Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Ezekiel for Spanish Translation
This glossary extends, and never contradicts, the baseline translation_memory.json established for the Romans curriculum. Terms already fixed by the baseline are marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] and repeated here only to confirm their exact continued application to Ezekiel. New terms proper to this curriculum are marked [NEW] and are proposed for addition to translation memory (version increment required per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions).
Part 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly in Ezekiel
| Term | Spanish (baseline) | Risk (baseline) | Ezekiel Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| God | Dios | Critical | Governs all references to God; primary agent throughout the book. |
| glory | gloria | Medium (baseline) → elevate to Critical for Ezekiel | Structural term for the whole book’s “Glory and Sovereignty of God” doctrine (chs.1, 10-11, 43); far more load-bearing here than in Romans. |
| Holy Spirit | Espíritu Santo | Critical | Do not apply wholesale to Ezekiel’s ruach. Reserve “Espíritu Santo” for explicit NT/Trinitarian teaching connections; render Ezekiel’s own text as “Espíritu de Jehová” / “mi Espíritu” (see New Terms below), with an explicit typological note connecting to this baseline entry. |
| covenant | pacto | High | Reused exactly; do not substitute “alianza.” Central to chs.16, 34, 37, 16:60, 37:26. |
| holy | santo | Medium | Applies to God’s own holiness and to the sanctuary; distinct from the baseline’s “saints” (santos, corporate believer-designation), which has minimal direct occurrence in Ezekiel. |
| sanctification | santificación | High | Distinct referent in Ezekiel 36:22-23 — God sanctifying (vindicating) his own Name before the nations, not believers being sanctified. Requires disambiguating note; see New Terms. |
| sin | pecado | Medium | Reused for chattat-family terms; distinguish from the more specific “iniquidad/culpa” (avon) — see New Terms. |
| law | ley | High | Applies to chuqqim u-mishpatim (ch.20) and Torah references generally. |
| righteousness / righteous | justicia / justo | Critical | Major doctrinal-collision term. Ezekiel 18’s forensic-behavioral righteousness (tsaddiq/tsedaqah) must be explicitly distinguished from the baseline’s forensic-imputed righteousness doctrine (Romans 3-5). See New Terms for the required disambiguation entry. |
| imputed_righteousness | justicia imputada | Critical | Not a term Ezekiel itself uses, but essential as the contrast point teaching material must invoke whenever Ezekiel 18’s “righteous person” language appears, to prevent conflation. |
| prophet | profeta | Low | Applies to Ezekiel himself and to the false prophets of ch.13. |
| prophecy | profecía | Low | Applies to the whole genre of Ezekiel’s oracles. |
| David | David | Low | Applies to the historical king (background) and the promised future Davidic shepherd (ch.34, 37) — see New Terms for the messianic connection note. |
| Israel | Israel | Low | Central corporate designation throughout; see New Terms for “house of Israel.” |
| lord (kyrios, NT) | Señor | Critical | Do not conflate with this curriculum’s new “Jehová/Señor Jehová” entries — the baseline term governs the NT lordship-confession title; Ezekiel’s usage is the OT personal divine Name. Keep taxonomically distinct in teaching notes, even while teaching their ultimate unity. |
| peace | paz | Medium | Applies to “covenant of peace” (34:25) and the ironic false “peace” denounced in ch.13. |
| gentiles | gentiles | Low | Ezekiel’s oracles use “the nations” (goyim, ranging over political-ethnic nations) rather than the NT’s “ethnē/gentiles” in the Jew-Gentile theological sense; see New Terms for “naciones.” |
| election | elección | High | Relevant to God’s sovereign choice underlying restoration (chs.34, 36-37); not a frequent explicit term in Ezekiel but doctrinally present. |
| providence | providencia | Medium | Relevant to God’s sovereign, purposive governance evident throughout the restoration oracles. |
| messiah | Mesías | Critical | Not used as a title in Ezekiel, but the “my servant David” shepherd-king promise (ch.34, 37) is directly relevant background; teaching notes must connect without asserting Ezekiel itself uses this title. |
| seed_of_david | descendencia de David | Medium | Directly relevant to ch.34’s “my servant David” and ch.37’s Davidic reunification promise. |
Part 2 — New Terms Introduced for Ezekiel (Proposed Additions to Translation Memory)
| Term (EN) | Hebrew / Translit. | Spanish Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LORD (divine name) | יְהוָה / YHWH | Jehová | Critical | Glory and Sovereignty of God | Throughout (~430+ occurrences) | Established Reina-Valera convention for this Language Package’s OT vocabulary. Alternatives rejected: “Yahvé” (accurate but breaks with the RV register this package anchors to); “el SEÑOR” (small-caps convention common in NVI/DHH but stylistically inconsistent with this package’s RV-anchored register). |
| Lord GOD (divine title formula) | אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה / Adonai YHWH | Señor Jehová | Critical | Glory and Sovereignty of God | ~217 occurrences, including 37:3, 5, 9, 12 | Fixed rendering preserving Hebrew word order (Adonai first). Must not be confused with the baseline’s NT “Señor” (kyrios) lordship-confession entry; teach as the OT Name-title counterpart, ultimately unified in Christ but taxonomically distinct in this book. |
| you shall know that I am the LORD (recognition formula) | וִידַעְתֶּם/וְיָדְעוּ כִּי־אֲנִי יְהוָה | sabrán que yo soy Jehová | Critical | Glory and Sovereignty of God | ~70+ occurrences, established at 6:7; core to 37:6, 13, 14 | Fixed formula; must be rendered identically at every occurrence per the baseline’s Theological Consistency Rules (cf. the baseline’s fixed renderings of Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, 10:9-10). |
| son of man (address to Ezekiel) | בֶּן־אָדָם / ben-adam | hijo de hombre | Critical | (Prophetic address; distinct from Sonship of Christ doctrine) | 93 occurrences, e.g., 2:1, 3:1, 37:3, 11 | NEVER capitalize or article as “el Hijo del Hombre” — that form is reserved for Christ’s NT messianic self-designation (Daniel 7:13 and the Gospels), already outside this glossary’s baseline scope but critically important to keep distinct. Alternatives rejected: “mortal” (loses the address form used vocatively throughout); capitalized “Hijo de Hombre” (invites direct confusion with the NT title). |
| Spirit/breath/wind (ruach) — reanimating breath sense | רוּחַ / ruach | aliento (breath sense) / espíritu (Spirit sense) / viento (wind sense) — context-dependent | Critical | The New Heart and New Spirit; Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones | 37:1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14; also 11:19, 36:26-27 | The single Hebrew word cannot be rendered with one Spanish word; every occurrence requires a translator note cross-referencing the other renderings so the underlying unity is not lost to the Spanish reader. Do not render as “Espíritu Santo” (reserve that baseline term for explicit NT/Trinitarian contexts); “mi Espíritu” (37:14, 36:27) is the appropriate bridge phrase. |
