Core Glossary

Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians (English → Korean)

This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json for the 2 Corinthians curriculum. Section A lists terms reused exactly from the Romans baseline (no changes permitted). Section B lists new terms first load-bearing in 2 Corinthians, each assigned a risk tier following the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework and review-routing convention as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.

Section A — Reused Baseline Terms (Romans TM, enforced exactly)

English Term	Korean	Risk (baseline)	Chapters Occurring	Reuse Note
grace	은혜	Critical	1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13	New contextual application: grace-motivated generosity (chs. 8–9); same 기복신앙 non-transactional guard applies
faith	믿음	High	1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 13	Applies to “examine yourselves” (13:5) self-testing of genuine faith
righteousness	의	High	3, 5, 6, 9, 11	5:21 “righteousness of God” — see imputed_righteousness below
imputed_righteousness	의로 여기심	Critical	5	5:21’s “become the righteousness of God” is the direct sequel/complement to Romans 4’s imputation logic
sin	죄	High	5, 11	5:19/5:21 core passage; also used inline for παράπτωμα (trespass) per established KRV wording
apostle	사도	Low	1, 8, 11, 12	Elevated relevance given “Genuine versus False Apostleship” doctrine; see ψευδαπόστολος below
glory	영광	Medium	1, 3, 4	3:18 “from glory to glory” transformation motif
covenant	언약	Low	3	”New covenant” (새 언약); Korean’s clean 언약/계약 distinction remains an asset
law	율법	High	3	Contrasted with Spirit via “letter” (율법 조문)
holy_spirit	성령	Critical	1, 3, 5, 13	See Ch.3 special flag: KRV legitimately uses bare 영 (not 성령) in 3:6, 17-18 — must be glossed as Holy Spirit in context, never read as generic/shamanistic spirit
god	하나님	Critical	all	No deviation
jesus	예수	Critical	all	No deviation
messiah (christ)	그리스도	Medium	all	No deviation
lord	주님	Critical	1, 3, 5, 13	5:11 “fear of the Lord” (주); honorific grammar required
father	아버지	Critical	1, 6, 13	13:11 “God of love and peace”; jesa-history awareness retained
holy	거룩한	High	6, 7	”Separate,” “temple of the living God” contexts
sanctification	성화	High	3, 4, 7	Underlies 3:18 transformation and 7:1 holiness exhortation
thanksgiving	감사	Low	1, 2, 9	Standard usage
fellowship	교제	Low	13	Also rendered 교통 in 13:14 KRV wording — same concept, flag for consistency
power_of_god	능력	Critical	4, 10, 12, 13	Extended nuance in ch.12: power perfected IN weakness, not power overcoming weakness — see Section B
exhort	권면하다	Low	5 (core passage), 6	Also used in 5:11 for a different Greek verb (πείθω); disambiguate by context
christian_identity_in_christ (doctrine)	그리스도 안에	High	5 (core), 12	”In Christ” as new-creation ground

