Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Daniel (Full Book)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire book of Daniel, chapters 1–12. Risk tiers (Critical/High/Medium/Low) follow the same definitions as the baseline Romans doctrine_risk_registry.json. Terms marked REUSED are already fixed in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json and MUST be rendered identically here — no alternative Spanish forms are permitted for these entries. Terms marked NEW are proposed additions for this curriculum’s translation memory, pending the same theologian/native-speaker review routing the baseline establishes.
Reused Baseline Terms (Fixed — No Deviation Permitted)
| Term | Original (Heb./Aram.) | Transliteration | English Gloss | Spanish (fixed) | Risk | Doctrine | First appears | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | אֱלָהּ / אֱלֹהִים | Elah / Elohim | God | Dios | Critical | God’s Sovereignty | 1:2 | Reused exactly; no deviation. |
| Lord | אֲדֹנָי | Adonai | Lord | Señor | Critical | Lordship of Christ (typological) | 9:8 | Daniel’s prayer address; reused exactly. |
| Kingdom of God | מַלְכוּ / מַלְכוּת | malku / malkhut | Kingdom of God | reino de Dios | High | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 2:44 | Same underlying reality as 7:14, 27; cross-reference required. |
| Glory | יְקָר (Aram.) / כָּבוֹד (Heb.) | yeqar / kavod | Glory | gloria | Medium (High in 7:14 context) | Deity of Christ | 2:37; 7:14 | Theodotion Greek δόξα matches baseline term exactly. |
| Saints | קַדִּישִׁין | qaddishin | Holy ones / saints | santos | Critical | Sainthood / Faithfulness under Persecution | 7:18 | Same syncretism risk as Romans 1:7; requires same explanatory note every occurrence. |
| Holy | קַדִּישׁ | qaddish | Holy, set apart | santo | High | Sanctification | 4:13 | Applied to angelic “watcher” here — distinguish from corporate “santos” usage. |
| Covenant | בְּרִית | berit | Covenant | pacto | High | Davidic/Mosaic Covenant continuity | 9:4 | Reused exactly. |
| Righteousness | צֶדֶק | tsedeq | Righteousness | justicia | Critical | Salvation | 9:24 | Modifier “perdurable” added; core term unchanged. |
| Messiah | מָשִׁיחַ | Mashiach | Messiah, Anointed One | Mesías | Critical | Messianic Kingship | 9:25-26 | Primary OT source text for the baseline’s Messiah entry. |
| Prophecy | — (genre) | — | Prophecy | profecía | Low (elevated Medium here) | Apocalyptic Prophecy | throughout | Apocalyptic genre intensifies syncretism risk vs. astrology/horoscope. |
| Prophet | — | — | Prophet | profeta | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 9:2 (ref. to Jeremiah) | Reused exactly. |
| Resurrection | (see maskilim/yashen entries) | yashen / heqits | Resurrection | resurrección | Critical | Apocalyptic Prophecy / final judgment | 12:2 | Same Caribbean spiritism/reincarnation risk flagged in baseline, now doubly anchored. |
New Terms Proposed for This Curriculum
| Term | Original (Heb./Aram.) | Transliteration | English Gloss | Spanish (proposed) | Risk | Doctrine | First appears | Grounded Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Most High | עִלָּיָא | Illaya | Most High | Altísimo | High | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 3:26; 4:17 | Functions as a generic supreme-being title in some syncretistic and indigenous high-god frameworks; must be taught as the personal covenant God, not a lowest-common-denominator deity. |
| Ancient of Days | עַתִּיק יוֹמִין | Attiq Yomin | Ancient of Days | Anciano de días | Critical | Deity of the Father / core passage | 7:9 | Must not be softened to a generic elder figure or confused with a created angelic being. |
| Son of Man (OT, indefinite) | כְּבַר אֱנָשׁ | kevar enash | one like a son of man | como un hijo de hombre | Critical | Son of Man and Messianic Kingship | 7:13 | Must retain OT indefinite/lowercase form in-text while cross-referencing the NT definite title “el Hijo del Hombre” in teaching notes; conflating the two forms manufactures a premature doctrinal claim inside the OT text itself. |
| Son of Man (NT title, cross-ref only) | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | the Son of Man | el Hijo del Hombre | Critical | Son of Man and Messianic Kingship | (NT cross-ref) | Direct Greek-reception descendant of Daniel 7:13; used only in teaching notes/cross-references, never substituted into the Daniel text itself. |
| Dominion | שָׁלְטָן | sholtan | Dominion, ruling authority | dominio | High | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 4:3; 7:6,12,14 | Same word covers both beasts’ temporary dominion and the Son of Man’s everlasting dominion; contrast must be taught explicitly, not assumed from context. |
| Saints of the Most High | קַדִּישֵׁי עֶלְיוֹנִין | qaddishe elyonin | Saints of the Most High | santos del Altísimo | Critical | Faithfulness under Persecution / Apocalyptic Prophecy | 7:18 | Compounds the baseline’s Critical “santos” risk with Daniel’s specific eschatological kingdom-inheritance claim; every occurrence needs the same all-believers clarifying note the baseline mandates. |
| Beast | חֵיוְתָא | chewata | Beast (symbolic kingdom) | bestia | Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy | 7:3 | Popular-culture trivialization risk; teach as a real symbolic representation of political power, feeding directly into Revelation’s later usage. |
