Core Glossary
Philippians Core Glossary (Korean)
How to Read This Table
- Status: REUSED (already in Romans
translation_memory.json; render exactly as recorded) or NEW (introduced by Philippians; proposed for addition to translation memory). - Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low, per the baseline’s risk_definitions.
- Doctrine: the curriculum doctrine(s) this term primarily serves.
- Reused terms include only an abbreviated collision note (see Romans baseline files for full reasoning); new terms include full collision reasoning grounded in Korean religious/cultural context.
A. REUSED TERMS (Enforce Romans TM Rendering Exactly — No Substitution)
| English Term | Greek | Korean (TM) | Risk | Doctrine(s) in Philippians | Key Philippians Passages | Abbreviated Collision Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | χάρις | 은혜 | Critical | Grace of suffering (1:29); Grace-gift of exaltation (2:9); Contentment vs transactional giving (4:15-19) | 1:2, 1:7, 1:29, 2:9, 4:23 | Never a 기복신앙 reciprocal-exchange reading; always unearned. |
| faith | πίστις | 믿음 | High | Righteousness by Faith vs Law (3:9); church partnership (1:27; 2:17) | 1:25, 1:27, 2:17, 3:9 | Trust in Christ specifically, not superstition/fortune-telling confidence. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | 의 | Critical | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 3:6, 3:9 | Not 의리 (loyalty-ethics); forensic standing before God. |
| law | νόμος | 율법 | High | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 3:5, 3:6, 3:9 | Mosaic Law; not Confucian ritual-propriety code (예). |
| imputed righteousness | ἐλογίσθη… εἰς δικαιοσύνην (concept) | 의로 여기심 | Critical | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 3:9 (a righteousness “from God” received “through faith”) | Credited status, not self-cultivated achievement (도를 닦음). |
| salvation | σωτηρία | 구원 | Critical | Salvation; Contentment; Christian perseverance | 1:19, 1:28, 2:12 | Never 해탈; personal deliverance/reconciliation, not this life’s escape from a cycle. |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | 사도 | Low | (background; Paul’s identity, though 1:1 uses δοῦλος not ἀπόστολος) | 1:1 (implied authorial role) | No shamanistic intermediary framing. |
| calling / called | κλῆσις / κλητός | 부르심 / 부르심을 받은 | High | Pressing on toward the Goal (the “upward call”) | 3:14 | Not 팔자/사주 birth-chart fate; personal divine summons. |
| holy | ἅγιος | 거룩한 | High | (background to sanctification passages) | 1:1 (implied in “saints”), 4:21-22 | Moral/relational, not shamanistic ritual-purity. |
| saints | ἅγιοι | 성도 | High | Church as God’s People | 1:1, 4:21-22 | Corporate designation for all believers, not an ascetic elite (신선/도인). |
| sanctification | ἁγιασμός (concept) | 성화 | High | Pressing on toward the Goal; not-yet-complete pursuit (3:12-14) | 3:12-14 | Spirit’s ongoing work, not self-cultivation (수행/도 닦기). |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις | 부활 | Critical | Incarnation/Kenosis (exaltation, 2:9-11); Pressing on toward the Goal (3:10-11, 21) | 2:9 (implied), 3:10, 3:11, 3:21 | Never 환생/윤회; bodily, historical, once-for-all. |
| lord | κύριος | 주님 | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying (the confession, 2:11) | 2:11, 3:8, 3:20 | Exclusive supreme Lordship; correct honorific 님. |
| peace | εἰρήνη | 화평 (doctrinal) / 평강 (epistolary & experiential, per established KRV usage) | Medium-High | Peace with God; Contentment | 1:2, 4:7, 4:9 | See core-glossary note below on the three-tier peace vocabulary. |
| spiritual gifts | χαρίσματα | 은사 | High | (background; church ministry, cf. Epaphroditus/Timothy service in ch. 2) | 2:19-30 (implied ministry gifting) | Not shaman’s spirit-power (영력); Spirit-given, church-building. |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία | 감사 | Low | Prayer amid anxiety (4:6) | 1:3, 4:6 | Standard term; low risk. |
| fellowship | κοινωνία | 교제 | Low-High (context-dependent) | Partnership in the Gospel | 1:5, 2:1, 3:10 | Base term Low risk generically; High risk in Philippians’ participatory/financial-partnership senses (see NEW: 동참/동역자 below). |
| church | ἐκκλησία | 교회 | Medium | Unity and Humility in the Church | (implied throughout; addressees 1:1) | Not 당집/절. |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | 죄 | High | (background to universal accountability, implied in 3:6-9’s law/righteousness discussion) | 3:6 (implied) | Moral offense before personal God, not 액운/체면 손상. |
| gentiles | ἔθνη | 이방인 | High | (background to unity themes) | (implied in 2:15’s “crooked generation” contrast) | Avoid 단일민족 ethnic-insider framing. |
| glory | δόξα | 영광 | Medium-High | Incarnation/Kenosis (exaltation); Citizenship in Heaven (glorious body) | 1:11, 2:11, 3:21, 4:19-20 | Not 명예/출세 (secular honor/career success). |
| power of God | δύναμις (θεοῦ) | 능력 | Critical | Incarnation/Kenosis background; Pressing on toward the Goal (3:10); Contentment (4:13) | 3:10, 4:13 | Never 영력; CRITICAL popular-misuse risk at 4:13, see NEW section. |
| messiah / christ | Χριστός | 그리스도 | Medium | throughout | passim | Not 미륵 (Maitreya). |
| incarnation | (theological term for) ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο | 성육신 | Critical/High | Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ | 2:6-8 | Never 화신 (Buddhist avatar); permanent, unique, real human nature. |
| obedience of faith | ὑπακοὴ πίστεως (concept) | 믿음의 순종 | High | Incarnation/Kenosis (Christ’s obedience, 2:8, as pattern); Unity and Humility | 2:8 (Christ’s own obedience, the pattern believers imitate) | Not hierarchical Confucian obedience-compliance. |
| god | θεός | 하나님 | Critical | throughout | passim | Never 하느님/천주/산신령. |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς | 예수 | Critical | throughout | passim | Standard KRV form. |
| holy spirit | πνεῦμα (ἅγιον) | 성령 | Critical | Unity and Humility (2:1); Prayer (implied) | 1:19, 2:1, 3:3 | Never 신령/신 alone; no spirit-possession framing. |
| father | πατήρ | 아버지 | Critical | Incarnation/Kenosis (doxology, 2:11) | 1:2, 2:11, 4:20 | Not a venerated-ancestor/jesa figure. |
| exhort | παρακαλέω (concept; noun form παράκλησις in 2:1) | 권면하다 / 권면 | Low-Medium | Unity and Humility (2:1) | 2:1, 4:2-3 | Standard term; ensure Spirit-grounded, not generic encouragement. |
B. NEW TERMS (Proposed Additions to Translation Memory for Philippians)
| English Term | Greek | Translit | Korean (Proposed) | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Key Passages | Alternatives Rejected | Collision Reasoning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| self-emptying / kenosis | ἐκένωσεν (κενόω) | ekenōsen | 자기를 비우다 (kenosis concept referenced as 자기 비움) | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ | 2:7 | 무아를 이루다 (“attaining no-self”), 마음을 비우다 (generic Buddhist-flavored “emptying the mind/heart”) | Korean 비움/”emptying” is the standard rendering for the Buddhist doctrine of 공(空, śūnyatā) and closely tied to 무아(無我, “no-self”) and popular “마음을 비우다” meditative-detachment spirituality. Christ’s kenosis is the voluntary, historical, one-time self-limitation of the exercise of divine glory while retaining full deity and gaining a real human nature — an act of self-giving addition, not self-dissolving subtraction. Must always be taught with this explicit contrast. Human theologian review required for every occurrence. |
