Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Nahúm
Curriculum: Nahúm | Destination Language: Spanish Generated: Phase 1, Step 1 | Status: Draft for Phase 1 Step 2+ (Doctrine/Risk Registry) intake
How to Read This Glossary
- Reuse = term/rendering already fixed in the baseline Romans
translation_memory.json; MUST be used exactly as recorded there. - New = term unique to Nahúm’s content, proposed here for addition to the Language Package’s translation memory (pending theologian sign-off per risk tier).
- Risk tiers and review routing follow the baseline
doctrine_risk_registry.jsonconvention: Critical/High → human theologian review; Medium → native speaker review; Low → automated review. - Citation format follows baseline convention: Nahúm 1:1 (not “Nahum 1:1”).
Divine Names & Titles
| # | English Term | Spanish Rendering | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Link | Status | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | God (generic) | Dios | אֵל | El | Critical | God’s Sovereignty | Reuse | Standard, unambiguous; identical to baseline |
| 2 | LORD (covenant name, YHWH) | Jehová | יְהוָה | YHWH | Critical | God’s Sovereignty; Justice and Wrath of God | New | Rejected: “Yavé” (departs from RV1960/RVA2015 register this Package anchors to); “el SEÑOR” small caps (valid ecumenically but inconsistent with this Package’s Reina-Valera register decision). Grounded risk: strong contemporary association with “Testigos de Jehová” (Jehovah’s Witnesses), a Trinity-denying movement active across the destination culture. Every occurrence requires a clarifying teaching note distinguishing this historic orthodox Bible-translation usage from that movement’s theology |
| 3 | LORD of hosts | Jehová de los ejércitos | יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת | YHWH Tseva’ot | Critical | God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria | New | Same risk profile as #2; additionally teach that “ejércitos” denotes heavenly/angelic and cosmic armies under God’s command, not a nationalist military claim |
Justice, Wrath, and Judgment Vocabulary
| # | English Term | Spanish Rendering | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Link | Status | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | jealous | celoso | קַנּוֹא | qanno’ | High | Justice and Wrath of God | New | Rejected: no viable substitute exists in standard Spanish theological vocabulary; retain “celoso” but MUST pair with a teaching note distinguishing righteous covenant zeal from petty romantic possessiveness, the term’s dominant everyday connotation |
| 5 | vengeance / avenger | venganza / vengador | נָקַם / נֹקֵם | naqam / noqem | High | Justice and Wrath of God against Oppressors | New | Rejected: “represalia” (too weak, sounds tit-for-tat rather than judicial); must be taught as God’s exclusive, righteous, judicial retribution — never a model for human vendetta, a live cultural risk given cartel/gang vendetta cycles in parts of the destination culture |
| 6 | wrath / fury | furor | חֵמָה | chemah | High | Justice and Wrath of God; Theophany | New | See Theophany/Storm-Fire flag in 07_semantic_analysis.md; risk of assimilation to Santería’s Changó (thunder/fire orisha) or Mesoamerican storm-deity frameworks if not explicitly distinguished as moral, not capricious or elemental, anger |
| 7 | anger (general) | ira | אַף | aph | Medium | Justice and Wrath of God | New | Standard theological vocabulary; low ambiguity beyond consistency with #6, #8 |
| 8 | fierceness / burning anger | ardor / furor de su ira | חָרוֹן | charon | High | Justice and Wrath of God; Theophany | New | Same Theophany/Storm-Fire flag as #6 |
| 9 | indignation | indignación | זַעַם | za’am | Medium | Justice and Wrath of God | New | Standard rendering; minor risk |
| 10 | will not acquit / will not leave unpunished | no tendrá por inocente al culpable | נַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה | naqeh lo yenaqqeh | High | God as Slow to Anger yet Just | New | Forensic, legal guarantee of punishment; note conceptual inverse relationship to baseline’s “justificación” (God declaring guilty NOT innocent, vs. declaring the believer righteous by faith) |
| 11 | slow to anger | tardo para la ira | אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם | ’erek ‘appayim | Medium | God as Slow to Anger yet Just | New | Reuse this exact RV1960/RVA2015 idiom for register consistency; must always be taught in tension with #10, never as isolated divine passivity |
| 12 | wicked / guilty one | el malo / el culpable | רָשָׁע (implied) | rasha’ | Medium | Justice and Wrath of God | New | Avoid euphemistic softening (cf. baseline’s rejection of “falta” for “pecado” — same principle applies: do not minimize moral guilt) |
| 13 | bloody city | ciudad sanguinaria | עִיר דָּמִים | ’ir damim | High | Justice and Wrath of God against Oppressors | New | Preserve full rhetorical intensity; grounded in documented historical Assyrian atrocities, not hyperbole |
| 14 | woe | ¡Ay! | הוֹי | hoy | Low | Justice and Wrath of God | New | Standard OT prophetic woe-formula |
| 15 | no healing for the wound | no hay cura para tu llaga | אֵין רְפוּאָה לְמַכָּתֵךְ | ein refu’ah le-makkatekh | High | Justice and Wrath of God; contrast with Comfort doctrine | New | Must be paired with Jonah cross-reference so learners do not conclude God never heals/forgives — this is judgment on a nation that exhausted its opportunity to repent |
Sovereignty, Creation-Power, and Theophany Vocabulary
| # | English Term | Spanish Rendering | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Link | Status | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 | great in power | grande en poder | גְּדוֹל־כֹּחַ | gedol-koach | Medium | Sovereignty; cf. baseline “poder de Dios” | New (extends Reuse concept) | Conceptually continuous with baseline “poder de Dios” (Medium), here applied to judgment rather than salvation |