Section B — New Terms Introduced in 2 Corinthians

#	English Term	Greek / Transliteration	Korean Rendering	Risk	Doctrine	Chapters	Key Collision / Note
1	Reconciliation	καταλλαγή / katallagē	화목 / 화목하게 하다	Critical	Reconciliation with God	5 (core)	Confucian ancestral-rite appeasement logic; secular family-harmony collapse; must be one-directional, God-initiated, once-for-all
2	New Creation	καινὴ κτίσις / kainē ktisis	새로운 피조물	Critical	New Creation in Christ	5 (core)	Buddhist rebirth/reincarnation (환생, 윤회); self-cultivation (수행); shamanistic fortune-reset rituals (액땜, 살풀이)
3	Generosity (in giving)	ἁπλότης / haplotēs	후한 마음 / 풍성함	Critical	Generosity and Grace in Giving	8, 9	Buddhist temple almsgiving (시주) merit-logic; shamanistic ritual-fee (굿값) fortune-exchange pattern (기복신앙)
4	Power made perfect in weakness	δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται	능력이 약한 데서 온전하여짐	Critical	Power in Weakness	12	Extends baseline 능력/영력 guard; paradox (power IN weakness, not power replacing weakness) must not be softened
5	Trinitarian benediction	χάρις, ἀγάπη, κοινωνία (unit)	은혜, 사랑, 교통하심	Critical	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (closing)	13	Liturgically prominent; every element must be individually accurate and jointly consistent across curriculum materials
6	Fear of the Lord	φόβος τοῦ κυρίου	주를 두려워함	High	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Apostolic Authority	5 (core)	Superstitious fear of spirits/misfortune (귀신, 액운) vs. reverential awe before a personal, judging God
7	Boasting	καυχάομαι / καύχημα	자랑(하다)	High	Genuine vs False Apostleship	5 (core), 10, 11, 12	Korean status/credential culture (학벌, 스펙, 출세); Paul’s paradoxical boast in weakness must retain subversive force
8	Outward appearance / heart	πρόσωπον / καρδία	외모 / 마음	Medium-High	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	5 (core)	체면 (chemyeon, face) culture defaults to external evaluation
9	Ecstasy / beside oneself	ἐξίστημι	미치다 / 정신을 잃다	Medium-High	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	5 (core)	Shamanistic trance-possession (신들림) during gut ritual — differing source/purpose must be clarified
10	Love (of Christ)	ἀγάπη	사랑	Medium	New Creation / Reconciliation	5 (core), 13	Korean 정 (jeong, accumulated relational attachment) is a distinct, non-equivalent concept
11	Comfort	παράκλησις	위로	High	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	1, 7	Shamanistic ritual catharsis (gut) vs. God’s personal, relayed comfort
12	Affliction / suffering	θλῖψις	환난	High	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	1, 4	Impersonal fate/bad luck (액운) vs. meaningful, God-permitted, ministry-instrumental suffering
13	Guarantee / down payment	ἀρραβών	보증	High	New Creation / Assurance	1, 5	Commercial-guarantee coldness; amulet/talisman (부적) magical-security collision
14	Seal	σφραγίζω	인치다	Medium	Assurance	1	Amulet/talisman (부적) parallel
15	Sincerity	εἰλικρίνεια / ἁπλότης (purity sense)	진실함 / 순전함	High	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	1, 2	Face-maintenance performative sincerity (체면) vs. transparency before God regardless of social cost
16	Forgive	χαρίζομαι	용서하다	Medium	Reconciliation (corporate)	2	Face-saving social reconciliation vs. grace-grounded release
17	Satan	Σατανᾶς	사탄	Medium	Genuine vs False Apostleship	2, 11, 12	Distinguish from generic folk-spirit (귀신) — personal, defeated adversary
18	Triumph (in Christ)	θριαμβεύω	이기게 하다	Medium	Power in Weakness	2	Roman triumphal-procession/captive imagery lost in domesticated KRV wording; achievement-culture (출세) misreading risk
19	Fragrance / aroma of Christ	ὀσμή / εὐωδία	향기 / 냄새	High	Genuine vs False Apostleship	2	Incense-offering ritual (jesa, Buddhist temple worship) collision — metaphor, not literal offering
20	Peddling the word	καπηλεύω	말씀을 혼잡하게 하다	High	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	2	Prosperity-gospel commercialization; parallels shamanistic ritual-fee (굿값) and 기복신앙
21	Letter vs. Spirit	γράμμα / πνεῦμα	율법 조문 / 영	High	New Covenant versus Old	3	See special flag: bare 영 (no 성 prefix) is an established KRV exception requiring in-context Holy Spirit gloss
22	Veil	κάλυμμα	수건	Low-Medium	New Covenant versus Old	3	OT (Exodus 34) literacy dependency
23	Transformed / transfigured	μεταμορφόω	변화하다	High	New Creation / Sanctification	3	Daoist immortal-transformation (신선), Buddhist enlightenment-attainment collision
24	Freedom	ἐλευθερία	자유	Low-Medium	New Covenant versus Old	3	Keep specifically Spirit/Law-freedom, not generic political liberty
25	Jars of clay	ὀστράκινα σκεύη	질그릇	Low	Power in Weakness	4	Vivid, low-risk metaphor
26	Death / life of Jesus (carried in the body)	νέκρωσις / ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ	예수의 죽음 / 예수의 생명	Medium	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	4	Suffering as participatory display, not misfortune
27	Outer man / inner man	ἔξω / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος	겉사람 / 속사람	Medium	Sanctification	4	Confucian outward-propriety/inward-cultivation (禮/修身) dualism collision
28	Earthly tent / heavenly house	σκῆνος / οἰκία	장막 집 / 하늘에 있는 영원한 집	Low-Medium	New Creation (future hope)	5	Tabernacle-imagery OT dependency
29	Judgment seat of Christ	βῆμα (τοῦ Χριστοῦ)	그리스도의 심판대	High	Suffering and Comfort / Power in Weakness	5	Karmic-retribution (인과응보) and Buddhist underworld-judgment (시왕) collision; not a salvation-determining judgment
30	Ambassador	πρεσβεύω	사신이 되다	Medium	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	5 (core)	Political-career/diplomatic-prestige framing risk; must retain delegated-authority-in-humble-service sense
31	Trespass	παράπτωμα	죄 (KRV inline) / 허물 (technical gloss)	Medium	Reconciliation with God	5 (core)	KRV collapses into 죄; preserve forensic-accounting nuance in teaching notes
32	Ministry (office/service)	διακονία	직분 / 사역	Medium	Reconciliation / New Covenant	3, 5, 6, 9, 11	Ensure consistent rendering across recurring uses
33	Fellow worker	συνεργός	함께 일하는 자 / 동역자	Low	Church as God’s People	6	No significant risk
34	Acceptable time	καιρὸς δεκτός	은혜받을 만한 때	Low	Reconciliation with God	6	Standard usage
35	Unequally yoked	ἑτεροζυγέω	멍에를 함께 메지 말라	Medium	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	6	Marriage/social-status matching misapplication risk in Confucian family culture
36	Belial	Βελιάρ	벨리알	Low	Genuine vs False Apostleship	6	Transliteration; title for Satan
37	Temple of the living God	ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος	하나님의 성전	High	Church as God’s People	6	Ancestral shrine (사당/제사) and Buddhist temple (절) collision
38	Separate / set apart (from compromise)	ἀφορίζω	따로 있다 / 구별되다	Medium	Sanctification	6	Shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻음) vs. moral-relational separation
39	Godly sorrow / worldly sorrow	λύπη κατὰ θεόν / τοῦ κόσμου	하나님의 뜻대로 하는 근심 / 세상 근심	High	New Covenant (repentance context)	7	체면 (face-loss shame) mimicking godly sorrow
40	Repentance	μετάνοια	회개	High	New Covenant versus Old	7	NEVER 참회 (Buddhist ritual karma-confession)
41	Simplicity/generosity	ἁπλότης	후한 마음 / 풍성함	Critical	Generosity and Grace in Giving	8	See Section B #3 above (also cited here for chapter completeness)
42	The collection/contribution	λογεία (referenced)	연보	High	Generosity and Grace in Giving	8, 9	Temple-donation-merit or ritual-due framing risk
43	Equality	ἰσότης	균등 / 평등	Medium	Generosity and Grace in Giving	8	Contemporary political-equality discourse collision; is voluntary grace-sharing, not mandated redistribution
44	Became poor (Christ’s self-impoverishment)	πτωχεύω	가난하게 되심	Medium	Generosity and Grace in Giving	8	Ties to Incarnation doctrine; not a provisional manifestation (화신)
45	Sow and reap	σπείρω / θερίζω	심다 / 거두다	High	Generosity and Grace in Giving	9	Korean karmic proverb “뿌린 대로 거둔다” collision — must be personal/gracious, not mechanical-karmic
46	Cheerful giver	ἱλαρὸς δότης	즐겨 내는 자	Medium	Generosity and Grace in Giving	9	Reinforces non-transactional, joy-motivated giving
47	Sufficiency / contentment	αὐτάρκεια	넉넉함 / 자족	Medium	Generosity and Grace in Giving	9	Self-made (자수성가) achievement-independence collision
48	Indescribable gift	ἀνεκδιήγητος δωρεά	말할 수 없는 은사	Low	Generosity and Grace in Giving	9	Disambiguate from technical “spiritual gifts” (은사) sense
49	Stronghold	ὀχύρωμα	견고한 진	Medium	Power in Weakness	10	Shamanistic exorcism/spiritual-warfare-ritual (굿을 통한 축귀) collision
50	Meekness and gentleness (of Christ)	πραΰτης καὶ ἐπιείκεια	온유와 관용	Low-Medium	Power in Weakness	10	Passive-decorum (Confucian) reduction risk
51	False apostles	ψευδαπόστολοι	거짓 사도	High	Genuine vs False Apostleship	11	Contemporary Korean cult/self-declared-messiah phenomena; discernment-teaching relevance
52	Disguise as angel of light	μετασχηματίζω / ἄγγελος φωτός	가장하다 / 광명의 천사	Medium-High	Genuine vs False Apostleship	11	Reinforces false-apostle discernment warning
53	Godly jealousy	ζῆλος θεοῦ	하나님의 열심	Medium	Genuine vs False Apostleship	11	Distinguish from ordinary interpersonal envy (질투)
54	Super-apostles	ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι	지극히 크다는 사도들	Medium	Genuine vs False Apostleship	11	Ironic label — must not be read as an honorific title
55	Third heaven / Paradise	τρίτος οὐρανός / παράδεισος	셋째 하늘 / 낙원	High	Genuine vs False Apostleship	12	Buddhist Pure Land (극락) collision
56	Thorn in the flesh	σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί	육체의 가시	High	Power in Weakness	12	Ancestral-curse/spirit-affliction (조상의 한, 원한) and ritual-removal (푸닥거리, 살풀이) collision
57	Messenger of Satan	ἄγγελος σατανᾶ	사탄의 사자	Medium	Power in Weakness	12	No independent additional risk
58	Signs of an apostle	σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου	사도의 표	Medium	Genuine vs False Apostleship	12	Genuine signs tied to endurance/gospel-centeredness, not self-promotion
59	Examine/test yourselves	δοκιμάζω/πειράζω ἑαυτούς	자신을 시험하다	Medium	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	13	Fortune-telling self-consultation (사주를 보다) collision
60	Disqualified	ἀδόκιμος	버림받은 자	Medium	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	13	Standard established rendering