| live / come to life (chayah) | חָיָה / chayah | vivir | Critical | Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones | 37:3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14 | Never render as “resucitar.” Baseline reserves “resurrección/resucitar” exclusively for Christ’s unique, historical, bodily resurrection (Critical risk in baseline). Ezekiel 37’s chayah refers primarily to national restoration from exile (per the vision’s own interpretation at v.11), with individual bodily resurrection a legitimate secondary, later canonical development — not the primary sense here. |
| house of Israel | בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל / beit Yisrael | casa de Israel | Critical | Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones; Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations | 37:11 and throughout | The vision’s own interpretive key (37:11); this phrase must never be omitted or minimized when teaching 37:1-14, as it controls the primary referent of the whole vision. |
| righteous / wicked (behavioral-covenantal) | צַדִּיק / רָשָׁע / tsaddiq / rasha | justo / impío | Critical | Individual Responsibility for Sin | Ezekiel 3:16-21; 14:12-20; 18 (throughout); 33:1-20 | Reuses baseline’s “justicia” root but for a distinct sense — practical, behavioral, covenantal righteousness determining temporal consequence, not the forensic righteousness imputed by faith apart from works (baseline’s “imputed_righteousness”). Every occurrence in these chapters requires an explicit disambiguating teaching note. This is the single highest-priority doctrinal-collision risk identified in this curriculum. |
| soul / person (nephesh) | נֶפֶשׁ / nephesh | la persona (preferred) / el alma (only with gloss) | Critical | Individual Responsibility for Sin | Ezekiel 18:4, 20 (“the soul who sins shall die”) | Hebrew nephesh denotes the whole living person, not a separable immaterial “soul” in the Greek/Catholic dualistic sense. Prefer “la persona que peca” over “el alma que peca” to avoid importing unwarranted body-soul dualism; where “alma” is used (e.g., to match a well-known Spanish Bible translation’s wording), it must be glossed. |
| turn / repent (shuv) | שׁוּב / shuv | volverse (a Dios) / arrepentirse | High | Individual Responsibility for Sin | Ezekiel 18:21, 23, 30, 32; 33:9, 11 | Direct, unmediated personal turning to God. In Catholic-majority contexts, caution against “arrepentirse” being heard as shorthand for the sacrament of confession/penance; note this is the individual’s own reorientation, without denying confession’s legitimate place in various traditions’ pastoral practice. |
| iniquity / guilt (avon) | עָוֹן / avon | iniquidad / culpa | High | Individual Responsibility for Sin; Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations | 4:4-6; 18:19-20; 20 (throughout) | Distinguish from baseline’s general “pecado” (chattat-family, the act of transgression): avon carries the added sense of guilt’s bearable weight/consequence, central to ch.18’s argument that guilt is not inherited across generations. |
| new heart / new spirit | לֵב חָדָשׁ / רוּח חֲדָשָׁה / lev chadash / ruach chadashah | corazón nuevo / espíritu nuevo | High | The New Heart and New Spirit | 11:19; 36:26-27 | Must be distinguished from a sacramentally-mediated, cooperative renewal process (paralleling baseline’s “grace” caution); this is God’s unilateral, sovereign transplant of the inner disposition. Render identically at both occurrences and cross-reference 37:14’s “mi Espíritu.” |
| heart of stone / heart of flesh | לֵב הָאֶבֶן / לֵב בָּשָׂר / lev ha’even / lev basar | corazón de piedra / corazón de carne | High | The New Heart and New Spirit | 11:19; 36:26 | Render identically at both occurrences for cross-passage consistency. |
| sanctify (God’s own Name) | קִדֵּשׁ / qiddesh (of God’s own Name, not the believer) | santificar(é) (mi nombre) | Critical | The Glory and Sovereignty of God; Restoration | 36:22-23; 38:23 | Distinct referent from baseline’s “sanctification” (believers made holy). Requires explicit disambiguating note every occurrence: this is God vindicating his own holiness/reputation before the nations, not a statement about personal sanctification. |
| the glory of the LORD departed / returned | כְּבוֹד־יְהוָה יָצָא / בָּא / kevod-YHWH yatsa / ba | la gloria de Jehová salió/subió … la gloria de Jehová entró/regresó | Critical | God’s Presence Departing and Returning | 10:18-19; 11:22-23; 43:1-5 | The book’s central narrative-theological arc. Render the departure and return notices with matched, parallel Spanish vocabulary so the structural symmetry (departure ↔ return) is recoverable to the Spanish reader as it is in the Hebrew. |
| watchman | צֹפֶה / tsofeh | atalaya | Medium-High | Individual Responsibility for Sin | 3:17; 33:1-9 | RV1960-established convention rendering the office/person as “atalaya.” Render identically at both occurrences. |
| Sheol / the Pit | שְׁאוֹל / בּוֹר / she’ol / bor | el Seol / la fosa | Critical | Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations | 31:14-17; 32:17-32 | Never equate with “el infierno” or “el purgatorio.” She’ol is the shadowy, communal Hebrew realm of the dead, theologically distinct from later doctrines of hell/purgatory. Requires an explicit clarifying note every occurrence. |
| dry bones (imagery) | עֲצָמוֹת יְבֵשׁוֹת / atsamot yeveshot | huesos secos | Critical | Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones | 37:1-2, 4, 11 | Live syncretism risk in Espiritismo/Santería-influenced Caribbean and Latin American contexts: imagery of bones reassembling and breath re-entering corpses must be explicitly and repeatedly distinguished from necromancy, mediumship, or ancestor-spirit invocation (cf. Deuteronomy 18:10-11; 1 Samuel 28). This is God’s sole sovereign act, not a model for or endorsement of any practice of contacting the dead. |
| my servant David (future shepherd-king) | עַבְדִּי דָוִיד / avdi David | mi siervo David | High | Restoration; connects to baseline’s Messianic Promise doctrine | 34:23-24; 37:24-25 | Not the historical king but a promised future Davidic figure, ultimately fulfilled in Christ. Reuses baseline “David” exactly; teaching note should draw the messianic connection explicitly. |
| everlasting covenant | בְּרִית עוֹלָם / berit olam | pacto eterno | High | Restoration; extends baseline’s “covenant” entry | 16:60; 37:26 | Render identically at both occurrences. |
| prince (nasi, restoration ruler) | נָשִׂיא / nasi | príncipe | Medium-High | Restoration; the Vision of the New Temple | 34:24 (implied); 37:25; 44-46 (throughout) | Deliberately distinct from melekh (“king,” used of the pre-exilic monarchy and once in 37:22 for the reunified nation). Do not flatten to “rey” throughout the restoration/temple chapters; the term shift itself carries theological freight (a chastened royal ideal) worth preserving and teaching. |