| 17 | whirlwind | torbellino | סוּפָה | suphah | High | Sovereignty; Theophany | New | Part of Theophany/Storm-Fire flag — risk of Santería/indigenous storm-deity assimilation if untaught |
| 18 | storm / tempest | tempestad | שְׂעָרָה | se’arah | High | Sovereignty; Theophany | New | Same flag as #17 |
| 19 | clouds are the dust of his feet | las nubes son el polvo de sus pies | עָנָן / אֲבַק רַגְלָיו | anan / avaq raglav | Medium | Sovereignty; Theophany | New | Anthropomorphic warrior-king imagery; preserve vividness, teach as figurative |
| 20 | rebukes the sea / dries up rivers | reprende/amenaza al mar… los seca | גּוֹעֵר / יַבְּשֵׁהוּ | go’er / yabbeshehu | Low-Medium | Sovereignty | New | Creation-power/Exodus-echo motif |
| 21 | mountains quake / hills melt | los montes tiemblan… los collados se deshacen | הָרִים רָעֲשׁוּ / גְּבָעוֹת הִתְמֹגָגוּ | harim ra’ashu / geva’ot hitmogagu | Medium | Sovereignty; Theophany | New | Cosmic-upheaval theophany vocabulary |
| 22 | the world and all who dwell in it | el mundo, y todos los que en él habitan | תֵבֵל וְכָל־יֹשְׁבֵי בָהּ | tevel ve-khol yoshvei vah | Low-Medium | Sovereignty; universal scope | New | Preserve unqualified universal scope per baseline precedent (cf. “universal_scope_of_gospel”) |
| 23 | poured out like fire | se derrama como fuego | נִתְּכָה כָאֵשׁ | nittekah ka’esh | High | Justice and Wrath; Theophany | New | Theophany/Fire flag; also anticipates the literal historical burning of Nineveh (3:15) |
| 24 | the shatterer / destroyer | el destructor | מֵפִיץ | mephits | Medium | Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria | New | Teach compatibility of human military agency (the historical Medo-Babylonian coalition) with divine sovereignty |
| 25 | I am against you (declaration) | heme aquí contra ti | (formula w/ YHWH Tseva’ot) | — | High | Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria | New | Direct divine self-involvement in Nineveh’s fall; pairs with #3 |
Comfort, Refuge, and Trust Vocabulary
| # | English Term | Spanish Rendering | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Link | Status | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26 | good (of God) | bueno | טוֹב | tov | Medium | Comfort for the Oppressed | New | Pivot term of 1:7; must be taught in tension with the wrath vocabulary above, not as a softened deity |
| 27 | stronghold / refuge | fortaleza / refugio | מָעוֹז | ma’oz | Medium | Comfort for the Oppressed | New | Concrete defensive-place metaphor; do not flatten to vague “comfort” |
| 28 | day of trouble | día de la angustia | יוֹם צָרָה | yom tsarah | Medium | Comfort for the Oppressed | New | Names real historical affliction (Assyrian threat) addressed by the doctrine |
| 29 | knows / takes refuge in | conoce a los que en él confían | יֹדֵעַ / חֹסֵי בוֹ | yode’a / chosei bo | High | Comfort for the Oppressed; cf. baseline “fe,” “intercesión” | New | Trust/refuge directed to God alone, not displaced onto a saint or the Virgin as mediating refuge-giver — same collision class as baseline’s flagged “intercession” and “saints” entries |
| 30 | Nahum (name meaning “comfort”) | Nahúm | נַחוּם | Nachum | Medium | Comfort for the Oppressed | New | Name’s meaning (“consuelo”) is programmatic for the whole book and not recoverable from the transliteration; requires explicit teaching |
| 31 | yoke / bonds | yugo / ataduras | מוֹטָה / מוֹסְרוֹת | motah / moserot | Medium | Comfort for the Oppressed | New | Literal political-oppression imagery |
| 32 | excellency/pride of Jacob restored | el esplendor de Jacob | גְּאוֹן יַעֲקֹב | ge’on Ya’aqov | Low-Medium | Comfort for the Oppressed | New | Restoration paired with Assyria’s judgment |
| 33 | peace | paz | שָׁלוֹם | shalom | Medium | Comfort for the Oppressed | Reuse (baseline exact) | Must match baseline “paz” exactly |
Revelation, Prophecy, and Messenger Vocabulary
| # | English Term | Spanish Rendering | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Link | Status | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34 | burden / oracle | profecía | מַשָּׂא | massa’ | Medium | Inspiration/Fulfillment of Prophecy | Reuse concept (“profecía”) + New nuance | Retains baseline rendering; teaching note needed to recover “heavy judgment-oracle” nuance lost in generic “profecía” |
| 35 | vision | visión | חָזוֹן | chazon | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | Reuse concept | Standard, unambiguous |
| 36 | he who brings good tidings | el que trae buenas nuevas | מְבַשֵּׂר | mevasser | High | Gospel (OT precursor); Mission | Reuse (“buenas nuevas” per baseline gloss rule) | Must be taught as the OT pattern quoted in Romans 10:15; never substitute the technical term “evangelio” here, per baseline’s explicit restriction on that word |
| 37 | vows | votos | נְדָרִים | nedarim | High | Comfort for the Oppressed; worship | New | Catholic vow-to-saint/Virgin culture collision; must clarify vows here are made and fulfilled to YHWH directly |
| 38 | feasts | fiestas solemnes | חַגִּים | chaggim | High | Comfort for the Oppressed; worship | New | Catholic fiestas patronales (saints’ feast days) collision; must clarify these are Israel’s covenant festal calendar |
| 39 | graven/molten image (idol) | ídolo (imagen tallada / de fundición) | פֶּסֶל / מַסֵּכָה | pesel / massekah | Critical | God’s Sovereignty; contrast with idolatry | New | Must not be read as a blanket polemic against Catholic image veneration of Christ/saints/Virgin; condemns objects worshiped as rival gods in a specific polytheistic context |
| 40 | wicked counselor | consejero perverso | יוֹעֵץ בְּלִיָּעַל | yo’ets beliyya’al | Low-Medium | Justice and Wrath | New | Do not transliterate “Belial” as a proper name here (contrast 2 Cor 6:15); adjectival use in this context |
Imagery and Metaphor Vocabulary (Chapters 2–3)