Cross-Reference: Doctrine → Primary Terms

Doctrine	Primary New Terms (Section B #)	Primary Reused Terms (Section A)
Reconciliation with God	1, 31	grace, sin, imputed_righteousness
New Creation in Christ	2, 10, 23	christian_identity_in_christ, sanctification
Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	6, 11, 12, 26, 29	—
The New Covenant versus the Old	21, 22, 23, 24, 40	covenant, law, holy_spirit, glory
Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 20, 30, 35, 59, 60	apostle
Generosity and Grace in Giving	3, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48	grace
Power in Weakness	4, 18, 25, 49, 56	power_of_god
Genuine versus False Apostleship	17, 19, 37, 38, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58	apostle

This glossary must be merged into an extended translation_memory.json (Phase 1 Step 2) that preserves every Section A entry unchanged and adds every Section B entry with its assigned risk tier, feeding the extended doctrine_risk_registry.json for 2 Corinthians.

Critical Risk Terms

Grace

Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

CRITICAL: this is the central Korean risk term. Korean Christianity has a well-documented, self-critical history around 기복신앙 (gibok sinang, ‘fortune-seeking faith’), where prayer for material blessing/success can slide into a shamanistic transactional pattern continuous with the mudang’s gut ritual (an offering made, a ritual performed, a blessing granted) rather than gospel-centered faith. NEVER use 복 (bok, fortune) alone as a synonym for grace. NEVER use 은덕 (eundeok, a Confucian hierarchical benevolent-favor-from-a-superior, which implies reciprocal obligation). 은혜 must always be taught as unearned, unconditional favor, explicitly not a reciprocal exchange for offerings or ritual performance.

Imputed Righteousness

Approved rendering: 의로 여기심
Transliteration: uiro yeogisim
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 의리로 얻은 의, 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Original: ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην (cf. 2 Cor 5:21 λογίζομαι)
Category: Salvation

CRITICAL: righteousness credited by God, NOT earned through relational loyalty (의리) or spiritual cultivation (도를 닦음). Must retain the forensic ‘reckoned/counted’ sense, resisting collapse into the loyalty-ethics sense of 의 flagged under righteousness.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God

CRITICAL: always use the compound 성령; NEVER use 신령 (sillyeong, a generic ‘divine spirit’) or 신 (sin) alone, both central to Korean shamanism (무속신앙), where a mudang channels or is possessed by spirits during a gut ritual. NEVER frame the Spirit’s filling/empowering of a believer using language that echoes shamanistic spirit-possession. 성령 is the personal third Person of the Trinity, not one spirit-being sought or channeled among Korea’s active folk spirit-world.

God

Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God

CRITICAL: this package standardizes on 하나님 (Protestant usage). NEVER substitute 하느님 (Haneunim, Catholic/general-secular term), 천주 (Cheonju, Korean Catholic ‘Lord of Heaven’), or 산신령 (a mountain spirit-deity from Korean shamanism/folk religion), nor treat 하나님 as one of many spirits (신, sin) in the shamanistic pantheon.

Jesus

Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology

Standard KRV transliteration.

Lord

Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

Established term with required honorific suffix 님 (nim). Avoid 주인님 (‘master/owner,’ an employer-employee or property-ownership framing). Risk here is primarily correct honorific-grammar application rather than concept-collision.

Father

Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

CRITICAL: Korea’s rigorous Confucian filial piety (효, hyo) tradition and ancestor-memorial rites (제사, jesa) historically created the sharpest doctrinal collision in Korean church history. God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring ongoing ritual offerings from descendants, but a Father who cares for his children.