| Horn / little horn | קֶרֶן / קֶרֶן זְעֵירָה | qeren / qeren zeʿeirah | Horn / little horn | cuerno / cuerno pequeño | Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy | 7:8 | Avoid importing any single modern eschatological identification into the translation itself. |
| Time, times, and half a time | עִדָּן וְעִדָּנִין וּפְלַג עִדָּן | ʿiddan weʿiddanin uphlag ʿiddan | A time, times, and half a time | un tiempo, y tiempos, y la mitad de un tiempo | Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy | 7:25; 12:7 | Symbolic time-code; render literally, do not resolve into calendar terms. |
| Wisdom | חָכְמָה | chokmah | Wisdom | sabiduría | High | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 1:20 | Risk of drift toward occult/esoteric connotations in curanderismo/espiritismo contexts; must be taught as a direct divine gift, contrasted with the magician/enchanter class. |
| Understanding | בִּינָה / שֵׂכֶל | binah / sekel | Understanding, discernment | entendimiento | Medium | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 1:17 | Keep paired consistently with “sabiduría.” |
| Mystery | רָז | raz | Mystery, hidden divine plan | misterio | High | Wisdom and Discernment from God / Apocalyptic Prophecy | 2:18 | Strong independent esoteric/occult connotation risk in Masonic and New Age Spanish-language usage; teach as God’s exclusive disclosure, not technique-accessible secret knowledge. |
| Interpretation | פְּשַׂר | peshar | Interpretation (of revelation) | interpretación | Medium | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 2:4b | Distinguish from professional divination technique. |
| Vision | חָזוֹן | chazon | Vision (prophetic revelation) | visión | High | Apocalyptic Prophecy | 8:1 | Same corrective already applied to baseline’s “profecía” vs. horóscopo/esoteric prediction required here. |
| Magicians / enchanters / sorcerers / Chaldeans | חַרְטֻמִּים / אַשָּׁפִים / מְכַשְּׁפִים / כַּשְׂדִּים | chartummim / ashaphim / mekhashefim / Kasdim | Court diviner classes | magos / encantadores / hechiceros / caldeos | High | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 1:20; 2:2 | Borders directly on vocabulary still used for living folk-religious practices (santería, brujería, curanderismo); teach as rejected sources of revelation. |
| Image (idol) | צֶלֶם | tselem | Image, statue | imagen | High | Faithfulness under Persecution | 3:1 | Requires careful distinction from Catholic devotional images/statues; the text opposes worship-level allegiance to an idol, not religious art as such. |
| Worship / bow down | סְגִד / פְּלַח | segid / pelach | To worship, bow down, render service | adorar / postrarse / servir | Critical | Faithfulness under Persecution / Lordship of the Son of Man | 3:5; 7:14 | Same worship-register verb used both for idolatrous demand (ch.3) and for the universal homage owed the Son of Man (7:14); must be taught with precision to avoid either over-literalizing posture or softening the worship claim. |
| ”A son of the gods” (pagan phrase) | בַּר אֱלָהִין | bar elahin | a son of the gods | un hijo de los dioses | Critical | Sonship of Christ (contrast case) | 3:25 | Must render as plural/indefinite, reflecting Nebuchadnezzar’s polytheism; never as “el Hijo de Dios,” which would retroactively import a Trinitarian confession into a pagan king’s exclamation. |
| Watcher (angelic being) | עִיר | ʿir | Watcher | vigilante | Medium | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 4:13 | Distinguish from fringe non-canonical “Watchers” mythology circulating in some esoteric teaching. |
| ”Spirit of the holy gods” (pagan phrase) | רוּחַ אֱלָהִין קַדִּישִׁין | ruach elahin qaddishin | a spirit of holy gods | espíritu de los dioses santos | Critical | Sanctification (contrast case) | 4:8-9 | Must render as plural “dioses,” reflecting the pagan king’s polytheism; never as “Espíritu Santo,” the baseline’s fixed Trinitarian term. |
| Kingdom of men | מַלְכוּת אֲנָשָׁא | malkhut anasha | Kingdom of men | reino de los hombres | Medium | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 4:17 | Contrast term to “reino de Dios/del Altísimo”; keep opposition explicit. |
| MENE MENE TEQUEL UPARSIN | מְנֵא מְנֵא תְּקֵל וּפַרְסִין | Mene Mene Teqel Uparsin | Numbered, numbered, weighed, divided | MENE, MENE, TEQUEL, UPARSIN (retained) | Medium | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 5:25 | Retain untranslated per precedent of retaining significant original-language phrases (cf. baseline’s “Abba”); gloss in teaching note only. |
| Prayer | (idiomatic; cf. תְּפִלָּה, tefillah) | tefillah / tselo | Prayer | oración | High | Prayer and Perseverance in Exile | 6:10 | Cross-reference baseline’s Critical “intercesión” entry: Daniel’s direct, unmediated prayer reinforces the same corrective against saint/Marian-mediated intercession models. |
| The living God | אֱלָהָא חַיָּא | Elaha Chaya | The living God | el Dios viviente | Medium | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 6:20 | Distinguishes the true God from lifeless idols; standard usage. |
| Deliver / rescue | שְׁזִיב | shezib | Deliver, rescue | librar / libertar | Medium | Prayer and Perseverance in Exile | 3:17; 6:27 | Distinguish from baseline’s full soteriological “salvación”; these are historical/physical deliverances. |