| # | English Term | Spanish Rendering | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Link | Status | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 41 | lion / young lion / lioness | león / leoncillo / leona | אַרְיֵה / כְּפִיר / לָבִיא | aryeh / kephir / lavi | Low-Medium | Justice against Oppressors | New | Ironic reversal of Assyria’s own royal lion-iconography; purely figurative, low totemic-confusion risk in mainstream Hispanic culture |
| 42 | plunder / spoil | botín / despojo | בַּז / שָׁלָל | baz / shalal | Low | Justice against Oppressors | New | ”Poetic justice” motif |
| 43 | chariots / horsemen | carros / jinetes | רֶכֶב / פָּרָשִׁים | rekev / parashim | Low | Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria | New | Concrete historical-military imagery |
| 44 | harlotries/whoredoms (figurative) | fornicaciones / prostituciones (figurado) | זְנוּנִים | zenunim | Critical | Justice against Oppressors | New | Conventional OT metaphor for imperial political-commercial seduction; requires careful pastoral framing given honor/shame and gendered-violence sensitivities |
| 45 | witchcrafts/sorceries (figurative) | hechicerías | כְּשָׁפִים | keshaphim | Critical | Justice against Oppressors | New | Direct, live collision with active Santería/Espiritismo/curanderismo/brujería practice; teach as biblical metaphor for imperial manipulation while not conflating with, or undermining, separate biblical teaching against literal occult practice |
| 46 | sold nations/families | vende a las naciones | מִמְכֶּרֶת | mimkeret | Medium | Justice against Oppressors | New | Legitimate, powerful contemporary application to human trafficking; avoid anachronistic overreading |
| 47 | shepherds/nobles (negative) | pastores / nobles | רֹעֶיךְ / אַדִּירֶיךְ | ro’eikh / addireikh | Medium | Justice against Oppressors | New | Ironic negative use; must not bleed into positive Good-Shepherd/pastoral-leadership imagery elsewhere in Scripture |
| 48 | locusts | langosta(s) | אַרְבֶּה / יֶלֶק | arbeh / yelek | Low | (rhetorical simile only) | New | Low doctrinal weight |
| 49 | overflowing flood | inundación impetuosa | שֶׁטֶף עֹבֵר | sheteph over | Medium | Sovereignty; Justice | New | Avoid “diluvio” (evokes the Genesis Noahic Flood); historically concrete image (Nineveh’s actual river-flood breach, 612 BC) |
| 50 | utter/complete end | fin completo / acabará del todo | כָּלָה | kalah | Medium | Justice against Oppressors | New | Preserve totality; do not soften |
| 51 | darkness (judgment) | tinieblas | חֹשֶׁךְ | choshek | Medium | Justice against Oppressors | New | Judicial/eschatological darkness; distinguish from occult “tinieblas” usage in folk-religious contexts |
Proper Nouns
| # | English Term | Spanish Rendering | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 52 | Nineveh | Nínive | נִינְוֵה | Ninveh | Low | Standard Spanish Bible form |
| 53 | Assyria | Asiria | אַשּׁוּר | Ashur | Low | Standard Spanish Bible form |
| 54 | Elkoshite | el elcosita | הָאֶלְקֹשִׁי | ha’Elqoshi | Low | Obscure toponym; proper-noun gentilic |
| 55 | Bashan | Basán | בָּשָׁן | Bashan | Low | Standard Spanish Bible form |
| 56 | Carmel | Carmelo | כַּרְמֶל | Karmel | Low | Standard Spanish Bible form |
| 57 | Lebanon | Líbano | לְבָנוֹן | Levanon | Low | Standard Spanish Bible form |
| 58 | Jacob | Jacob | יַעֲקֹב | Ya’aqov | Low | Standard Spanish Bible form |
Summary Counts (for Phase 1 Step 2 Doctrine/Risk Registry intake)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 | Human theologian |
| High | 18 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 22 | Native speaker |
| Low | 13 | Automated |
| Total terms catalogued | 58 | |
| Baseline exact reuse | 2 (Dios, paz) | — |
| Baseline concept-extended | 3 (poder, profecía/visión, buenas nuevas) | — |
| New terms proposed | 53 | Pending theologian sign-off per tier |
Highest-priority Critical flags for immediate theologian attention:
- Jehová (YHWH) — Jehovah’s Witnesses collision (#2)
- Jehová de los ejércitos (YHWH Tseva’ot) — same collision class (#3)
- Ídolo / imagen tallada / de fundición — Catholic image-veneration sensitivity (#39)
- Hechicerías — active Santería/Espiritismo/curanderismo collision (#45)
- Fornicaciones/prostituciones (figurado) — pastoral sensitivity around imperial-seduction metaphor (#44)
This glossary extends the baseline Romans Language Package (translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json) and introduces no contradictions to established renderings. All New entries require formal addition to translation memory with version increment before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: N/A (generic term; cf. yhwh below for the covenant name)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Inherited from Romans package. Universally standard; identical usage in Nahúm for the generic Hebrew ‘El,’ identifying the true God of Israel as active judge of Nineveh. No rival deity-name confusion in mainstream Hispanic Christian usage.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercesión
Transliteration: hyperentynchanei / enteuxis (Greek NT terms; conceptually parallel to Nahúm’s chasah, ‘take refuge’)
Doctrine: Refuge and Trust in God Alone
Rejected alternatives: intercesión de los santos o de la Virgen como mediadores necesarios ante Dios
Inherited from Romans package. Cited for comparison in Nahúm 1:7’s refuge/trust vocabulary: popular Catholic piety across the Spanish-speaking world centers intercessory prayer and refuge-seeking on the saints and the Virgin Mary. Nahúm 1:7 places trust and refuge in YHWH directly, with the same collision risk this baseline entry already documents.
Saints
Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: hagioi (Greek NT term; comparison class only, not a Nahúm lexeme)
Doctrine: Refuge and Trust in God Alone
Rejected alternatives: los santos (canonizados, objeto de veneración e intercesión)
Inherited from Romans package. Cited for comparison: the same collision class documented for Romans 1:7 (every believer called ‘santo’ vs. popular veneration of canonized saints) recurs conceptually in Nahúm 1:7’s refuge language, where trust must not be displaced onto saintly or Marian mediators.