Power Of God

Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God

CRITICAL: Korean shamanism (무속신앙) is fundamentally organized around a mudang’s claimed spiritual power (영력, yeongnyeok). Must always be taught as God’s power to save from sin/sustain ministry, not generalized this-worldly healing/blessing power sought the way one would seek a mudang’s power.

Resurrection

Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology

NEVER use 환생 (hwansaeng, rebirth) or 윤회 (yunhoe, the reincarnation cycle).

Reconciliation

Approved rendering: 화목 / 화목하게 하다
Transliteration: hwamok / hwamokhage hada
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: 화해 (단독 사용), 제사식 화목 유지
Original: καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω
Category: Salvation

CRITICAL, curriculum-headline term. 화목 is also an everyday secular Korean word for family/social harmony (화목한 가정); must not collapse God’s one-directional, once-for-all, Christ-accomplished reconciliation into mutual-effort harmony-restoration, nor into the ongoing ancestral-rite appeasement logic of jesa (제사), which requires continual ritual maintenance. The imperative ‘be reconciled’ (5:20) must be taught as receiving, not achieving or negotiating, an already-completed divine act. NEVER use 화해 alone without doctrinal grounding, reducing this to secular conflict-mediation language.

Word Of Reconciliation

Approved rendering: 화목하게 하는 말씀
Transliteration: hwamokhage haneun malsseum
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: λόγος τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Salvation

Inherits the Critical risk of 화목/reconciliation. The gospel message itself must be taught as specifically the announcement of accomplished reconciliation with God through Christ, not generic religious good news.

New Creation

Approved rendering: 새로운 피조물
Transliteration: saeroun pijomul
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회, 화신, 액땜/살풀이식 재창조
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation

CRITICAL, curriculum-headline term. Three converging collisions: (1) Buddhist rebirth/reincarnation (환생, 윤회) — NOT a new life-cycle iteration; (2) Buddhist/Daoist self-cultivation (수행, 도 닦기) — God’s act received by faith, not self-attained; (3) shamanistic fortune-change rituals (액땜, 살풀이) performed for a ‘fresh start’ — a moral-spiritual reality grounded in Christ’s finished work, not a ritual fortune-reset. NEVER use 환생, 윤회, or 화신 here.

Generosity

Approved rendering: 후한 마음 / 풍성함
Transliteration: huhan maeum / pungseongham
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: 시주, 굿값
Original: ἁπλότης
Category: Giving

CRITICAL, curriculum-headline term paralleling the baseline’s Critical treatment of grace. Must not be framed as Buddhist temple almsgiving (시주) generating merit, nor as a shamanistic ritual fee (굿값) purchasing fortune/blessing (기복신앙 pattern). Giving flows from grace as a non-transactional overflow of joy and gospel gratitude. STANDARDIZE this exact phrase pairing across all Phase 2 output; do not allow synonym drift (e.g., 관대함, 기부심).

Power Perfected In Weakness

Approved rendering: 내 능력이 약한 데서 온전하여짐
Transliteration: nae neungnyeogi yakhan deseo onjeonhayeojim
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: 능력이 약함을 이긴다 (power overcomes weakness)
Original: ἡ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται
Category: God

CRITICAL, curriculum-headline term extending the baseline’s Critical guard on 능력 (NEVER 영력). Must preserve the paradox — power IN weakness, not power replacing or overcoming weakness — resisting a softened ‘power conquers weakness’ misreading common in Korean charismatic achievement-oriented ministry culture. A single verb-choice shift can invert the doctrine while sounding equally natural in Korean; this is the letter’s most syntactically fragile Critical term.

Trinitarian Benediction

Approved rendering: 은혜, 사랑, 교통하심
Transliteration: eunhye, sarang, gyotonghasim
Doctrine: Trinitarian Benediction
Original: χάρις, ἀγάπη, κοινωνία (2 Cor 13:14)
Category: God

Liturgically prominent, one of the most widely used liturgical formulas in Korean church life (교회의 축도). Every element — 은혜 (Christ), 사랑 (God the Father, distinguished from 정), and 교통하심 (Holy Spirit, a liturgical variant of 교제/fellowship) — must be rendered with full accuracy and kept perfectly consistent with every other recurrence across curriculum materials; congregational familiarity makes any deviation immediately noticeable and doctrinally consequential.

High Risk Terms

Faith

Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

Personal trust placed in Christ specifically. Distinguish from generic superstitious belief (미신) and from confidence placed in fortune-telling/astrology (사주팔자를 믿는 것), both still commonly practiced even among nominally Christian Koreans.

Righteousness

Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation

의 also anchors 의리 (uiri), a Korean ethical concept of loyalty and faithfulness in relationships prominent in Korean social ethics and popular culture (e.g. gangster-loyalty film tropes). Biblical righteousness in Romans is right standing before God received through faith, not social loyalty or honor-code faithfulness earned and displayed toward other people. Always flag with a distinguishing note in justification contexts.

Sin

Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin

Distinguish from 액운 (aegun, bad luck/misfortune attributed to fate or spiritual causes in folk belief) and from 체면 손상 (loss of face/social standing, 체면 chemyeon being a strong Korean social concept). Sin is a moral offense against a personal God, not primarily bad luck or social embarrassment.

Law

Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant

The Mosaic Law. NEVER equate with 예 (ye, the Confucian ritual-propriety/etiquette code that shaped rigorous Joseon-dynasty social conduct) or reduce to 법률 (secular/civil law). God’s law is moral revelation, not a social-etiquette code.

Holy

Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification

Set apart for God, morally pure. Distinguish from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻다, ‘washing away ritual impurity/misfortune,’ performed in a gut ceremony), which addresses ritual pollution rather than moral character before a holy God.

Sanctification

Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification

The Spirit’s ongoing work in a believer already justified by faith. Distinguish from 수행 (ascetic spiritual discipline) and 도 닦기 (‘cultivating the Way,’ a common Korean Buddhist/folk-religious self-improvement phrase).