| Fasting | צוֹם | tsom | Fasting | ayuno | Medium | Prayer and Perseverance in Exile | 9:3; 10:2-3 | Teach as purposeful seeking of God, not a meritorious/penitential act accruing spiritual credit. |
| Michael | מִיכָאֵל | Mikhaʾel | Michael (archangel) | Miguel | High | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms / Apocalyptic Prophecy | 10:13 | ”San Miguel Arcángel” is a major Catholic devotional and intercessory figure across Latin America and Iberia; must be taught strictly as a created angel who serves God, never as an object of prayer, veneration, or intercession himself. |
| Abomination that causes desolation | שִׁקּוּץ מְשׁוֹמֵם | shiqquts meshomem | Abomination of desolation | abominación desoladora | Critical | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 9:27; 11:31; 12:11 | Must match the standard Reina-Valera rendering of Matthew 24:15 exactly, preserving the visible OT-NT intertextual citation for Spanish-speaking learners. |
| Seventy weeks | שָׁבֻעִים שִׁבְעִים | shavuʿim shivʿim | Seventy weeks/sevens | setenta semanas | High | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 9:24 | Multiple, mutually exclusive interpretive schemes exist across Spanish-speaking Christian traditions; translation must stay strictly literal, leaving interpretation to teaching materials. |
| Everlasting righteousness | צֶדֶק עוֹלָמִים | tsedeq ʿolamim | Everlasting righteousness | justicia perdurable | Critical | Salvation / Apocalyptic Prophecy | 9:24 | Modifier on the baseline’s fixed “justicia”; forensic sense must be preserved. |
| Daily/continual sacrifice | תָּמִיד | tamid | The daily/continual offering | el continuo sacrificio | Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 8:11 | Cultic background term requiring OT tabernacle/temple context most learners lack. |
| Sealed (vision/book) | סָתַם | satham | To seal, keep confidential | sellar | Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 8:26; 12:4,9 | Genre convention (revelation withheld until its time), not indefinite withholding of truth. |
| Time of the end | עֵת קֵץ | ʿet qets | Time of the end | tiempo del fin | Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 11:35; 12:4,9 | Teach as a specific God-appointed climax without endorsing date-setting speculation. |
| The wise / those who understand | מַשְׂכִּילִים | maskilim | The wise, discerning ones | los entendidos / los sabios | Medium | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 12:3,10 | Keep terminologically linked to ch.1’s “sabiduría/entendimiento” for whole-book consistency. |
| Favor (non-soteriological) | חֶסֶד | chesed (weak sense) | Favor, goodwill | favor | Medium | (contrast case, not a fixed doctrine) | 1:9 | Must NOT be rendered “gracia” in the baseline’s Critical soteriological sense; this is providential goodwill, not the doctrine of grace. |
| God of heaven | אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיִּן | Elah Shemayin | God of heaven | Dios del cielo | Medium | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 2:18 | Title of supremacy, not spatial restriction of God’s presence. |
Chapter Coverage Index (Full-Book Confirmation)
| Chapter | New load-bearing terms introduced | Status |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | sabiduría, entendimiento, favor, magos/encantadores/hechiceros/caldeos | Covered |
| 2 | misterio, interpretación, Dios del cielo, reino (kingdom-that-shall-not-be-destroyed motif) | Covered |
| 3 | imagen, adorar/postrarse, “un hijo de los dioses” | Covered |
| 4 | Altísimo, vigilante, “espíritu de los dioses santos,” reino de los hombres | Covered |
| 5 | MENE MENE TEQUEL UPARSIN, pesado en balanza | Covered |
| 6 | oración, el Dios viviente, librar/libertar | Covered |
| 7 | Anciano de días, hijo de hombre / Hijo del Hombre, dominio, santos del Altísimo, bestia, cuerno/cuerno pequeño, tiempo-tiempos-medio tiempo | Covered (core passage, full verse-by-verse in 07) |
| 8 | visión, príncipe de los ejércitos, el continuo sacrificio, sellar | Covered |
| 9 | pacto, justicia perdurable, Mesías, setenta semanas, abominación desoladora | Covered |
| 10 | ayuno, Miguel | Covered |
| 11 | No new theological vocabulary; reuses ch. 7–9 apocalyptic terms (abominación desoladora, pacto, cuerno-type persecuting power). | Explicitly reviewed — no new terms |
| 12 | resurrección (yashen/heqits), tiempo del fin, los entendidos/los sabios, sellar (reused) | Covered |
Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count (this glossary) | Review Routing (per baseline convention) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 11 | Human theologian |
| High | 10 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 16 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 0 (all Low-tier baseline reuses absorbed into Medium here due to apocalyptic-genre amplification) | — |
This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json for all Phase 2 Daniel translation work. New terms above are proposed for formal addition to translation memory pending theologian review per the baseline’s escalation rules (Critical/High risk new terms require theologian sign-off before first use in a translated segment).