God El
Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: El
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Original: אֵל
Category: God
Generic Semitic term for deity (Nahúm 1:2), here identifying the true God of Israel as the active judge of Nineveh. Standard, unambiguous rendering shared with the inherited baseline ‘god’ entry.
Yhwh
Approved rendering: Jehová
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: The Covenant Name of God (YHWH)
Rejected alternatives: Yavé (departs from this Package’s established RV1960/RVA2015 register), el SEÑOR (small caps; valid ecumenical convention but inconsistent with this Package’s register decision)
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
God’s personal covenant name (Exodus 3:14; 6:2-3), occurring in nearly every stanza of Nahúm 1 and recurring through chapters 2-3. CRITICAL, well-grounded risk: in Spain and across Latin America ‘Jehová’ is strongly and popularly associated with ‘Testigos de Jehová’ (Jehovah’s Witnesses), a Trinity-denying movement. EVERY occurrence requires a clarifying teaching note that this is the centuries-old, orthodox Trinitarian Reina-Valera rendering (tradition since 1569), not an endorsement of or affiliation with Jehovah’s Witness theology.
Yhwh Of Hosts
Approved rendering: Jehová de los ejércitos
Transliteration: YHWH Tseva’ot
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Original: יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת
Category: God
God’s title as sovereign commander over all created powers, heavenly armies, and by extension every earthly army, including Assyria’s own (Nahúm 2:13). Carries the identical Jehovah’s Witnesses collision risk as ‘yhwh’; requires the same clarifying note. ‘Ejércitos’ must be taught as heavenly/angelic and cosmic armies under God’s command, not a nationalist military claim.
Graven Image Idol
Approved rendering: ídolo (imagen tallada / imagen de fundición)
Transliteration: pesel / massekah
Doctrine: Idolatry and the Supremacy of God over Rival Gods
Original: פֶּסֶל / מַסֵּכָה
Category: Idolatry
Physical idol-objects representing false gods, whose destruction God decrees from ‘the house of your gods’ (Nahúm 1:14). CRITICAL: must not be misapplied as a blanket polemic against Catholic devotional veneration of images of Christ, the saints, or the Virgin. The text condemns objects worshiped as rival gods in a specific polytheistic imperial context, not devotional imagery as such.
Harlotries Figurative
Approved rendering: fornicaciones / prostituciones (en sentido figurado, imperial)
Transliteration: zenunim
Doctrine: Figurative Imagery of Imperial Seduction and Sorcery
Original: זְנוּנִים
Category: Imagery
A stock Old Testament prophetic metaphor for a nation’s seductive, manipulative use of political and commercial power to entrap other nations (Nahúm 3:4). Must be explicitly taught as a conventional prophetic metaphor for political-commercial seduction and idolatrous alliance, not a literalistic statement about individual sexual sin. Requires careful pastoral framing given contemporary honor/shame dynamics and gendered-violence sensitivities.
Witchcraft Figurative
Approved rendering: hechicerías
Transliteration: keshaphim
Doctrine: Figurative Imagery of Imperial Seduction and Sorcery
Original: כְּשָׁפִים
Category: Imagery
Occult manipulation imagery describing Nineveh’s manipulative statecraft over other nations (Nahúm 3:4). Direct, live collision with active brujería, Santería, Espiritismo, and curanderismo practices. Must be taught as a biblical metaphor for Nineveh’s imperial manipulation of nations, while not undermining or being confused with separate biblical teaching against literal occult practice elsewhere in Scripture.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelio
Transliteration: euangelion (Greek NT term; not present in Nahúm’s Hebrew text)
Doctrine: Good News as a Precursor to the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: buenas nuevas (only as a descriptive gloss, never the standalone technical term)
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION for Nahúm 1:15: the Hebrew ‘mevasser’ (‘one who brings good tidings’) must be rendered ONLY with the descriptive gloss ‘buenas nuevas,’ never with this technical term ‘evangelio,’ per the baseline’s explicit restriction. Nahúm’s good tidings is Judah’s deliverance from Assyria — a genuine OT precursor pattern later quoted in Romans 10:15 — not yet the fullness of the gospel of Christ.
Covenant
Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: diathēkē (Greek NT term); Hebrew concept berit, not lexically present in Nahúm but doctrinally operative in the vows/feasts material
Doctrine: Covenant Worship: Vows and Feasts Fulfilled to God Alone
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal, alianza (valid Catholic-tradition synonym, not the register choice for this Package)
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Nahúm 1:15’s vows and feasts, which belong to Israel’s covenant relationship with YHWH; never reduce to a mere legal contract.
Faith
Approved rendering: fe
Transliteration: pistis (Greek NT term); conceptually parallel to Hebrew chasah, ‘to take refuge/trust’
Doctrine: Refuge and Trust in God Alone
Rejected alternatives: devoción religiosa general, creencia cultural heredada
Inherited from Romans package. Cited for comparison in Nahúm 1:7: personal trust placed directly in YHWH, not inherited cultural religiosity or devotional loyalty to a saint or the Virgin — the same distinction the baseline draws for ‘fe’ in Romans.
Jealous
Approved rendering: celoso
Transliteration: qanno’
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Jealousy
Original: קַנּוֹא
Category: Judgment
God’s exclusive covenant zeal and refusal to share worship or loyalty with rivals (Nahúm 1:2). No viable substitute exists in standard Spanish theological vocabulary. ‘Celoso’ overwhelmingly connotes negative romantic possessiveness in everyday Spanish (‘un esposo celoso’); MUST be paired with a teaching note distinguishing righteous covenant-exclusive zeal from a human character flaw, at every occurrence.