Saints

Approved rendering: 성도
Transliteration: seongdo
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 신선, 도인
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church

NEVER use 신선 (sinseon, a Daoist immortal/transcendent being) or 도인 (doin, an accomplished spiritual master who has attained the Way). 성도 applies corporately to all ordinary believers, not an elevated spiritual-achiever class.

Spiritual Gifts

Approved rendering: 은사
Transliteration: eunsa
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 무당의 능력
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church

Established term. NEVER frame as 영력 (yeongnyeok, a shaman’s spirit-power) or compare to a mudang’s ritual abilities.

Not Imputing Trespasses

Approved rendering: 죄를 (그들에게) 돌리지 아니하시고
Transliteration: joe-reul (geudeurege) dollijianihasigo
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: λογίζομαι (negated)
Category: Salvation

Same forensic-accounting verb (λογίζομαι) behind ‘imputed righteousness,’ here used negatively (2 Cor 5:19) — God does NOT credit sinners’ trespasses to their account, the reverse-and-complementary truth to Christ’s righteousness being credited to believers (5:21). Must be taught alongside, not confused with, imputed_righteousness; losing this two-sided accounting logic collapses the doctrine into a vaguer general notion of divine leniency.

Fear Of The Lord

Approved rendering: 주를 두려워함
Transliteration: ju-reul duryeowoham
Doctrine: The Judgment Seat of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 귀신에 대한 두려움, 액운에 대한 두려움
Original: φόβος τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Faith

Distinguish from superstitious dread of spirits/curses (귀신, 액운) addressed through shamanistic ritual (굿, 부적); this is reverence toward a personal, holy, relational God who will righteously judge, not craven terror of an appeasable spirit-force.

Boasting

Approved rendering: 자랑(하다)
Transliteration: jarang(hada)
Doctrine: The Boasting Paradox
Original: καυχάομαι / καύχημα
Category: Ethics

Korea’s strong credential/status culture (학벌, 스펙, 출세) normalizes self-commending boasting; Paul’s subversive boasting-in-weakness (chs. 10-12) must retain its full paradoxical force, not be flattened into a generic humility platitude.

Outward Appearance And Heart

Approved rendering: 외모 / 마음
Transliteration: oemo / maeum
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πρόσωπον / καρδία
Category: Ethics

Korea’s strong 체면 (chemyeon, face/social-standing) culture defaults to external evaluation; must stress that God’s and Paul’s own criterion is the unseen heart, not social face.

Ecstasy

Approved rendering: 미치다 / 정신을 잃다
Transliteration: michida / jeongsin-eul ilta
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: 신들림
Original: ἐξίστημι
Category: Faith

Must be clearly distinguished from Korean shamanistic ecstatic spirit-possession trance (신들림, shindeullim) experienced by a mudang during a gut ritual — the referent, source, and purpose differ entirely (the Triune God, not an ancestral or nature spirit; oriented to God’s glory, not divination). Also must not be read as clinical/pejorative madness.

Comfort

Approved rendering: 위로
Transliteration: wiro
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 굿의 카타르시스
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Suffering

Elevated to High for this curriculum as a named doctrine pillar. Distinguish from shamanistic ritual catharsis (a gut ceremony’s emotional release) and from generic secular consolation without reference to God’s active, personal involvement. Comfort received must be taught as relayed outward to others, not privately consumed.

Affliction

Approved rendering: 환난
Transliteration: hwannan
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 액운
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering

Elevated to High for this curriculum. Distinguish from 액운 (impersonal bad luck/misfortune attributed to fate, reversible by ritual means); Paul’s afflictions are meaningful, God-permitted, and instrumental to ministry and comfort.

Guarantee Of The Spirit

Approved rendering: 보증
Transliteration: bojeung
Doctrine: Assurance via the Spirit’s Seal and Guarantee
Rejected alternatives: 부적
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Salvation

Two risks converge: reducing this to a cold commercial/legal guarantee loses relational warmth; closer collision with 부적 (amulet/talisman) magical-security logic. The Spirit is a personal down payment of a certain, relational future with God, received by faith, not purchased or ritually secured.

Sincerity

Approved rendering: 진실함
Transliteration: jinsilham
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: 체면을 지키기 위한 겸양/성실함
Original: εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Ethics

Distinguish from Korean social sincerity as face-maintenance performance; biblical sincerity is transparency before God regardless of social consequence, sometimes costing social face rather than preserving it.

Fragrance Of Christ

Approved rendering: 향기 / 냄새
Transliteration: hyanggi / naemsae
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ὀσμή / εὐωδία
Category: Church

Strong collision with Korean incense-offering ritual (향), burned to ancestors during jesa and in Buddhist temple worship, believed to summon or honor spirits/ancestors. Must be taught as a metaphor for the spiritual effect of gospel proclamation on hearers, not a literal incense offering.

Peddling The Word

Approved rendering: 말씀을 혼잡하게 하다
Transliteration: malsseum-eul honjaphage hada
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καπηλεύω
Category: Ethics

Directly relevant to a live, self-critical concern within contemporary Korean Protestantism regarding prosperity-gospel preaching and commercialized ministry (fees for prayer/blessing services), functionally continuous with 굿값 (a mudang’s ritual fee) and the 기복신앙 pattern already Critical under grace.

Letter And Spirit

Approved rendering: 율법 조문 / 영
Transliteration: yulbeop jomun / yeong
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: 신령
Original: γράμμα / πνεῦμα
Category: Covenant

The established KRV text of 3:6, 17-18 legitimately renders πνεῦμα with the bare noun 영 (without the 성 prefix), a genuine KRV-attested exception to the baseline’s Holy Spirit compounding rule. Every bare 영 occurrence in this unit must be explicitly glossed as the Holy Spirit so it is never read as a generic or shamanistic spirit (신령).

Transformed

Approved rendering: 변화하다
Transliteration: byeonhwahada
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: 신선이 되다, 깨달음을 얻다
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Sanctification

Distinguish from Daoist/folk self-cultivation into a transcendent immortal being (신선이 되다) and Buddhist meditative enlightenment-attainment; this transformation is Spirit-wrought and Christ-ward, not self-achieved spiritual evolution.

