Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Titus (English → Korean)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering Titus chapters 1–3 in full. It is organized into two parts:
- Part A: Terms Reused Verbatim from the Romans Baseline Translation Memory. These renderings are non-negotiable per the baseline authority rule; no alternative may be substituted.
- Part B: New Terms Introduced by Titus. These are proposed renderings, risk-tiered using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the Romans baseline’s
doctrine_risk_registry.json, pending formal addition to translation memory in a later pipeline step.
Part A: Terms Reused Verbatim from Romans Baseline
| English Term | Korean (Baseline) | Transliteration | Risk (Baseline) | Titus Occurrences | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | 하나님 | Hananim | Critical | 1:1,2,3,4,7,16; 2:5,10,11,13; 3:4,8 | Never 하느님/천주/산신령. |
| Jesus | 예수 | Yesu | Critical | 1:1,4; 2:13; 3:6 | Standard KRV form. |
| Lord (of Christ, where used) | 주님 | junim | Critical | (implicit Christological register; Titus favors σωτήρ/Savior over κύριος/Lord as its dominant title) | Contrast with human “masters” (δεσπόται, 2:9) — see Part B. |
| Grace | 은혜 | eunhye | Critical | 1:4; 2:11; 3:7,15 | Central term of the whole letter; bookends it (1:4/3:15). Never a 기복신앙 transactional exchange. |
| Faith | 믿음 | mideum | High | 1:1,4,13; 2:2,10; 3:15 | Object is always God/Christ; never 미신 or 사주팔자. |
| Righteousness | 의 | ui | High/Critical | 2:12; 3:5 | Always distinguish from 의리 (loyalty-ethics) in justification contexts (3:5). |
| Justification | 의롭다 하심 | uiropda hasim | Critical | 3:7 | Forensic declaration; never 도를 닦아 얻은 의. |
| Salvation | 구원 | guwon | Critical | 1:3(implicit via σωτήρ); 2:11 | Never 해탈; deliverance through Christ, not escape from a cycle. |
| Apostle | 사도 | sado | Low | 1:1 | No significant collision. |
| Called / Calling | 부르심을 받은 / 부르심 | bureusim-eul badeun / bureusim | High | (implicit in ἐκλεκτῶν, 1:1) | See Election entry below for the specific Titus term. |
| Holy | 거룩한 | georokan | High | 1:8 (ὅσιον, related); 2:3 (ἱεροπρεπεῖς); 1:15 (καθαρός, contrasted with defilement) | Never ritual-purity-only sense (부정을 씻다). |
| Sanctification | 성화 | seonghwa | High | (conceptually underlies 2:12, 3:5’s ἀνακαίνωσις) | See Renewal entry in Part B for the specific new term. |
| Adoption | 양자 | yangja | High | (conceptually underlies 3:7’s κληρονόμοι, heirs) | See Heirs entry in Part B. |
| Law | 율법 | yulbeop | High | 3:9,13 | Never equate with Confucian 예 or reduce to secular 법률. |
| Sin | 죄 | joe | High | 3:11 (ἁμαρτάνω) | Moral offense against a personal God, not 액운 or 체면 손상. |
| Gentiles / ethnic universality | 이방인 (concept) | ibangin | High | (underlies 2:11; 2:14’s λαὸν περιούσιον; 3:2’s πάντας ἀνθρώπους) | Avoid 단일민족 ethnic-insider framing throughout Titus’s universal-scope language. |
| Glory | 영광 | yeonggwang | Medium | 2:13 | Never 명예/출세 (secular honor/career success). |
| Obedience of Faith (doctrine parallel) | 믿음의 순종 | mideum-ui sunjong | High | (conceptually parallels 2:5,9; 3:1’s ὑποτάσσω contexts) | Korea’s 삼종지도 (three obediences) caution applies directly; see ὑποτάσσω entry in Part B. |
| Election | 선택 | seontaek | Medium | 1:1 (ἐκλεκτῶν) | Never 팔자/운; sovereign, gracious, unmerited choice. |
| Providence | 섭리 | seomni | High | (conceptually underlies 1:2-3’s promise/timing language) | Never 팔자/운명. |
| Mission | 선교 | seongyo | Medium | 3:13-14 (προπέμπω) | Korea’s achievement-oriented missions-culture caution applies. |
| Exhort | 권면하다 | gwonmyeonhada | Low | 1:9; 2:6,15 | No significant risk. |
| Holy Spirit | 성령 | seongnyeong | Critical | 3:5,6 | Never 신령/신 alone; never shamanistic spirit-possession framing. |
| Father | 아버지 | abeoji | Critical | 1:4 | 제사/ancestor-rite caution applies. |
| Covenant (conceptual background) | 언약 | eonyak | Low | (background to 1:2’s promise and 2:14’s λαὸν περιούσιον) | Korean’s clean 언약/계약 distinction remains an asset here. |
Part B: New Terms Introduced by Titus
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Korean Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior (title) | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | 구주 | guju | Medium | Salvation / Deity of Christ | 구원자 (too generic/hero-genre) | Applied 6× to God/Christ in Titus, alternating Father/Son — the letter’s structural signature. Distinguish from a secular “hero/rescuer” trope. |
| Training/disciplining unto godliness | παιδεύω (paideuō) | 양육하다 / 훈육하다 | yangyukhada / hunyukhada | Critical | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 훈련하다 alone (too athletic/military), 도 닦다 (self-cultivation) | Grace is the agent training the believer; must not collapse into self-effort sanctification (수양) or a magical, will-bypassing force. Core term of the curriculum’s namesake doctrine. |
| Appearing / Epiphany | ἐπιφαίνω / ἐπιφάνεια (epiphainō / epiphaneia) | 나타나다 / 나타나심 | natanada / natanasim | High | Grace / Incarnation / Christ’s Return | (none formally rejected; caution is contextual) | Recurs 3× in the core passage (2:11,13; 3:4). Must not echo Korean shamanistic spirit-manifestation language (신이 나타나다) used of a mudang’s visions or gut-ritual encounters. |
| Redeem | λυτρόω (lytroō) | 속량하다 | sokryanghada | Critical | Salvation / Atonement | 굿을 통한 해원 (shamanic grudge-resolution ritual) | Sharply distinguish from 씻김굿 (ssitgimgut), a shamanic ritual “washing” a deceased spirit free of grudges (한). Christ’s redemption is a completed, once-for-all act by his self-gift, not a repeatable ritual performed by a religious specialist. |
| Purify | καθαρίζω (katharizō) | 깨끗하게 하다 | kkaekkeutage hada | High | Salvation / Holiness | 부정을 씻다 (ritual impurity removal) | Extension of baseline “holy” doctrine caution; moral, not ritual, cleansing accomplished by Christ. |
| A people for his own possession | λαὸς περιούσιος (laos periousios) | 자기 백성 / 친 백성 | jagi baekseong / chin baekseong | High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Ecclesiology | 단일민족 framing | LXX covenant-people phrase (Exod 19:5) now applied to the church across all ethnicities; avoid ethnic-insider reading. |
| Zealous (for good works) | ζηλωτής (zēlōtēs) | 열심 | yeolsim | High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works / Salvation by Grace not Works | (context-dependent; avoid achievement-culture framing) | Must be taught as fruit of redemption (2:14a), not a merit-earning striving; resonates strongly with Korea’s diligence-valorizing culture. |