| the new temple / sanctuary | מִקְדָּשׁ / miqdash | santuario (institutional) / templo (structure) | Medium | The Vision of the New Temple | 9:6; chs.40-46 (throughout) | Standard terms; low independent lexical risk, but the extended, meticulous measuring in chs.40-42 should be taught as itself communicating the theological weight of ordered holiness. |
| river of life-giving water | נָהָר / mayim (chayim, implied) | río (de aguas vivas) | Medium | The Vision of the New Temple | 47:1-12 | Legitimate but non-identical typological connection to Revelation 22:1-2; teach as trajectory, not equivalence. |
| The LORD is there (climactic name) | יְהוָה שָׁמָּה / YHWH shammah | ”Jehová está allí” | Critical | God’s Presence Departing and Returning; culmination of all seven curriculum doctrines | 48:35 (final verse of the book) | The book’s climactic resolution; render with maximum clarity, consistent with the Jehová/Señor Jehová divine-name convention fixed above. A transliterated form (“Jehová-sama”) may be noted as a linguistic curiosity but the descriptive translation is preferred for the primary teaching text. |
| nations (goyim, oracles against) | גּוֹיִם / goyim | naciones | Medium | Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations | chs.25-32 (throughout) | Distinct from baseline’s NT “gentiles” (ethnē, Jew-Gentile theological category); Ezekiel’s goyim denotes political-ethnic nations under God’s universal judgment. Do not substitute “gentiles” for goyim in these oracles — the categories are related but not interchangeable. |
| iniquity of the father (non-transferable guilt) | עֲוֹן הָאָב / avon ha-av | la iniquidad del padre | High | Individual Responsibility for Sin | 18:20 | Directly rejects a fatalistic, inherited-guilt reading of Ezekiel 18:2’s proverb. |
| covenant of peace | בְּרִית שָׁלוֹם / berit shalom | pacto de paz | Medium | Restoration | 34:25 | Combination of two already-governed baseline terms (“pacto,” “paz”); render each consistently with its individual baseline rendering. |
Part 3 — Risk Summary for This Curriculum
| Risk Tier | Count (new terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 12 | Human theologian review required for every occurrence |
| High | 8 | Human theologian review required |
| Medium-High | 3 | Human theologian review recommended; native speaker minimum |
| Medium | 5 | Native speaker review recommended |
| Low | 0 (new terms) | — |
Note on doctrinal load: This curriculum’s single highest-priority risk, exceeding even the baseline Romans package’s justification/righteousness fault line, is the Ezekiel 18 “righteous/wicked” behavioral-covenantal terminology colliding with the baseline’s forensic imputed-righteousness doctrine. Every Phase 2 segment touching Ezekiel 3:16-21, 14:12-20, 18 (entire chapter), or 33:1-20 must carry a mandatory disambiguating teaching note per the instruction set to be defined in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md (Phase 1 Step 2 deliverable, not produced in this file).
This glossary must be loaded alongside translation_memory.json (Romans baseline) for all Phase 2 Ezekiel translation work. New terms above are proposed for formal addition to translation memory as a version increment, per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: theos / Elohim / YHWH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Original: אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God / Divine Name
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Governs every reference to God as agent throughout Ezekiel; in this book almost always co-occurs with the personal Name (see lord_yhwh) rather than standing alone.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: doxa / kevod-YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk: Medium), copied exactly at the lexical level, but RISK IS ELEVATED TO CRITICAL for this curriculum: in Romans ‘gloria’ is one attribute among many; in Ezekiel the term (as ‘gloria de Jehová’) structures the entire book’s narrative arc (departure ch.10-11, return ch.43) and is the central expression of the doctrine ‘The Glory and Sovereignty of God.’ Do not let ‘gloria’ dissolve into generic devotional exclamation (‘¡gloria a Dios!’) divorced from this specific narrative. See also new term glory_of_the_lord and glory_departed_returned below.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification / The New Heart and New Spirit (NT bridge)
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza impersonal, un espíritu guía o ancestral
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Reserve strictly for explicit NT/Trinitarian-personhood teaching contexts. Do NOT apply wholesale to Ezekiel’s own Hebrew ruach language (37:1,5-6,8-10,14; 11:19; 36:26-27) — render Ezekiel’s own text as ‘Espíritu de Jehová’ / ‘mi Espíritu’ (see spirit_of_the_lord below), with an explicit typological note connecting forward to this baseline entry, never a flat identification.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia
Transliteration: dikaiosynē / tsedaqah
Doctrine: Salvation / Individual Responsibility for Sin
Rejected alternatives: rectitud moral autónoma, mérito acumulado
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly, where it denotes forensic right standing granted by God through faith. CRITICAL COLLISION POINT for this curriculum: Ezekiel 18’s ‘justo/impío’ (tsaddiq/rasha) language reuses this same Spanish root for a DIFFERENT, behavioral-covenantal sense (a person’s own conduct determining temporal/national consequence). Every Ezekiel 3:16-21, 14:12-20, 18, and 33:1-20 occurrence requires an explicit disambiguating teaching note invoking imputed_righteousness as the contrast point. See righteous_wicked below.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: justicia imputada
Transliteration: elogisthē autō eis dikaiosynēn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: justicia infundida
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not a term Ezekiel itself uses, but essential as the CONTRAST POINT teaching material must invoke whenever Ezekiel 18’s behavioral ‘justo/impío’ language appears, to prevent learners from either reading Paul’s forensic doctrine back into Ezekiel or reading Ezekiel 18 as contradicting justification by faith.
Lord
Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Señor mío (devotional-only)
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly; governs the NT lordship-confession title (Romans 10:9). MUST BE KEPT TAXONOMICALLY DISTINCT from this curriculum’s new ‘Jehová’ / ‘Señor Jehová’ entries (lord_yhwh, lord_god_formula below), which render the OT personal divine Name and Name-title formula, even while both are taught as ultimately unified in the person of Christ.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesías
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: un ungido más, entre otros santos o profetas venerados
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ (NT/background bridge term)
Category: Messianic Hope
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not used as a title in Ezekiel itself, but directly relevant background to the ‘my servant David’ shepherd-king promise (ch.34, 37). Teaching notes must connect Ezekiel’s Davidic promise to this title without asserting Ezekiel itself uses it.