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: Elah / Elohim (Aramaic/Hebrew)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Original: אֱלָהּ / אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. In Daniel, repeatedly contrasted with the plural ‘elahin’ (gods) invoked by pagan kings (3:25; 4:8-9; 5:11); that plural pagan usage must never be confused with, or bleed back into, the singular ‘Dios.‘
Lord
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: Adonai
Doctrine: Divine Address in Prayer / Lordship
Original: אֲדֹנָי
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. In Daniel 9:8,17,19 this addresses God the Father directly in Daniel’s prayer; the same exclusive-supremacy weight the baseline requires for Romans 10:9 applies here, though the referent is the Father, not yet the explicit Christological confession.
Saints
Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: qaddishin
Doctrine: Sainthood of God’s Persecuted People
Rejected alternatives: los santos (canonizados, objeto de veneración e intercesión)
Original: קַדִּישִׁין
Category: Church
Inherited spanish_term exactly from Romans package. Daniel 7:18 applies this to the whole faithful, persecuted people of God, exactly the corporate sense the baseline mandates for Romans 1:7; requires the identical explanatory teaching note at every occurrence in this curriculum.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia
Transliteration: tsedeq
Doctrine: Messianic Promise (the Messiah Cut Off)
Rejected alternatives: rectitud moral autónoma, mérito acumulado
Original: צֶדֶק
Category: Salvation
Inherited spanish_term exactly from Romans package. Daniel 9:24 makes ‘righteousness’ one of the seventy-weeks prophecy’s climactic goals; the forensic, God-granted sense fixed in the baseline must be preserved without drifting toward a moral-achievement reading.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesías
Transliteration: Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise (the Messiah Cut Off)
Rejected alternatives: un ungido más, entre otros santos o profetas venerados
Original: מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited spanish_term exactly from Romans package. Daniel 9:25-26 is the primary Old Testament textual anchor behind the baseline’s Critical ‘Mesías’ entry; this is the exact source text the baseline’s risk notes have in view.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: resurrección
Transliteration: yashen / heqits
Doctrine: Resurrection and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: reencarnación
Original: יָשֵׁן / הֵקִיץ
Category: Eschatology
Inherited spanish_term exactly from Romans package. Daniel 12:2 is one of the Old Testament’s clearest explicit bodily-resurrection texts, carrying the identical Caribbean/Afro-Caribbean Espiritismo and Santería syncretism risk already flagged for Romans; must be taught as bodily, historical, once-for-all, never a spirit’s return or reincarnation.
Son Of God Contrast Reference
Approved rendering: Hijo de Dios
Transliteration: huios theou (NT Greek; baseline reference term)
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ (contrast case)
Inherited from Romans package exactly, retained here ONLY as the fixed baseline term that Daniel 3:25’s pagan exclamation ‘un hijo de los dioses’ (bar elahin) must NEVER be rendered as or conflated with. Never appears as a translation choice inside the Daniel text itself.
Holy Spirit Contrast Reference
Approved rendering: Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: pneuma hagion (NT Greek; baseline reference term)
Doctrine: Sanctification (contrast case)
Inherited from Romans package exactly, retained here ONLY as the fixed baseline term that Daniel 4:8-9/5:11’s pagan phrase ‘espíritu de los dioses santos’ (ruach elahin qaddishin) must NEVER be rendered as or conflated with. Never appears as a translation choice inside the Daniel text itself.
Ancient Of Days
Approved rendering: Anciano de días
Transliteration: Attiq Yomin; Theodotion Greek παλαιὸς ἡμερῶν
Doctrine: Deity of God the Father as the Ancient of Days
Rejected alternatives: un anciano venerable (generic elderly-figure image), un ángel de alto rango (created-being misreading)
Original: עַתִּיק יוֹמִין
Category: God
NEW TERM (fixed RV1960/RVA2015 rendering). Must never be softened to a generic elderly-holy-figure image or confused with a created angelic being. Must be kept visually and doctrinally distinct from the ‘hijo de hombre’ who approaches him as a distinct person (7:13), guarding against adoptionist or modalist collapse of Father and Son in catechesis shaped by devotional imagery of elderly holy figures common in popular piety.
Son Of Man Ot
Approved rendering: como un hijo de hombre
Transliteration: kevar enash
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: el Hijo del Hombre (premature NT-definite capitalization inside the OT text itself), un hijo de Dios
Original: כְּבַר אֱנָשׁ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Must retain the Reina-Valera tradition’s indefinite, lowercase, comparative in-text rendering, preserving the Aramaic’s grammatical indefiniteness. Must NOT be silently capitalized or converted into the definite New Testament title inside the Old Testament text itself — doing so would import a later theological conclusion into the vision report and destroy the deliberate ambiguity the New Testament resolves. This is the single highest-stakes translation decision in the entire curriculum’s core passage (Daniel 7:13).
Son Of Man Nt Crossref
Approved rendering: el Hijo del Hombre
Transliteration: ho huios tou anthrōpou (Theodotion/NT Greek reception)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW TERM, used ONLY in teaching notes and cross-references, never substituted into the Daniel biblical text itself. Direct linguistic descendant of Daniel 7:13’s Theodotion Greek rendering; the connection to Jesus’s own self-designation at his trial (Mark 14:62; Matthew 26:64) must be made explicit whenever Daniel 7:13 is taught.