| Good works | καλὰ / ἀγαθὰ ἔργα (kala / agatha erga) | 선한 일 | seonhan il | High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works / Salvation by Grace not Works | 공덕 (Buddhist merit-accumulation) | Recurs 6×+ across the letter (1:16; 2:7,14; 3:1,8,14) as the letter’s central ethical keyword. Must always be taught as the fruit, never the root, of grace and regeneration (explicit in 3:5, 8). Sharply distinguish from Buddhist 공덕 (gongdeok), merit accumulated through good deeds affecting karmic outcome. |
| Regeneration / washing of regeneration | παλιγγενεσία / λουτρὸν παλιγγενεσίας (palingenesia / loutron palingenesias) | 중생(의 씻음) | jungsaeng(-ui ssiseum) | Critical | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | 환생, 윤회 (rebirth/reincarnation cycle) | Highest-priority new-term risk in Titus. 중생 is a homophone of the foundational Buddhist term 衆生 (“all sentient beings”); always pair with 씻음 to disambiguate, and consider the native alternative 거듭남/거듭나다 (“born again”) as a collision-free supplementary gloss. One-time, individual, Spirit-wrought renewal at conversion — never a repeatable cycle. |
| Renewal (of the Holy Spirit) | ἀνακαίνωσις (anakainōsis) | 새롭게 하심 | saeropge hasim | High | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit / Sanctification | 수행, 도 닦기 (ascetic self-cultivation); 양생 (Daoist longevity-cultivation) | Spirit’s gift, not a self-directed regimen. Same root family as Romans 12:2 — verify cross-document translation-memory consistency in Phase 2. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | 긍휼 | geungyul | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works | — | Stated basis of salvation (3:5), contrasted with “works.” Distinguish from the Buddhist compassion-virtue 자비 (see next entry) as God’s initiating act toward the guilty, not a cultivated universal virtue. |
| Kindness / goodness (of God) | χρηστότης (chrēstotēs) | 자비 | jabi | High | Salvation by Grace not Works | — | 慈悲 (jabi) is the primary Korean Buddhist compassion term (karuna/metta), a cultivated moral virtue extended to all sentient beings. Must be taught as God’s own initiating disposition accomplishing salvation (3:5), not a self-cultivated universal virtue. |
| Love for mankind / philanthropy | φιλανθρωπία (philanthrōpia) | 사람 사랑하심 | saram saranghasim | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works | 박애주의 (secular humanistic philanthropy) | Distinguish from NGO-style secular charity carrying no reference to God or salvation. |
| Heirs | κληρονόμος (klēronomos) | 후사 / 상속자 | husa / sangsokja | High | Adoption into God’s Family (cf. Romans baseline) | 제사를 위한 양자 (heir-adoption for ancestor-rite continuation, per baseline adoption note) | Relational, gratuitous inheritance status through grace and justification (3:7), not an instrumental heir-adoption for ritual continuation. |
| Hope of eternal life | ἐλπὶς ζωῆς αἰωνίου (elpis zōēs aiōniou) | 영생의 소망 | yeongsaeng-ui somang | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works | 불로장생 (Daoist/folk immortality pursuit) | Relational communion with God, not extended/undying physical existence attained through spiritual technique. |
| Faithful saying | πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (pistos ho logos) | 미쁜 말씀(이라) | mippeun malsseum(ira) | Low | (formulaic; Pastoral Epistles marker) | — | Archaic KRV formula; readability note only, no doctrinal risk. |
| Elder (church office) | πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros) | 장로 | jangno | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | — | Distinguish the doctrinally/morally qualified church office from Korea’s pre-Christian Confucian age-based elder-respect convention. |
| Overseer / Bishop | ἐπίσκοπος (episkopos) | 감독 | gamdok | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | — | In Titus 1:5-7, synonymous with elder (same local office); avoid importing later Korean denominational hierarchical distinctions (e.g., Methodist bishopric) not present in this text. |
| Blameless | ἀνέγκλητος (anenklētos) | 책망할 것이 없는 | chaengmanghal geosi eomneun | Low | Qualifications for Elders | — | Governing qualification for both elder and overseer. |
| Steward | οἰκονόμος (oikonomos) | 청지기 | cheongjigi | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 가장 (Confucian household head, own-authority framing) | A trusted manager accountable to the Owner (God), not an autonomous household patriarch. |
| Sound doctrine / sound teaching | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (hygiainousa didaskalia) | 바른 교훈 | bareun gyohun | High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 정도/정법 (Confucian/Buddhist “correct way/right teaching” framing) | KRV’s “correct” framing loses the Greek’s “health/wholeness” metaphor; supplement with the health-imagery sense in teaching materials. Sound doctrine = apostolic, Christ-centered teaching producing a healthy, grace-shaped life, not abstract ethical correctness. |
| Godliness | εὐσέβεια (eusebeia) | 경건 | gyeonggeon | High | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 제사를 위한 경건 (ritual-reverence/ancestor-rite framing) | Personal devotion to the living God flowing from grace, not Confucian ritual-reverence performance toward superiors/ancestors (제사). |
| Conscience | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | 양심 | yangsim | Low | Sound Doctrine and Good Works (contra false teachers, 1:15) | — | Fairly universal moral concept in modern Korean; low collision risk. |
| Servant of God | δοῦλος θεοῦ (doulos theou) | 하나님의 종 | Hananim-ui jong | Medium | Apostleship / Divine Calling | — | 종 carries residual Joseon-era slave-class (노비) connotation; teach as honored total devotion, not degrading servitude. |
| Submit / submission | ὑποτάσσω (hypotassō) | 복종하다 | bokjonghada | Critical | Submission to Authority | 삼종지도식 복종 (the discredited “three obediences” framework) | Used across three relationships in Titus (civil 3:1, marital 2:5, servile 2:9). Must be taught in each context as Spirit-enabled, Christ-modeled response, never hierarchical domination — especially in 2:5’s wife-to-husband context, where Korea’s historic 삼종지도 doctrine is a specific, documented collision risk. Mandatory theologian review for 2:5. |