Judgment Seat Of Christ

Approved rendering: 그리스도의 심판대
Transliteration: Geuriseudo-ui simpandae
Doctrine: The Judgment Seat of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 인과응보, 시왕 심판
Original: βῆμα (τοῦ Χριστοῦ)
Category: Eschatology

Watch collision with Buddhist-inflected Korean folk concepts of karmic accounting (인과응보) and judgment before the ten kings of the underworld (시왕); must be taught as Christ’s evaluation of an already-secure, saved believer’s life for reward/loss, not a karmic ledger determining afterlife destination.

Temple Of The Living God

Approved rendering: 하나님의 성전
Transliteration: Hananim-ui seongjeon
Doctrine: Church as God’s Temple
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절, 사당
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Church

Watch collision with the shamanistic village shrine (당집), the Buddhist temple (절, forbidden per baseline ‘church’ entry), and especially the Confucian ancestral shrine (사당) housing ancestor tablets for jesa rites, already flagged Critical under ‘father’ in the Romans baseline. God’s temple is the Spirit-indwelt community of living believers, not a location requiring ritual maintenance. This is the single most crowded term in the whole book — a triple-negative fencing statement is required every occurrence.

Godly Sorrow And Worldly Sorrow

Approved rendering: 하나님의 뜻대로 하는 근심 / 세상 근심
Transliteration: Hananim-ui tteudaero haneun geunsim / sesang geunsim
Doctrine: Godly Sorrow and Repentance
Original: λύπη κατὰ θεόν / λύπη τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Sin

Strong collision with Korea’s 체면 (chemyeon) face-culture: sorrow/shame over loss of social standing can closely mimic ‘worldly sorrow’ while masquerading as repentance. Teaching must clearly distinguish God-oriented conviction of sin from face-motivated social shame.

Repentance

Approved rendering: 회개
Transliteration: hoegae
Doctrine: Godly Sorrow and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: 참회
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Sin

NEVER use 참회 (chamhoe), the Korean Buddhist ritual confession/karma-purification practice within Buddhist temple observance. 회개 must be taught as a Spirit-produced reorientation toward God flowing from grace, not a ritual karma-purification act.

The Collection

Approved rendering: 연보
Transliteration: yeonbo
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: 시주, 기부 (generic secular donation)
Original: λογεία (referenced)
Category: Giving

Must not be presented or perceived as a temple-donation-style merit transaction or an obligatory ritual due, but as a concrete, grace-motivated act of Christian love and church unity (Jew/Gentile solidarity).

Sow And Reap

Approved rendering: 심다 / 거두다
Transliteration: simda / geoduda
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: 뿌린 대로 거둔다 (관용구 단독 사용)
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Giving

Strong collision with the widely known Korean proverb ‘뿌린 대로 거둔다’ (‘as you sow, so shall you reap’), commonly used to express impersonal karmic causality (인과응보). Must be taught as God’s personal, gracious response to grace-motivated giving; if the proverb form is used in expository prose, it must be immediately anchored to God’s personal agency.

False Apostles

Approved rendering: 거짓 사도
Transliteration: geojit sado
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ψευδαπόστολος
Category: Apostleship

Carries acute contemporary resonance with Korean new religious movements and self-declared ‘second coming’/messianic cult leaders, a well-documented pastoral concern; Paul’s discernment criteria (self-promotion, financial exploitation, distorted gospel, claimed extraordinary authority) are directly applicable to the contemporary Korean church context. Never soften to a vaguer ‘false teacher’ (거짓 선생) that would lose the specific apostolic-authority claim being contested.

Disguise As Angel Of Light

Approved rendering: 가장하다 / 광명의 천사
Transliteration: gajanghada / gwangmyeong-ui cheonsa
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: μετασχηματίζω / ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Apostleship

Reinforces the false-apostle discernment warning; relevant to identifying charismatic but doctrinally false leaders.

Third Heaven And Paradise

Approved rendering: 셋째 하늘 / 낙원
Transliteration: setjjae haneul / nagwon
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 극락
Original: τρίτος οὐρανός / παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology

Watch collision with the Korean Buddhist concept of 극락 (geuknak, the Pure Land of Amitabha Buddha), a well-known reference point for ‘paradise’ as a blissful afterlife attained through devotion/merit; biblical paradise is God’s own personal presence, and Paul’s vision is a unique apostolic-authenticating revelation, not a template for attaining a blissful afterlife through religious merit.

Thorn In The Flesh

Approved rendering: 육체의 가시
Transliteration: yukche-ui gasi
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: 조상의 한/원한식 저주 해석
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Suffering

Chronic, otherwise-unexplained affliction is frequently attributed in Korean folk-shamanistic belief to ancestral grievance/curse (조상의 한, 원한) requiring ritual removal (푸닥거리, 살풀이); Paul’s response — praying directly to the Lord, not through ritual mediation, and receiving sufficient grace rather than removal — directly confronts this pattern.

Medium Risk Terms

Gospel

Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation

Established KRV term, literally ‘blessing-news’ (福音). Because 복 (bok, fortune/blessing) is the same root at the center of Korean shamanistic fortune-seeking faith (기복신앙, gibok sinang), teaching must make explicit the gospel announces salvation through Christ, not a forecast of material fortune.

Glory

Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God

Avoid collapsing into 명예 (secular honor/reputation) or 출세 (chulse, career/social success), both prominent in Korea’s intensely status-and-achievement-conscious culture.

Messiah

Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology

그리스도 (transliteration of ‘Christos’) is the KRV standard, used consistently. Unlike Japan, Korea’s high existing Christian literacy means biblical illiteracy is a smaller concern here; still avoid conflating with 미륵 (Mireuk, Maitreya, the future Buddha of Korean Buddhist eschatology, historically invoked by Korean folk-millenarian movements).