| form (of God / of a servant) | μορφή | morphē | 본체 (of God) / 형체 (of a servant) | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ | 2:6, 2:7 | 모습/외형 (mere outward “shape/appearance,” too shallow) | Must convey essential nature/substance, not mere outward semblance, to protect the deity_of_christ and true-humanity doctrines simultaneously. |
| a thing to be grasped | ἁρπαγμός | harpagmos | 취할 것 | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ | 2:6 | 얻어야 할 것 (“something yet to be attained,” wrongly implying Christ lacked deity) | Christ already possessed equality with God; he declined to exploit it for self-advantage. Must not suggest deity was aspirational or lacking. |
| equality with God | ἴσα θεῷ | isa theō | 하나님과 동등됨 | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ | 2:6 | 하나님과 비슷함 (“similar to God,” a softening) | Full, unqualified equality; any softening compromises deity_of_christ. |
| humbled himself | ἐταπείνωσεν (ταπεινόω) | etapeinōsen | 자기를 낮추다 | High | Incarnation and Self-Emptying; Unity and Humility | 2:8 | (none identified; established rendering) | Must retain link to ταπεινοφροσύνη (2:3) so the ethical appeal and Christological narrative remain visibly connected. |
| humility | ταπεινοφροσύνη | tapeinophrosynē | 겸손 | High | Unity and Humility in the Church | 2:3 | 예의 (formulaic social politeness) | Korean Confucian ethics already has a robust 겸손-as-hierarchical-deference concept; biblical humility here is a status-reversing, others-elevating posture modeled by a superior toward those beneath him, not mere polite deference to a superior. |
| highly exalted | ὑπερύψωσεν (ὑπερυψόω) | hyperypsōsen | 지극히 높이다 | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ | 2:9 | 높이다 alone (loses intensifying force) | Preserve maximal intensification to protect the hymn’s humbling/exalting structural reversal. |
| confess (Lordship) | ἐξομολογήσηται (ἐξομολογέω) | exomologēsētai | 시인하다 | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (the salvation confession) | 2:11 | (established; must match Romans 10:9 rendering pattern) | Must be verbatim-consistent with the Romans TM’s mandated Romans 10:9 confession language across the whole curriculum. |
| joy / rejoice | χαρά / χαίρω | chara / chairō | 기쁨 / 기뻐하다 | High | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | 1:4, 1:18, 1:25, 2:2, 2:17-18, 2:28-29, 3:1, 4:1, 4:4, 4:10 | 복을 받아 기쁘다 (“happy because blessed with fortune”) | Must be distinguished from 복-derived (fortune-blessing) happiness, the same 기복신앙 collision flagged Critical for “grace”/Medium for “gospel” in the Romans baseline; also worth pastoral contrast with Korea’s culturally distinctive 한(han) sorrow-concept — gospel joy transforms rather than denies suffering. |
| suffering / affliction | πάσχω / θλῖψις | paschō / thlipsis | 고난 / 환난 | High | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | 1:29-30, 4:14 | 액운 (fate-derived misfortune), 벌 (punishment) | Suffering for Christ is framed as a grace-gift (1:29, same root as χάρις), not misfortune or divine punishment for insufficient faith — a folk-religious reading this must explicitly correct. |
| bonds / imprisonment | δεσμά | desma | 매임 / 갇힘 | Medium | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | 1:7, 1:13-14, 1:17 | (established; low ambiguity) | Historical/circumstantial term; low collision risk but load-bearing for the letter’s occasion. |
| partnership (in the gospel) | κοινωνία εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον | koinōnia eis to euangelion | 복음의 동참 / 동역 | High | Partnership in the Gospel | 1:5, 4:14-18 | 교제 alone (too generic-relational for the participatory/financial sense) | Philippians’ κοινωνία carries a stronger active-participation/material-support sense than Romans’ relational-fellowship sense; recommend 동참/동역 as supplementary vocabulary alongside the base-glossary 교제. |
| co-worker / yokefellow | σύζυγε / συνεργός (concept) | syzyge / synergos | 동역자 | Medium | Partnership in the Gospel | 2:25, 4:3 | (none identified) | Reinforces “Partnership” doctrine’s relational, laboring-together sense. |
| giving and receiving | δόσις καὶ λῆψις | dosis kai lēpsis | 주고받는 것 | High | Partnership in the Gospel | 4:15 | (must not be rendered with transactional “invest and profit” commercial idiom) | Commercial bookkeeping idiom describing genuine covenant-partnership giving; must not be taught as a give-to-get 기복신앙 exchange with God. |
| drink offering (poured out) | σπένδομαι | spendomai | 전제와 같이 부어지다 | High | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment; self-giving ministry | 2:17 | (established biblical sacrificial term; risk is contextual association, not the term itself) | The pouring-out gesture visually parallels the Korean ancestor-rite (제사, jesa) libation practice, already flagged Critical under “Father” in the Romans baseline; must be explicitly distinguished — Paul’s self-offering is directed to God alone through gospel ministry, not an ancestor-rite libation. |
| perfected / made complete | τετελείωμαι (τελειόω) | teteleiōmai | 온전히 이루다 | High | Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ | 3:12 | 도통하다 (“mastering the Way”), 성불하다 (“attaining Buddhahood”) | Paul explicitly denies self-attained present completion; must not read as a self-cultivated enlightenment/mastery state. Christian maturity is Christ-dependent and not-yet-complete. |
| press on / pursue | διώκω | diōkō | 좇다 / 따르다 | High | Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ | 3:12, 3:14 | 노력으로 얻다 (“obtain by [self-]effort,” too merit-flavored) | Must be grace-grounded pursuit (Christ laid hold of Paul first, 3:12b), not achievement-culture merit-striving (cf. 출세-oriented striving already flagged under “glory” in the Romans baseline). |
| prize / goal (mark) | βραβεῖον / σκοπός | brabeion / skopos | 상 / 푯대 | Medium | Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ | 3:14 | (established KRV terms; low ambiguity) | Preserve the athletic-race image; avoid flattening into an abstract, static “objective.” |
| citizenship / commonwealth | πολίτευμα | politeuma | 시민권 | High | Citizenship in Heaven | 3:20 (cf. 1:27’s related civic verb πολιτεύεσθε) | 국적 (narrow legal “nationality”), a purely administrative-registration framing | Two collision vectors: (1) modern Korean 시민권 connotes primarily legal/passport citizenship, risking under-translation of Paul’s richer homeland-belonging/present-identity sense; (2) risk of being read as competing with, or merely paralleling, Korea’s strong ethnic-nationalist self-conception (단일민족), already flagged High risk in the Romans baseline under “gentiles”/“universal scope of the gospel.” Must teach as the believer’s primary, defining, present-and-future identity that relativizes but does not abolish ordinary civic belonging. |
