Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 1 Peter (English–Korean)
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning all five chapters of 1 Peter. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] and are not re-derived; their recorded Korean rendering, risk tier, and forbidden alternatives apply without modification. Newly identified terms are marked [NEW — 1 Peter] and are proposed here for addition to the shared translation memory, following the same schema and risk framework.
Part 1 — Baseline Terms Reused from Romans (No Change)
| Term | Korean | Risk | Doctrine | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | 하나님 | Critical | Deity of Christ / God | Reused exactly; every 1 Peter occurrence of θεός. |
| Jesus | 예수 | Critical | Lordship of Christ | Reused exactly. |
| Christ | 그리스도 | Medium | Messianic Promise | Reused exactly. |
| Lord | 주님 | Critical | Lordship of Christ | Reused exactly for divine referents only; see 3:6 note in Part 2 for the human-referent exception. |
| Father | 아버지 | Critical | Adoption / God the Father | Reused exactly, including jesa/ancestor-rite caution. |
| Holy Spirit | 성령 | Critical | Sanctification | Reused exactly, including forbidden-substitution list (신령, 신, spirit-possession framing). |
| Grace | 은혜 | Critical | Grace | Reused exactly; recurring 1 Peter collision points reinforced at 3:7, 4:10, 5:5, 5:10, 5:12. |
| Faith | 믿음 | High | Faith | Reused exactly; recurring at 1:5, 1:7-9, 1:21, 5:9. |
| Salvation | 구원 | Critical | Salvation | Reused exactly; recurring at 1:5, 1:9, 3:21. |
| Righteousness | 의 | High | Salvation | Reused exactly; recurring at 2:24, 3:18. |
| Holy | 거룩한 | High | Sanctification | Reused exactly; recurring at 1:15-16, 2:5, 2:9. |
| Sanctification | 성화 | High | Sanctification | Concept reused (ἁγιασμός, 1:2). |
| Resurrection | 부활 | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | Reused exactly; recurring at 1:3, 3:21. |
| Power of God | 능력 | Critical | Power of God for Salvation | Reused exactly; recurring at 1:5, 3:22. |
| Peace | 화평 (doctrinal) / 평강 (epistolary) | Medium | Peace with God | Reused exactly for doctrinal sense; 평강 confirmed as standard KRV epistolary variant — see Part 2. |
| Spiritual gifts | 은사 | High | Spiritual Gifts | Reused exactly; recurring at 4:10. |
| Called/Calling | 부르심을 받은 / 부르심 | High | Divine Calling | Reused exactly; recurring at 1:15, 2:9, 2:21, 3:9, 5:10. |
| Election | 선택 / 택하심 | Medium | Effectual Calling | Reused exactly; recurring at 1:1-2, 2:9, 5:13. |
| Sin | 죄 | High | Universal Human Accountability | Reused exactly; recurring throughout. |
| Gentiles | 이방인 | Medium-High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Reused term; nuance shift flagged — see Part 2. |
| Glory | 영광 | Medium | Deity of Christ | Reused exactly; recurring at 1:7-8, 1:21, 1:24, 4:13-14, 5:1, 5:4, 5:10. |
| Church | 교회 | Medium | Church as God’s People | Reused exactly; concept present though the word ἐκκλησία itself does not occur in 1 Peter — corporate-identity language (2:9-10, οἶκος πνευματικός, 2:5) carries the doctrine instead. |
| Obedience (of faith) | 순종 | High | Obedience of Faith | Reused exactly; recurring at 1:2, 1:14, 1:22. |
| Fellowship | 교제 | Low | Christian Fellowship | Concept reused (κοινωνέω, 4:13). |
| Providence | 섭리 | High | Providence | Concept reused (foreknowledge language, 1:2, 1:20). |
| Thanksgiving | 감사 | Low | Thanksgiving | Not prominent in 1 Peter; no new risk. |
| Exhort | 권면하다 | Low | Mutual Edification | Reused (5:12, παρακαλέω-family). |
Part 2 — New Terms Identified in 1 Peter
| Term (EN) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Korean Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Key Passages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Born again / regeneration | ἀναγεννάω | anagennaō | to beget again | Sovereign, monergistic, one-time spiritual new birth | ”born again,” “given new birth,” “regenerated” | Ground of the believer’s living hope; a permanent, non-repeatable new spiritual life | 거듭나다 / 거듭나게 하다 | Critical | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3, 1:23 |
| Living hope | ἐλπὶς ζῶσα | elpis zōsa | hope that is alive | Confident expectation grounded in the risen Christ, not wishful uncertainty | ”living hope” | Hope with an objective, historical ground (the resurrection) | 산 소망 | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3 |
| Hope (general) | ἐλπίς | elpis | hope, expectation | Recurring noun form | ”hope” | Object and ground of hope must remain Christ/resurrection, not vague optimism or fortune | 소망 | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:13, 1:21, 3:15 |
| Mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | pity, compassion | God’s compassionate disposition toward the helpless | ”mercy,” “compassion” | Motive-cause of regeneration; distinct from χάρις/은혜 | 긍휼 | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3, 2:10 |
| Inheritance | κληρονομία | klēronomia | an allotted portion | Promised, secured future possession | ”inheritance,” “heritage” | Believer’s certain future possession in God’s family, not lineage-continuation property | 유업 | Medium-High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:4, 3:7 |
| Guarded (by God’s power) | φρουρέω | phroureō | to garrison, guard | Active, continuous divine protection | ”guarded,” “protected,” “shielded” | God’s active protective power exercised through faith | 보호하심을 받다 | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:5 |
| Trials/tests | πειρασμός | peirasmos | a testing, trial | External hardship testing faith’s genuineness (distinct from temptation-to-sin sense) | “trials,” “tests,” “various trials” | Suffering permitted by God to prove/refine genuine faith, not misfortune or ritual deficiency | 시험 / 여러 가지 시험 | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1:6, 4:12 |
| Tested genuineness | δοκίμιον | dokimion | proven/tested element | Metallurgical refining metaphor for proof of faith’s authenticity | ”tested genuineness,” “proven character” | Proof, not production, of a faith already gifted by grace | 확실함 / 연단 | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1:7 |
| Sojourners/exiles | παρεπίδημος / πάροικος | parepidēmos / paroikos | temporary resident / resident alien | Non-belonging, temporary-resident identity in the present world | ”elect exiles,” “sojourners,” “strangers,” “pilgrims” | Positive theological self-identity: true citizenship reserved in heaven | 나그네 / 거류민 | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:1, 1:17, 2:11 |
| Foreknowledge | πρόγνωσις | prognōsis | prior knowledge | God’s personal, purposive prior knowing grounding election | ”foreknowledge,” “foreknown” | Personal, relational — not astrological fate | 미리 아심 | High | Divine Calling / Providence | 1:2, 1:20 |
| Sprinkling with blood | ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος | rhantismos haimatos | a sprinkling of blood | OT covenant-ratification/consecration ritual applied to Christ’s blood | ”sprinkling with his blood” | Covenant inauguration and cleansing through Christ’s atoning blood | 피 뿌림 | Medium-High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:2 |
