (loses covenant-theological weight)
Original: שְׁאָר / שְׁאֵרִית
Category: Eschatology / Comfort
1:9; 4:3; 10:20-22; 11:11,16; 37:31-32; 46:3. Must also match Romans 9:27,29’s quotation of this Isaiah motif.
Nations
Approved rendering: naciones
Transliteration: goyim / ammim
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: גּוֹיִם / עַמִּים
Category: Church / Nations
Isaiah’s own broad register for all peoples (chs.13-23; 40-66), distinguished from the baseline’s gentiles=gentiles used in specifically NT-parallel Jew/Gentile-contrast contexts.
Zion
Approved rendering: Sion
Transliteration: Tsiyyon
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration for God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Jerusalén (flattens the theologically weighted place-name to plain geography)
Original: צִיּוֹן
Category: Covenant
Retain theological weight in teaching notes throughout the book.
Oracle Burden
Approved rendering: oráculo
Transliteration: massa
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Rejected alternatives: carga (literal, loses the technical genre-label sense)
Original: מַשָּׂא
Category: Judgment / Nations
Introductory genre-formula for oracles against the nations (chs.13-23). Prefer ‘oráculo’ consistently.
Hephzibah Beulah
Approved rendering: Hefzibá / Beulá
Transliteration: Chephzi-bah / Be’ulah
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration for God’s People
Isaiah 62:4. Untranslatable Hebrew wordplay; transliterate with a meaning-gloss at first occurrence (‘mi delicia en ella’ / ‘desposada’).
Watchman
Approved rendering: atalaya / centinela
Transliteration: tsofeh
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over the Nations
21:6-8; 62:6. Prophetic-vigilance metaphor, later echoed in Ezekiel 33.
Cyrus
Approved rendering: Ciro
Transliteration: Koresh
Doctrine: Inspiration and Reliability of Prophecy
44:28; 45:1. Predictive-prophecy proper name, named over a century before his reign; theologically significant for prophecy’s reliability.
Sign Ot
Approved rendering: señal
Transliteration: ot
Doctrine: Inspiration and Reliability of Prophecy
7:11,14; 20:3; 38:7,22. God’s self-authenticating confirmation of his word.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apóstol
Transliteration: apostolos (Gk.)
Doctrine: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly attested as a distinct concept in Isaiah (a New Testament ecclesial office); retained only for any Phase 2 cross-reference material connecting prophetic ‘sending’ (Isaiah 6:8) to apostolic sending.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: acción de gracias
Transliteration: eucharistia (Gk.)
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 12 is a thanksgiving song (‘en aquel día dirás: Cantaré a Jehová…’) that reinforces this term without introducing new vocabulary.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: compañerismo
Transliteration: koinōnia (Gk.)
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: comunión de los santos (specific Catholic liturgical formula)
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Isaiah lexeme; retained for any Phase 2 cross-reference material connecting Isaiah’s remnant/covenant-community imagery to NT fellowship.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: prophētēs (Gk.); navi (Heb., Isaiah 1:1)
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: vidente, adivino
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah’s own self-identification (1:1); do not confuse with a fortune-teller or new-age ‘vidente.‘
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profecía
Transliteration: prophēteia (Gk.); nevuah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: horóscopo, predicción esotérica
Original: נְבוּאָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah’s naming of Cyrus over a century in advance (44:28-45:1) is a striking predictive-prophecy claim.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: Dawid (Heb.)
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah 9:7; 16:5; 22:22; 55:3 all reference the Davidic line and covenant.
Exhort
Approved rendering: exhortar
Transliteration: parakaleō (Gk.)
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. No single matching Isaiah lexeme, though the prophetic-oracle genre as a whole functions exhortatively; retained for genre-level teaching notes.
Leviathan
Approved rendering: Leviatán
Transliteration: Livyatan
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Rejected alternatives: monstruo marino (loses the canonical name and literary resonance)
Original: לִוְיָתָן
Category: Eschatology
Isaiah 27:1. Transliterate as a proper name; brief note that this is symbolic-cosmic imagery, not a literal zoological claim.
Seraphim
Approved rendering: serafines
Transliteration: seraphim
Doctrine: The Holiness and Majesty of God
Rejected alternatives: ángeles (loses the specific throne-room class distinction)
Original: שְׂרָפִים
Category: God / Worship
Isaiah 6:2-6. Transliterate; do not generalize to ‘ángeles.‘
Woe Oracle
Approved rendering: ¡ay de…!
Transliteration: hoy
Doctrine: Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice
Original: הוֹי
Category: Judgment
Standard prophetic judgment-oracle formula (5:8-22; 10:1; 28:1; 29:1; 30:1; 31:1; 33:1). Keep consistent.
Referenced passages