| savior | σωτήρ | sōtēr | 구주 | Critical | Citizenship in Heaven | 3:20 | (established; must align with σωτηρία’s Critical-risk protections) | Noun-form counterpart of 구원 (salvation); exclusive personal-deliverer sense, not a generic benefactor/rescuer. |
| self-sufficient / content | αὐτάρκης (αὐτάρκεια) | autarkēs | 자족 | Critical | Contentment in All Circumstances | 4:11 | 무소유의 삶 (“a life of non-possession,” a specific Korean Buddhist-associated phrase), 초연함 (detached equanimity achieved by oneself) | Paul deliberately subverts the Stoic ideal of self-generated inner independence (αὐτάρκεια) his readers’ Greco-Roman context would recognize; his contentment is explicitly Christ-dependent (4:13), not self-achieved. This also resonates strongly with, and must be distinguished from, Korean Buddhist-popularized 무소유 (“non-possession”) spirituality of contentment through self-disciplined detachment from desire. Human theologian review required. |
| I have learned the secret | μεμύημαι (μυέω) | memyēmai | 비결 | Critical | Contentment in All Circumstances | 4:12 | (the established KRV term itself is the primary risk factor here, not an alternative to reject) | 비결 (“secret technique/formula”) is extremely common in modern Korean success/self-help vocabulary (e.g. “성공의 비결”). Combined with 4:13, this is at serious, real-world-documented risk of being read as a self-help success formula rather than a hard-won, Christ-dependent posture of contentment learned through both abundance and genuine need. Human theologian review required. |
| him who strengthens me | ὁ ἐνδυναμῶν με | ho endynamōn me | 내게 능력 주시는 자 | Critical | Contentment in All Circumstances | 4:13 | (must not be excerpted/decontextualized as a stand-alone achievement-guarantee slogan) | One of the most popularly quoted and most frequently decontextualized verses in Korean Christian culture, commonly used as a talismanic success/achievement slogan for exams, sports, and business. Directly continuous with the Romans baseline’s Critical-risk warning against 능력 sliding toward shamanistic-flavored, this-worldly power-seeking (영력). Must always be taught anchored to its actual context: contentment amid both want and plenty. Human theologian review required for every occurrence. |
| gentleness / reasonableness | τὸ ἐπιεικές | to epieikes | 관용 | Medium | Unity and Humility in the Church | 4:5 | (none identified) | Standard vocabulary; ensure active gracious forbearance, not passive tolerance. |
| the peace of God (experiential) | ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ θεοῦ | hē eirēnē tou theou | 평강 | High | Peace/Contentment (extends Romans TM’s “peace” entry) | 1:2, 4:7, 4:9 | 화평 substituted indiscriminately for 평강 (or vice versa) | Korean Bible tradition maintains three related peace-terms: 화평 (Romans 5:1’s doctrinal peace-with-God), 평강 (epistolary salutations; Philippians 4:7,9’s experiential guarding-peace), and 평안 (general secular well-being, already flagged as the sense to avoid in Romans TM). These are not freely interchangeable; Phase 2 must preserve whichever the established KRV tradition uses per verse. |
| perceived understanding | νοῦς | nous | 지각 | Low-Medium | Contentment / Peace of God | 4:7 | (none identified) | Standard vocabulary; low collision risk. |
| virtue-catalog (“whatever is true…“) | ἀληθῆ, σεμνά, δίκαια, ἁγνά, προσφιλῆ, εὔφημα | (list) | 참되며/경건하며/옳으며/정결하며/사랑받을 만하며/칭찬받을 만한 것 | Medium | Unity and Humility; general holiness | 4:8 | (none identified) | 정결 (“pure”) item overlaps with the Romans TM’s existing ritual-purity caution under “holy”; must denote moral/mental purity here, not ritual cleanliness. |
| fragrant/acceptable sacrifice | ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας, θυσία δεκτή, εὐάρεστος | osmē euōdias, thysia dektē, euarestos | 향기로운 제물, 받으실 만한 희생 제사, 하나님을 기쁘시게 함 | High | Partnership in the Gospel | 4:18 | (must not be read as a transactional offering that obligates divine blessing) | Same 기복신앙 transactional-giving caution as “giving and receiving” and the drink-offering entries above; giving is worship-expression, not blessing-purchase. |
| circumcision (true, spiritual) | περιτομή | peritomē | 할례 | High | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law (background: Jew/Gentile unity) | 3:3 | (established; risk lies in context, not the word) | Ties to the Romans TM’s “Unity of Jews and Gentiles” doctrine; must retain the Spirit-worship (not ethnic-marker/ritual-performance) sense in 3:3. |
| the mutilation (polemical wordplay) | κατατομή | katatomē | 손 할례당 | Medium | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 3:2 | (Greek pun largely untranslatable; established KRV solution retained) | Polemical force preserved via established idiom rather than literal wordplay; teaching notes should explain the original pun. |
| confidence in the flesh | πεποιθέναι ἐν σαρκί | pepoithenai en sarki | 육체를 신뢰하다 | High | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 3:3-4 | (none identified) | Rejects confidence in any human credential/achievement, not ethnicity specifically. |
| loss / rubbish | ζημία / σκύβαλα | zēmia / skybala | 해로 여김 / 배설물 | High | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 3:7-8 | 무익한 것 (a softened “worthless things,” loses rhetorical shock) | Retain the crude, visceral force of σκύβαλα per established KRV rendering; softening blunts Paul’s rhetorical point. |
| body of humiliation / body of glory | σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως / σῶμα τῆς δόξης | sōma tēs tapeinōseōs / sōma tēs doxēs | 낮은 몸 / 영광의 몸 | Medium-High | Citizenship in Heaven; Resurrection hope | 3:21 | 환생한 몸 (“a reincarnated body” — forbidden) | Future, bodily, Christ-wrought transformation; never a rebirth-into-new-body-in-an-ongoing-cycle (guards the Romans TM’s existing 환생/윤회 prohibition under “resurrection”). |
| work out your own salvation | κατεργάζεσθε τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν | katergazesthe tēn heautōn sōtērian | 너희 구원을 이루라 | Critical | Contentment / Perseverance (Chapter 2 context) | 2:12 | 구원을 얻기 위해 스스로 도를 닦으라 (self-cultivation-to-earn-salvation, forbidden) | Superficially synergistic-sounding; must always be taught together with 2:13 (God works in you) to prevent a self-cultivation-attainment misreading, directly parallel to the Romans TM’s forbidden justification-related substitutions. |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference Summary
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms (Status) |
|---|---|