| Redeemed/ransomed | λυτρόω | lytroō | to ransom, buy back | Liberation from a former way of life by a costly payment | ”redeemed,” “ransomed” | Liberation from “futile ways inherited from the fathers,” accomplished by Christ’s blood, not silver/gold | 구속되다 / 속량 | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:18 |
| Unblemished lamb | ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος | amnos amōmos kai aspilos | unblemished, spotless lamb | OT sacrificial-purity qualification | ”lamb without blemish or spot” | Christ’s unique, sufficient, unrepeatable atoning sacrifice | 흠 없고 점 없는 어린 양 | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:19 |
| Redemption target: “futile ways of the fathers” | πατροπαράδοτος ἀναστροφή | patroparadotos anastrophē | ancestrally-handed-down conduct | Inherited but empty ancestral tradition/way of life | ”futile ways inherited from your forefathers” | Not an attack on honoring parents, but on ancestral religious tradition set against exclusive devotion to Christ | 조상이 물려 준 헛된 행실 | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering / Holiness in Conduct | 1:18 |
| Brotherly love | φιλαδελφία | philadelphia | love of brothers/siblings | Genuine, sincere love among believers | ”brotherly love” | Sincere affection, not merely socially-performed propriety | 형제 사랑 | Low-Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1:22 |
| Imperishable seed / living word | σπορὰ ἄφθαρτος / λόγος ζῶν | spora aphthartos / logos zōn | imperishable seed / living word | Metaphor for the regenerating agency of God’s word | ”imperishable seed,” “living and abiding word of God” | Means of the new birth introduced at 1:3 | 썩지 아니할 씨 / 살아 있고 항상 있는 말씀 | Medium | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:23-25 |
| Living stone | λίθος ζῶν | lithos zōn | living stone | Christological building-stone metaphor (Ps 118, Isa 28) | “living stone” | Christ, rejected by men but chosen by God, foundation of the spiritual house | 산 돌 | Medium | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:4 |
| Spiritual house | οἶκος πνευματικός | oikos pneumatikos | spiritual house | The church as God’s temple-community | ”spiritual house” | Corporate dwelling place of God, not a literal shrine building | 신령한 집 | Medium | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5 |
| Holy priesthood / royal priesthood | ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον / βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα | hierateuma hagion / basileion hierateuma | holy priesthood / royal priesthood | Corporate priestly identity of all believers | ”holy priesthood,” “royal priesthood” | Every believer has priestly access and vocation through Christ; not a ritual-specialist class | 거룩한 제사장 / 왕 같은 제사장 | CRITICAL | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5, 2:9 |
| Spiritual sacrifices | πνευματικαὶ θυσίαι | pneumatikai thysiai | spiritual sacrifices | Non-cultic offerings of worship, obedience, praise, good works through Christ | ”spiritual sacrifices” | Must never be assimilated to jesa ancestor-memorial ritual or ongoing cultic sacrifice | 신령한 제사 | CRITICAL | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5 |
| Chosen race / holy nation / people for possession | γένος ἐκλεκτόν / ἔθνος ἅγιον / λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | genos eklekton / ethnos hagion / laos eis peripoiēsin | chosen race / holy nation / people for [God’s] possession | Corporate, transnational new-covenant identity (Exodus 19:6) | “chosen race,” “holy nation,” “people for God’s own possession” | Not an ethnic-national “chosen people” claim; a multiethnic covenant community | 택하신 족속 / 거룩한 나라 / 그의 소유가 된 백성 | CRITICAL | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:9 |
| Cornerstone / stone of stumbling | λίθος ἀκρογωνιαῖος / λίθος προσκόμματος | lithos akrogōniaios / lithos proskommatos | cornerstone / stumbling stone | Christological OT-citation imagery | ”cornerstone,” “stone of stumbling” | Christ as foundation for believers, obstacle for unbelief | 모퉁잇돌 / 걸림돌 | Medium | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:6-8 |
| Submission (to authority/institutions/spouse) | ὑποτάσσω | hypotassō | to arrange under, be subject to | Voluntary, gospel-motivated ordering under authority, for the Lord’s sake | ”submit,” “be subject to” | Missional, Christlike, non-absolute submission — not Confucian hierarchical subordination of worth | 순복하다 / 복종하다 | CRITICAL | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 2:13, 2:18, 3:1, 3:5, 5:5 |
| Domineering / lording over | κατακυριεύω | katakyrieuō | to lord it over, master down upon | Illegitimate human domination, contrasted with Christ’s exclusive Lordship | ”domineering,” “lording it over” | Elders/leaders forbidden from claiming a Christ-like absolute lordship over others | 주장하다 | High | Elders and Humility | 5:3 |
| Gentle and quiet spirit | πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα | prau kai hēsychion pneuma | gentle and quiet spirit | Inner character quality valuable before God | ”gentle and quiet spirit” | Character commended generally, not a gender-essentialist social-conformity ideal | 온유하고 안정한 심령 | High | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 3:4 |
| ”Lord” (human referent) | κύριος (of Abraham) | kyrios | master, lord | Ordinary domestic honorific, not divine title | ”lord” (lowercase) | Sarah’s address to Abraham — must not use the divine honorific 주님 | 주(라 칭하다) — without 님 | CRITICAL (mechanics) | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 3:6 |
| Weaker vessel / fellow heirs of grace | ἀσθενέστερον σκεῦος / συγκληρονόμοι χάριτος | asthenesteron skeuos / synklēronomoi charitos | weaker vessel / co-heirs of grace | Social/physical vulnerability language balanced by full co-inheritance status | ”weaker vessel,” “fellow heirs of the grace of life” | Corrective balance to 3:1-6; equal standing before God | 더 연약한 그릇 / 생명의 은혜를 함께 유업으로 받을 자 | Medium | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 3:7 |
| Bless / blessed (beatitude sense) | εὐλογέω / μακάριος | eulogeō / makarios | to speak well of / happy, favored | Verbal invocation of God’s favor on persecutors; eschatological commendation for righteous suffering | ”bless,” “blessed are you” | Must not be read as a fortune-transaction or reward-guarantee; shares root risk with baseline’s grace/기복신앙 caution | 복을 빌다 / 복 있는 자 | CRITICAL | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 3:9, 3:14, 4:14 |
| Good conscience | συνείδησις ἀγαθή | syneidēsis agathē | good co-knowledge (with oneself) | Internal, God-facing moral faculty | ”good conscience,” “clear conscience” | Distinguished from 체면 (social face/reputation) | 양심 | Medium-High | Holiness in Conduct | 3:16, 3:21 |