Son Of The Gods Pagan
Approved rendering: un hijo de los dioses
Transliteration: bar elahin
Doctrine: The Gods of the Nations versus the Living God (contrast case)
Rejected alternatives: el Hijo de Dios (FORBIDDEN — the baseline’s fixed, definite, singular, Trinitarian Critical term for Christ)
Original: בַּר אֱלָהִין
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Must render literally, plural and indefinite, reflecting Nebuchadnezzar’s own polytheistic frame of reference (3:25). Conflating this with the baseline’s fixed ‘Hijo de Dios’ would retroactively read a full Christological confession into a Babylonian polytheist’s exclamation, manufacturing a doctrinal claim the text itself does not make.
Spirit Of Holy Gods Pagan
Approved rendering: espíritu de los dioses santos
Transliteration: ruach elahin qaddishin
Doctrine: The Gods of the Nations versus the Living God (contrast case)
Rejected alternatives: Espíritu Santo (FORBIDDEN — the baseline’s fixed, singular, Trinitarian Critical term)
Original: רוּחַ אֱלָהִין קַדִּישִׁין
Category: God
NEW TERM. Must render literally with the plural ‘dioses,’ reflecting Nebuchadnezzar’s and Belshazzar’s own polytheistic description of the divine wisdom evident in Daniel (4:8-9; 5:11). Never rendered as ‘Espíritu Santo.‘
Saints Of The Most High
Approved rendering: santos del Altísimo
Transliteration: qaddishe elyonin
Doctrine: Sainthood of God’s Persecuted People
Rejected alternatives: los santos canonizados que interceden ante el Altísimo (Catholic devotional default reading — explicitly rejected)
Original: קַדִּישֵׁי עֶלְיוֹנִין
Category: Church
NEW TERM (compounds the baseline’s ‘santos’ entry). The persecuted, faithful people of God who receive the everlasting kingdom after the Son of Man receives it (7:18,22,25,27); requires the identical all-believers explanatory note at every occurrence as the baseline mandates for ‘santos.‘
Everlasting Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia perdurable
Transliteration: tsedeq ʿolamim
Doctrine: Messianic Promise (the Messiah Cut Off)
Rejected alternatives: justicia infundida (FORBIDDEN — Tridentine category, per Romans baseline)
Original: צֶדֶק עוֹלָמִים
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (modifier added to the baseline’s fixed ‘justicia’). One of the seventy-weeks prophecy’s climactic purposes (9:24); the forensic sense must be preserved without softening toward gradual moral infusion, matching the baseline’s justification/imputed-righteousness cautions.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: abominación desoladora
Transliteration: shiqquts meshomem
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: cualquier rendición que no coincida exactamente con la fórmula establecida de Mateo 24:15 en la tradición Reina-Valera
Original: שִׁקּוּץ מְשׁוֹמֵם
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM, fixed to match the standard Reina-Valera rendering of Matthew 24:15 exactly (9:27; 11:31; 12:11). A mistranslation here would sever one of the clearest Daniel-to-Gospels intertextual links in the entire curriculum.
Worship Bow Down
Approved rendering: adorar / postrarse / servir
Transliteration: segid / pelach
Doctrine: Rejection of Idolatry and False Worship / The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: reverenciar (too weak for the worship-register verb), inclinarse (posture-only, loses the worship claim)
Original: סְגִד (Aram.) / פְּלַח (Aram.)
Category: Faithfulness under Persecution
NEW TERM. The same worship-register Aramaic verbs refused toward Nebuchadnezzar’s image (3:12,14,17,18) recur for the universal homage owed the Son of Man (7:14), directly supporting the baseline’s Critical Lordship-of-Christ doctrine and ‘Jesús es el Señor.’ Must be taught with precision to avoid either over-literalizing bare posture (Daniel bows non-worshipfully before Nebuchadnezzar elsewhere, 2:46) or softening the worship claim in either passage.
High Risk Terms
Glory
Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: yeqar (Aramaic) / kavod (Hebrew); Theodotion Greek δόξα
Doctrine: Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Original: יְקָר (Aram.) / כָּבוֹד (Heb.)
Category: God
Inherited spanish_term exactly from Romans package (there Medium risk). Elevated to High in this curriculum because Daniel 7:14 gives this identical divine-order glory to the Son of Man; must be taught as glory of the same order given to God in 7:9-10, not merely great human honor.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: reino de Dios
Transliteration: malku / malkhut
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Original: מַלְכוּ / מַלְכוּת
Category: Kingdom
Inherited spanish_term exactly from Romans package. In Daniel this is the direct Old Testament anchor for the baseline entry (2:44; 4:3,34; 7:14,18,22,27); must be cross-referenced across chapters 2, 4, and 7 so learners perceive one unfolding vision, never flattened into a political or future-earthly-utopia reading.
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: qaddish
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: puro en sentido ritual
Original: קַדִּישׁ
Category: Sanctification
Inherited spanish_term exactly from Romans package. In Daniel 4:13,23 applied to an angelic ‘watcher’; must be distinguished from the corporate ‘santos’ usage applied to believers so learners do not conflate angelic holiness with the believer’s calling to holiness.
Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: berit
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness and Confession of Sin
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal, alianza (acceptable ecumenical-register synonym, never a substitute in fixed translation memory)
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited spanish_term exactly from Romans package, standardized per the baseline’s convention for this curriculum’s Protestant/Evangelical-leaning audience. Daniel 9:4 invokes God’s covenant faithfulness as the ground of Daniel’s intercessory confession for Jerusalem.