| The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis) | 성육신 (REUSED, Critical), 자기 비움/ἐκένωσεν (NEW, Critical), 본체/형체 (NEW, Critical), 취할 것 (NEW, Critical), 하나님과 동등됨 (NEW, Critical), 낮추다 (NEW, High), 지극히 높이다 (NEW, Critical), 시인하다 (NEW, Critical), 주님 (REUSED, Critical) |
| Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | 기쁨/기뻐하다 (NEW, High), 고난/환난 (NEW, High), 매임 (NEW, Medium), 은혜를 주신 것/χαρίζομαι of suffering (ties to 은혜 REUSED, Critical) |
| Unity and Humility in the Church | 겸손 (NEW, High), 성령의 교제 (ties to 교제 REUSED and 성령 REUSED, both High/Critical), 관용 (NEW, Medium), φρονέω-family terms (NEW, High) |
| Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 의 (REUSED, Critical), 율법 (REUSED, High), 믿음 (REUSED, High), 의로 여기심 (REUSED, Critical), 할례 (NEW, High), 손 할례당 (NEW, Medium), 배설물 (NEW, High) |
| Contentment in All Circumstances | 자족 (NEW, Critical), 비결 (NEW, Critical), 능력 주시는 자 (ties to 능력 REUSED, Critical), 평강 (NEW/nuance, High) |
| Citizenship in Heaven | 시민권 (NEW, High), 구주 (NEW, Critical), 낮은 몸/영광의 몸 (NEW, Medium-High) |
| Partnership in the Gospel | 교제/동참/동역 (REUSED + NEW, High), 동역자 (NEW, Medium), 주고받는 것 (NEW, High), 전제/향기로운 제물 (NEW, High) |
| Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ | 좇다/따르다 (NEW, High), 상/푯대 (NEW, Medium), 온전히 이루다 (NEW, High), 부르심 (REUSED, High) |
This glossary covers load-bearing terms from all four chapters of Philippians. No chapter was found to contribute zero new theological vocabulary. All new terms above are proposed for formal addition to translation_memory.json in Phase 1 Step 2.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 1:29 explicitly names suffering itself ‘granted’/‘graced’ (ἐχαρίσθη, same root) — see suffering_as_grace_gift below; 4:15-19’s giving-and-receiving language must never be read as a 기복신앙 seed-offering exchange obligating God to bless in return.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 3:6,9 makes the 의/의리 (loyalty-ethics) distinction load-bearing, not merely background — Paul explicitly opposes ‘a righteousness of my own from the law’ to ‘the righteousness from God through faith.‘
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의로 여기심
Transliteration: uiro yeogisim
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 의리로 얻은 의, 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην (concept); cf. δικαιοσύνη ἐκ θεοῦ ἐπὶ τῇ πίστει
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 3:9’s ‘righteousness … which comes through faith in Christ, the righteousness from God’ directly restates this doctrine; never blended with law-righteousness or self-cultivated attainment.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: occurs at 1:19, 1:28, and pivotally in 2:12’s ‘work out your own salvation’ (see work_out_salvation below), which must always be paired with 2:13 to prevent a self-cultivation misreading. Never 해탈.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated to Critical for this curriculum given its centrality to 2:9’s exaltation, 3:10-11’s ‘power of his resurrection,’ and 3:21’s bodily-transformation promise). Never 환생/윤회.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 2:11’s confession (예수 그리스도는 주님이시다) must render identically in structure and honorific grammar to the Romans TM’s mandated Romans 10:9 rendering, per cross-document consistency.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις (θεοῦ)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: two acute pastoral risk points beyond Romans — 3:10’s ‘power of his resurrection’ experienced together with ‘the fellowship of his sufferings’ (not an escape from suffering), and 4:13’s ‘him who strengthens me,’ one of the most popularly decontextualized verses in Korean Christian culture (see him_who_strengthens_me below).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: 성육신
Transliteration: seongyuksin
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: 화신, 환생
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (theological term); cf. Philippians 2:7’s ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 2:6-8 is the fullest single NT narration of this doctrine outside John 1:14; must be read together with the kenosis, form, and likeness terms below; never 화신 (provisional Buddhist avatar-manifestation).
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: occurs passim, climactically in 2:6 (‘form of God’), 2:11 (‘to the glory of God the Father’), and 4:19-20’s doxology. Never 하느님/천주/산신령.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard KRV transliteration retained; occurs passim in Philippians.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 2:1’s ‘fellowship of the Spirit’ and 3:3’s ‘worship by the Spirit of God’ both require the compound 성령, never 신령/신 alone, and never spirit-possession-flavored framing.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: occurs in the salutation (1:2) and climactically in 2:11’s doxology; the jesa/ancestor-rite collision history applies equally here — no ritual offering is implied by ‘giving glory’ to the Father, only worshipful acknowledgment. See also drink_offering below for the related 2:17 libation-imagery risk.
Self Emptying Kenosis
Approved rendering: 자기를 비우다
Transliteration: jagi-reul biuda
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Rejected alternatives: 무아를 이루다, 마음을 비우다
CRITICAL: the single highest-risk new term in this curriculum. Korean 비움 is the standard rendering for the Buddhist doctrine of 공(空, śūnyatā), closely tied to 무아(無我, ‘no-self’) and the popular meditative phrase ‘마음을 비우다,’ reinforced by the widely read Buddhist monk Beopjeong’s writings on 무소유 (non-possession). Christ’s kenosis (Philippians 2:7) is the opposite theological movement: a voluntary, historical, one-time self-limitation of the exercise of divine glory while retaining full deity and personal identity, in order to ADD a full human nature — not a dissolution of self toward non-being achieved through personal discipline. Every occurrence requires an explicit contrast statement and mandatory human theologian review.
Form Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 본체
Transliteration: Hananim-ui bonche
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Equality with God)
Rejected alternatives: 하나님의 모습, 하나님의 외형
Original: μορφὴ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Established KRV rendering 본체 (‘essential substance/being’) must be retained rather than a shallower ‘shape/appearance’ word, which would wrongly suggest Christ only resembled God rather than being God, undermining deity_of_christ at its clearest NT statement (Philippians 2:6).
Form Of A Servant
Approved rendering: 종의 형체
Transliteration: jong-ui hyeongche
Doctrine: Humanity of Christ
Original: μορφὴν δούλου
Category: Christology
Uses the same μορφή root as form_of_god, now of servanthood — a real, not illusory, assumption of humble human status (Philippians 2:7). 종 echoes Paul’s own self-designation in 1:1 (see servant_slave_doulos), a deliberate literary link that teaching materials should preserve.