| Substitution (righteous for unrighteous) | δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων | dikaios hyper adikōn | righteous on behalf of/in place of unrighteous | Vicarious, substitutionary suffering for sin | ”the righteous for the unrighteous” | Core substitutionary atonement statement | 의인으로서 불의한 자를 대신하셨으니 | CRITICAL | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 3:18 |
| Bore our sins / healed by his wounds | ἀναφέρω / ἰάομαι | anapherō / iaomai | to bear/carry up / to heal | Vicarious bearing of sin’s penalty; moral-spiritual restoration | ”bore our sins,” “by his wounds you have been healed” | Primarily moral/spiritual healing from sin, not a physical-healing guarantee | 담당하다 / 나음을 얻다 | CRITICAL | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2:24 |
| Proclamation to spirits in prison | κηρύσσω τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν | kēryssō tois en phylakē pneumasin | to proclaim to the spirits in prison | Christ’s unique, one-time proclamation of triumph/judgment following his resurrection/exaltation | ”preached to the spirits in prison,” “proclaimed to the imprisoned spirits” | Not a model or warrant for ongoing communication with, prayer for, or ritual toward the spirits of the dead/ancestors | 옥에 있는 영들에게 선포하시니라 | CRITICAL | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:19 |
| Gospel preached to the dead | εὐαγγελίζω νεκροῖς | euangelizō nekrois | good news proclaimed to dead ones | Debated referent; must not imply post-mortem “second chance” gospel or warrant for rites for the dead | ”the gospel was preached even to the dead” | Paired closely with 3:19’s proclamation-to-spirits caution | 죽은 자들에게도 복음이 전파되었으니 | CRITICAL | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 4:6 |
| Baptism now saves you | βάπτισμα … νῦν σῴζει | baptisma … nyn sōzei | baptism … now saves | Baptism’s saving significance as a Godward appeal/pledge grounded in Christ’s resurrection, explicitly not physical/ritual cleansing efficacy | ”baptism…now saves you,” “an appeal to God for a good conscience” | Must always retain the verse’s own denial of magical/ritual efficacy | 세례가 … 너희를 구원하는 표 / 선한 양심의 간구 | CRITICAL | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (3:18-22 unit) | 3:21 |
| Idolatry | εἰδωλολατρία | eidōlolatria | idol-service/worship | Worship directed to any power/object other than the one true God | ”idolatry,” “idol worship” | Directly implicates jesa ancestor-rite veneration, shamanistic ritual objects, and Buddhist temple worship as live, present-day pastoral tension points | 우상 숭배 | CRITICAL | Holiness in Conduct | 4:3 |
| Steward | οἰκονόμος | oikonomos | household manager | Entrusted, accountable management of another’s resources (here, God’s grace-gifts) | “steward,” “manager” | Distinguished from mere subordinate labor (사환/종); gifts are stewarded, not owned or earned | 청지기 | Medium | Elders and Humility | 4:10 |
| Fiery trial | πύρωσις | pyrōsis | a burning, a fiery ordeal | Direct echo of 1:7’s refining-fire metaphor applied to persecution | ”fiery trial,” “fiery ordeal” | Same suffering-refines-faith doctrine as 1:6-7, not misfortune | 불 시험 | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4:12 |
| Christian | Χριστιανός | Christianos | one of Christ’s party | Rare NT self-designation term | ”Christian” | Positive, non-shameful identity marker for suffering “in that name” | 그리스도인 | Low | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4:16 |
| Faithful Creator | πιστὸς κτίστης | pistos ktistēs | faithful founder/maker | Personal, covenant-keeping Creator, not a generic cosmic-origin principle | ”faithful Creator” | Same personal God already identified as Father throughout the letter | 미쁘신 창조주 | Medium | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 4:19 |
| Elder | πρεσβύτερος | presbyteros | an older one; church office-holder | A defined, spiritually-qualified office of shepherding oversight, not merely age-based social status | ”elder,” “presbyter” | Office redefined by Christlike servant-leadership, not Confucian age-hierarchy | 장로 | High | Elders and Humility | 5:1, 5:5 |
| Humility | ταπεινοφροσύνη / ταπεινόω | tapeinophrosynē / tapeinoō | lowly-mindedness | Mutual, reciprocal humility commanded of the whole community, including leaders | ”humility,” “humble yourselves” | Must not be reduced to one-directional Confucian junior-to-senior deference | 겸손 | High | Elders and Humility | 5:5-6 |
| Devil / adversary | διάβολος / ἀντίδικος | diabolos / antidikos | slanderer / legal opponent | A singular, personal, defeated-in-principle spiritual adversary | ”the devil,” “your adversary” | Distinguished from Korean folk cosmology’s plural, ritually-manageable evil spirits | 마귀 / 대적 | High | Elders and Humility (context: 5:8-9) | 5:8 |
Part 3 — Proper Names (Established Forms, Low Risk)
| Name | Greek | Korean | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peter | Πέτρος | 베드로 | Established KRV form. |
| Silvanus | Σιλουανός | 실루아노 | Established KRV form. |
| Mark | Μᾶρκος | 마가 | Established KRV form. |
| Noah | Νῶε | 노아 | Established KRV form. |
| Sarah | Σάρρα | 사라 | Established KRV form. |
| Abraham | Ἀβραάμ | 아브라함 | Reused from baseline transliteration standard. |
| Babylon (coded for Rome) | Βαβυλών | 바벨론 | Established KRV form; note coded referent for translator/teacher, not doctrinal risk. |
| Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, Bithynia | Πόντος, Γαλατία, Καππαδοκία, Ἀσία, Βιθυνία | 본도, 갈라디아, 갑바도기아, 아시아, 비두니아 | Established KRV geographic forms, 1:1. |
Cross-Reference to Doctrine Risk Registry
All Critical and High risk terms in Part 2 must be added to an extended doctrine_risk_registry.json for 1 Peter (Phase 1 Step 2 deliverable) under the following doctrine headings, all of which require human theologian review per the baseline’s routing convention: The Living Hope of the Resurrection; Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering; The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood; Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance; Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits; Holiness in Conduct; Elders and Humility; Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / God the Father
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. In 1 Peter God is named ‘God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ’ (1:3) and ‘faithful Creator’ (4:19); both titles retain 하나님, never a generic creator-principle or folk sky-god framing.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for every divine referent (1:3, 2:3, 2:13, 3:12, 3:15, 3:22). See ‘lord_human_referent’ below for the sole non-divine exception at 3:6, which must NOT take the 님 honorific.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family / God the Father
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly, including jesa/ancestor-rite caution. 1 Peter 1:17’s ‘if you call on him as Father, who judges impartially’ must not be softened toward a venerated-ancestor framing requiring ritual offering.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly; forbidden substitutions unchanged. 1 Peter 1:2’s ‘sanctification of the Spirit’ and 4:14’s ‘Spirit of glory and of God’ must retain 성령 with no shamanistic spirit-possession framing.