Lord Yhwh
Approved rendering: Jehová
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: Yahvé (breaks Reina-Valera register), el SEÑOR (small-caps NVI/DHH convention, stylistically inconsistent with this package)
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God / Divine Name
NEW term for this curriculum. The personal covenant Name of God, occurring 430+ times in Ezekiel. Fixed Reina-Valera-anchored rendering for this Language Package. Keep taxonomically distinct from baseline NT ‘lord’ (Señor, kyrios) even while teaching their ultimate unity in Christ.
Lord God Formula
Approved rendering: Señor Jehová
Transliteration: Adonai YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: Señor Dios (loses the specific Hebrew Name component), Soberano Señor (loses the fixed two-part formula)
Original: אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה
Category: God / Divine Name
NEW term for this curriculum. Ezekiel’s characteristic oracle-introduction formula, ~217 occurrences (e.g., 37:3,5,9,12). Preserves Hebrew word order (Adonai first). Must be rendered identically at every occurrence.
Glory Of The Lord
Approved rendering: gloria de Jehová
Transliteration: kevod-YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God / God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Rejected alternatives: esplendor de Jehová (loses established rendering)
Original: כְּבוֹד יְהוָה
Category: God / Divine Name
NEW fixed set-phrase for this curriculum, distinct from (though related to) the inherited baseline ‘gloria’ entry. Structures the book’s narrative arc: appears ch.1, departs chs.10-11, returns ch.43. Must not dissolve into generic devotional ‘gloria a Dios.‘
Spirit Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Espíritu de Jehová / mi Espíritu
Transliteration: ruach YHWH / ruchi
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit / Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Rejected alternatives: Espíritu Santo (anachronistic full Trinitarian-personhood claim for this Hebrew text)
Original: רוּחַ יְהוָה / רוּחִי
Category: God / Divine Name
NEW term. Renders ruach YHWH (37:1) and the possessive ruchi (‘my Spirit,’ 37:14; 36:27). Do not substitute the baseline’s ‘Espíritu Santo’ wholesale; use only in explicit NT-bridge teaching notes connecting forward to Romans 8.
Ruach Polysemy
Approved rendering: viento / aliento / espíritu (contextual)
Transliteration: ruach
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones / The New Heart and New Spirit
Rejected alternatives: a single fixed Spanish word covering all senses (does not exist)
Original: רוּחַ
Category: God / Divine Name
NEW term. A single Hebrew word spanning wind/breath/Spirit, used in all three senses within Ezekiel 37:1-14 alone. Spanish must fragment into three words; every occurrence (chs.11, 36, 37) requires a mandatory cross-referencing translator note preserving the underlying unity.
Recognition Formula
Approved rendering: sabrán que yo soy Jehová
Transliteration: vi-yda’tem / v’yad’u ki-ani YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: reconocerán que yo soy el Señor (breaks the fixed Jehová convention), conocerán al Señor (loses the self-identification force)
Original: וִידַעְתֶּם/וְיָדְעוּ כִּי־אֲנִי יְהוָה
Category: Glory and Sovereignty of God
NEW fixed formula. Recurs 70+ times (established 6:7; core to 37:6,13,14). Must be rendered IDENTICALLY at every single occurrence throughout the book per this Language Package’s cross-document consistency rule.
Son Of Man Address
Approved rendering: hijo de hombre
Transliteration: ben-adam
Doctrine: Prophetic Call and Commission
Rejected alternatives: mortal (loses the vocative address form), el Hijo del Hombre (capitalized/articled — reserved exclusively for Christ’s NT messianic title)
Original: בֶּן־אָדָם
Category: Prophecy and Revelation
NEW term. God’s address to Ezekiel, 93 occurrences (e.g., 2:1, 3:1, 37:3, 37:11). Carries NO messianic content in this book. NEVER capitalize or article. Requires an explicit teaching note at first occurrence and periodically thereafter.
Chayah Live
Approved rendering: vivir
Transliteration: chayah
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Rejected alternatives: resucitar (reserved by baseline exclusively for Christ’s unique bodily resurrection)
Original: חָיָה
Category: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW term. Occurs 37:3,5,6,9,10,14. Refers primarily to national restoration from exile per the vision’s own interpretation (37:11), with individual bodily resurrection a legitimate secondary, later canonical development, never the primary sense taught first.
Dry Bones
Approved rendering: huesos secos
Transliteration: atsamot yeveshot
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Rejected alternatives: restos/cadáveres (loses the specific desiccation imagery of v.2)
Original: עֲצָמוֹת יְבֵשׁוֹת
Category: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW term. Core-passage image (37:1-2,4,11). LIVE SYNCRETISM RISK in Caribbean/Latin American Espiritismo and Santería contexts: reassembling bones and re-entering breath must be explicitly and repeatedly distinguished from necromancy/mediumship (cf. Deuteronomy 18:10-11; 1 Samuel 28) — God’s sole sovereign act, never a model for contacting the dead.
House Of Israel
Approved rendering: casa de Israel
Transliteration: beit Yisrael
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Rejected alternatives: el pueblo de Israel (loses the specific corporate covenant phrase)
Original: בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW term. The vision’s own interpretive key (37:11, ‘toda la casa de Israel’). Must never be omitted, softened, or footnoted-away; controls the primary national/covenantal referent of vv.5,6,9,10,14’s ‘you shall live.‘
Righteous Wicked
Approved rendering: justo / impío
Transliteration: tsaddiq / rasha
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Rejected alternatives: justificado / condenado (imports the baseline’s forensic-salvific category inappropriately)
Original: צַדִּיק / רָשָׁע
Category: Individual Responsibility for Sin
NEW term reusing the baseline ‘justicia’ root for a DISTINCT sense: practical, behavioral, covenantal righteousness/wickedness determining temporal consequence (Ezekiel 3:16-21; 14:12-20; 18; 33:1-20). THE SINGLE HIGHEST DOCTRINAL-COLLISION RISK IN THIS CURRICULUM. Mandatory disambiguating note required at every occurrence, invoking imputed_righteousness as the explicit contrast point.