Harpagmos
Approved rendering: 취할 것
Transliteration: chwihal geot
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Equality with God)
Rejected alternatives: 얻어야 할 것
Original: ἁρπαγμός
Category: Christology
The doctrinal fulcrum of the kenosis passage (Philippians 2:6): Christ, already possessing equality with God, did not regard it as something to be selfishly clutched or exploited. Never rendered as if deity was aspirational or lacking.
Equality With God
Approved rendering: 하나님과 동등됨
Transliteration: Hananim-gwa dongdeung doem
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Equality with God)
Rejected alternatives: 하나님과 비슷함
Original: ἴσα θεῷ
Category: Christology
동등 (‘equality’) must be preserved without qualification (Philippians 2:6); any softening toward ‘similar to’ or ‘God-like’ compromises the deity_of_christ doctrine at its most explicit statement in this letter.
Highly Exalted
Approved rendering: 지극히 높이다
Transliteration: jigeukhi nopida
Doctrine: Exaltation and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 높이다 (강조 없이)
Original: ὑπερύψωσεν (ὑπερυψόω)
Category: Christology
The counter-movement to κενόω/ταπεινόω (Philippians 2:9); must be rendered with maximal intensifying force (지극히) to preserve the hymn’s structural reversal (humbling → exalting) central to the doctrine.
Name Above Every Name
Approved rendering: 모든 이름 위에 뛰어난 이름
Transliteration: modeun ireum wi-e ttwieonan ireum
Doctrine: Exaltation and Lordship of Christ
Original: ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα
Category: Christology
Almost certainly the divine name/title ‘Lord’ (κύριος, 2:11) conferred on the exalted, incarnate Son (Philippians 2:9); must connect forward to 2:11 so the logical chain (name-above-every-name → every knee bows → confess Jesus is Lord) is not obscured.
Confess Lordship
Approved rendering: 시인하다
Transliteration: siinhada
Doctrine: Exaltation and Lordship of Christ
Original: ἐξομολογήσηται (ἐξομολογέω)
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:11’s confession must align, verb-for-verb, with the Romans TM’s mandated Romans 10:9 rendering pattern; this verse and Romans 10:9 must use the same confession-verb consistently across the whole curriculum.
Suffering As Grace Gift
Approved rendering: 은혜를 주신 것
Transliteration: eunhye-reul jusin geot
Doctrine: Suffering as a Grace-Gift
Original: ἐχαρίσθη (χαρίζομαι)
Category: Suffering
CRITICAL: Philippians 1:29’s ἐχαρίσθη (‘it has been granted/graced’) directly shares the charis-root with 은혜. Suffering-for-Christ must be taught as itself a grace-gift, categorically distinct from 액운 (misfortune) or divine punishment for insufficient faith — a folk-religious default reading Korean believers may otherwise hold. Mandatory human theologian review.
Work Out Salvation
Approved rendering: 너희 구원을 이루라
Transliteration: neohui guwon-eul irura
Doctrine: Working Out Salvation (Synergy Caution)
Rejected alternatives: 구원을 얻기 위해 스스로 도를 닦으라
Original: κατεργάζεσθε τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: superficially resembles a self-cultivation attainment framework. Must ALWAYS be taught together with Philippians 2:13 (God himself works in you) so it is never rendered or taught as earning salvation by effort — directly parallel to the Romans TM’s forbidden self-cultivation substitutions under justification. Mandatory human theologian review.
Savior Soter
Approved rendering: 구주
Transliteration: guju
Doctrine: Citizenship in Heaven
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Citizenship
Christ awaited from heaven as Savior (Philippians 3:20), the noun-form counterpart of σωτηρία; must retain the exclusive, personal-deliverer sense, never a generic ‘helper’ or this-worldly rescuer/benefactor figure.
Contentment Autarkeia
Approved rendering: 자족
Transliteration: jajok
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances
Rejected alternatives: 무소유의 삶, 초연함
Original: αὐτάρκης (αὐτάρκεια)
Category: Contentment
CRITICAL: Paul’s contentment ‘in whatever state’ (Philippians 4:11) deliberately subverts the Stoic ideal of self-generated inner independence; explicitly Christ-dependent (4:13), not self-achieved. Also resonates with, and must be distinguished from, Korean Buddhist-popularized 무소유 (‘non-possession’) spirituality of self-disciplined detachment. Mandatory human theologian review.
Learned The Secret
Approved rendering: 비결
Transliteration: bigyeol
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances
Original: μεμύημαι (μυέω)
Category: Contentment
CRITICAL: 비결 is an extremely common modern Korean word for a ‘secret technique/formula for success’ (e.g. ‘성공의 비결’). Combined with Philippians 4:13, this pairing is at serious real-world-documented risk of being read as a self-help success formula rather than a hard-won, Christ-dependent posture of contentment learned through both abundance and genuine need. Mandatory human theologian review.
Him Who Strengthens Me
Approved rendering: 내게 능력 주시는 자
Transliteration: naege neungnyeok jusineun ja
Doctrine: God’s Power Amid Suffering and Contentment
Original: ὁ ἐνδυναμῶν με
Category: Contentment
CRITICAL: one of the most frequently quoted and decontextualized verses in Korean Christian popular culture (Philippians 4:13) — commonly printed on merchandise and quoted before exams, sports, business ventures as a talismanic success guarantee. Must always be anchored to 4:11-12’s actual context (contentment amid abundance and want), explicitly correcting the popular decontextualized ‘success verse’ reading, and reinforcing the Romans TM’s warning against 능력 sliding into 영력-flavored power-seeking. Mandatory human theologian review for every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: central to 3:9’s righteousness-from-faith-not-law argument and 1:27’s shared ‘faith of the gospel’; never confidence in fortune-telling/astrology.
Law
Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 3:5-9 catalogs Paul’s law-based credentials rejected as grounds of confidence; never equated with Confucian ritual-propriety (예) or blended with faith-righteousness.
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: background sense underlying 3:14’s ‘upward call’; never read through 팔자 (birth-chart fate).
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 3:14’s ‘the upward call (ἄνω κλῆσις) of God’ is the goal of Paul’s race; retain the personal, relational-summons sense, never 운명/팔자 (see upward_call below).
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: underlies ‘saints’ (1:1, 4:21-22); distinguish from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻다).
Saints
Approved rendering: 성도
Transliteration: seongdo
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 신선, 도인
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 1:1 and 4:21-22 address ‘all the saints’ corporately; never an elevated 신선/도인 spiritual-achiever class.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιασμός (concept)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 3:12-14’s ‘not that I have already… been made perfect’ frames sanctification as an ongoing, not-yet-complete pursuit; never self-cultivation (수행/도 닦기).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: 교제
Transliteration: gyoje
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship / Partnership in the Gospel
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (base term Low risk generically); risk ESCALATED to High for Philippians because κοινωνία here carries a stronger active, resourced-partnership sense (1:5’s ‘partnership in the gospel’; 2:1’s ‘fellowship of the Spirit’; 3:10’s ‘fellowship of his sufferings’) than Romans’ relational sense. Retain 교제 as the base translated-text term for cross-document consistency; supplement with 동참/동역 only in surrounding teaching material (see partnership_in_gospel, co_worker below).