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. 1 Peter multiplies grace-language (1:2, 1:10, 1:13, 3:7 ‘grace of life,’ 4:10 ‘God’s varied grace,’ 5:5, 5:10, 5:12); every occurrence must retain the unearned, non-transactional sense and resist the 기복신앙 pattern, especially at 4:10 where grace functions as stewarded spiritual gifts, not merit-earned power.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly; never 해탈. 1 Peter emphasizes salvation’s already-secured/not-yet-revealed structure (1:5, 1:9) and its final consummation (4:18); this future-oriented nuance must not collapse into a cyclical liberation concept.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation / Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; risk tier elevated to Critical for 1 Peter per the doctrine registry because 2:24 (‘die to sin, live to righteousness’) and 3:18 (‘the righteous for the unrighteous’) are substitutionary-atonement texts. Must remain forensic/moral standing before God, distinguished from the loyalty-ethics concept 의리.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ / The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package; risk tier confirmed Critical for 1 Peter per this book’s registries (never 환생/윤회). 1:3: Christ’s resurrection is the objective ground of the ‘living hope’; 3:21: it is the ground of baptism’s saving significance.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly; never 영력. 1 Peter 1:5 (‘guarded by God’s power through faith’) and 3:22 (‘angels, authorities, and powers subject to him’) are God’s/Christ’s power, categorically distinct from a mudang’s shamanistic spirit-power.
Born Again
Approved rendering: 거듭나다
Transliteration: geodeun-nada
Doctrine: New Birth (Regeneration) / The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: 환생하다, 윤회하다, 다시 태어나다 (환생 암시)
Original: ἀναγεννάω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM, top priority. Established Korean Protestant compound (also John 3:3). Sovereign, monergistic, one-time spiritual new birth grounded in Christ’s resurrection (1:3) and God’s living word (1:23). NEVER 환생/윤회 or any phrase implying a repeatable rebirth cycle.
Holy Royal Priesthood
Approved rendering: 거룩한 제사장 / 왕 같은 제사장
Transliteration: georokan jesajang / wang gateun jesajang
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 무당식 제사장, 가문 제사를 주관하는 제사장
Original: ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον / βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα
Category: Church
NEW TERM, single sharpest Korean-context collision in the epistle (2:5, 2:9). 제사 is the exact word for Confucian ancestor-memorial ritual sacrifice, the historic flashpoint of Korean Catholic martyrdom; 제사장 also risks assimilation to the shamanistic ritual-specialist role (무당). MUST be taught as belonging to ALL believers corporately, offering non-cultic worship through Christ’s sole, sufficient mediation. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Spiritual Sacrifices
Approved rendering: 신령한 제사
Transliteration: sillyeonghan jesa
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 조상 제사와 같은 신령한 제사
Original: πνευματικαὶ θυσίαι
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Non-cultic offerings of worship, obedience, praise, good works offered through Christ (2:5). Must never be assimilated to jesa ancestor-memorial ritual; Christ’s own sacrifice (1:19, 2:24, 3:18) is the sole atoning offering, unrepeatable and sufficient. Mandatory human theologian review.
Chosen Race Holy Nation
Approved rendering: 택하신 족속 / 거룩한 나라 / 그의 소유가 된 백성
Transliteration: taekhasin jokson / georokan nara / geuui soyuga doen baekseong
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 단일민족으로서의 택함받은 백성
Original: γένος ἐκλεκτόν / ἔθνος ἅγιον / λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Corporate, transnational new-covenant identity (2:9, echoing Exodus 19:6, Hosea). Must not be (mis)read as validating an ethnically Korean ‘chosen people’ given Korea’s 단일민족 self-conception; the referent is a transnational, multiethnic new-covenant community. Mandatory human theologian review.
Submission
Approved rendering: 순복하다
Transliteration: sunbokada
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: 삼종지도식 복종, 무조건적 상하복종
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM (also 복종하다). Voluntary, gospel-motivated ordering under authority ‘for the Lord’s sake’ (2:13, 2:18, 3:1, 3:5, 5:5). Korea’s rejected ‘three obediences’ (삼종지도) doctrine risks reducing this to absolute hierarchical subordination of worth. Always retain the motive clause. Mandatory human theologian review.
Lord Human Referent
Approved rendering: 주 (님 없이)
Transliteration: ju
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: 주님 (honorific applied to a human)
Original: κύριος (of Abraham, 3:6)
Category: Ethics
MECHANICS FLAG, NEW TERM. Sarah’s ordinary domestic address to Abraham (3:6), categorically distinct from divine Lordship. Must NOT take the divine honorific 주님; render as 주 without 님, matching KRV’s ‘아브라함을 주라 칭하여.’ Mandatory human theologian review to prevent honorific misapplication.