Soul Person
Approved rendering: la persona (preferred) / el alma (only with gloss)
Transliteration: nephesh
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Rejected alternatives: el alma (unglossed — imports Greek/Catholic body-soul dualism foreign to nephesh)
Original: נֶפֶשׁ
Category: Individual Responsibility for Sin
NEW term. Ezekiel 18:4,20’s ‘the nephesh who sins shall die.’ Hebrew nephesh denotes the whole living person, holistically, not a separable immaterial soul. Prefer ‘la persona que peca’; where ‘alma’ is used it must always be glossed.
Sanctify Gods Name
Approved rendering: santificaré (mi nombre) / me santificaré
Transliteration: qiddesh (of God’s own Name)
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Original: קִדֵּשׁ (of God’s own Name)
Category: God / Divine Name
NEW term (36:22-23; 38:23). Reuses the baseline sanctificación root for a DIFFERENT referent: God vindicating his OWN holiness/reputation before the nations, not believers being made holy. Requires an explicit disambiguating note at every occurrence to prevent learners from misreading this as personal-sanctification teaching.
Glory Departed Returned
Approved rendering: la gloria de Jehová salió/subió … la gloria de Jehová entró/regresó
Transliteration: kevod-YHWH yatsa / ba
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Rejected alternatives: unmatched free-variation verb choices at departure vs. return (obscures the Hebrew’s deliberate structural symmetry)
Original: כְּבוֹד־יְהוָה יָצָא / בָּא
Category: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
NEW term. The book’s central narrative-theological arc (10:18-19; 11:22-23 departure; 43:1-5 return). Render with matched, parallel Spanish vocabulary so the departure-return symmetry is recoverable to the Spanish reader as it is in Hebrew. Teach as deliberate, grieving withdrawal followed by a deliberate, promised return, not divine abandonment.
The Lord Is There
Approved rendering: Jehová está allí
Transliteration: YHWH shammah
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Rejected alternatives: Jehová-sama (bare transliteration; noted only as a linguistic curiosity, not used as the primary teaching rendering)
Original: יְהוָה שָׁמָּה
Category: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
NEW term. The book’s climactic final words (48:35), resolving every one of the curriculum’s seven core doctrines into one declaration. Render with maximum clarity and warmth, consistent with the Jehová/Señor Jehová divine-name convention.
Sheol Pit
Approved rendering: el Seol / la fosa
Transliteration: she’ol / bor
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Rejected alternatives: el infierno (imports later fiery-torment doctrine absent from she’ol), el purgatorio (imports a distinct, later Catholic doctrine of temporal purification)
Original: שְׁאוֹל / בּוֹר
Category: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
NEW term (31:14-18; 32:17-32). The shadowy, communal Hebrew realm of all the dead, NOT equivalent to hell or purgatory. Requires an explicit clarifying note at every single occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: diathēkē / berit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal, alianza (rejected as inconsistent substitute)
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Do not substitute ‘alianza’ anywhere in Ezekiel material, per this Language Package’s standardization. Central to chs.16, 34, 37 (16:60; 37:26 ‘pacto eterno’; 34:25 ‘pacto de paz’).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: santificación
Transliteration: hagiasmos / qadash
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purificación penitencial, vía purgativa
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly, referring there to the Spirit’s ongoing work of making BELIEVERS holy. In Ezekiel 36:22-23 and 38:23 the verb ‘santificar’ has a DISTINCT referent — God vindicating his own Name/holiness before the nations, not believer sanctification. See new term sanctify_gods_name below for the required disambiguation; never conflate the two referents in teaching material.
Law
Approved rendering: ley
Transliteration: nomos / torah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy / Covenant
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Applies to Ezekiel’s ‘estatutos y ordenanzas’ (chuqqim u-mishpatim, ch.20) and Torah references generally.
Election
Approved rendering: elección
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Effectual Calling / Restoration
Rejected alternatives: destino, suerte
Original: (thematic; God’s sovereign choice underlying restoration)
Category: Restoration
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Relevant to God’s sovereign choice underlying the restoration promises of chs.34-37; not a frequent explicit lexical item in Ezekiel but doctrinally present throughout.
Grace
Approved rendering: gracia
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favor merecido, recompensa por buenas obras
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Cited throughout Ezekiel comparative teaching as the doctrinal parallel underlying ‘for my name’s sake’ (por causa de mi nombre, ch.20), ‘everlasting covenant’ (16:60; 37:26), and the New Heart and New Spirit doctrine (11:19; 36:26-27): God’s restoration and inner transformation flow from his own unmerited favor and covenant faithfulness, not Israel’s merit.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: resurrección
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: reencarnación
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly, reserved exclusively for Christ’s unique, historical, bodily resurrection. THE CRUCIAL CONTRAST TERM for this curriculum’s core passage: NEVER use ‘resucitar’ for Ezekiel 37’s chayah (‘vivir’). See chayah_live below. Also relevant to distinguishing dry-bones imagery from Espiritismo/Santería necromantic reanimation.
Turn Repent
Approved rendering: volverse (a Dios) / arrepentirse
Transliteration: shuv
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Rejected alternatives: confesarse (narrows to the sacramental rite)
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Individual Responsibility for Sin
NEW term. Direct, unmediated personal turning to God (18:21,23,30,32; 33:9,11). Caution: ‘arrepentirse’ in Catholic-majority contexts risks being heard as shorthand for sacramental confession/penance; note this is the individual’s own unmediated reorientation, without denying confession’s legitimate pastoral place elsewhere.
Iniquity Avon
Approved rendering: iniquidad / culpa
Transliteration: avon
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin / Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Rejected alternatives: pecado (flattens avon’s specific guilt-weight nuance into the general baseline term)
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Sin and Judgment
NEW term. Distinguish from baseline’s general ‘pecado’ (chattat, the transgressive act): avon carries the added sense of guilt’s bearable weight/consequence, central to the sign-act of 4:4-6 and to ch.18’s argument that guilt is not inherited across generations.
Iniquity Of The Father
Approved rendering: la iniquidad del padre
Transliteration: avon ha-av
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Original: עֲוֹן הָאָב
Category: Individual Responsibility for Sin
NEW term. 18:20’s explicit denial that a father’s guilt transfers to his son, rejecting the fatalistic proverb quoted in 18:2. Directly confronts the live Spanish-vernacular fatalism ‘lo que hizo mi padre me persigue.‘
Watchman
Approved rendering: atalaya
Transliteration: tsofeh
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Rejected alternatives: vigilante (loses the established Reina-Valera prophetic-office convention)
Original: צֹפֶה
Category: Individual Responsibility for Sin
NEW term, established Reina-Valera convention. Prophetic office of sounding warning (3:17; 33:1-9); must be rendered identically at both occurrences. Guard against narrowing to a purely institutional-clergy reading.