| Rulers and authorities | ἀρχαί, ἐξουσίαι (archai, exousiai) | 통치자들, 권세 잡은 자들 | tongchijadeul, gwonse jabeun jadeul | Medium | Submission to Authority | — | Consistent with Romans 13:1-7 handling in the baseline. |
| Household master (human) | δεσπότης (despotēs) | 상전 / 주인 | sangjeon / juin | Medium | Submission to Authority | — | Deliberately distinct from κύριος (baseline 주님, reserved for Christ’s exclusive Lordship); never apply the 님 honorific suffix pattern reserved for divine Lordship to this term. |
| Disobedient | ἀπειθής (apeithēs) | 순종하지 아니하는 | sunjonghaji anihaneun | Medium | Universal Human Accountability (cf. Romans baseline) | — | Pre-conversion condition (3:3), resolved by regeneration (3:5). |
| Divisive person / factious man | αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος (hairetikos anthrōpos) | 이단에 속한 사람 | idan-e sokhan saram | High | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | — | Modern Korean church culture applies 이단 as an intense institutional label for controversial new religious movements and, at times, polemically among Christian traditions. Titus 3:10 describes a narrower pastoral-discipline scenario (persistent sectarian strife after two warnings); do not read the letter’s phrase as endorsing the modern institutional 이단-labeling practice without careful qualification. |
| Genealogies | γενεαλογία (genealogia) | 족보 | jokbo | High | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | — | 족보 carries deep positive Korean Confucian cultural weight (clan identity, ancestor-memorial practice). Clarify Paul targets speculative doctrinal use of genealogies (false-teacher myth-making), not general family-lineage interest, and this text is distinct from the separate historical jesa (제사) controversy. |
| Foolish controversies | μωραὶ ζητήσεις (mōrai zētēseis) | 어리석은 변론 | eoriseokeun byeollon | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | — | — |
| Quarrels about the law | μάχαι νομικαί (machai nomikai) | 율법에 대한 다툼 | yulbeop-e daehan datum | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | — | Built on baseline 율법 (law). |
| Knowledge of the truth | ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας (epignōsis alētheias) | 진리를 아는 지식 | jilli-reul aneun jisik | Medium | Sound Doctrine (Inspiration/Truth) | 경 (Confucian classical-text transmission); 깨달음 (Buddhist enlightenment-knowledge) | Personal knowledge of a specific, historical, revealed God, not philosophical or meditative attainment. |
| Endurance / steadfastness | ὑπομονή (hypomonē) | 인내 | innae | Low | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | — | Paired with faith and love in 2:2. |
| Love (familial/general) | ἀγάπη (agapē) | 사랑 | sarang | Low | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | — | Standard term; no significant collision noted in Titus’s usage. |
| Defiled / pure | μεμιαμμένος / καθαρός (memiammenos / katharos) | 더러운 / 깨끗한 | deoreoun / kkaekkeutan | High | Sound Doctrine (contra false teachers) | 부정 (ritual/misfortune-linked impurity) | 1:15 locates defilement explicitly in “mind and conscience,” an interior moral state — not an external ritual condition removable by rite, contra Korean shamanistic 부정 concepts. |
| Profess / deny | ὁμολογέω / ἀρνέομαι (homologeō / arneomai) | 시인하다 / 부인하다 | siinhada / buinhada | Medium | Sound Doctrine (contra false teachers) | — | Same confessional-verb family as the baseline’s Romans 10:9 “Jesus is Lord” confession, here used negatively of hypocritical false profession — a productive teaching contrast. |
| Disqualified / unfit | ἀδόκιμος (adokimos) | 선한 일에 합당하지 못한 자 | seonhan il-e hapdanghaji mothan ja | Low | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | — | Ironic inversion of the letter’s positive good-works theme. |
Cross-Reference: Doctrine Risk Tiers Summary for Titus New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Terms |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 | 양육하다 (train/paideuō), 속량하다 (redeem/lytroō), 중생의 씻음 (regeneration), 복종하다 in 2:5 wife-context, 은혜 closing benediction (reused baseline) |
| High | 12 | 구주(Savior, borderline High/Medium — see note), 나타나다 (appear/epiphany), 깨끗하게 하다 (purify), 자기 백성 (his own possession), 열심 (zealous), 선한 일 (good works), 새롭게 하심 (renewal), 자비 (kindness/χρηστότης), 후사 (heirs), 바른 교훈 (sound doctrine), 경건 (godliness), 이단에 속한 사람 (divisive person), 족보 (genealogies), 더러운/깨끗한 (defiled/pure) |
| Medium | ~15 | 구주 (Savior), 긍휼 (mercy), 사람 사랑하심 (philanthropy), 영생의 소망 (hope of eternal life), 장로 (elder), 감독 (overseer), 청지기 (steward), 진리를 아는 지식 (knowledge of truth), 순종하지 아니하는 (disobedient), 통치자들/권세 잡은 자들 (rulers/authorities), 상전/주인 (master), 시인하다/부인하다 (profess/deny), 어리석은 변론, 율법에 대한 다툼, 하나님이 택하신 자들 |
| Low | ~10 | 미쁜 말씀, 책망할 것이 없는, 양심, 하나님의 종, 인내, 사랑, 무익하고 헛되니라, 스스로 정죄한 자, 훈계하다, 선한 일에 합당하지 못한 자 |
Note: This tiering is proposed for formal incorporation into an updated translation_memory.json / doctrine_risk_registry.json in a subsequent pipeline step. All Critical- and High-tier terms above require human theologian review per the escalation rules established in the Romans baseline’s 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrences: 1:1,2,3,4,7,16; 2:5,10,11,13; 3:4,8. Titus’s structural alternation of ‘God our Savior’ between Father and Son (1:3-4; 2:10/2:13; 3:4/3:6) makes consistent, doctrinally precise 하나님 usage especially load-bearing in this book. NEVER 하느님 (Catholic/general term), 천주 (Catholic ‘Lord of Heaven’), or 산신령 (folk mountain spirit).
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrences: 1:1,4; 2:13; 3:6. Standard KRV transliteration.
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrences: 1:4; 2:11; 3:7,15 — the letter’s central term, bookending it (1:4/3:15). Titus 2:11-12 intensifies the baseline 기복신앙 caution by grammatically personifying grace as an active trainer (‘grace… trains us’), and Titus 3:5-7 pairs it with the sharpest anti-works negation in the curriculum. Must never be taught as a reciprocal exchange for ritual/moral performance.
Justification
Approved rendering: 의롭다 하심
Transliteration: uiropda hasim
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Original: δικαιόω (δικαιωθέντες)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrence: 3:7 (‘having been justified by his grace’), directly following the anti-works statement of 3:5. NEVER 도를 닦아 얻은 의 (righteousness obtained through cultivating the Way).