Bless Blessed
Approved rendering: 복을 빌다 / 복 있는 자
Transliteration: bogeul bilda / bok inneun ja
Doctrine: Blessing and Beatitude in Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 복을 받기 위한 조건적 축복
Original: εὐλογέω / μακάριος
Category: Suffering
NEW TERM. Verbal invocation of God’s favor on persecutors (3:9) and eschatological commendation for righteous suffering (3:14, 4:14). Shares the 복 (bok, fortune) root at the exact center of the baseline’s 기복신앙 critique — must never be a promise of resulting material fortune. Mandatory human theologian review.
Substitution Righteous For Unrighteous
Approved rendering: 대신하다
Transliteration: daesinhada
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 대표하다 (단순 대표적 의미), 본을 보이다 (모범 의미로만)
Original: δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Core substitutionary-atonement verb, ‘the righteous on behalf of/in place of the unrighteous’ (3:18). Must be preserved with full substitutionary weight, never softened into a merely representative or exemplary sense. Mandatory human theologian review.
Bore Our Sins Healed
Approved rendering: 담당하다 / 나음을 얻다
Transliteration: damdanghada / naeum-eul eotda
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 단순 동정적 짐 나눔, 육체적 치유만을 의미
Original: ἀναφέρω / ἰάομαι
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. 2:24: Christ’s vicarious bearing of sin’s penalty. 담당하다 must carry full penal/vicarious weight, not sympathetic example-bearing. 나음을 얻다 (‘healed’) risks a shamanistic-healing-power misreading in Korean charismatic church culture; teach as primarily moral-spiritual restoration from sin. Mandatory human theologian review.
Proclamation To Spirits In Prison
Approved rendering: 옥에 있는 영들에게 선포하시니라
Transliteration: oge inneun yeongdeul-ege seonpohasinira
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Rejected alternatives: 죽은 조상의 영과 소통, 무당식 영매 행위
Original: πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν
Category: Christology
NEW TERM, single highest-priority flag in this curriculum (3:19). Sits directly atop Korean shamanism’s (무속신앙) active spirit-world communication and Confucian jesa ancestor-spirit ritual obligation. MUST teach explicitly and repeatedly: unique, one-time, unrepeatable act of the risen/exalted Christ; not a model for any ongoing believer practice of communicating with, praying to, or performing rites for the dead/ancestors; its function is Christ’s cosmic triumph, not a bridge between the living and the dead. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, with the strongest translator-note requirement in this package.
Gospel Preached To Dead
Approved rendering: 죽은 자들에게도 복음이 전파되었으니
Transliteration: jugeun jadeul-egedo bogeum-i jeonpadoeeossseuni
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Rejected alternatives: 죽은 자를 위한 사후 구원 기회, 조상을 위한 기도의 근거
Original: εὐαγγελίζω νεκροῖς
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (4:6). Closely paired with the 3:19 flag. Must never be taught as authorizing an ongoing or post-mortem ‘second chance’ gospel offer, nor as warrant for evangelizing, praying for, or performing rites toward one’s own deceased relatives or ancestors. Mandatory human theologian review.
Baptism Now Saves
Approved rendering: 세례가 너희를 구원하는 표
Transliteration: serye-ga neohuireul guwonhaneun pyo
Doctrine: Baptism’s Meaning within Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의식 자체가 마법처럼 구원을 만들어냄
Original: βάπτισμα … νῦν σῴζει
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (3:21, with 하나님을 향한 선한 양심의 간구). Acutely vulnerable to a 기복신앙-style magical-ritual-efficacy misreading. The verse’s own internal denial of physical/ritual cleansing efficacy (‘몸의 더러운 것을 제하여 버림이 아니요’) must never be dropped, softened, or under-taught, and must always be grounded in Christ’s resurrection. Mandatory human theologian review.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: 우상 숭배
Transliteration: usang sungbae
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: 고대의 관습으로만 한정
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM (4:3). One of the most concretely present-day collision terms in the letter: implicates jesa ancestor-memorial bowing, active 무속신앙 ritual practice, and Buddhist temple worship as live pastoral tensions in Korean Christian families. Must affirm filial honor while excluding ritual veneration of any spirit/ancestor/image. Mandatory human theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. 1 Peter 1:7’s ‘tested genuineness of faith’ and 5:9’s ‘firm in your faith’ are trust in the risen Christ, not confidence in ritual performance or 사주팔자 fortune-telling.
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. 1 Peter 1:15-16 directly cites Leviticus (‘Be holy, for I am holy’); 2:9’s ‘holy nation’ extends this corporately. Not ritual-impurity removal (부정을 씻음).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. 1 Peter 1:2’s ‘sanctification of the Spirit’ names the Spirit as agent; distinguish from ascetic self-cultivation.
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter uses this for calling to holiness (1:15), calling out of darkness into light (2:9), calling to patient endurance under unjust suffering (2:21), and calling to inherit blessing (3:9). Never 팔자에 정해진.
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 5:10’s ‘the God of all grace, who has called you to his eternal glory’ remains a personal, relational summons, never 운명/팔자.
Election
Approved rendering: 선택
Transliteration: seontaek
Doctrine: Effectual Calling / Divine Mercy and Election
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운
Original: ἐκλεκτός / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; risk tier confirmed High for 1 Peter. 1:1 names recipients ‘elect exiles’ (택하심을 입은 나그네); 2:9 calls the church a ‘chosen race’ (택하신 족속). Must not be read as competitive merit-based selection or as validating 단일민족 ethnic-nationalism when applied corporately to the church.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. 2:24’s ‘he bore our sins’ and 4:1’s ‘ceased from sin’ retain 죄 as moral guilt before God, distinguished from 액운 (bad luck) or 체면 손상 (loss of face).
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; risk tier elevated to High for 1 Peter given heavy recurrence (1:7-8, 1:21, 1:24, 4:13-14, 5:1, 5:4, 5:10). Must not collapse into secular honor (명예) or career/status success (출세), especially given this letter’s persecution setting.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: 순종
Transliteration: sunjong
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 효를 위한 순종, 삼종지도식 순종
Original: ὑπακοή
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 1:2, 1:14, 1:22 all use this term; must resist Korea’s Confucian hierarchical-obedience ethics (including the historic ‘three obediences,’ 삼종지도) collapsing this into social-status compliance.