Peace

Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation

KRV uses 화평 for the relational peace-with-God sense, distinct from the more general well-being greeting sense of 평안 (pyeongan).

Church

Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church

Established term. NEVER use 당집 (dangjip, a village shrine for shamanistic spirit-worship) or 절 (a Buddhist temple).

Trespass

Approved rendering: 죄 (KRV inline) / 허물 (technical gloss)
Transliteration: joe / heomul
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: παράπτωμα
Category: Sin

The established KRV text of 5:19 renders παράπτωμα with 죄, the same word used for ἁμαρτία, obscuring the distinct ‘specific transgression counted against an account’ nuance. Follow KRV’s 죄 in running translation; teaching materials should gloss 허물 to preserve the forensic-accounting distinction where doctrinally useful.

According To The Flesh

Approved rendering: 육신을 따라
Transliteration: yuksin-eul ttara
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: κατὰ σάρκα
Category: Christology

Must be taught as an epistemological point (a mode of evaluation by external/worldly standards, including how Paul once viewed Christ), not a metaphysical rejection of Christ’s real physical humanity, and not a body-negative dualism resonant with ascetic self-denial (수행) traditions.

Love Of Christ

Approved rendering: 사랑
Transliteration: sarang
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 정으로 대체
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: God

Distinguish from 정 (jeong), the prominent Korean relational concept of deep attachment/loyalty accumulated through shared life experience; agape is unconditional, self-giving love originating in God’s initiative, not built-up mutual affection earned over time.

Seal

Approved rendering: 인치다
Transliteration: injchida
Doctrine: Assurance via the Spirit’s Seal and Guarantee
Rejected alternatives: 부적
Original: σφραγίζω
Category: Salvation

Watch collision with Korean amulet/talisman practice (부적, a paper charm believed to seal in luck or ward off misfortune, sold by shamans or folk-Buddhist temples); God’s sealing is a relational, Spirit-given assurance of belonging, not a magical ownership-charm.

Forgive

Approved rendering: 용서하다
Transliteration: yongseohada
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Restoration in the Church
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Church

Shares a root with the Critical-risk 은혜 (grace). Must be taught as grace-grounded release from a wrong, not a face-saving social reconciliation performed to restore group harmony (체면) without addressing the underlying grace transaction.

Satan

Approved rendering: 사탄
Transliteration: satan
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 귀신 (하나의 잡귀로 취급)
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Sin

Distinguish from generic malevolent folk-spirits (귀신) in Korean folk cosmology; Satan is a specific, personal, already-defeated adversary, not one ghost-spirit among many to be placated or exorcised ritually.

Triumph In Christ

Approved rendering: 이기게 하다
Transliteration: igige hada
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: God

The KRV’s domesticated wording (‘cause to be victorious’) loses the original Roman triumphal-procession/captive-parade imagery; teaching should recover the image so learners do not read this merely as generic success/victory language, especially given Korea’s achievement-oriented (출세) cultural lens.

Veil

Approved rendering: 수건
Transliteration: sugeon
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant

Minor risk of a reader picturing an ordinary cloth without the symbolic weight; requires OT narrative background (Exodus 34) for readers with moderate OT literacy.

Freedom

Approved rendering: 자유
Transliteration: jayu
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Covenant

Must be read as freedom from sin’s condemnation and the Law’s veiling power specifically, not generic political/social liberty.

Death And Life Of Jesus

Approved rendering: 예수의 죽음 / 예수의 생명
Transliteration: Yesu-ui jugeum / Yesu-ui saengmyeong
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: νέκρωσις τοῦ Ἰησοῦ / ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Suffering

Reinforces suffering as a meaningful, participatory display of the crucified-and-risen Christ, not meaningless misfortune.

Outer And Inner Man

Approved rendering: 겉사람 / 속사람
Transliteration: geotsaram / soksaram
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Sanctification

Watch collision with Confucian dualism distinguishing outward propriety (禮) from inward self-cultivation (修身, susin); biblical inner renewal is the Spirit’s gracious work sustaining the believer, not self-cultivated virtue achieved through ascetic discipline.

Earthly Tent And Heavenly House

Approved rendering: 장막 집 / 하늘에 있는 영원한 집
Transliteration: jangmak jip / haneul-e itneun yeongwonhan jip
Doctrine: Assurance via the Spirit’s Seal and Guarantee
Original: σκῆνος / οἰκία
Category: Eschatology

Minor OT-literacy dependency (tabernacle imagery); no significant syncretism risk.

Ambassador

Approved rendering: 사신이 되다
Transliteration: sasin-i doeda
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: 외교관, 대사
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Apostleship

Watch reduction to a purely political/diplomatic-career image, and watch Korea’s achievement/status culture (출세) reframing this as a prestigious appointment rather than self-emptying, message-bearing service under Christ’s authority.

Ministry Office

Approved rendering: 직분 / 사역
Transliteration: jikbun / sayeok
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: διακονία
Category: Church

Recurring across chs. 3, 5, 6, 9, 11; ensure consistent rendering — 직분 for the more formal ‘office/charge’ sense (e.g., ‘화목하게 하는 직분’), 사역 for the broader ‘ministry activity’ sense.

Unequally Yoked

Approved rendering: 멍에를 함께 메지 말라
Transliteration: myeong-e-reul hamkke meji malla
Doctrine: Church as God’s Temple
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Ethics

Watch misapplication in Korea’s Confucian-influenced family/marriage-arrangement culture as a rule about ethnic/social status matching rather than the specifically spiritual (believer/unbeliever) distinction Paul intends.

Set Apart From Compromise

Approved rendering: 따로 있다 / 구별되다
Transliteration: ttaro itda / gubyeoldoeda
Doctrine: Church as God’s Temple
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻음
Original: ἀφορίζω
Category: Sanctification

Distinguish from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻음) or social/ethnic separatism; this is moral separation from idolatrous compromise, not ritual cleansing.

Equality

Approved rendering: 균등 / 평등
Transliteration: gyundeung / pyeongdeung
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Giving

Watch collision with contemporary political-economic equality debates in Korean public discourse; this denotes a specific, voluntary, grace-motivated mutual sharing within the church, not a mandated redistribution principle.