Vengeance
Approved rendering: vengador / venganza
Transliteration: naqam / noqem
Doctrine: The Justice and Wrath of God against Oppressors
Rejected alternatives: represalia (too weak; reads as tit-for-tat rather than judicial)
Original: נָקַם / נֹקֵם
Category: Judgment
Judicial retribution belonging exclusively to God as sovereign Judge (Nahúm 1:2), not personal vendetta. ‘Venganza’ in contemporary Spanish-speaking cultures, especially regions marked by cartel and gang vendetta cycles, connotes personal, disproportionate retaliation. Must be taught explicitly as God’s righteous, proportionate, judicial justice — never a model for human vendetta. Cross-reference Romans 12:19 (‘Mía es la venganza’) for interpretive consistency with the baseline package.
Wrath Fury
Approved rendering: furor
Transliteration: chemah (ba’al chemah)
Doctrine: Theophany and the Storm-Imagery of Divine Power
Original: חֵמָה (בַּעַל חֵמָה)
Category: Judgment
God’s settled, righteous, ongoing wrath against sin and oppression (Nahúm 1:2). Part of the Theophany/Storm-Fire risk cluster: in Caribbean and broader Latin American contexts with active Santería/Regla de Ocha and Espiritismo, storm/fire wrath imagery is precisely the domain of the orisha Changó. Must be explicitly taught as moral, judicial anger, not capricious elemental or animistic power.
Fierce Anger
Approved rendering: el ardor de su enojo / el furor de su ira
Transliteration: charon appo
Doctrine: Theophany and the Storm-Imagery of Divine Power
Original: חָרוֹן אַפּוֹ
Category: Judgment
Intense, burning divine anger (Nahúm 1:6), showing that the patience described in 1:3 has run its course for unrepentant Nineveh. Same Theophany/Storm-Fire risk cluster as ‘wrath_fury’; must not be read through a pagan wrath-deity lens.
Will Not Acquit
Approved rendering: no tendrá por inocente al culpable
Transliteration: naqeh lo yenaqqeh
Doctrine: God as Slow to Anger yet Just
Original: נַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה
Category: Judgment
God’s forensic, legal guarantee that the guilty will not go unpunished (Nahúm 1:3; cf. Exodus 34:7). A legal, forensic guarantee of punishment, not a vague warning. Conceptually inverse to the baseline’s ‘justificación’ entry: here God declares the guilty NOT innocent, whereas in Romans God declares the believing sinner righteous by faith. Must always be presented in the same breath as ‘slow_to_anger’ below, never in isolation.
Bloody City
Approved rendering: ciudad sanguinaria
Transliteration: ‘ir damim
Doctrine: Judgment on the Bloody, Oppressor City
Original: עִיר דָּמִים
Category: Judgment
Nineveh characterized by systematic, violent bloodshed against conquered peoples (Nahúm 3:1). Textual anchor for the Justice/Wrath doctrine. Intensity must be preserved, not softened; indicts specific, historically documented Assyrian atrocities (mass deportations, impalements, flaying, attested in Assyrian royal inscriptions), not generic rhetorical hyperbole.
No Healing For Wound
Approved rendering: no hay cura para tu llaga
Transliteration: ein refu’ah le-makkatekh
Doctrine: Finality of Judgment and the Limits of Divine Patience
Original: אֵין רְפוּאָה לְמַכָּתֵךְ
Category: Judgment
Final, irreversible judgment on unrepentant Nineveh (Nahúm 3:19), contrasting with the same root’s use elsewhere for God’s healing. Must not be read as denying that God heals or forgives in general, which would contradict the baseline Romans salvation doctrine. This is judgment specifically on a nation that exhausted its opportunity for repentance a century after Jonah. Must be paired with a Jonah cross-reference for doctrinal balance in every occurrence.
Whirlwind
Approved rendering: torbellino
Transliteration: suphah
Doctrine: Theophany and the Storm-Imagery of Divine Power
Original: סוּפָה
Category: Theophany
Violent storm-wind associated with theophany, God’s dramatic appearing (Nahúm 1:3). Part of the Theophany/Storm-Imagery risk cluster: risk of assimilation to Changó or indigenous storm-deity frameworks rather than YHWH’s unique, non-competing moral sovereignty. Requires explicit distinguishing teaching note wherever used.
Storm Tempest
Approved rendering: tempestad
Transliteration: se’arah
Doctrine: Theophany and the Storm-Imagery of Divine Power
Original: שְׂעָרָה
Category: Theophany
Storm paired with ‘suphah’ to intensify the storm-theophany of God’s approach (Nahúm 1:3). Same Theophany/Storm-Imagery risk cluster as ‘whirlwind.‘
Poured Out Like Fire
Approved rendering: se derrama como fuego
Transliteration: nittekah ka’esh
Doctrine: Theophany and the Storm-Imagery of Divine Power
Original: נִתְּכָה כָאֵשׁ
Category: Theophany
Metaphor of God’s wrath as molten, unstoppable, consuming judgment (Nahúm 1:6), anticipating the literal burning of Nineveh (3:15). Part of the Theophany/Storm-Fire risk cluster; also has unusual historical concreteness worth teaching.
I Am Against You
Approved rendering: heme aquí contra ti
Transliteration: hineni elayikh
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Original: הִנְנִי אֵלַיִךְ (with יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת)
Category: Sovereignty
God’s direct declaration of personal opposition to Nineveh (Nahúm 2:13, 3:5), attributing the empire’s fall to YHWH himself rather than merely to a rival empire. Pairs with ‘yhwh_of_hosts’ and carries the same clarifying-note requirement.
Knows Takes Refuge
Approved rendering: conoce/es conocedor de los que en él confían
Transliteration: yode’a / chosei bo
Doctrine: Refuge and Trust in God Alone
Original: יֹדֵעַ / חֹסֵי בוֹ
Category: Comfort
God’s intimate, covenant-faithful knowledge of those who take refuge in him directly (Nahúm 1:7). Sits conceptually beside the inherited baseline ‘fe’ and ‘intercesión’ entries; must be taught so that trust and refuge are directed to God himself, not displaced onto a saint or the Virgin as a mediating refuge-giver.