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: implicit background to 3:6-9’s law/righteousness discussion; never 액운 (misfortune) or 체면 손상 (loss of face).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 이방인
Transliteration: ibangin
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: 외국인 (단일민족 의미로)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: background to 2:15’s ‘crooked and perverse generation’ contrast and 3:2-3’s circumcision polemic; avoid the 단일민족 ethnic-insider framing.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음의 순종
Transliteration: mideum-ui sunjong
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 효를 위한 순종, 삼종지도식 순종
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως (concept); cf. ὑπήκοος in Philippians 2:8
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 2:8 applies the obedience-word directly to Christ himself (‘obedient to the point of death’), the pattern believers imitate; here the pattern is a superior’s voluntary self-giving obedience within the Godhead, not compelled Confucian social subordination.
Likeness Of Men
Approved rendering: 사람들과 같이 되심
Transliteration: saramdeul-gwa gatchi doesim
Doctrine: Humanity of Christ
Original: ὁμοίωμα ἀνθρώπων
Category: Christology
Must be read together with 성육신 as affirming a real, historical, permanent human nature (Philippians 2:7), guarding against any drift toward 화신 (the Buddhist avatar concept already forbidden under ‘incarnation’).
Outward Form Schema
Approved rendering: 모양
Transliteration: moyang
Doctrine: Humanity of Christ
Original: σχῆμα
Category: Christology
Describes Christ’s outward, observable human manner of life (Philippians 2:7-8); some readers might wrongly infer only outward semblance without inner reality — teaching must clarify this describes the manner of a genuinely, fully human existence, not a costume over a non-human reality.
Humbled Himself
Approved rendering: 자기를 낮추다
Transliteration: jagi-reul najchuda
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Original: ἐταπείνωσεν (ταπεινόω)
Category: Christology
The verb form of ταπεινοφροσύνη (Philippians 2:3); must retain the visible link to that noun in Korean so the ethical appeal (be humble) and the Christological narrative (he was humble, 2:8) remain connected.
Humility Tapeinophrosyne
Approved rendering: 겸손
Transliteration: gyeonson
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Rejected alternatives: 예의
Korean Confucian social ethics already has a robust concept of 겸손 as hierarchical, self-deprecating deference toward a social superior. Biblical ταπεινοφροσύνη (Philippians 2:3) is a status-reversing self-lowering by one with superior standing (Christ) toward those with no claim on him — a reversal, not a reinforcement, of Confucian hierarchical etiquette. Requires a teaching note at every occurrence clarifying the direction of the reversal.
Same Mind Phroneo
Approved rendering: 마음을 품다 / 같은 마음을 가지다
Transliteration: maeum-eul pumda / gateun maeum-eul gajida
Doctrine: Shared Mind/Disposition (the phroneō Motif)
Original: φρονέω
Category: Sanctification
No single Korean word fully captures phroneō’s blend of thought-plus-disposition. Occurs in Philippians 1:7; 2:2; 2:5; 3:15,19; 4:2,10 and MUST be rendered consistently across all seven occurrences so the letter’s unifying ‘mind of Christ’ motif (culminating in 2:5) remains visible rather than reading as unrelated, isolated commands.
Joy Chara
Approved rendering: 기쁨 / 기뻐하다
Transliteration: gippeum / gippeohada
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Rejected alternatives: 복을 받아 기쁘다
Occurs at least ten times across the letter (1:4,18,25; 2:2,17-18,28-29; 3:1; 4:1,4,10). Must be distinguished from 복-derived (fortune-blessing) happiness, the same 기복신앙 collision flagged Critical for ‘grace’; may respectfully engage Korea’s distinctive 한(han, accumulated sorrow) concept as a point of contact, provided gospel joy is shown to transform rather than deny suffering.
Suffering Paschō Thlipsis
Approved rendering: 고난 / 환난
Transliteration: gonan / hwannan
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 벌
Affliction endured for Christ’s sake; must be distinguished from 액운 (fate-derived misfortune) and 벌 (punishment). Philippians 1:29-30 explicitly frames such suffering as grace-given, not divine punishment for insufficient faith.
To Live Is Christ To Die Is Gain
Approved rendering: 사는 것이 그리스도니 죽는 것도 유익함이라
Transliteration: saneun geosi Geuriseudoni jukneun geosdo yuikamira
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Original: τὸ ζῆν Χριστὸς καὶ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν κέρδος
Category: Suffering
Established, memorable KRV phrasing (Philippians 1:21); must not be diluted into a generic stoic ‘death is not so bad’ sentiment — the gain is specifically closer fellowship with Christ (1:23), not escape from suffering itself.
Drink Offering
Approved rendering: 전제와 같이 부어지다
Transliteration: jeonje-wa gatchi bueojida
Doctrine: Sacrificial Giving as Worship
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Suffering
Paul frames his possible martyrdom as a drink-offering (Philippians 2:17). The visual ‘pouring out’ gesture parallels the Korean ancestor-memorial rite (제사, jesa — pouring wine before the ancestral tablet), already flagged Critical under ‘Father.’ Must explicitly distinguish Paul’s self-offering to God alone, through gospel ministry, from any ancestor-rite libation. Human theologian review recommended.
Partnership In Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음의 동참 / 교제
Transliteration: bogeum-ui dongcham / gyoje
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Original: κοινωνία εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Partnership
Philippians’ κοινωνία (1:5) carries a stronger active-participation/material-support sense than Romans’ relational-fellowship sense; supplement 교제 (the base glossary term, retained for cross-document consistency) with 동참 (joint participation) in doctrinal teaching.
Giving And Receiving
Approved rendering: 주고받는 것
Transliteration: jugobadneun geot
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Original: δόσις καὶ λῆψις
Category: Partnership
A commercial bookkeeping idiom (Philippians 4:15) describing genuine covenant-partnership giving. Given Korean churches’ documented ‘seed-faith’/prosperity-offering practices (the same 기복신앙 pattern flagged Critical under ‘grace’), must never be taught as a give-to-get transactional exchange with God.
Fragrant Sacrifice
Approved rendering: 향기로운 제물, 받으실 만한 희생 제사
Transliteration: hyanggiroun jemul, badeusil manhan huisaeng jesa
Doctrine: Sacrificial Giving as Worship
Original: ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας, θυσία δεκτή, εὐάρεστος τῷ θεῷ
Category: Partnership
The Philippians’ material gift to Paul described in OT sacrificial-worship terms (4:18); giving’s worship-value lies in expressing gospel partnership and love, not in purchasing future divine favor (기복신앙 caution).
God At Work In You
Approved rendering: 너희 안에서 행하시는 이
Transliteration: neohui an-eseo haenghasineun i
Doctrine: Working Out Salvation (Synergy Caution)
Original: ὁ ἐνεργῶν ἐν ὑμῖν
Category: Salvation
God’s own prior, enabling activity (Philippians 2:13) is the ground of the ‘work out’ command in 2:12; must be taught in the same breath as 2:12 — God’s internal work is the cause, believers’ working-out is the effect/response, never the reverse.