Providence
Approved rendering: 섭리
Transliteration: seomni
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운명
Original: πρόνοια (concept; cf. 1 Peter 1:2, 1:20’s foreknowledge language)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies 1 Peter’s foreknowledge language (1:2, 1:20) and 4:19’s entrusting-to-the-Creator; never 팔자/운명.
Covenant
Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering (covenant background)
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: διαθήκη (concept underlying 1:2’s sprinkling of blood)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; risk tier elevated to High for 1 Peter since 1:2’s ‘sprinkling with the blood of Jesus Christ’ draws directly on Exodus 24:8 covenant-ratification imagery. Korean’s clean structural distinction between 언약 and 계약 remains an asset.
Living Hope
Approved rendering: 산 소망
Transliteration: san somang
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: 큰 희망 (단순 강조), 복을 바라는 소망
Original: ἐλπὶς ζῶσα
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Confident expectation grounded in the historical resurrection of Christ (1:3), not wishful uncertainty. Must always retain its explicit object/ground; must not drift toward 기복신앙-style hoped-for material fortune (복).
Hope
Approved rendering: 소망
Transliteration: somang
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: 운/복을 바람
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Recurs at 1:13, 1:21, 3:15. Never allow as a bare, object-less noun in exposition; its object (Christ, resurrection, future glory) must remain textually explicit to avoid collapse into folk-fortune ‘hoped-for blessing.‘
Mercy
Approved rendering: 긍휼
Transliteration: geunghyul
Doctrine: Divine Mercy, Foreknowledge, and Election
Rejected alternatives: 복, 동정심 (일반적 의미)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. God’s compassionate disposition toward the helpless; motive-cause of regeneration (1:3, 2:10). Kept distinct from 은혜 (grace, a legal/relational status). Must not be read as a mudang’s compassionate intervention obtainable by correct ritual offering.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: 유업
Transliteration: yueop
Doctrine: The Believer’s Secured Heavenly Inheritance
Rejected alternatives: 가업 상속, 제사를 위한 유산
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Believer’s certain future possession secured by God (1:4, 3:7). Risk of being filtered through Confucian family-property inheritance (가업 상속) tied to lineage duty and jesa continuation; must be taught as relational family-belonging, not a lineage-continuation asset.
Guarded
Approved rendering: 보호하심을 받다
Transliteration: bohohasim-eul batda
Doctrine: The Believer’s Secured Heavenly Inheritance
Rejected alternatives: 팔자로 지켜지다, 운으로 보호받다
Original: φρουρέω
Category: God
NEW TERM. God’s active, continuous, military-style protective custody exercised through faith (1:5). Must convey active personal protection, never passive fatalistic ‘being kept safe by fortune.‘
Trials
Approved rendering: 여러 가지 시험
Transliteration: yeoreo gaji siheom
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 액땜
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Suffering
NEW TERM. External hardship testing faith’s genuineness (1:6), distinct from temptation-to-sin. Korean 시험 spans ‘trial’ and ‘temptation’; must be taught as God-permitted testing, never bad luck (액운) or ritual deficiency.
Tested Genuineness
Approved rendering: 확실함
Transliteration: hwaksilham
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: 공로로 얻은 확실함
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Suffering
NEW TERM, paired with 연단 (refining). Metallurgical refining metaphor (1:7) proving the authenticity of a faith already gifted by grace, not a work that earns or increases divine favor — resist 기복신앙-style ‘enduring trial well merits blessing’ logic.
Sojourners
Approved rendering: 나그네
Transliteration: nageune
Doctrine: Christian Identity as Sojourners and Exiles
Rejected alternatives: 외국인, 떠돌이 (부정적 의미로만)
Original: παρεπίδημος / πάροικος
Category: Church
NEW TERM (secondary gloss 거류민). Korean culture’s strong positive value on rootedness (고향, 본관, 호적, ancestral-grave tending) risks this being heard as a negative, misfortune-adjacent status. Always pair with 택하심을 입은 (elect, 1:1) to secure the positive theological self-identity. Recurs 1:17, 2:11.
Foreknowledge
Approved rendering: 미리 아심
Transliteration: miri asim
Doctrine: Divine Mercy, Foreknowledge, and Election
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운명
Original: πρόγνωσις
Category: God
NEW TERM. God’s personal, purposive prior knowing grounding election (1:2, 1:20). Never 팔자 (birth-chart fate) or 운명 (impersonal destiny).
Redeemed
Approved rendering: 구속되다
Transliteration: gusokdoeda
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 제사로 속량됨
Original: λυτρόω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (also 속량). 1:18 explicitly names ‘futile ways inherited from your forefathers’ as what believers are ransomed from — requires pastoral care alongside the Father/jesa caution given Korea’s 18th-19th century Catholic martyrdoms over jesa refusal. Mandatory human theologian review.
Unblemished Lamb
Approved rendering: 흠 없고 점 없는 어린 양
Transliteration: heum eopgo jeom eomneun eorin yang
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. OT sacrificial-purity qualification (1:19). Must be taught as a unique, unrepeatable, fully sufficient sacrifice, not one instance within an ongoing pattern of ritual offering.
Futile Ancestral Ways
Approved rendering: 조상이 물려 준 헛된 행실
Transliteration: josang-i mullyeo jun heotdoen haengsil
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering / Holiness in Conduct
Original: πατροπαράδοτος ἀναστροφή
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. 1:18’s target of redemption. Not an attack on honoring parents; targets ancestral religious tradition when it competes with exclusive devotion to Christ. Given Korea’s jesa history, mandatory human theologian review.
Domineering
Approved rendering: 주장하다
Transliteration: juzanghada
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Leadership
NEW TERM. Illegitimate human domination forbidden of elders (5:3), built on the same κύριος root as the baseline’s exclusive ‘Lord’ term — no human elder is to act as 주(인) over the flock.
Gentle Quiet Spirit
Approved rendering: 온유하고 안정한 심령
Transliteration: onyuhago anjeonghan simnyeong
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: 침묵하는 여성상
Original: πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Inner character quality precious to God (3:4). Risks conflation with the Confucian ideal of a silent, deferential woman; must be taught as a character quality commended for any believer, not a gender-essentialist requirement.