Most High
Approved rendering: Altísimo
Transliteration: Illaya / Elyona
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: el Ser Supremo (generic, tradition-neutral supreme-being title), el Gran Espíritu / el Gran Arquitecto (indigenous high-god and Masonic/esoteric substitutes)
Original: עִלָּיָא / עֶלְיוֹנָא
Category: God
NEW TERM. ‘Altísimo’ functions in some indigenous Latin American high-god concepts and esoteric/Masonic usage as a generic, tradition-neutral supreme-being title compatible with any religious system. Must be anchored explicitly to ‘Dios,’ the personal covenant God already fixed in the baseline, at first occurrence in every chapter where it appears (3:26; 4:17,25,32,34).
Dominion
Approved rendering: dominio
Transliteration: sholtan
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms / The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: poder (too generic, loses the legal/ruling-authority nuance), autoridad (acceptable synonym, not used, to preserve lexical consistency across ch.4 and ch.7)
Original: שָׁלְטָן
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Same Aramaic root and same Spanish word family cover both the beasts’ revoked, temporary dominion (7:6,12) and the Son of Man’s everlasting dominion (7:14,27); the opposite theological weight (temporary/delegated vs. everlasting/supreme) must be taught explicitly, never assumed from context alone.
Seventy Weeks
Approved rendering: setenta semanas
Transliteration: shavuʿim shivʿim
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times / Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: setenta años-semana (resolving the symbolic figure inside the translated text itself)
Original: שָׁבֻעִים שִׁבְעִים
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Multiple mutually exclusive Spanish-language Christian interpretive traditions (dispensationalist, historicist, preterist, amillennial) contest this passage (9:24); translation must remain strictly literal, leaving all interpretive weighting to teaching materials.
Vision
Approved rendering: visión
Transliteration: chazon
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times / Divine Revelation of Mysteries
Rejected alternatives: experiencia mediúmnica o inducida (marco espiritista — rechazado), horóscopo, predicción esotérica
Original: חָזוֹן
Category: Wisdom
NEW TERM. In contexts where ‘visión’/‘tener visiones’ is closely associated with folk-spiritist practice (mediums, curanderos, tarot/horóscopo culture), requires the same clarifying contrast the baseline already applies to ‘profecía’ — a chazon is God-given, never humanly induced or divined (7:1; 8:1-27).
Wisdom
Approved rendering: sabiduría
Transliteration: chokmah
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Rejected alternatives: conocimiento oculto, sabiduría oculta (occult/esoteric connotation)
Original: חָכְמָה
Category: Wisdom
NEW TERM. God-given skill and insight for right living, granted to Daniel and his companions far beyond the Babylonian court’s professional diviner class (1:17,20); must be taught as a direct, personal gift from God, explicitly contrasted with the magician/enchanter class named in the same chapters.
Mystery
Approved rendering: misterio
Transliteration: raz
Doctrine: Divine Revelation of Mysteries
Rejected alternatives: misterios ocultos/iniciáticos (Masonic/esoteric usage — rejected)
Original: רָז
Category: Wisdom
NEW TERM. A hidden divine plan revealed only by God’s disclosure, not human deduction (2:18-19,27-30,47); ‘misterio’ carries strong independent esoteric/Masonic/New Age connotations of initiation-accessible hidden knowledge and must be taught as something God alone discloses to whom he chooses.
Magicians Diviners
Approved rendering: magos / encantadores / hechiceros / caldeos
Transliteration: chartummim / ashaphim / mekhashefim / Kasdim
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Original: חַרְטֻמִּים / אַשָּׁפִים / מְכַשְּׁפִים / כַּשְׂדִּים
Category: Wisdom
NEW TERM. Professional classes of Babylonian court diviners, dream-interpreters, and astrologers, deliberately contrasted with Daniel’s God-given wisdom (1:20; 2:2-11). These terms border directly on vocabulary still used for living folk-religious practices (santería, brujería, curanderismo); must be taught as historically specific, rejected pagan court professions, never exoticized or given continuing legitimacy.
Image Idol
Approved rendering: imagen
Transliteration: tselem
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution / Rejection of Idolatry and False Worship
Rejected alternatives: ídolo (acceptable descriptive gloss, but loses the text’s specific ‘statue’ referent)
Original: צֶלֶם
Category: Faithfulness under Persecution
NEW TERM. A political-religious idol demanding worship (3:1-18); in Catholic-majority contexts where devotional images/statues of saints and the Virgin are venerated, requires careful teaching to distinguish the biblical rejection of worship-level allegiance to a rival power from Catholic devotional use of religious images, which the text does not target.
Michael
Approved rendering: Miguel
Transliteration: Mikhaʾel
Doctrine: Angelic Ministry and Spiritual Conflict
Rejected alternatives: San Miguel Arcángel (devotional-intercessory framing — forbidden)
Original: מִיכָאֵל
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. The archangel identified as Israel’s guardian prince, engaged in unseen spiritual conflict on God’s people’s behalf (10:13,21; 12:1). ‘San Miguel Arcángel’ is a major devotional and intercessory figure across Latin American and Iberian Catholic popular piety; this curriculum must teach Michael strictly as a created angelic being who serves and fights on God’s behalf, never as an object of prayer, veneration, or intercession himself.