Confidence In Flesh
Approved rendering: 육체를 신뢰하다
Transliteration: yukche-reul sinroehada
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Original: πεποιθέναι ἐν σαρκί
Category: Salvation
Paul catalogs his impeccable Jewish credentials (Philippians 3:4-6) only to reject them as grounds of confidence before God; must be clear this rejects confidence in any human credential or achievement, not ethnicity specifically.
Loss And Rubbish
Approved rendering: 해로 여김 / 배설물
Transliteration: haero yeogim / baeseolmul
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Rejected alternatives: 무익한 것
Original: ζημία / σκύβαλα
Category: Salvation
Paul’s former credentials, once gain, are now counted total loss and refuse compared to knowing Christ (Philippians 3:7-8); the established KRV 배설물 preserves σκύβαλα’s shocking rhetorical force — do not soften.
Circumcision True
Approved rendering: 할례
Transliteration: halye
Doctrine: True Circumcision and Spiritual Worship
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
True circumcision is ‘worship by the Spirit of God’ (Philippians 3:3), not a physical rite; ties to the Romans TM’s ‘Unity of Jews and Gentiles’ doctrine.
Perfected Made Complete
Approved rendering: 온전히 이루다
Transliteration: onjeonhi iruda
Doctrine: Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 도통하다, 성불하다
Original: τετελείωμαι (τελειόω)
Category: Perseverance
Paul explicitly denies present, self-attained completion or perfection (Philippians 3:12). Korean religious vocabulary has established self-cultivation-attainment concepts for ‘perfection’ (도통, 성불); must be preserved as Christ-dependent and not-yet-complete, never a self-attained enlightenment state.
Press On
Approved rendering: 좇다 / 따르다
Transliteration: chotta / ttareuda
Doctrine: Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 노력으로 얻다
Original: διώκω
Category: Perseverance
Paul’s athletic-race image of vigorous pursuit (Philippians 3:12,14); must be grace-grounded (Christ laid hold of Paul first, 3:12b), not read through Korea’s achievement/competition-oriented cultural lens (cf. 출세).
Upward Call
Approved rendering: 위에서 부르신 부름
Transliteration: wieseo bureusin bureum
Doctrine: Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ
Original: ἡ ἄνω κλῆσις τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Perseverance
God’s call as directional/eschatological (Philippians 3:14), reusing 부르심 exactly; retains the personal-summons sense established in Romans, never a fatalistic 팔자/운명 reading.
Citizenship Politeuma
Approved rendering: 시민권
Transliteration: simingwon
Doctrine: Citizenship in Heaven
Rejected alternatives: 국적
Believers’ true citizenship/homeland is heaven (Philippians 3:20). Two collision vectors: (1) modern Korean 시민권 primarily connotes legal/passport citizenship, under-translating Paul’s richer homeland-belonging sense; (2) risk of competing with, or merely paralleling, Korea’s ethnic-nationalist 단일민족 self-conception. Must teach as the believer’s primary, defining identity that relativizes but does not abolish ordinary civic belonging.
Transform Body
Approved rendering: 영광의 몸으로 변하게 하심
Transliteration: yeonggwang-ui mom-euro byeonhage hasim
Doctrine: Resurrection and Bodily Hope
Rejected alternatives: 환생한 몸
Original: μετασχηματίσει… σῶμα τῆς δόξης
Category: Eschatology
Christ will transform believers’ lowly bodies to be like his own glorious resurrection body (Philippians 3:21); must be future, bodily, Christ-wrought, never a rebirth-into-a-new-body-in-an-ongoing-cycle (guard against 환생/윤회, forbidden under ‘resurrection’ in the Romans baseline).
Peace Of God Experiential
Approved rendering: 평강
Transliteration: pyeonggang
Doctrine: Prayer and the Peace of God
Rejected alternatives: 화평 (교차 사용 금지), 평안 (일반적 안녕)
Original: ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
Korean Bible tradition maintains three related peace-terms: 화평 (Romans TM’s doctrinal peace-with-God, Romans 5:1), 평강 (Pauline epistolary salutations, Philippians 1:2, and the experiential heart-guarding peace of 4:7,9), and 평안 (general secular well-being, excluded from doctrinal use). 화평 and 평강 must NOT be treated as interchangeable; Phase 2 must preserve whichever the established KRV tradition uses per verse.
God Will Supply Every Need
Approved rendering: 채우시리라… 영광의 풍성함을 따라
Transliteration: chaeusirira… yeonggwang-ui pungseongham-eul ttara
Doctrine: God’s Providence and Supply
Original: πληρώσει πᾶσαν χρείαν… κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος αὐτοῦ ἐν δόξῃ
Category: God
Paul’s confident promise (Philippians 4:19), grounded in God’s own inexhaustible glorious riches in Christ, not proportional repayment of the Philippians’ generosity; must not be read as a general prosperity-guarantee formula detached from God’s gracious character (기복신앙 caution) — ‘every need’ is not a blank check for any desired want.
Conduct Worthily Citizenship Verb
Approved rendering: 합당하게 생활하라
Transliteration: hapdanghage saenghwalhara
Doctrine: Citizenship in Heaven
Original: πολιτεύεσθε
Category: Citizenship
A civic verb (πολιτεύεσθε, Philippians 1:27) urging conduct worthy of the gospel, anticipating 3:20’s citizenship theme. The established KRV rendering uses generic ‘conduct/live’ vocabulary, losing Paul’s wordplay linking 1:27 to 3:20; a translator’s note flagging this intentional inclusio is recommended.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: the gospel is the shared cause of ‘partnership’ (1:5) and ‘advance’ (1:12); 복음’s root 복 (fortune/blessing) still risks collision with 기복신앙; keep the gospel’s content (Christ crucified/exalted, 2:6-11) explicit rather than letting ‘advance/good news’ drift toward a forecast of blessing.
Peace
Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly (doctrinal peace-with-God-through-justification sense, Romans 5:1 / Philippians 1:2 salutation register). Philippians additionally requires the distinct term 평강 for its epistolary and experiential peace senses (4:7, 4:9) — see peace_of_god_experiential below; 화평 and 평강 are NOT interchangeable substitutes for one another.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: 은사
Transliteration: eunsa
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 무당의 능력
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: background to the ministry-gifting implied in Epaphroditus’s and Timothy’s service (2:19-30); never a shaman’s spirit-power (영력).
Church
Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: implied throughout as the addressee community of the letter; never 당집/절.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: occurs at the hymn’s climax (2:11), in 3:21’s ‘body of glory,’ and in 4:19-20’s doxology; never collapsed into 명예/출세 (secular honor/career success).
Messiah
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: occurs throughout (passim); avoid conflation with 미륵 (Maitreya).
Selfish Ambition Eritheia
Approved rendering: 다툼
Transliteration: datum
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Distinguish from ordinary competitive drive valued in Korea’s achievement culture (cf. 출세); this is relationally destructive self-seeking (Philippians 2:3), condemned outright, not healthy ambition.