New Heart
Approved rendering: corazón nuevo
Transliteration: lev chadash
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit
Original: לֵב חָדָשׁ
Category: The New Heart and New Spirit
NEW term (11:19; 36:26). God’s unilateral, sovereign gift, not a sacramentally-mediated, cooperative renewal process — parallels the baseline’s grace-vs-merit caution. Render identically at both occurrences.
New Spirit
Approved rendering: espíritu nuevo
Transliteration: ruach chadashah
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit
Original: רוּח חֲדָשָׁה
Category: The New Heart and New Spirit
NEW term (11:19; 36:27), culminating in 37:14’s ‘pondré mi Espíritu dentro de vosotros.’ Must connect explicitly and identically with spirit_of_the_lord above for cross-passage consistency.
Heart Of Stone Flesh
Approved rendering: corazón de piedra / corazón de carne
Transliteration: lev ha’even / lev basar
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit
Original: לֵב הָאֶבֶן / לֵב בָּשָׂר
Category: The New Heart and New Spirit
NEW term (11:19; 36:26). Render identically at both occurrences. ‘Carne’ (basar) here is purely physiological/relational, distinct from Pauline ‘carne’ (sarx) as sin-inclined nature; a brief note prevents importing Romans 7-8’s moral-nature theology into this descriptive usage.
Dwelling Place
Approved rendering: mi morada / tabernáculo
Transliteration: mishkani
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Original: מִשְׁכָּנִי
Category: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
NEW term (37:27, ‘Mi morada estará con ellos’). Connects forward to ch.43’s glory-return and ch.48’s climactic ‘Jehová está allí.‘
My Servant David
Approved rendering: mi siervo David
Transliteration: avdi David
Doctrine: The Davidic Shepherd-King Promise
Rejected alternatives: el rey David (implies the literal historical king returning, which the text does not intend)
Original: עַבְדִּי דָוִיד
Category: Messianic Hope
NEW term (34:23-24; 37:24-25). A future, singular shepherd-king figure, not the historical David returned; reuses baseline ‘David’ exactly for the proper name. Teaching note should connect explicitly to Christ as the true Davidic Shepherd-King without over-literalizing.
Everlasting Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto eterno
Transliteration: berit olam
Doctrine: The Everlasting Covenant of Peace / Restoration
Original: בְּרִית עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant
NEW term (16:60; 37:26). Render identically at both occurrences. Restoration rests on God’s own unilateral faithfulness, not Israel’s merit, paralleling the inherited ‘grace’ entry.
King Prince
Approved rendering: rey / príncipe
Transliteration: melekh / nasi
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple / Restoration
Rejected alternatives: rey (used indiscriminately for both melekh and nasi — erases the deliberate term-shift)
Original: מֶלֶךְ / נָשִׂיא
Category: Restoration
NEW term. Deliberate narrowing from ‘king’ (melekh, pre-exilic monarchy and 37:22’s reunified nation) to the more modest ‘príncipe’ (nasi, chs.37:25, 44-46 throughout) for the restoration ruler. Preserve the distinction consistently; do not flatten to a single undifferentiated ‘rey.‘
Harlotry
Approved rendering: prostitución / fornicación (figurada)
Transliteration: zenut / taznut
Doctrine: Covenant Unfaithfulness as Harlotry
Rejected alternatives: infidelidad (too generic; loses the deliberately shocking, shaming force of the image)
Original: זְנוּת / תַּזְנוּת
Category: Covenant
NEW term (chs.16, 23). A shocking marriage-covenant metaphor for idolatry. Must retain its force but requires a teaching note clarifying it is corporate-covenantal metaphor, never literal accusation against individual women — a real pastoral risk given regional histories of such rhetoric being weaponized against women.
Vengeance
Approved rendering: venganza
Transliteration: nekamah
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: נְקָמָה
Category: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
NEW term (ch.25). Must be framed strictly as God’s own righteous judicial prerogative, never as sanction for human vindictiveness — a caution with live pastoral relevance amid cyclical violence and revenge culture.
Seal Of Perfection Eden
Approved rendering: el sello de la perfección / en Edén, el jardín de Dios
Transliteration: chotam takhnit / be-Eden gan-Elohim
Doctrine: Pride and Self-Deification
Original: חוֹתָם תָּכְנִית / בְעֵדֶן גַּן־אֱלֹהִים
Category: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
NEW term (28:12-13). HIGH RISK of popular over-reading as a literal biography of Satan’s primordial fall (alongside Isaiah 14); the oracle is addressed to a human king of Tyre using exalted royal imagery. Teaching must note the legitimate typological resonance while cautioning against a literal-narrative reading.
Sanctified And Glorified
Approved rendering: me santificaré y me glorificaré
Transliteration: v’niqdashti v’nikhbadti
Doctrine: God Sanctifying His Own Name Before the Nations
Original: וְנִקְדַּשְׁתִּי וְנִכְבַּדְתִּי
Category: Glory and Sovereignty of God
NEW term (38:23). Combines qiddesh and kavod themes; the climactic double statement before the returned-glory vision (ch.43). Teach as a unified climactic statement, not two separate ideas.
For My Names Sake
Approved rendering: por causa de mi nombre
Transliteration: lema’an shemi
Doctrine: God Sanctifying His Own Name Before the Nations
Original: לְמַעַן שְׁמִי
Category: Glory and Sovereignty of God
NEW term (20:9,14,22,44). God’s own reputation, not Israel’s merit, is the operative motive for his patience and restoration; connects to the inherited ‘grace’ entry.
Medium Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: hagios / qadosh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: puro en sentido ritual
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. In Ezekiel applies chiefly to God’s own holiness and to consecrated space/persons (sanctuary, priests), distinct from the baseline’s corporate ‘santos’ (all believers) sense, which has minimal direct occurrence in this book.
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: hamartia / chattat
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability / Individual Responsibility for Sin
Rejected alternatives: falta (minimizing euphemism)
Original: חַטָּאת
Category: Sin and Judgment
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Covers Ezekiel’s general chattat-family transgression vocabulary; distinguish from the more specific ‘iniquidad/culpa’ (avon), which carries an added guilt-weight nuance (see iniquity_avon below).
Peace
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: eirēnē / shalom
Doctrine: Peace with God / Restoration
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidad emocional
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Restoration
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Applies to Ezekiel’s sincere ‘pacto de paz’ (34:25) and, ironically, to the false ‘paz, y no hay paz’ the false prophets proclaim (ch.13) — the ironic usage must be flagged as denounced false assurance, not an affirmation of the doctrine.