Prayer
Approved rendering: oración
Transliteration: tselo
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Original: צְלוֹ
Category: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
NEW TERM. Daniel’s fixed practice of praying three times daily facing Jerusalem, maintained even under a death decree (6:10). Cross-reference the baseline’s Critical ‘intercesión’ entry: Daniel’s model of direct, personal, unmediated access to God reinforces the baseline’s caution that intercession must not default to saint or Marian mediation.
Medium Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profecía
Transliteration: — (genre; cf. Theodotion Greek προφητεία)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: horóscopo, predicción esotérica
Original: — (genre; cf. baseline προφητεία)
Category: Covenant
Inherited spanish_term exactly from Romans package (there Low risk). Elevated to Medium here because Daniel’s apocalyptic visionary genre intensifies the syncretism risk against ‘horóscopo’/esoteric prediction the baseline already flags.
Kingdom Of Men
Approved rendering: el reino de los hombres
Transliteration: malkhut anasha
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Original: מַלְכוּת אֲנָשָׁא
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. The direct contrast term to ‘reino de Dios/del Altísimo’ (4:17,25,32); keep the opposition explicit in teaching materials.
Mene Mene Teqel Uparsin
Approved rendering: MENE, MENE, TEQUEL, UPARSIN
Transliteration: Mene Mene Teqel Uparsin
Doctrine: Divine Judgment on Nations
Rejected alternatives: contado, contado, pesado, dividido (translated in-text — rejected; the gloss belongs only in a teaching note)
Original: מְנֵא מְנֵא תְּקֵל וּפַרְסִין
Category: God
NEW TERM. Retain the Aramaic transliteration exactly, untranslated in the biblical text, per the established precedent for retaining significant original-language phrases (cf. baseline’s ‘Abba’). Gloss given only in a teaching note, preserving the narrative’s own suspense (5:25-28).
Daily Sacrifice
Approved rendering: el continuo sacrificio
Transliteration: tamid
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: el sacrificio diario (acceptable literal variant, not preferred for consistency)
Original: תָּמִיד
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. The regular temple offering whose suspension by the little horn (8:11-13) becomes the template for ‘abomination that makes desolate’ language (9:27; 11:31; 12:11). Requires Old Testament tabernacle/temple background most learners lack.
Time Times Half Time
Approved rendering: un tiempo, y tiempos, y la mitad de un tiempo
Transliteration: ʿiddan weʿiddanin uphlag ʿiddan
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: una resolución calendárica específica dentro del texto mismo
Original: עִדָּן וְעִדָּנִין וּפְלַג עִדָּן
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. A symbolic apocalyptic time-code for a limited period of persecution (7:25; 12:7); render literally, never resolved into a specific duration inside the translation itself.
Time Of The End
Approved rendering: tiempo del fin
Transliteration: ʿet qets
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Original: עֵת קֵץ
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. The concluding apocalyptic marker for when the book’s visions reach fulfillment (11:35; 12:4,9); teach as a specific, God-appointed climax without endorsing date-setting speculation the text itself does not authorize.
Beast
Approved rendering: bestia
Transliteration: chewata
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Original: חֵיוְתָא
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. A symbolic animal representing a kingdom/empire hostile to God’s people (7:3-8,11,17,23); contemporary horror-media pop culture can trivialize the term, so teach as a real symbol for a historical/eschatological political power feeding directly into Revelation’s later usage.
Horn Little Horn
Approved rendering: cuerno / cuerno pequeño
Transliteration: qeren / qeren zeʿeirah
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: cualquier identificación específica de un poder político moderno insertada dentro del texto mismo
Original: קֶרֶן / קֶרֶן זְעֵירָה
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Symbolic representations of successive rulers/powers, culminating in a persecuting figure (7:8,20-25); avoid importing any single modern eschatological identification into the translation itself.
Heavenly Court Judgment
Approved rendering: tronos fueron puestos / el tribunal se sentó, y los libros fueron abiertos
Transliteration: karsawan remiyu / dina yetiv / sifrin petichu
Doctrine: Divine Judgment on Nations
Original: כָּרְסָוָן רְמִיו / דִּינָא יְתִב / סִפְרִין פְּתִיחוּ
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. The heavenly courtroom scene (7:9-10,26); must be taught as a real, specific act of divine judgment on the historical kingdoms of the vision, not merely poetic throne-room imagery detached from the courtroom motif running through the chapter.
Sealed Vision
Approved rendering: sellar
Transliteration: satham
Doctrine: Divine Revelation of Mysteries
Original: סָתַם
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. A revelation deliberately kept confidential until its appointed time (8:26; 12:4,9); this is an apocalyptic-genre convention, not secrecy for its own sake — must not be taught as God withholding truth indefinitely.
Understanding
Approved rendering: entendimiento
Transliteration: binah / sekel
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Original: בִּינָה / שֵׂכֶל
Category: Wisdom
NEW TERM. Insight/discerning intelligence, paired with wisdom throughout Daniel (1:17,20; 2:21; 9:22; 12:10); keep consistently paired with ‘sabiduría’ as in the source text.
Interpretation
Approved rendering: interpretación
Transliteration: peshar
Doctrine: Divine Revelation of Mysteries
Original: פְּשַׂר
Category: Wisdom
NEW TERM. The God-given unlocking/explanation of a symbolic revelation (2:4b-45); distinguish from the Chaldean diviners’ professional divination technique explicitly rejected in the same chapter.