Vain Conceit Kenodoxia
Approved rendering: 허영
Transliteration: heoyeong
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Related to but distinct from 영광 (glory); must be marked as false, self-generated status-seeking (Philippians 2:3), contrasted with the glory God himself confers on Christ in 2:9-11.
One In Spirit Sympsychos
Approved rendering: 한마음
Transliteration: hanmaeum
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Describes deep unity of affection and will (Philippians 2:2), echoed again by ἰσόψυχος of Timothy (2:20); ensure it is not flattened to mere organizational agreement.
Bonds Imprisonment
Approved rendering: 매임 / 갇힘
Transliteration: maeim / gatchim
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Original: δεσμά
Category: Suffering
Paul’s literal chains/imprisonment (1:7,13-14,17), which has served the gospel’s advance; historical/circumstantial term, low collision risk but load-bearing for the letter’s occasion.
Sacrifice And Service Of Faith
Approved rendering: 너희 믿음의 제물과 섬김
Transliteration: neohui mideum-ui jemul-gwa seomgim
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Original: θυσία καὶ λειτουργία τῆς πίστεως
Category: Suffering
The Philippians’ own faith-response described with sacrificial/priestly vocabulary (2:17), paired with Paul’s self-offering; must not be read as a meritorious offering that earns favor (기복신앙 pattern), but a grace-responsive act of worship.
Co Worker Synzygos
Approved rendering: 동역자
Transliteration: dongyeokja
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Describes the unnamed ‘true companion’ (4:3) and Epaphroditus/Timothy generally; reinforces the Partnership doctrine’s relational, laboring-together sense alongside 교제.
Servant Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: 종
Transliteration: jong
Doctrine: Servant Identity in Gospel Ministry
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
Paul and Timothy’s self-designation (1:1), echoing Christ’s own self-identification as δοῦλος (2:7). 종 recalls Korea’s abolished pre-modern bondservant class (노비); in Christian usage it is intentionally self-abasing. Teaching should make the Christ-echo explicit.
Mutilation Katatome
Approved rendering: 손 할례당
Transliteration: son halyedang
Doctrine: True Circumcision and Spiritual Worship
Original: κατατομή
Category: Covenant
Paul’s deliberately insulting wordplay against Judaizing teachers (Philippians 3:2); the Greek pun is largely untranslatable directly — the established KRV solution preserves polemical force. Teaching notes should explain the original wordplay.
Prize Goal
Approved rendering: 상 / 푯대
Transliteration: sang / pyeotdae
Doctrine: Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ
Original: βραβεῖον / σκοπός
Category: Perseverance
Paul’s athletic-race metaphor for the Christian life’s forward-looking orientation (Philippians 3:14); 푯대 is an established, memorable KRV term (‘target-post/marker’) — preserve the athletic-race image, not an abstract, static ‘objective.‘
Gentleness Epieikes
Approved rendering: 관용
Transliteration: gwanyong
Doctrine: Prayer and the Peace of God
Original: τὸ ἐπιεικές
Category: Sanctification
A public, observable disposition of gentleness/forbearance ‘known to all’ (Philippians 4:5), preparing for anxiety-free trust in 4:6-7; ensure active, gracious forbearance, not passive tolerance.
Virtue Catalog
Approved rendering: 참되며, 경건하며, 옳으며, 정결하며, 사랑받을 만하며, 칭찬받을 만한 것
Transliteration: chamdoemyeo, gyeonggeonhamyeo, olmeumyeo, jeonggyeolhamyeo, sarangbadeul manhamyeo, chingchanbadeul manhan geot
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: ἀληθῆ, σεμνά, δίκαια, ἁγνά, προσφιλῆ, εὔφημα
Category: Sanctification
A call to disciplined, godly meditation on excellent things (Philippians 4:8); 정결 (‘pure’) overlaps with the Romans TM’s ritual-purity caution under ‘holy’ — here it denotes moral/mental purity of thought, not ritual cleanliness (부정을 씻다).
Spirit Supply
Approved rendering: 성령의 도우심 / 공급
Transliteration: seongnyeong-ui doumsim / gonggeup
Doctrine: God’s Providence and Supply
Original: ἐπιχορηγία τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: God
The Spirit’s provision sustaining Paul through prayer and trial (Philippians 1:19); reuses 성령 (Critical, Romans TM) — ensure the Spirit’s provision is not read as an impersonal force ‘channeled’ but the personal Spirit’s own active help.
Minister Leitourgos
Approved rendering: 일꾼 / 사역자
Transliteration: ilkkun / saeokja
Doctrine: Servant Identity in Gospel Ministry
Original: λειτουργός
Category: Partnership
Describes Epaphroditus as a ‘minister’ to Paul’s need (Philippians 2:25), priestly-cultic vocabulary applied to ordinary gospel service; avoid narrowing to only ordained clergy.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: Paul notably self-identifies as δοῦλος (servant, 1:1) rather than ἀπόστολος — a deliberate rhetorical choice, not a doctrinal absence of apostolic authority; see servant_slave_doulos below.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: occurs at 1:3, paired with prayer at 4:6 as the antidote to anxiety.
Exhort
Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω (concept; noun form παράκλησις in 2:1)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Extension for Philippians: 2:1’s ‘encouragement in Christ’ (παράκλησις) and 4:2’s exhortation to Euodia and Syntyche both use this root; ensure Spirit-grounded encouragement, not generic pep-talk.
Like Minded Isopsychos
Approved rendering: 뜻을 같이할 자
Transliteration: tteut-eul gatchihal ja
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Original: ἰσόψυχος
Category: Partnership
Describes Timothy’s genuine like-mindedness with Paul’s own concern for the Philippians (2:20); echoes σύμψυχοι (2:2) and reinforces the phroneō/unity motif.
Overseer Episkopos
Approved rendering: 감독
Transliteration: gamdok
Doctrine: Servant Identity in Gospel Ministry
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church
An early church office of oversight, addressed alongside saints and deacons (1:1); established church-office term, minor ambiguity with secular ‘director/supervisor’ usage disambiguated by context.
Deacon Diakonos
Approved rendering: 집사
Transliteration: jipsa
Doctrine: Servant Identity in Gospel Ministry
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church
A well-established, widely recognized lay-office title in Korean Protestant churches (1:1).
Progress Advancement
Approved rendering: 진전 / 진보
Transliteration: jinjeon / jinbo
Doctrine: The Gospel Advancing through Suffering
Original: προκοπή
Category: Suffering
Paul’s imprisonment has served the gospel’s advance (Philippians 1:12), and he desires the Philippians’ progress in faith (1:25). Standard vocabulary, low collision risk.
Nous Understanding
Approved rendering: 지각
Transliteration: jigak
Doctrine: Prayer and the Peace of God
God’s peace surpasses/exceeds all human rational understanding or calculation (Philippians 4:7); standard vocabulary, low collision risk.
Referenced passages