Providence
Approved rendering: providencia
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: Providence / The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: destino, la suerte
Original: (thematic; cf. Ezekiel’s restoration oracles)
Category: Glory and Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Relevant throughout Ezekiel’s restoration oracles and especially to the certainty formula ‘Yo hablé, y lo hice’ (37:14).
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendencia de David
Transliteration: sperma Dauid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: עַבְדִּי דָוִיד (thematic link; cf. NT σπέρμα Δαυίδ)
Category: Messianic Hope
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Directly relevant to Ezekiel 34’s and 37’s shepherd-king promise, alongside the new term my_servant_david below.
Adoption
Approved rendering: adopción
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. May be connected in teaching to Ezekiel 48’s land inheritance (heredad/herencia, see inheritance below), though the immediate OT referent is literal tribal territory, not the NT believer’s spiritual inheritance; keep the distinction explicit.
Place Of Throne
Approved rendering: el lugar de mi trono
Transliteration: mekom kisi
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Original: מְקוֹם כִּסְאִי
Category: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
NEW term (43:7). Resolves the mobile-throne imagery of chs.1 and 10 into God’s declared permanent, settled dwelling among his people.
Covenant Of Peace
Approved rendering: pacto de paz
Transliteration: berit shalom
Doctrine: Restoration
Original: בְּרִית שָׁלוֹם
Category: Covenant
NEW term (34:25). Combination of two already-governed terms (‘pacto,’ ‘paz’); render each consistently with its individual fixed rendering.
One Nation
Approved rendering: una sola nación
Transliteration: goy echad
Doctrine: Reunification of Israel and Judah
Original: גוֹי אֶחָד
Category: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW term (37:22). Extends the vision’s national-restoration meaning to reunification of the divided kingdoms, Israel and Judah.
Nations Goyim
Approved rendering: naciones
Transliteration: goyim
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Rejected alternatives: gentiles (baseline NT Jew-Gentile category — not interchangeable with Ezekiel’s political-ethnic goyim)
Original: גּוֹיִם
Category: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
NEW term (chs.25-32 throughout). Political-ethnic nations under God’s universal judgment. Do not substitute the baseline’s ‘gentiles’ for goyim in these oracles.
Sanctuary Temple
Approved rendering: santuario / templo
Transliteration: miqdash
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple
Original: מִקְדָּשׁ
Category: Vision of the New Temple
NEW term (introduced 9:6; elaborated chs.40-46). Low independent lexical risk; the extended, meticulous measuring itself should be taught as communicating theological content (ordered holiness), not mere technical detail.
River Of Life
Approved rendering: río (de aguas vivas)
Transliteration: nahar
Doctrine: The River of Life and the Renewal of Creation
Original: נָהָר
Category: Vision of the New Temple
NEW term (47:1-12). Legitimate but non-identical typological connection to Revelation 22:1-2; teach as trajectory, not equivalence.
Hand Of The Lord
Approved rendering: mano de Jehová
Transliteration: yad-YHWH
Doctrine: Prophetic Call and Commission
Rejected alternatives: inspiración (too vague; loses the sense of forcible divine seizure)
NEW term (1:3; 3:14; 8:1; 37:1; 40:1). A stock prophetic-commissioning idiom marking Ezekiel’s experiences as involuntary and divinely compelled, not self-generated ecstatic technique.
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: palabra de Jehová
Transliteration: devar-YHWH
Doctrine: Prophetic Call and Commission
Original: דְּבַר־יְהוָה
Category: Prophecy and Revelation
NEW term (37:4 and throughout). The authoritative, effective divine utterance mediated through the prophet; parallel to the baseline’s inspiration-of-Scripture doctrine.
Sign Ot
Approved rendering: señal
Transliteration: ot
Doctrine: Prophetic Call and Commission
Original: אוֹת
Category: Prophecy and Revelation
NEW term (chs.4-5, 12, 24). Prophecy in Ezekiel is embodied, not merely verbal — the prophet’s own life and body become the message.
False Prophets
Approved rendering: falsos profetas
Transliteration: nevi’ei sheqer
Doctrine: False Prophecy versus the True Prophetic Word
Original: נְבִיאֵי שֶׁקֶר / הַנְּבִיאִים הַנִּבְּאִים מִלִּבָּם
Category: Prophecy and Revelation
NEW term (ch.13). Reuses baseline ‘profeta’ family. Distinguishes divinely-given prophecy from self-generated religious speech, relevant to ongoing charismatic/folk-prophetic Spanish-speaking church contexts.
Rebellious House
Approved rendering: casa rebelde
Transliteration: beit meri
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: בֵּית מְרִי
Category: Sin and Judgment
NEW term. Recurring epithet naming Israel’s fundamental condition of chronic covenant rebellion, the backdrop for both judgment and restoration oracles.
Idols Gillulim
Approved rendering: ídolos
Transliteration: gillulim
Doctrine: Divine Jealousy and the Holiness of God’s House
Original: גִּלּוּלִים
Category: Sin and Judgment
NEW term (~39 occurrences). Ezekiel’s characteristic, deliberately contemptuous term, possibly from a root for dung-pellets/rolled things; the neutral Spanish gloss flattens this tone, requiring a teaching note.
Abomination
Approved rendering: abominación(es)
Transliteration: to’evah
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: תּוֹעֵבָה
Category: Sin and Judgment
NEW term. Covers idolatry and cultic/moral covenant violations; must be distinguished from casual moral disapproval — this is covenant-breaking provoking God’s holy revulsion.
The Mark
Approved rendering: la marca / señal
Transliteration: tav
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: תָּו
Category: Sin and Judgment
NEW term (9:4). A remnant doctrine in miniature. The letter tav’s ancient cross-like shape must NOT be over-theologized into a typology of the cross — a common but historically unfounded popular reading to caution against.
Wrath
Approved rendering: furor / ira
Transliteration: chemah
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Rejected alternatives: disgusto/desagrado (softens the judicial force)
Original: חֵמָה
Category: Sin and Judgment
NEW term (ch.7 and throughout). Must be taught as judicial, righteous indignation, never capricious anger, consistent with the inherited ‘righteousness’ and ‘power_of_god’ teaching.
Jealousy
Approved rendering: celo
Transliteration: qin’ah
Doctrine: Divine Jealousy and the Holiness of God’s House
Original: קִנְאָה
Category: God / Divine Name
NEW term (8:3, ‘la imagen de los celos’). Must be framed as righteous covenant jealousy — the exclusive claim of a covenant Lord on his people’s worship — not human possessiveness, which ‘celos’ can connote colloquially.