The Wise
Approved rendering: los entendidos / los sabios
Transliteration: maskilim
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Original: מַשְׂכִּילִים
Category: Wisdom
NEW TERM. Those who remain faithful and discerning through persecution and ‘shine like the brightness of the sky’ (12:3,10); keep terminologically linked to ‘sabiduría’/‘entendimiento’ from chapters 1 and 9 for whole-book consistency.
Watcher
Approved rendering: vigilante
Transliteration: ʿir we-qaddish
Doctrine: Angelic Ministry and Spiritual Conflict
Original: עִיר וְקַדִּישׁ
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. An angelic messenger announcing God’s judgment on Nebuchadnezzar (4:13,23); distinguish explicitly from fringe non-canonical ‘Watchers’ mythology drawn from Enoch literature and popularized in some contemporary esoteric/New Age teaching.
Fasting
Approved rendering: ayuno
Transliteration: tsom
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Rejected alternatives: acto penitencial que acumula mérito espiritual (rejected framing)
Original: צוֹם
Category: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
NEW TERM. Daniel’s fast accompanying intense intercessory prayer (9:3; 10:2-3); teach as focused, purposeful seeking of God, not a meritorious or penitential act accruing spiritual credit, paralleling the baseline’s caution against a penitential/purgatorial framework for sanctification.
God Of Heaven
Approved rendering: Dios del cielo
Transliteration: Elah Shemayin
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Original: אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיִּן
Category: God
NEW TERM. A recurring Danielic divine title asserting God’s supremacy over every earthly and heavenly power the Babylonian/Persian court might otherwise honor (2:18-19,28,37,44; 4:37); teach as a title of supremacy, not a spatial restriction of God’s presence to the sky.
Living God
Approved rendering: el Dios viviente
Transliteration: Elaha Chaya
Doctrine: The Gods of the Nations versus the Living God
Original: אֱלָהָא חַיָּא
Category: God
NEW TERM. A Gentile ruler’s confession that Daniel’s God uniquely lives and acts, unlike lifeless idols (6:20,26); standard usage, teach as distinguishing the true God from lifeless idols, not merely a vitality metaphor.
Deliver Rescue
Approved rendering: librar / libertar
Transliteration: shezib
Doctrine: God’s Deliverance in History
Rejected alternatives: salvación (baseline’s Critical soteriological term — reserved for reconciliation with God, not physical rescue)
Original: שְׁזִיב
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Physical rescue from mortal danger — the furnace (3:17) and the lions’ den (6:27); keep distinct from the baseline’s full soteriological ‘salvación.’ These are historical deliverances that typologically anticipate, but should not be flatly equated with, salvation from sin.
Favor Non Soteriological
Approved rendering: favor
Transliteration: chesed (weak sense)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms (contrast case)
Rejected alternatives: gracia (FORBIDDEN in this occurrence — the baseline’s Critical soteriological term)
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. God’s providential disposing of a pagan official’s goodwill toward Daniel (1:9); must NOT be rendered ‘gracia’ in the baseline’s Critical sense, so Daniel’s dietary faithfulness is not misread as a grace-event exempting him from moral tension.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: —
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: vidente, adivino
Original: —
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Daniel 9:2 references the prophet Jeremiah; unambiguous across Spanish Bible traditions.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness and Confession of Sin
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Standard proper name; the covenant people who are the subject of Daniel’s confession and intercessory prayer (9:1-19).
Defilement
Approved rendering: contaminarse
Transliteration: gaʾal
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Original: גָּאַל
Category: Faithfulness under Persecution
NEW TERM. Ritual/moral contamination; Daniel’s refusal of the king’s food (1:8) as the earliest, mildest act of covenant faithfulness under pressure to assimilate.
Daniel Proper Name
Approved rendering: Daniel
Transliteration: Daniyyel
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
NEW TERM (proper name). Standard, unambiguous Spanish Bible form throughout.
Nebuchadnezzar Proper Name
Approved rendering: Nabucodonosor
Transliteration: Nevukhadnetsar
Doctrine: Humbling of Earthly Rulers
NEW TERM (proper name). Standard established Reina-Valera form.
Belshazzar Proper Name
Approved rendering: Belsasar
Transliteration: Belshatstsar
Doctrine: Divine Judgment on Nations
NEW TERM (proper name). Standard established Reina-Valera form.
Darius Proper Name
Approved rendering: Darío
Transliteration: Daryawesh
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
NEW TERM (proper name). Standard established Reina-Valera form.
Cyrus Proper Name
Approved rendering: Ciro
Transliteration: Koresh
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
NEW TERM (proper name). Standard established Reina-Valera form.
Shadrach Meshach Abednego Proper Names
Approved rendering: Sadrac, Mesac y Abed-nego
Transliteration: Shadrakh, Meishakh, ʿAvēd-Nego
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
NEW TERM (proper names). Standard established Reina-Valera forms.
Gabriel Proper Name
Approved rendering: Gabriel
Transliteration: Gavriʾel
Doctrine: Angelic Ministry and Spiritual Conflict
NEW TERM (proper name). Standard established Reina-Valera form; the angelic messenger who explains the seventy-weeks prophecy (9:21ff.) and appears in ch. 8.
Referenced passages