Good Tidings Messenger
Approved rendering: el que trae buenas nuevas
Transliteration: mevasser
Doctrine: Good News as a Precursor to the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: evangelio (FORBIDDEN — see inherited ‘gospel’ entry above)
Original: מְבַשֵּׂר
Category: Prophecy
A herald announcing deliverance from an oppressor and the return of peace (Nahúm 1:15), directly quoted in Isaiah 52:7 and cited by Paul in Romans 10:15. Must be taught as the Old Testament precursor pattern behind Romans 10:15, without overstating equivalence or missing the intertextual connection.
Vows
Approved rendering: votos
Transliteration: nedarim
Doctrine: Covenant Worship: Vows and Feasts Fulfilled to God Alone
Original: נְדָרִים
Category: Covenant Worship
Promises made to God, to be fulfilled in worship once deliverance has come (Nahúm 1:15). Latin American Catholic popular piety includes widespread vow-making to the Virgin or particular saints (‘hacerle una promesa/voto a la Virgen’). Requires an explicit teaching note clarifying that these vows are made and fulfilled to YHWH directly.
Feasts
Approved rendering: fiestas solemnes
Transliteration: chaggim
Doctrine: Covenant Worship: Vows and Feasts Fulfilled to God Alone
Original: חַגִּים
Category: Covenant Worship
Israel’s covenant festal calendar (Passover, Tabernacles, etc.), now resumable in peace (Nahúm 1:15). In Catholic-majority Hispanic culture, ‘fiestas’ is heavily associated with saints’ feast days (‘fiestas patronales’). Must be taught as Israel’s Old Testament covenant-calendar worship of YHWH alone, not conflated with saint-veneration feast culture.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: shalom (שָׁלוֹם)
Doctrine: Comfort for the Oppressed
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidad emocional
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for Nahúm 1:15’s comprehensive covenantal flourishing following the removal of the Assyrian threat, not merely inner calm or absence of stress.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: poder de Dios
Transliteration: gedol-koach (גְּדוֹל־כֹּחַ), applied concept
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Inherited from Romans package (there tied to power of God for salvation, Romans 1:16). In Nahúm 1:3 the identical attribute is applied to judgment rather than salvation; a bridging teaching note is required so learners see one divine power exercised in two directions, not two different powers.
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: hamartia (Greek NT term); Hebrew concept rasha’/chata’t operative in Nahúm’s guilt vocabulary
Doctrine: The Justice and Wrath of God against Oppressors
Rejected alternatives: falta (minimizing euphemism common in pastoral speech)
Inherited from Romans package. The same principle governing baseline ‘pecado’ (never soften to ‘falta’) applies to Nahúm’s ‘el malo / el culpable’ (wicked_guilty_one, below): moral guilt must not be minimized.
Anger General
Approved rendering: ira
Transliteration: aph
Doctrine: The Justice and Wrath of God against Oppressors
Original: אַף
Category: Judgment
General term for divine anger against sin (Nahúm 1:3, 1:6). Standard theological vocabulary; low ambiguity beyond consistency with related fury/fierceness terms.
Indignation
Approved rendering: indignación
Transliteration: za’am
Doctrine: The Justice and Wrath of God against Oppressors
Original: זַעַם
Category: Judgment
Righteous divine displeasure at sin (Nahúm 1:6), underscoring the impossibility of resisting God’s judgment. Standard rendering with minor risk beyond consistency with other wrath terms.
Slow To Anger
Approved rendering: tardo para la ira
Transliteration: ‘erek ‘appayim
Doctrine: God as Slow to Anger yet Just
Original: אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם
Category: Judgment
God’s patient forbearance, giving time for repentance (Nahúm 1:3). Reuse the established RV1960/RVA2015 idiom exactly for register consistency. Must always be taught in tension with ‘will_not_acquit,’ never as isolated divine passivity or indifference; requires the Jonah cross-reference (Nineveh’s repentance and reprieve roughly 150 years earlier) in every lesson touching this doctrine.
Wicked Guilty One
Approved rendering: el malo / el culpable
Transliteration: rasha’ (implied)
Doctrine: The Justice and Wrath of God against Oppressors
Original: רָשָׁע (implied)
Category: Judgment
The guilty, wicked party who will not escape divine judgment (Nahúm 1:3). Avoid euphemistic softening; same principle as the baseline’s rejection of ‘falta’ for ‘pecado’ — do not minimize moral guilt.
Great In Power
Approved rendering: grande en poder
Transliteration: gedol-koach
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Original: גְּדוֹל־כֹּחַ
Category: Sovereignty
God’s omnipotence undergirding his ability to execute justice (Nahúm 1:3). Conceptually continuous with the inherited baseline ‘poder de Dios,’ here applied to judgment rather than salvation.
Clouds Dust Of Feet
Approved rendering: las nubes son el polvo de sus pies
Transliteration: anan / avaq raglav
Doctrine: Theophany and the Storm-Imagery of Divine Power
Original: עָנָן / אֲבַק רַגְלָיו
Category: Theophany
Anthropomorphic poetic image of storm clouds as the dust of a marching warrior-king’s feet (Nahúm 1:3). Preserve the vivid, figurative image; a flattened or abstract rendering loses the militant sovereignty the doctrine of God’s sovereignty over Nineveh depends on.
Rebukes Sea Dries Rivers
Approved rendering: amenaza/reprende al mar… lo seca
Transliteration: go’er / yabbeshehu
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Original: גּוֹעֵר / יַבְּשֵׁהוּ
Category: Sovereignty
God’s sovereign command over the sea and rivers, echoing Exodus and creation motifs (Nahúm 1:4). Ensure ‘amenaza’ reads as sovereign command, not petty threatening.
Mountains Quake Hills Melt
Approved rendering: los montes tiemblan… los collados se deshacen
Transliteration: harim ra’ashu / geva’ot hitmogagu
Doctrine: Theophany and the Storm-Imagery of Divine Power
Original: הָרִים רָעֲשׁוּ / גְּבָעוֹת הִתְמֹגָגוּ
Category: Theophany
Cosmic, seismic responses to divine presence (Nahúm 1:5) — standard theophany vocabulary. Teach as cosmic upheaval, not local weather.