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrences: implicit throughout via σωτήρ/σωτηρία-family language (1:3-4; 2:10-13; 3:4-6) and explicit in 3:5 (‘he saved us’). NEVER 해탈 (Buddhist liberation from samsara). Must be taught together with 중생의 씻음 (regeneration, see new-term entry), since 3:5 pairs both in one sentence.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrences: 3:5,6 — the Spirit is the agent of the ‘washing of regeneration’ and is ‘poured out’ through Christ. NEVER 신령/신 alone. Titus 3:6’s ‘poured out’ language requires mandatory fencing against shamanistic invocation imagery (a mudang’s spirit descending upon a medium during a 굿 ritual).
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrence: 1:4, opening greeting (‘God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior’). The jesa (제사, ancestor-rite) collision history applies with full force; God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring ongoing ritual offerings.
Training For Godliness
Approved rendering: 양육하다/훈육하다
Transliteration: yangyukhada/hunyukhada
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: 훈련하다 (단독, 지나치게 군사/운동 경기적), 도 닦다, 수양
Original: παιδεύω
Category: Sanctification
새 용어. Original: παιδεύω (paideuō), Titus 2:12 — ‘grace… trains us.’ Core term of the curriculum’s namesake doctrine; grace itself, not human effort, is the grammatical subject doing the training. Two failure modes to foreclose: (1) collapsing into self-effort resembling 수양/도 닦기 (self-cultivation), making godliness a human achievement; (2) treating grace as an impersonal automatic force bypassing the will, drifting toward a fatalistic reading adjacent to 기복신앙. Mandatory theologian review on every occurrence.
Redeem
Approved rendering: 속량하다
Transliteration: sokryanghada
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification
Rejected alternatives: 굿을 통한 해원, 씻김굿식 속량
Original: λυτρόω (λυτρώσηται)
Category: Salvation
새 용어. Original: λυτρόω (λυτρώσηται), Titus 2:14 — ‘gave himself… to redeem us from all lawlessness.’ Must be sharply distinguished from 씻김굿 (ssitgimgut), a shamanic ritual ‘washing’ a deceased spirit free of unresolved grudges (한) so it may rest, which shares surface ‘washing/freeing’ imagery with this verse’s redeem-and-purify pairing. Biblical redemption is a completed, once-for-all act by Christ’s own self-gift, never a repeatable ritual performed by a religious specialist. Mandatory theologian review.
Regeneration
Approved rendering: 중생(의 씻음)
Transliteration: jungsaeng(-ui ssiseum)
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회, 중생 (단독 사용)
Original: παλιγγενεσία (λουτρὸν παλιγγενεσίας)
Category: Salvation
새 용어. Original: παλιγγενεσία (λουτρὸν παλιγγενεσίας), Titus 3:5. THE single highest-priority new-term risk in this book. 중생 is a true homophone: 重生 (‘regeneration,’ intended sense) vs. 衆生 (‘all sentient beings,’ a foundational Buddhist term, e.g. 중생을 구제하다). MANDATORY STRUCTURAL RULE: NEVER use 중생 standalone — always bind it as 중생의 씻음; supplement with 거듭남/거듭나다 (‘born again’) as a collision-free evangelical gloss. NEVER 환생 or 윤회. One-time, individual, Spirit-wrought inner renewal, never a repeatable cycle. Mandatory theologian review on every occurrence; this must be encoded as a hard automated validation check in Phase 2, parallel to the baseline’s forbidden-substitution list.
Submit
Approved rendering: 복종하다
Transliteration: bokjonghada
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Rejected alternatives: 삼종지도식 복종
Original: ὑποτάσσω (ὑποτάσσεσθαι)
Category: Ethics
새 용어. Original: ὑποτάσσω, used across three distinct relationships in Titus: civil authorities (3:1), wives to husbands (2:5), bondservants to masters (2:9). Titus 2:5 carries the sharpest Korean collision: the traditional, now officially rejected Confucian ‘three obediences’ doctrine (삼종지도, samjongjido — a woman’s prescribed lifelong obedience to father, then husband, then son). MANDATORY: every occurrence, and 2:5 in particular, requires a non-optional theologian-reviewed teaching note distinguishing Spirit-enabled, voluntary, Christ-modeled submission from this hierarchical, one-directional framework. Mandatory human theologian review, especially for 2:5.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrences: 1:1,4,13; 2:2,10; 3:15. Object is always God/Christ specifically; never generic superstitious belief (미신) or confidence in fortune-telling/astrology (사주팔자).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη / δικαίως
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrences: 2:12 (adverbial, δικαίως); 3:5 (δικαιοσύνη, ‘works done… in righteousness,’ explicitly negated as salvation’s ground). Titus 3:5 is the single most acute justification-context occurrence in the curriculum: mandatory flag distinguishing forensic righteousness from 의리 (Korean social-loyalty ethics) on every occurrence.
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies Titus 1:1’s ‘God’s elect’ (ἐκλεκτῶν θεοῦ) conceptually; no direct lexical occurrence of the Romans-style κλητός form in Titus, but the doctrine of a personal, relational summons applies to Paul’s and Titus’s ministry framing. NEVER 팔자에 정해진 (birth-chart-fixed fate).
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Conceptual background to Titus 1:1’s election language. NEVER 운명 (impersonal fate) or 팔자 (birth-chart-determined life-lot).
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος / ὅσιος / ἱεροπρεπής
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrences: 1:8 (ὅσιον, related term); 2:3 (ἱεροπρεπεῖς, ‘reverent in behavior’); underlies 1:15’s pure/defiled contrast. NEVER shamanistic ritual-purity-only sense (부정을 씻다).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: (conceptual: ἁγιασμός family; cf. ἀνακαίνωσις, παιδεύω)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Titus this doctrine is expressed conceptually through ‘training’ (παιδεύω, 2:12) and ‘renewal’ (ἀνακαίνωσις, 3:5) rather than the noun ἁγιασμός itself. Must never collapse into 열심 (zeal)-driven self-effort, since Titus grounds sanctification explicitly in grace (2:11-12) and the Spirit (3:5-6).
Adoption
Approved rendering: 양자
Transliteration: yangja
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 위한 양자
Original: (conceptual, underlying κληρονόμος, ‘heirs,’ 3:7)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies Titus 3:7’s ‘heirs’ (κληρονόμοι) — see ‘heirs’ new-term entry below. Traditional Korean heir-adoption (양자) existed primarily to continue Confucian ancestor-memorial rites (제사); biblical adoption/heirship in Titus is a relational, gratuitous gift, not a rite-continuation duty.
Law
Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrences: 3:9 (‘quarrels about the law’), 3:13 (Zenas ‘the lawyer’). NEVER equate with Confucian ritual-propriety code (예) or reduce to secular civil law (법률).