Oath
Approved rendering: juramento
Transliteration: alah / shevu’ah
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: אָלָה / שְׁבוּעָה
Category: Covenant
NEW term (ch.17). King Zedekiah’s broken treaty-oath with Babylon, treated by God as a breach against himself; political treachery is theological.
Statutes And Judgments
Approved rendering: estatutos y ordenanzas
Transliteration: chuqqim u-mishpatim
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים
Category: Covenant
NEW term (ch.20). Standard pairing for the Mosaic law’s provisions; reuses the inherited ‘ley’ family for the broader Torah concept.
Bloodshed
Approved rendering: sangre derramada
Transliteration: damim
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: דָּמִים
Category: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
NEW term (ch.22, ‘the bloody city’). Names social injustice and violence, not merely cultic idolatry, as covenant-breaking sin.
Pride
Approved rendering: soberbia / orgullo
Transliteration: ga’avah / gova lev
Doctrine: Pride and Self-Deification
Original: גַּאֲוָה / גֹּבַהּ לֵב
Category: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
NEW term (28:2, ‘yo soy un dios’). The paradigmatic sin of self-deification, judged by the God who alone is sovereign.
Dragon Sea Monster
Approved rendering: dragón / monstruo marino
Transliteration: tannim
Doctrine: Sheol and the Realm of the Dead
Original: תַּנִּים
Category: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
NEW term (29:3; 32:2). Pharaoh cast as a chaos-monster God alone subdues; echoes creation/chaos imagery and anticipates Revelation’s dragon imagery without identical referent.
Latter Days
Approved rendering: en los últimos días
Transliteration: be-acharit ha-yamim
Doctrine: Gog and Magog: Eschatological Judgment
Original: בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים
Category: Eschatology
NEW term (chs.38-39). Shares idiom with NT eschatological language; caution against one-to-one identification of Gog/Magog with any modern geopolitical referent, a live temptation in popular prophecy teaching.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: prophētēs / navi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture / Prophetic Call and Commission
Rejected alternatives: vidente, adivino
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Prophecy and Revelation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Applies to Ezekiel himself and, by contrast, to the false prophets of ch.13 (see false_prophets below).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profecía
Transliteration: prophēteia / nevuah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: horóscopo, predicción esotérica
Original: נְבוּאָה
Category: Prophecy and Revelation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Applies to the whole genre of Ezekiel’s oracles.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / Restoration
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Messianic Hope
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Applies to the historical king (background, chs.34,37) as distinguished from the promised future Davidic shepherd, ‘mi siervo David’ (see my_servant_david below), which is NOT the historical king returning.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Restoration
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Central corporate designation throughout Ezekiel; see house_of_israel below for the specific covenant-corporate phrase controlling the core passage’s interpretation.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: gentiles
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: paganos
Original: ἔθνη (NT bridge term)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly, denoting the NT Jew-Gentile theological category. Do NOT substitute for Ezekiel’s own ‘naciones’ (goyim, chs.25-32) — see nations_goyim below; the categories are related but not interchangeable.
Healed
Approved rendering: serán sanadas
Transliteration: v’nirp’u (rafa)
Doctrine: The River of Life and the Renewal of Creation
Original: וְנִרְפְּאוּ
Category: Vision of the New Temple
NEW term (47:8-9). Extends restoration to the created order itself (the healed Dead Sea), not merely Israel’s national fortunes.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: heredad / herencia
Transliteration: nachalah
Doctrine: Inheritance and the Allotment of the Land
Original: נַחֲלָה
Category: Vision of the New Temple
NEW term (ch.48). Echoes the Joshua-era land allotment. May be connected in teaching to the inherited ‘adoption’ entry, but the immediate referent is literal tribal territory, not the NT believer’s spiritual inheritance.
Scroll
Approved rendering: rollo
Transliteration: megillah
Doctrine: Prophetic Call and Commission
Original: מְגִלָּה
Category: Prophecy and Revelation
NEW term (chs.2-3). Standard rendering for the scroll Ezekiel is given and made to eat.
Cherubim
Approved rendering: querubines
Transliteration: keruvim
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Original: כְּרוּבִים
Category: Temple and Worship
NEW term. Same beings as ch.1’s ‘living creatures,’ named at ch.10. A brief note distinguishing these throne-guardians from decorative cupid-like ‘querubín’ imagery in popular Spanish religious art is useful.
Wheels Ofanim
Approved rendering: ruedas
Transliteration: ofanim
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Original: אוֹפַנִּים
Category: Temple and Worship
NEW term (1:18; 10:12). Emphasizes the fully mobile, omniscient sovereignty of God’s presence — not bound to one place.
Living Creatures
Approved rendering: seres vivientes
Transliteration: chayot
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Original: חַיּוֹת
Category: Temple and Worship
NEW term (ch.1). The four-faced throne-bearing beings, later named cherubim (ch.10).
Sword
Approved rendering: espada
Transliteration: cherev
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: חֶרֶב
Category: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
NEW term (ch.21). Personified instrument of divine judgment wielded through Babylon.
Dross
Approved rendering: escoria
Transliteration: sig
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: סִיג
Category: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
NEW term (22:18). Metallurgical metaphor for Israel’s worthlessness after refining; anticipates the restoration oracles’ refining language.
Priests Levites
Approved rendering: sacerdotes / levitas
Transliteration: kohanim / leviyim
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple
Original: כֹּהֲנִים / לְוִיִּם
Category: Temple and Worship
NEW term (ch.44). Standard established terms; reaffirms that restoration includes ongoing distinctions of faithfulness, not an undifferentiated amnesty.
Lament
Approved rendering: lamentación / elegía
Transliteration: qinah
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: קִינָה
Category: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
NEW term (ch.19). Formal poetic funeral-dirge genre; judgment and lament coexist in Ezekiel’s theology.
Parable
Approved rendering: parábola
Transliteration: mashal
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: מָשָׁל
Category: Prophecy and Revelation
NEW term (chs.15-17, 19, 24). Genre-term marking extended figurative discourse requiring interpretation, not literal report.
Shofar Trumpet
Approved rendering: trompeta / shofar
Transliteration: shofar
Doctrine: The Watchman and Prophetic Responsibility
Original: שׁוֹפָר
Category: Individual Responsibility for Sin
NEW term (33:1-9). May retain the transliteration ‘shofar’ with a brief gloss, given its growing familiarity in contemporary Spanish-speaking Christian usage.
Referenced passages