Became Poor

Approved rendering: 가난하게 되심
Transliteration: gananhage doesim
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: 화신
Original: πτωχεύω
Category: Christology

Connects explicitly to the Incarnation doctrine (already Critical/High in the Romans baseline); Christ’s poverty is a real, voluntary self-giving, not a temporary manifestation-appearance (화신, forbidden per baseline Incarnation rule).

Cheerful Giver

Approved rendering: 즐겨 내는 자
Transliteration: jeulgyeo naeneun ja
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Giving

Reinforces the non-transactional, joy-motivated nature of grace-giving against any reluctant, obligatory, or fortune-seeking framing.

Sufficiency And Contentment

Approved rendering: 넉넉함 / 자족
Transliteration: neoknekham / jajok
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: 자수성가
Original: αὐτάρκεια
Category: Giving

Distinguish from a self-reliant, achievement-culture (자수성가, ‘self-made’) independence; biblical sufficiency comes FROM God, not from self.

Stronghold

Approved rendering: 견고한 진
Transliteration: gyeongohan jin
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: 굿을 통한 축귀
Original: ὀχύρωμα
Category: Apostleship

Watch collision with Korean shamanistic ‘spiritual warfare’ language (exorcism of evil spirits/curses through a gut ritual, 축귀); Paul’s ‘stronghold’ is intellectual/ideological, demolished through gospel truth and prayer, not literal territorial-spirit exorcism.

Meekness And Gentleness

Approved rendering: 온유와 관용
Transliteration: onyu-wa gwanyong
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: πραΰτης καὶ ἐπιείκεια
Category: Christology

Watch reduction to a passive, Confucian-decorum social-harmony virtue rather than Christlike strength restrained in love.

Godly Jealousy

Approved rendering: 하나님의 열심
Transliteration: Hananim-ui yeolsim
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 질투
Original: ζῆλος θεοῦ
Category: Apostleship

Distinguish from ordinary interpersonal jealousy/envy (질투); parallels God’s own covenant jealousy for Israel’s exclusive worship.

Super Apostles

Approved rendering: 지극히 크다는 사도들
Transliteration: jigeukhi keudaneun sadodeul
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship

Paul’s irony must be preserved — this is not a title of genuine honor but a sarcastic label for prideful self-promotion, directly tied to the false-apostles discernment theme.

Messenger Of Satan

Approved rendering: 사탄의 사자
Transliteration: satan-ui saja
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἄγγελος σατανᾶ
Category: Sin

No independent additional risk beyond the ‘satan’ entry.

Signs Of An Apostle

Approved rendering: 사도의 표
Transliteration: sado-ui pyo
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου
Category: Apostleship

Genuine signs accompanied patient endurance and gospel-centered ministry, not self-promotion or profit (cf. ‘peddling the word’).

Examine Yourselves

Approved rendering: 자신을 시험하다
Transliteration: jasin-eul siheomhada
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: 사주를 보다
Original: δοκιμάζω / πειράζω ἑαυτούς
Category: Faith

Distinguish from Korean folk-astrological self-consultation (사주를 보다); this is Spirit-illumined self-examination of genuine faith in Christ, not a fortune-telling consultation.

Disqualified

Approved rendering: 버림받은 자
Transliteration: beorimbadeun ja
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἀδόκιμος
Category: Faith

Standard established rendering; no additional distinct risk.

Low Risk Terms

Apostle

Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

Established term; no significant collision. Avoid any framing suggesting a shamanistic spiritual-intermediary role (무당, mudang) or a Daoist-style spiritual master (도사, dosa).

Covenant

Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

Korean Christian usage already maintains a clean structural distinction unavailable in some of this pipeline’s other languages: 언약 (relational, divinely initiated covenant) is kept distinct from 계약 (gyeyak, an ordinary secular/commercial contract). This is a genuine strength of the existing Korean Bible tradition.

Thanksgiving

Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith

Standard term. No significant risk.

Fellowship

Approved rendering: 교제
Transliteration: gyoje
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church

Shared participation in Christ. Established term; no significant risk.

Exhort

Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith

Standard term for encouraging fellow believers. No significant risk.

Old And New Things

Approved rendering: 이전 것 / 새 것
Transliteration: ijeon geot / sae geot
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: τὰ ἀρχαῖα / καινά
Category: Salvation

Low risk provided the surrounding 새로운 피조물 framing (Critical) is correctly taught; established KRV wording.

Jars Of Clay

Approved rendering: 질그릇
Transliteration: jilgeureut
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ὀστράκινα σκεύη
Category: Suffering

Vivid, low-collision metaphor; no significant syncretism risk.

Fellow Worker

Approved rendering: 함께 일하는 자 / 동역자
Transliteration: hamkke ilhaneun ja / dongyeokja
Doctrine: Church as God’s Temple
Original: συνεργός / συνεργέω
Category: Church

No significant risk.

Acceptable Time

Approved rendering: 은혜받을 만한 때
Transliteration: eunhyebadeul manhan ttae
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: καιρὸς δεκτός
Category: Salvation

Standard usage; no significant risk.

Belial

Approved rendering: 벨리알
Transliteration: bellial
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: Βελιάρ
Category: Sin

Transliteration; a title for Satan, no distinct additional risk beyond the ‘satan’ entry.

Indescribable Gift

Approved rendering: 말할 수 없는 은사
Transliteration: malhal su eomneun eunsa
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἀνεκδιήγητος δωρεά
Category: Giving

Shares the root of 은사 (spiritual gifts, High risk in this package) but used here in its broader ‘gift’ sense; disambiguate by context.

Persuade

Approved rendering: 권면하다 (context-disambiguated from exhort/παρακαλέω)
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πείθω
Category: Ministry

Distinguish from 권면하다 used elsewhere for παρακαλέω/‘exhort’ (2 Cor 5:11 uses πείθω, a different Greek verb); disambiguate by context, not by inventing a new term for either lexeme.

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