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτάνω (cf. 3:11’s ἐστιν ἁμαρτάνει)
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrence: 3:11 (‘sins, being self-condemned’); underlies the 3:3 pre-conversion catalogue. Distinguish from 액운 (bad luck) and 체면 손상 (loss of social face).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 이방인
Transliteration: ibangin
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: 외국인 (단일민족 의미로)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies Titus 2:11’s ‘grace… to all people’ and 2:14’s ‘a people for his own possession’ — see ‘peculiar_people’ new-term entry. Avoid Korea’s ethnic-nationalist 단일민족 (‘single ethnic nation’) framing throughout.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음의 순종
Transliteration: mideum-ui sunjong
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 효를 위한 순종, 삼종지도식 순종
Original: (conceptual family: ὑποτάσσω, πειθαρχέω)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Conceptually underlies Titus’s threefold submission instruction (ὑποτάσσω/πειθαρχέω, 2:5,9; 3:1) — see ‘submit’ and ‘obey_authorities’ new-term entries. Korea’s 삼종지도 (‘three obediences’) caution applies directly and is intensified in Titus 2:5’s wife-to-husband context.
Providence
Approved rendering: 섭리
Transliteration: seomni
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운명
Original: (conceptual, underlying Titus 1:2-3’s ‘promised before the ages… manifested at the proper time’)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies Titus 1:2-3’s ‘promised before the ages… manifested at the proper time.’ NEVER 팔자 (birth-chart fate) or 운명 (impersonal destiny); God’s timing in 1:3 is personal and purposive, not an astrologically fixed schedule.
Epiphany Appearing
Approved rendering: 나타나다/나타나심
Transliteration: natanada/natanasim
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: ἐπιφαίνω / ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Salvation
새 용어. Original: ἐπιφαίνω/ἐπιφάνεια, occurring three times in the core passage: grace’s past historical appearing (2:11), Christ’s future glorious appearing (2:13), God’s kindness appearing (3:4). Korean shamanism (무속신앙) commonly uses 나타나다 for a spirit ‘appearing’ to a mudang in a dream or during a 굿 ritual; every occurrence must be anchored to a datable historical event (the incarnation) or a certain future event (Christ’s return), never a subjective spirit-manifestation experience.
Purify
Approved rendering: 깨끗하게 하다
Transliteration: kkaekkeutage hada
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻다
Original: καθαρίζω
Category: Sanctification
새 용어. Original: καθαρίζω, Titus 2:14 — Christ ‘purify[ies] for himself a people for his own possession.’ Direct extension of the baseline ‘holy’ doctrine’s caution: must not read as removing shamanistic ritual impurity/misfortune (부정을 씻다). Moral, not ritual, cleansing, accomplished once by Christ’s self-gift, not by a repeatable rite.
Peculiar People
Approved rendering: 자기 백성
Transliteration: jagi baekseong
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 단일민족식 자기 백성
Original: λαὸς περιούσιος
Category: Church
새 용어. Original: λαὸς περιούσιος, Titus 2:14, the OT/LXX covenant-people phrase (Exod 19:5) now applied to the church. Korean readers may default to reading ‘자기 백성’ through the lens of 단일민족 (‘a single ethnic nation’) ethnic-insider identity; teaching must clarify this ‘people’ is constituted by faith in Christ across all ethnicities, not ethnic lineage.
Zealous For Good Works
Approved rendering: 열심
Transliteration: yeolsim
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: ζηλωτής
Category: Sanctification
새 용어. Original: ζηλωτής, Titus 2:14, describing the redeemed people. 열심 resonates strongly with Korea’s achievement-oriented diligence culture (열심히 하다), risking a slide toward works-as-merit; must be taught explicitly as the fruit of redemption already accomplished (2:14a), never its cause.
Good Works
Approved rendering: 선한 일
Transliteration: seonhan il
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Rejected alternatives: 공덕
Original: καλὰ / ἀγαθὰ ἔργα
Category: Sanctification
새 용어. Original: καλὰ/ἀγαθὰ ἔργα, the letter’s central ethical keyword, recurring 6+ times (1:16; 2:7,14; 3:1,8,14). Must always be taught as the fruit, never the root, of grace and regeneration (explicit sequencing in 3:5, 8). Sharply distinguish from Buddhist 공덕 (gongdeok), merit accumulated toward karmic outcome. Highest-recurrence new term in the book; requires fencing at every occurrence.
Renewal Of Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 새롭게 하심
Transliteration: saeropge hasim
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기, 양생
Original: ἀνακαίνωσις πνεύματος ἁγίου
Category: Sanctification
새 용어. Original: ἀνακαίνωσις πνεύματος ἁγίου, Titus 3:5, paired with the once-for-all ‘washing of regeneration.’ Must be distinguished from Confucian/Daoist self-renewal or longevity-cultivation practice (양생, ‘nourishing life’) and from ascetic self-improvement (수행, 도 닦기). This renewal is the Spirit’s gift, not a self-directed regimen. Verify cross-document consistency with however Romans 12:2’s ‘renewal of your mind’ (same root family) was rendered in Phase 2 output.
Kindness
Approved rendering: 자비
Transliteration: jabi
Doctrine: Mercy and Kindness of God
Original: χρηστότης
Category: God
새 용어. Original: χρηστότης, Titus 3:4, paired with φιλανθρωπία to describe God’s saving disposition. 자비 (慈悲) is the primary Korean Buddhist compassion term (karuna/metta), a cultivated moral virtue extended to all sentient beings. Must be taught as God’s own initiating disposition accomplishing salvation (3:5), not a universal virtue any person cultivates through spiritual practice, nor diffuse cosmic compassion.
Heirs
Approved rendering: 후사/상속자
Transliteration: husa/sangsokja
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 위한 양자
Original: κληρονόμος (κληρονόμοι)
Category: Salvation
새 용어. Original: κληρονόμος (κληρονόμοι), Titus 3:7 — justified believers become ‘heirs according to the hope of eternal life.’ Reuses the baseline ‘adoption’ (양자) framing: traditional Korean heir-adoption existed primarily to continue ancestor-memorial rites (제사), an instrumental purpose. Here, ‘heir’ is a relational, gratuitous inheritance status through grace and justification, not a ritual-continuation duty.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: 바른 교훈
Transliteration: bareun gyohun
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Rejected alternatives: 정도(正道)식 correctness, 정법식 correctness
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Church
새 용어. Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (‘health-giving teaching,’ root of English ‘hygiene’), recurring throughout Titus (1:9; 2:1; cf. 2:8’s ‘sound speech,’ same root). KRV’s ‘바른’ (correct/right) framing trades away the Greek’s health/wholeness metaphor and risks assimilation to Confucian 정도 (正道, ‘the correct/proper Way,’ a social-conformity concept) or Buddhist 정법 (‘right teaching’). Sound doctrine is Christ-centered apostolic teaching producing a healthy, grace-shaped life, not abstract ethical correctness; supplement teaching materials with the health-imagery sense.