Good Conscience
Approved rendering: 양심
Transliteration: yangsim
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: 체면
Original: συνείδησις ἀγαθή
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Internal, God-facing moral faculty (3:16, 3:21). Must be distinguished from 체면 (chemyeon, social face/standing), reinforced by 1 Peter’s own 3:21 contrast with mere bodily dirt-removal.
Fiery Trial
Approved rendering: 불 시험
Transliteration: bul siheom
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πύρωσις
Category: Suffering
NEW TERM (4:12). Direct echo of 1:7’s refining-fire metaphor; reuses the ‘trials’ caution against a misfortune/fate (액운) reading.
Elder
Approved rendering: 장로
Transliteration: jangno
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Leadership
NEW TERM (5:1, 5:5). Korea’s rigorous age-based hierarchy culture (경로사상, 장유유서) risks reading this as pure age-based deference rather than 1 Peter’s Christlike, servant-shaped office, which 5:2-3 immediately qualifies by forbidding domineering. Flag for human theologian review; always teach with 5:2-3’s corrective content.
Humility
Approved rendering: 겸손
Transliteration: gyeomson
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: 연장자에 대한 일방적 겸양
Original: ταπεινοφροσύνη / ταπεινόω
Category: Leadership
NEW TERM (5:5-6). Korean Confucian ethical culture channels this predominantly as a one-directional, junior-to-senior virtue; 1 Peter 5:5 commands mutual humility (‘all of you, toward one another’) including elders themselves. Must resist reduction to one-directional deference. Mandatory human theologian review.
Devil Adversary
Approved rendering: 마귀
Transliteration: magwi
Doctrine: Assurance amid Suffering and Spiritual Warfare
Rejected alternatives: 귀신 중 하나, 달래야 할 원혼
Original: διάβολος / ἀντίδικος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM (also 대적, 5:8). A singular, personal, already-defeated spiritual adversary resisted by firm faith alone; distinguished from Korean folk cosmology’s plural, ambiguous, ritually-manageable evil spirits (귀신, 도깨비) or offended ancestral/nature spirits requiring ritual placation.
Medium Risk Terms
Messiah
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly; 1 Peter’s dense ‘sufferings of Christ’ language (1:11, 4:13, 5:1) retains this term.
Peace
Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved for the specific relational peace-with-God doctrinal sense. 1 Peter’s epistolary greetings (1:2, 5:14) instead use 평강 — see separate ‘peace_greeting’ entry.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: 은사
Transliteration: eunsa
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 무당의 능력
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 4:10 pairs this with ‘stewards’ (청지기): gifts are entrusted for others’ benefit, not a personal power-display echoing Korean charismatic-church concerns.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 이방인
Transliteration: ibangin
Doctrine: Mission and Witness Before a Watching World
Rejected alternatives: 외국인 (단일민족 의미로)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; referent shift flagged for 1 Peter: 2:12’s ‘good conduct among the Gentiles’ addresses a mostly Gentile-background church describing outside/unbelieving observers generally, not the Jew/Gentile redemptive-historical category central to Romans. Do not overload with Romans’ salvation-historical freight.
Church
Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία (concept; word itself absent from 1 Peter)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. The Greek word ἐκκλησία itself does not occur in 1 Peter; the doctrine is carried by ‘spiritual house’ (2:5), ‘holy nation’ (2:9), ‘household of God’ (4:17). Never 당집/절.
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
Inherited from Romans package unmodified. Relevant at 1:10-12 (‘the prophets who prophesied about the grace that was to be yours … searched and inquired carefully’). Distinguish from 점쟁이/무당.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측
Inherited from Romans package unmodified. Relevant at 1:10-12 and the OT citation chain (1:24-25, 2:6-8, 3:10-12). Distinct from 점/사주팔자 prediction.
Sprinkling Of Blood
Approved rendering: 피 뿌림
Transliteration: pi ppurim
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. OT covenant-ratification/consecration imagery (Exodus 24:8) applied to Christ’s blood (1:2). Requires OT background teaching so it is not read as disconnected ritual blood-magic; pair with 1:19’s unblemished-lamb imagery.
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: 형제 사랑
Transliteration: hyeongje sarang
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. 1:22. Ensure ‘sincere’ (ἀνυπόκριτος) excludes the Confucian social-performance sense of relational propriety (예) as a substitute for genuine inner affection.
Imperishable Seed Living Word
Approved rendering: 썩지 아니할 씨
Transliteration: sseokji anihal ssi
Doctrine: New Birth (Regeneration)
Original: σπορὰ ἄφθαρτος / λόγος ζῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (paired with 살아 있고 항상 있는 하나님의 말씀). Agricultural metaphor for the regenerating agency of God’s word (1:23-25). Keep consistent with 1:4’s ἄφθαρτος vocabulary.
Living Stone
Approved rendering: 산 돌
Transliteration: san dol
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λίθος ζῶν
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Christological building-stone metaphor (2:4, Psalm 118, Isaiah 28). Must not be flattened into a merely decorative image; structurally anchors the priesthood/spiritual-house complex.
Spiritual House
Approved rendering: 신령한 집
Transliteration: sillyeonghan jip
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: οἶκος πνευματικός
Category: Church
NEW TERM. The church as God’s temple-community (2:5). Ensure distinct from a literal shrine building (당집) or Buddhist temple (절), per the baseline church-entry caution.
Cornerstone Stumbling Stone
Approved rendering: 모퉁잇돌 / 걸림돌
Transliteration: motungitdol / geollimdol
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λίθος ἀκρογωνιαῖος / λίθος προσκόμματος
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Christological OT-citation imagery (Isaiah 28:16, Psalm 118:22; 2:6-8). Standard citation imagery; requires citation-format care only.
Weaker Vessel Fellow Heirs
Approved rendering: 더 연약한 그릇 / 생명의 은혜를 함께 유업으로 받을 자
Transliteration: deo yeonyakhan geureut / saengmyeong-ui eunhye-reul hamkke yueobeuro badeul ja
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ἀσθενέστερον σκεῦος / συγκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Social/physical vulnerability language (3:7) balanced by full co-inheritance status; a corrective balance-verse to 3:1-6, always taught together with it. Reuses 유업/은혜.