World And Inhabitants
Approved rendering: el mundo, y todos los que en él habitan
Transliteration: tevel ve-khol yoshvei vah
Doctrine: Universal Scope of Divine Sovereignty
Original: תֵבֵל וְכָל־יֹשְׁבֵי בָהּ
Category: Sovereignty
Universal scope of God’s sovereignty, not confined to Israel or the Near East (Nahúm 1:5). Preserve the unqualified, universal scope per the baseline’s precedent for retaining unqualified universal language (cf. baseline’s ‘universal_scope_of_gospel’).
Shatterer Destroyer
Approved rendering: el destructor
Transliteration: mephits
Doctrine: Human Agency and Divine Sovereignty in Historical Judgment
Original: מֵפִיץ
Category: Sovereignty
The besieging military force functioning as God’s chosen instrument of judgment against Nineveh (Nahúm 2:1). Teach the compatibility of real human military agency (the historical Medo-Babylonian coalition) with divine sovereignty, avoiding both deism and denial of human agency.
Good Tov
Approved rendering: bueno
Transliteration: tov
Doctrine: Comfort for the Oppressed
Original: טוֹב
Category: Comfort
God’s moral goodness as experienced by those loyal to him, the pivot term of Nahúm 1:7 turning from wrath to comfort. Must be taught in direct tension with Nahúm 1:2-6: this is not a softened, generically nice deity, but the same sovereign Judge viewed from the side of covenant loyalty.
Stronghold Refuge
Approved rendering: fortaleza / refugio
Transliteration: ma’oz
Doctrine: Refuge and Trust in God Alone
Original: מָעוֹז
Category: Comfort
Military/defensive metaphor for God as the oppressed believer’s place of safety (Nahúm 1:7). Must not collapse into a vague feeling of ‘comfort’; retain the concrete, defensive, place-of-safety image. Crowded semantic neighborhood: contrast explicitly with the Marian title ‘Refugio de los Pecadores’ in regional popular piety.
Day Of Trouble
Approved rendering: día de la angustia
Transliteration: yom tsarah
Doctrine: Comfort for the Oppressed
Original: יוֹם צָרָה
Category: Comfort
Any time of affliction, oppression, or crisis (Nahúm 1:7), naming the real historical experience of Judah under Assyrian threat. Avoid abstracting into generic hardship language.
Nahum Name Meaning
Approved rendering: Nahúm (cuyo nombre significa ‘consuelo’)
Transliteration: Nachum
Doctrine: Comfort for the Oppressed
Original: נַחוּם
Category: Comfort
The prophet’s own name, meaning ‘comfort, consolation’ (root nacham), programmatic for the whole book (Nahúm 1:1). The meaning is not recoverable from the transliterated proper name alone and must be taught explicitly, since it is a key doctrinal hook for the Comfort for the Oppressed doctrine.
Yoke Bonds
Approved rendering: yugo / ataduras
Transliteration: motah / moserot
Doctrine: Comfort for the Oppressed
Original: מוֹטָה / מוֹסְרוֹת
Category: Comfort
Imagery of political and military subjugation that God promises to remove from Judah (Nahúm 1:13). Concrete, literal political-oppression imagery directly serving the Comfort for the Oppressed doctrine.
Excellency Of Jacob
Approved rendering: el esplendor de Jacob
Transliteration: ge’on Ya’aqov
Doctrine: Restoration of God’s Oppressed People
Original: גְּאוֹן יַעֲקֹב
Category: Comfort
Israel’s covenant honor and standing, restored even as Assyria is judged (Nahúm 2:2). Frames God’s judgment on the oppressor and restoration of the oppressed as two sides of one covenant faithfulness; teach the covenantal, not merely political, dimension.
Burden Oracle
Approved rendering: profecía (con nota: ‘una profecía-carga: un anuncio que pesa como sentencia’)
Transliteration: massa’
Doctrine: Inspiration of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: massá (transliteration rejected — no compensating recognition payoff for the reading-level target)
Original: מַשָּׂא
Category: Prophecy
A weighty, authoritative prophetic oracle of judgment set down upon its object (Nahúm 1:1). Reuses the inherited baseline concept ‘profecía,’ but ‘profecía’ alone loses the ‘heavy load/judgment-sentence’ nuance carried by massa’; requires the standing teaching gloss noted above.
Wicked Counselor
Approved rendering: consejero perverso
Transliteration: yo’ets beliyya’al
Doctrine: The Justice and Wrath of God against Oppressors
Rejected alternatives: Belial (rejected as a transliterated proper name here — functions adjectivally in this verse, unlike its later personified use in 2 Corinthians 6:15)
Original: יוֹעֵץ בְּלִיָּעַל
Category: Judgment
A corrupt, worthless advisor personifying Nineveh’s malevolent leadership (Nahúm 1:11). Anticipates the later NT use of ‘Belial’ as a name for the ultimate enemy, but do not transliterate as a proper name in this verse.
Lion Imagery
Approved rendering: león / leoncillo / leona
Transliteration: aryeh / kephir / lavi
Doctrine: Irony of Reversed Imperial Imagery (Lions, Shepherds)
Original: אַרְיֵה / כְּפִיר / לָבִיא
Category: Imagery
Predator imagery turned ironically against Assyria itself, whose own royal iconography celebrated the lion as a symbol of imperial power (Nahúm 2:11-13). Low totemic/animal-spirit collision risk in mainstream Hispanic culture, but the reversal should be taught explicitly.
Sold Nations
Approved rendering: vende a las naciones
Transliteration: mimkeret
Doctrine: Judgment on the Bloody, Oppressor City
Original: מִמְכֶּרֶת
Category: Imagery
Nineveh’s practice of trading and enslaving conquered peoples (Nahúm 3:4). Concrete historical evidence of Assyrian mass deportation and slave-trading; resonates strongly with contemporary Latin American concern over human trafficking. Avoid anachronistic overreading of modern categories onto the ancient text.