Godliness
Approved rendering: 경건
Transliteration: gyeonggeon
Doctrine: Godliness and Piety
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 위한 경건
Original: εὐσέβεια / εὐσεβῶς
Category: Sanctification
새 용어. Original: εὐσέβεια/εὐσεβῶς, a central term recurring across the letter (1:1; 2:12). Korea’s rigorous Confucian ritual-reverence and ancestor-memorial (제사) tradition risks 경건 being understood as ritual correctness/filial performance toward superiors or ancestors rather than personal devotion to the living God flowing from grace. Always anchor to its source in 2:11-12: grace trains toward godliness; it is not self-generated ritual piety.
Pure And Defiled
Approved rendering: 깨끗한/더러운
Transliteration: kkaekkeutan/deoreoun
Doctrine: Rejection of False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: 부정 (무속적 의미)
Original: καθαρός / μεμιαμμένος
Category: Sanctification
새 용어. Original: καθαρός/μεμιαμμένος, Titus 1:15 — ‘to the pure all things are pure… their mind and conscience are defiled.’ Direct extension of the baseline ‘holy’ doctrine’s caution against Korean shamanistic ritual-impurity concepts (부정, misfortune-linked defilement removed via a gut ceremony); this defilement is explicitly interior (mind, conscience), not an external ritual state removable by rite.
Genealogies
Approved rendering: 족보
Transliteration: jokbo
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: γενεαλογίαι
Category: Polemics
새 용어. Original: γενεαλογίαι, Titus 3:9. Significant Korean cultural collision: 족보 carries deep positive cultural weight (Confucian clan identity, ancestor-memorial practice, family pride in documented lineage), the opposite valence from Paul’s dismissive framing. Teaching must clarify Paul targets speculative doctrinal myth-making using genealogies (a false-teacher tactic), not general family-lineage interest, and that this text is distinct from the separate historical jesa (제사) controversy in Korean church history.
Divisive Person
Approved rendering: 이단에 속한 사람
Transliteration: idan-e sokhan saram
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: 이단 (단독 라벨로 사용)
Original: αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Polemics
새 용어. Original: αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος, Titus 3:10, a factious person warned twice then avoided. Modern Korean Protestant discourse applies 이단 as an intense institutional label for controversial new religious movements (e.g. Shincheonji, JMS) and, at times, polemically to rival denominations. Titus 3:10 describes a narrower, local, twice-warned pastoral-discipline scenario; do not conflate with the modern institutional labeling practice without careful qualification. Use the fuller descriptive phrase, not the bare label 이단 alone.
Medium Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus itself favors σωτήρ (‘Savior,’ see ‘savior’ new-term entry below) over κύριος as its dominant Christological title, but the exclusive-Lordship concept underlies the whole letter. Critically, in Titus this term must be kept lexically and grammatically distinct from δεσπότης (‘master,’ human slaveholder, 2:9, see ‘household_master’ entry) — never apply the 님 honorific suffix pattern to the human-master term.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrence: 2:13, ‘the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ.’ Never collapse into 명예 (secular honor) or 출세 (career/social success).
Election
Approved rendering: 선택
Transliteration: seontaek
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운
Original: ἐκλεκτοί θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrence: 1:1, ‘the faith of God’s elect’ (ἐκλεκτῶν θεοῦ). Never 팔자 (birth-chart fate) or 운 (luck); avoid a merit-based ‘passed the test’ reading given Korea’s exam/hiring culture.
Mission
Approved rendering: 선교
Transliteration: seongyo
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: προπέμπω (cf. Titus 3:13-14)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies Titus 3:12-14’s practical support for gospel workers Zenas and Apollos (προπέμπω, see ‘support_for_mission’ new-term entry). Korea’s success-and-growth-oriented missions culture caution applies.
Peace
Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrence: 1:4, opening greeting ‘Grace and peace.’ Distinct from the general well-being greeting sense of 평안; peace secured through the gospel Titus proclaims.
Savior
Approved rendering: 구주
Transliteration: guju
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 구원자
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
새 용어 (new term). Original: σωτήρ (sōtēr). Applied six times in Titus, alternating Father (1:3; 2:10; 3:4) and Son (1:4; 2:13; 3:6) — the letter’s structural signature title. 구주 is an established, low-collision KRV term functioning as a specifically Christian religious title. NEVER substitute 구원자 (a secular hero-genre ‘rescuer’ term common in Korean film/drama); Titus 2:13’s Granville-Sharp construction (‘our great God and Savior Jesus Christ’) requires the Korean rendering to preserve single-referent grammatical unity affirming Christ’s full deity.
Mercy
Approved rendering: 긍휼
Transliteration: geungyul
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
새 용어. Original: ἔλεος, Titus 3:5, the stated basis of salvation, contrasted with ‘works.’ Distinguish from the Buddhist compassion-virtue 자비 (see ‘kindness’ entry) — 긍휼 is God’s compassionate act toward the guilty, not a cultivated inner virtue.
Philanthropy
Approved rendering: 사람 사랑하심
Transliteration: saram saranghasim
Doctrine: Mercy and Kindness of God
Rejected alternatives: 박애주의
Original: φιλανθρωπία
Category: God
새 용어. Original: φιλανθρωπία, Titus 3:4. Must be distinguished from secular humanistic philanthropy (박애주의) or NGO-style charitable giving, which carries no reference to God or to salvation.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: 영생
Transliteration: yeongsaeng
Doctrine: Hope of Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: 불로장생
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος / ἐλπὶς ζωῆς αἰωνίου
Category: Eschatology
새 용어. Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος/ἐλπὶς ζωῆς αἰωνίου, opening (1:2) and closing (3:7) the letter’s theological arc. Distinguish from the Daoist/folk-religious pursuit of physical immortality (불로장생), a concept with real currency in Korean folk religion and popular ‘immortal cultivator’ media tropes. Biblical eternal life is relational communion with God secured by grace, not extended physical existence via spiritual technique.
Elder
Approved rendering: 장로
Transliteration: jangno
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Leadership
새 용어. Original: πρεσβύτερος, Titus 1:5, the local-church office Titus is charged to appoint ‘in every town.’ Korea’s pre-Christian Confucian elder-respect convention (연장자/어른, automatic social respect by age alone) risks collapsing 장로 into an honorary age-based title rather than the doctrinally/morally qualified role of vv.6-9.
Overseer
Approved rendering: 감독
Transliteration: gamdok
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Leadership
새 용어. Original: ἐπίσκοπος, Titus 1:7, treated as synonymous with πρεσβύτερος for the same local office. Later Korean denominational usage (notably Methodist 감독교회) assigns 감독 to a distinct, higher, regional bishopric office; teaching must clarify Titus 1:5-7 uses both terms for ONE local office, avoiding an imported later hierarchy.