Steward
Approved rendering: 청지기
Transliteration: cheongjigi
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Stewardship
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church
NEW TERM (4:10). Distinguished from 사환/종 (household servant/slave, 2:18): a steward exercises delegated, accountable responsibility over God’s grace-gifts, not merely subordinate labor.
Faithful Creator
Approved rendering: 미쁘신 창조주
Transliteration: mippeusin changjoju
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 창조 설화의 하늘 신
Original: πιστὸς κτίστης
Category: God
NEW TERM (4:19). ‘Creator’ language can adjoin pre-Christian Korean creation narratives (Dangun/Hwanin myth) or generic folk creator-deities; must be taught as the same personal, covenant-keeping God already identified as Father (1:3, 1:17).
Peace Greeting
Approved rendering: 평강
Transliteration: pyeonggang
Doctrine: Peace with God and Epistolary Greeting
Original: εἰρήνη (epistolary greeting/benediction sense)
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (register-specific extension of the baseline ‘peace’ entry). Standard KRV epistolary-greeting/benediction rendering of εἰρήνη (1:2, 5:14), kept distinct from 화평 (the doctrinal ‘peace with God through justification’ sense). Flag for native speaker review to preserve the distinction.
Shepherd Overseer
Approved rendering: 목자와 감독
Transliteration: mokjawa gamdok
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποιμήν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Leadership
NEW TERM (2:25). Standard pastoral titles; low collision risk beyond consistency with 5:2’s shepherding instruction to elders and 5:4’s ‘chief Shepherd.‘
Chief Shepherd
Approved rendering: 목자장
Transliteration: mokjajang
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ἀρχιποίμην
Category: Leadership
NEW TERM (5:4). Establishes that elders shepherd under Christ’s ultimate authority, not with independent lordship.
Unfading Crown Of Glory
Approved rendering: 시들지 아니하는 영광의 관
Transliteration: sideulji anihaneun yeonggwang-ui gwan
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ἀμαράντινος τῆς δόξης στέφανος
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (5:4). Echoes 1:4’s ἀμάραντος; reuses 영광 with its caution against collapsing into secular achievement-honor (명예/출세).
Judgment Household Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 집
Transliteration: Hananim-ui jip
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 가문/호적 개념의 하나님의 집
Original: τὸ κρίμα ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (4:17). Designates the church corporately; must not be misread through a Confucian household/lineage register (가문, 호적) sense as an ethnic-familial referent.
Angels Authorities Powers Subject
Approved rendering: 천사들과 권세들과 능력들이 그에게 복종하느니라
Transliteration: cheonsadeulgwa gwonsedeulgwa neungnyeokdeul-i geuege bokjonghaneunira
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: ἀγγέλων καὶ ἐξουσιῶν καὶ δυνάμεων ὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (3:22). Reuses 능력 (Critical per baseline) in a non-soteriological, Christ’s-exaltation sense; 복종하다 here describes cosmic powers’ compelled subjection, a distinct sense from the voluntary ethical 순복 of chs. 2-3 — flag the distinction for translator clarity.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: 교제
Transliteration: gyoje
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνέω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 4:13 uses the verb form κοινωνέω for ‘sharing Christ’s sufferings.‘
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία (concept, low frequency in 1 Peter)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Not prominent as a discrete term in 1 Peter; no new risk.
Exhort
Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 5:12, ‘exhorting and declaring this is the true grace of God.‘
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 1:1 identifies Peter as ‘an apostle of Jesus Christ’; avoid any framing suggesting a shamanistic intermediary (무당) role.
Christian
Approved rendering: 그리스도인
Transliteration: geuriseudoin
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: Χριστιανός
Category: Church
NEW TERM (4:16). Well-established Korean Christian vocabulary; positive, non-shameful identity marker for suffering ‘as a Christian.‘
Pure Spiritual Milk
Approved rendering: 신령한 젖
Transliteration: sillyeonghan jeot
Doctrine: New Birth (Regeneration)
Original: τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (2:2). Established KRV rendering; God’s word as nourishment for spiritual growth toward salvation. Low risk.
Vices To Put Off
Approved rendering: 외식
Transliteration: oesik
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: κακία, δόλος, ὑπόκρισις, φθόνος, καταλαλιά
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM (2:1, part of a vice list: 악독, 궤휼, 외식, 시기, 비방). 외식 (hypocrisy, lit. ‘outward performance’) could be softened toward mere social-propriety failure rather than genuine moral fault if undertaught, echoing the Confucian 예 contrast flagged for ‘law’ in the baseline.
Peter
Approved rendering: 베드로
Transliteration: Bedeuro
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: Πέτρος
Category: Proper Name
Proper name, established KRV form. The apostle Peter, author of this epistle.
Silvanus
Approved rendering: 실루아노
Transliteration: Siluano
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: Σιλουανός
Category: Proper Name
Proper name, established KRV form. Peter’s amanuensis/courier (5:12).
Mark
Approved rendering: 마가
Transliteration: Maga
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: Μᾶρκος
Category: Proper Name
Proper name, established KRV form (5:13).
Noah
Approved rendering: 노아
Transliteration: Noa
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: Νῶε
Category: Proper Name
Proper name, established KRV form. Referenced at 3:20.
Sarah
Approved rendering: 사라
Transliteration: Sara
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: Σάρρα
Category: Proper Name
Proper name, established KRV form. Cited as an example at 3:6.
Abraham
Approved rendering: 아브라함
Transliteration: Abeuraham
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Proper Name
Proper name, reused from the Romans baseline transliteration standard. Referenced at 3:6; see ‘lord_human_referent’ for the honorific-mechanics caution attached to this verse.
Babylon
Approved rendering: 바벨론
Transliteration: Babellon
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 로마 (직접 대체 번역 금지)
Original: Βαβυλών
Category: Proper Name
Proper name, established KRV form; coded reference to Rome (5:13), an early-church cipher. Do not paraphrase to 로마 in the base text — footnote for teachers only.
Diaspora Regions
Approved rendering: 본도, 갈라디아, 갑바도기아, 아시아, 비두니아
Transliteration: Bondo, Gallatia, Gapbadogia, Asia, Biduniya
Doctrine: Christian Identity as Sojourners and Exiles
Original: Πόντος, Γαλατία, Καππαδοκία, Ἀσία, Βιθυνία
Category: Proper Name
Established KRV geographic proper names, 1:1.
Referenced passages