Shepherds Nobles Negative
Approved rendering: pastores / nobles
Transliteration: ro’eikh / addireikh
Doctrine: Irony of Reversed Imperial Imagery (Lions, Shepherds)
Original: רֹעֶיךְ / אַדִּירֶיךְ
Category: Imagery
Assyria’s ruling and military leadership class, portrayed as negligent, failing shepherds (Nahúm 3:18). Ironic negative use; requires a teaching note to prevent bleed-through into the positive ‘Good Shepherd’ imagery used elsewhere in Scripture for God/Christ.
Overflowing Flood
Approved rendering: inundación impetuosa
Transliteration: sheteph over
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Rejected alternatives: diluvio (REJECTED — evokes the Genesis Noahic flood narrative and would wrongly imply a second global judgment)
Original: שֶׁטֶף עֹבֵר
Category: Judgment
Image of overwhelming, sweeping destruction likely alluding to the actual Tigris/Khosr river flooding that breached Nineveh’s walls in 612 BC (Nahúm 1:8). Use ‘inundación’ or ‘torrente,’ never ‘diluvio.‘
Utter End
Approved rendering: fin completo / acabará del todo
Transliteration: kalah
Doctrine: Judgment on the Bloody, Oppressor City
Original: כָּלָה
Category: Judgment
Total, final destruction with no partial or negotiated outcome (Nahúm 1:8-9). Preserve totality; do not soften to language implying merely ‘great damage.‘
Darkness Judgment
Approved rendering: tinieblas
Transliteration: choshek
Doctrine: The Justice and Wrath of God against Oppressors
Original: חֹשֶׁךְ
Category: Judgment
Judicial/eschatological darkness — the destiny of God’s unrepentant enemies (Nahúm 1:8). This is judgment-darkness, the destination of judgment, not merely nighttime; also distinguish from occult ‘tinieblas’ usage as a manipulable spiritual power in some Latin American folk-religious contexts.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: nabi (implied); cf. massa’/chazon terminology below
Doctrine: Inspiration of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: vidente, adivino
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to Nahúm as God’s spokesperson; distinguish from a fortune-teller or new-age ‘vidente.‘
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profecía
Transliteration: chazon / massa’ (see burden_oracle, vision below)
Doctrine: Inspiration of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: horóscopo, predicción esotérica
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in Nahúm to cover both ‘massa” (weighty oracle) and ‘chazon’ (vision); see the two dedicated new entries below for the nuance the generic word alone does not carry.
Woe
Approved rendering: ¡Ay!
Transliteration: hoy
Doctrine: Judgment on the Bloody, Oppressor City
Original: הוֹי
Category: Judgment
Prophetic exclamation of doom introducing the most severe judgment-oracle register (Nahúm 3:1). Standard Old Testament prophetic woe-formula; minimal risk.
Vision
Approved rendering: visión
Transliteration: chazon
Doctrine: Inspiration of Prophecy
Original: חָזוֹן
Category: Prophecy
A divinely given prophetic disclosure establishing the book’s revelatory origin (Nahúm 1:1). Standard, unambiguous rendering.
Plunder Spoil
Approved rendering: botín / despojo
Transliteration: baz / shalal
Doctrine: Judgment on the Bloody, Oppressor City
Original: בַּז / שָׁלָל
Category: Imagery
Material wealth seized in conquest; ironically, Nineveh’s own accumulated plunder is itself plundered (Nahúm 2:9-10). Reinforces the ‘poetic justice’ motif.
Chariots Horsemen
Approved rendering: carros / jinetes
Transliteration: rekev / parashim
Doctrine: Human Agency and Divine Sovereignty in Historical Judgment
Original: רֶכֶב / פָּרָשִׁים
Category: Imagery
Ancient military hardware described with vivid detail as the siege of Nineveh approaches (Nahúm 2:3-4). Underscores the historical, this-worldly reality of the coming siege.
Locusts
Approved rendering: langosta(s)
Transliteration: arbeh / yelek
Doctrine: Judgment on the Bloody, Oppressor City
Original: אַרְבֶּה / יֶלֶק
Category: Imagery
Simile for Nineveh’s merchants and officials — numerous, but quick to flee (Nahúm 3:15-17). Vivid, familiar agrarian simile with low doctrinal weight.
Nineveh
Approved rendering: Nínive
Transliteration: Ninveh
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Original: נִינְוֵה
Category: Proper Noun
Capital of the Assyrian Empire, the object of Nahúm’s prophetic oracle. Standard, established Spanish Bible form.
Assyria
Approved rendering: Asiria
Transliteration: Ashur
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Original: אַשּׁוּר
Category: Proper Noun
The empire whose capital, Nineveh, is judged in this book. Standard, established Spanish Bible form; carries comparatively thin popular recognition compared to ‘Egipto’ or ‘Babilonia’ and may need brief historical orientation.
Elkoshite
Approved rendering: el elcosita
Transliteration: ha’Elqoshi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Prophecy
Original: הָאֶלְקֹשִׁי
Category: Proper Noun
Gentilic identifying the prophet Nahúm’s otherwise obscure hometown or region (Nahúm 1:1). Transliterated proper noun of debated location; minor biographical detail.
Bashan
Approved rendering: Basán
Transliteration: Bashan
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Original: בָּשָׁן
Category: Proper Noun
A fertile region east of the Jordan, symbol of earthly abundance (Nahúm 1:4). Standard, established Spanish Bible form.
Carmel
Approved rendering: Carmelo
Transliteration: Karmel
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Original: כַּרְמֶל
Category: Proper Noun
A fertile mountain range, symbol of earthly abundance (Nahúm 1:4). Standard, established Spanish Bible form.
Lebanon
Approved rendering: Líbano
Transliteration: Levanon
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Nineveh and Assyria
Original: לְבָנוֹן
Category: Proper Noun
Region famed for its cedars, symbol of earthly majesty (Nahúm 1:4). Standard, established Spanish Bible form.
Jacob
Approved rendering: Jacob
Transliteration: Ya’aqov
Doctrine: Restoration of God’s Oppressed People
Original: יַעֲקֹב
Category: Proper Noun
Patriarchal name used representatively for Israel/Judah, whose excellency is restored (Nahúm 2:2). Standard, established Spanish Bible form.
Referenced passages