One Woman Man
Approved rendering: 한 아내의 남편
Transliteration: han anae-ui nampyeon
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ
Category: Leadership
새 용어. Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ, Titus 1:6, a debated qualification (marital faithfulness/single-mindedness). Render literally and leave interpretation to teaching notes; do not resolve the debated ambiguity through an interpretively loaded paraphrase, since English-language denominational traditions themselves disagree on this qualification’s precise scope.
Steward
Approved rendering: 청지기
Transliteration: cheongjigi
Doctrine: Stewardship of God’s Household
Rejected alternatives: 가장
Original: θεοῦ οἰκονόμος
Category: Leadership
새 용어. Original: θεοῦ οἰκονόμος, Titus 1:7, framing the overseer’s role as accountable stewardship. Distinguish from a Confucian household head (가장, gajang) who exercises paternal authority as his own prerogative; a steward manages another’s (God’s) property for the Owner’s purposes and is accountable to him.
Servant Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 종
Transliteration: Hananim-ui jong
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Delegated Ministry
Original: δοῦλος θεοῦ
Category: Church
새 용어. Original: δοῦλος θεοῦ, Titus 1:1, Paul’s self-designation. 종 carries residual social-class connotation from the historic Korean 노비 (slave-class) system, abolished in the late 19th century; teach as honored, total devotion to Christ, not degrading servitude.
Obey Authorities
Approved rendering: 순종하다
Transliteration: sunjonghada
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: πειθαρχέω
Category: Ethics
새 용어. Original: πειθαρχέω (rare NT word, cf. Acts 5:29), Titus 3:1, reinforcing ὑποτάσσω. Same doctrinal caution as ‘submit,’ lower intensity since directed at civil government rather than marriage.
Rulers And Authorities
Approved rendering: 통치자들과 권세 잡은 자들
Transliteration: tongchijadeul-gwa gwonse jabeun jadeul
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: ἀρχαί, ἐξουσίαι
Category: Ethics
새 용어. Original: ἀρχαί, ἐξουσίαι, Titus 3:1, echoing Romans 13:1-7’s authority theme. Consistent with the Romans baseline’s handling of Romans 13; no independent new collision.
Household Master
Approved rendering: 상전/주인
Transliteration: sangjeon/juin
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Household
새 용어. Original: δεσπότης, Titus 2:9, deliberately a different, socially harsher word than κύριος. Structural rule: NEVER apply the 주님 honorific suffix (님) pattern reserved for Christ’s exclusive Lordship to this human-master term.
Disobedient
Approved rendering: 순종하지 아니하는
Transliteration: sunjonghaji anihaneun
Doctrine: Transformed Life Before and After Conversion
Original: ἀπειθής
Category: Sin
새 용어. Original: ἀπειθής, Titus 3:3, describing the pre-conversion state, resolved by regeneration in 3:5. Same root underlies the Romans baseline’s ‘universal_human_accountability’ doctrine.
Ungodliness
Approved rendering: 경건하지 않은 것
Transliteration: gyeonggeonhaji aneun geot
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: ἀσέβεια
Category: Sin
새 용어. Original: ἀσέβεια, Titus 2:12, the negative counterpart of εὐσέβεια (godliness), renounced through grace’s training. Risk is a mirror of the ‘godliness’ entry rather than an independent collision.
Worldly Desires
Approved rendering: 이 세상 정욕
Transliteration: i sesang jeongyok
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: κοσμικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι
Category: Sin
새 용어. Original: κοσμικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι, Titus 2:12, renounced alongside ungodliness. Established phrase in Korean church usage; no significant new collision.
Self Control
Approved rendering: 신중함/절제함
Transliteration: sinjungham/jeoljeham
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: σωφρόνως / σώφρων / σωφροσύνη
Category: Sanctification
새 용어. Original: σωφρόνως/σώφρων/σωφροσύνη, a repeated root across Titus (1:8; 2:2,4,5,6,12), part of the ethical triad grace produces. Track consistently across all occurrences; avoid reducing to mere social decorum (예의) divorced from Spirit-produced character.
Blessed Hope
Approved rendering: 복스러운 소망
Transliteration: bokseureoun somang
Doctrine: Hope of Eternal Life
Original: μακαρία ἐλπίς
Category: Eschatology
새 용어. Original: μακαρία ἐλπίς, Titus 2:13, the eschatological hope of Christ’s return. 복 (bok, ‘blessing/fortune’) is the same root flagged Critical under the baseline’s ‘grace’ entry for its 기복신앙 collision; here it modifies ‘hope,’ not grace directly, but teaching should avoid letting ‘blessed hope’ be heard as a hope for good fortune rather than certain eschatological expectation.
Lawlessness
Approved rendering: 불법
Transliteration: bulbeop
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification
Original: ἀνομία
Category: Sin
새 용어. Original: ἀνομία, Titus 2:14, named as what believers are redeemed from. Built on the baseline 율법 (law) as its negated root; no independent collision beyond the law entry’s caution.
Circumcision Party
Approved rendering: 할례파
Transliteration: hallyepa
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς
Category: Polemics
새 용어. Original: οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς, Titus 1:10, the Jewish-Christian faction insisting on continued Torah/circumcision observance. Ties to the Romans baseline’s ‘unity_of_jews_and_gentiles’ doctrine; no independent new collision.
Jewish Myths
Approved rendering: 유대인의 허탄한 이야기
Transliteration: Yudaein-ui heotanhan iyagi
Doctrine: Rejection of False Teaching
Original: Ἰουδαϊκοὶ μῦθοι
Category: Polemics
새 용어. Original: Ἰουδαϊκοὶ μῦθοι, Titus 1:14, rejected as a distraction from sound doctrine. Connects to ‘avoiding divisive controversies’; closely related to 3:9’s γενεαλογίαι (see ‘genealogies’ entry).
Profess Deny
Approved rendering: 시인하다/부인하다
Transliteration: siinhada/buinhada
Doctrine: Rejection of False Teaching
Original: ὁμολογέω / ἀρνέομαι
Category: Faith
새 용어. Original: ὁμολογέω/ἀρνέομαι, Titus 1:16, false teachers ‘profess to know God but deny him by their works.’ Note the intertextual link: the same confessional-verb family used positively for the saving confession in the Romans baseline (Rom 10:9, ‘Jesus is Lord’) is used here negatively for hypocritical false profession — a productive teaching contrast, not an independent translation risk.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: 책망하다
Transliteration: chaengmanghada
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Rejected alternatives: 체면을 깎는 것
Original: ἐλέγχω
Category: Church
새 용어. Original: ἐλέγχω, a recurring Titus term (1:9,13; 2:15) key to pastoral authority. Should be distinguished from harsh shaming (체면을 깎는 것, an attack on 체면/social face); biblical rebuke aims at correction within delegated pastoral authority, not humiliation.
Foolish Controversies
Approved rendering: 어리석은 변론
Transliteration: eoriseokeun byeollon
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: μωραὶ ζητήσεις
Category: Polemics
새 용어. Original: μωραὶ ζητήσεις, Titus 3:9, named alongside genealogies and legal quarrels. Central to ‘avoiding divisive controversies’; no independent collision beyond the doctrine’s general caution.
Quarrels About Law
Approved rendering: 율법에 대한 다툼
Transliteration: yulbeop-e daehan datum
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: μάχαι νομικαί
Category: Polemics
새 용어. Original: μάχαι νομικαί, Titus 3:9, likely tied to the circumcision party (1:10). Built on baseline 율법 (law); no independent new collision.
Self Condemned
Approved rendering: 스스로 정죄한 자
Transliteration: seuseuro jeongjoehan ja
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: αὐτοκατάκριτος
Category: Polemics
새 용어. Original: αὐτοκατάκριτος (occurs only here in the NT), Titus 3:11 — the divisive person’s own persistence in error constitutes his own self-judgment. Should be taught carefully alongside the 이단 caution above to avoid encouraging a hasty or punitive ‘heresy-hunting’ posture inconsistent with the text’s patient two-warning process.
Support For Mission
Approved rendering: 급히 먼저 보내어 궁핍함이 없게 함
Transliteration: geubhi meonjeo bonaeeo gungpiphami eopge ham
Doctrine: Mission Support for Gospel Workers
Original: προπέμπω
Category: Church
새 용어. Original: προπέμπω, Titus 3:13-14, practical provision for traveling gospel workers Zenas and Apollos. Ties to the Romans baseline’s mission caution: Korea’s success-and-growth-oriented, numbers-driven missions-sending culture risks reframing this as achievement-metric fundraising rather than gospel-motivated, relational support.
Knowledge Of Truth
Approved rendering: 진리를 아는 지식
Transliteration: jilli-reul aneun jisik
Doctrine: Inspiration and Knowledge of the Truth
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Faith
새 용어. Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας, the goal of Paul’s apostleship per Titus 1:1. Distinguish from Confucian scholarly transmission of classical texts (경, gyeong) or Buddhist enlightenment-knowledge (깨달음) — this is personal knowledge of a specific, historical, revealed God’s truth, grounded in ‘God, who never lies’ (1:2).
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrence: 1:1, Paul’s self-designation. No significant collision.
Exhort
Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Titus occurrences: 1:9; 2:6,15. No significant risk.
Covenant
Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: (conceptual background to Titus 1:2’s promise and 2:14’s λαὸς περιούσιος)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Conceptual background to Titus 1:2’s promise language and 2:14’s λαὸς περιούσιος (see ‘peculiar_people’ entry). Korean’s clean 언약/계약 distinction remains an asset in Titus as in Romans.
Faithful Saying
Approved rendering: 미쁜 말씀(이라)
Transliteration: mippeun malsseum(ira)
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Faith
새 용어. Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος, a formulaic Pastoral Epistles marker (Titus 3:8) introducing a summary of settled apostolic teaching (vv.4-7). 미쁘다 is archaic Korean, largely obsolete outside this formula; a readability gloss may help, but there is no doctrinal risk.
Blameless
Approved rendering: 책망할 것이 없는
Transliteration: chaengmanghal geosi eomneun
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Leadership
새 용어. Original: ἀνέγκλητος, the governing qualification for both elder (1:6) and overseer (1:7). No significant collision.
Conscience
Approved rendering: 양심
Transliteration: yangsim
Doctrine: Rejection of False Teaching
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sanctification
새 용어. Original: συνείδησις, Titus 1:15, paired with ‘mind’ as the seat of defilement in false teachers. Fairly universal secular/moral concept in modern Korean already; low collision risk.
Disqualified
Approved rendering: 선한 일에 합당하지 못한 자
Transliteration: seonhan il-e hapdanghaji mothan ja
Doctrine: Rejection of False Teaching
Original: ἀδόκιμος
Category: Church
새 용어. Original: ἀδόκιμος, closing chapter 1 (1:16): false teachers are ‘unfit for any good work.’ Ironic inversion of the letter’s positive good-works theme; no significant collision.
Older Men Women
Approved rendering: 늙은 남자/늙은 여자
Transliteration: neulgeun namja/neulgeun yeoja
Doctrine: Household Codes and Intergenerational Discipleship
Original: πρεσβύτης / πρεσβῦτις
Category: Household
새 용어. Original: πρεσβύτης/πρεσβῦτις, age-based categories in the household code (2:2-3), NOT the office-word πρεσβύτερος (‘elder’). Flag this lexical distinction clearly in translator notes to prevent conflation with the church office of chapter 1.
Admonition
Approved rendering: 훈계하다
Transliteration: hungyehada
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: νουθεσία (νουθέτησον)
Category: Church
새 용어. Original: νουθεσία/νουθέτησον, the prescribed two-stage corrective process before withdrawing fellowship from a divisive person (3:10). No significant collision; teach alongside ‘divisive_person’ to preserve the text’s patient process.
Titus Proper Name
Approved rendering: 디도
Transliteration: Dido
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Delegated Ministry
새 용어 (proper name). The letter’s recipient and Paul’s delegate in Crete (1:4). Standard KRV-consistent transliteration; should be formally added to translation memory for cross-document consistency across this curriculum’s other materials.
Crete Cretan
Approved rendering: 그레데/그레데인
Transliteration: Geurede/Geuredein
Doctrine: Rejection of False Teaching
새 용어 (proper name). Place name and demonym (1:5,12), site of the Epimenides quotation (‘Cretans are always liars’) — a cultural/rhetorical citation, not a doctrinal term. Standard KRV-consistent transliteration.
Zenas Proper Name
Approved rendering: 세나
Transliteration: Sena
Doctrine: Mission Support for Gospel Workers
새 용어 (proper name). ‘Zenas the lawyer’ (3:13). Standard KRV-consistent transliteration.
Apollos Proper Name
Approved rendering: 아볼로
Transliteration: Abollo
Doctrine: Mission Support for Gospel Workers
새 용어 (proper name). Traveling gospel worker named in Titus 3:13. Standard KRV-consistent transliteration.
Artemas Proper Name
Approved rendering: 아데마
Transliteration: Adema
Doctrine: Mission Support for Gospel Workers
새 용어 (proper name). Named in Titus 3:12. Standard KRV-consistent transliteration.
Tychicus Proper Name
Approved rendering: 두기고
Transliteration: Dugigo
Doctrine: Mission Support for Gospel Workers
새 용어 (proper name). Named in Titus 3:12. Standard KRV-consistent transliteration.
Nicopolis Proper Name
Approved rendering: 니고볼리
Transliteration: Nigobolli
Doctrine: Mission Support for Gospel Workers
새 용어 (proper name). Place name, Titus 3:12. Standard KRV-consistent transliteration.
Referenced passages