Core Glossary
2 Peter Core Glossary (English–Korean)
This glossary extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. Section A lists baseline terms reused exactly as recorded, with their 2 Peter occurrences noted. Section B lists new terms required by 2 Peter’s distinctive vocabulary, each assigned a risk tier consistent with the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework, for incorporation into the Phase 2 translation memory as version 2.
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Deviation Permitted)
| English Term | Korean Term (from baseline TM) | Risk (baseline) | 2 Peter Occurrences | Notes for This Curriculum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | 하나님 | Critical | 1:1, 2, 3, 17, 21; 2:4; 3:5, 12, 18 | No new collision; reaffirm never 하느님/천주/산신령. |
| Jesus | 예수 | Critical | 1:1, 2, 8, 14, 16; 2:20; 3:18 | Standard transliteration retained. |
| Lord | 주님 | Critical | 1:2, 8, 11, 14, 16; 2:1 (see δεσπότης note, Section B), 20; 3:2, 8, 9, 10, 15, 18 | κύριος consistently 주님; note δεσπότης (2:1) is a related but distinct Greek term — see Section B entry. |
| Christ / Messiah | 그리스도 | Critical/Medium | 1:1, 2, 8, 11, 14, 16; 2:20; 3:18 | Standard transliteration retained. |
| faith | 믿음 | High | 1:1, 5 | No new collision. |
| righteousness | 의 | Critical | 1:1; 2:5, 21; 3:13 | Reaffirm caution against 의리 (loyalty-ethics) collapse, esp. at 2:21 (“holy commandment”) and 3:13 (“new earth…righteousness dwells”). |
| grace | 은혜 | Critical | 1:2; 3:18 | Reaffirm full Critical-tier 기복신앙 caution, especially at the letter’s closing exhortation (3:18). |
| salvation | 구원 | Critical | 3:15 | Reaffirm never 해탈; note derivative term 구주 (“Savior”) added fresh in Section B. |
| holy | 거룩한 | High | 1:18 (holy mountain); 1:21 (Holy Spirit); 2:21 (holy commandment); 3:2 (holy prophets); 3:11 (holy conduct) | Reaffirm distinction from ritual/shamanistic purification (부정을 씻음), esp. at 1:18’s “holy mountain” given Korean mountain-spirit veneration traditions. |
| Holy Spirit | 성령 | Critical | 1:21 | Central to core-passage inspiration doctrine; reaffirm never 신령/신, and never describe the Spirit’s “carrying” (φερόμενοι) using spirit-possession language. |
| glory | 영광 | High | 1:3, 17; 3:18 | Note context-dependent exception at 2:10 (δόξας as “glorious/dignified ones,” rendered 존귀한 자, not 영광) — see Section B. |
| called / calling | 부르심 / 부르심을 받은 | High | 1:3, 10 | Note morphological variant 택하심 used alongside for “election” at 1:10 — see 선택/election entry below. |
| election | 선택 (doctrine-name) / 택하심 (verbal-noun, this verse) | Medium/High | 1:10 | KRV renders 1:10 with 택하심 (honorific verbal-noun paralleling 부르심); retain 선택 as the standing doctrine-name term elsewhere. Non-contradictory extension of baseline convention. |
| prophecy | 예언 | Medium/High | 1:19, 20, 21; 3:2 | Central to core passage; reaffirm distinction from 점/사주팔자 prediction. |
| prophet | 선지자 | Low/Medium | 3:2 (holy prophets) | Reaffirm distinction from 점쟁이/무당; also root for new term 거짓 선지자 (Section B). |
| sin | 죄 | High | 1:9; 2:14 | No new collision. |
| power of God | 능력 | Critical | 1:3, 16 | Reaffirm never 영력; note broader scope here (life and godliness, Christ’s manifested power) beyond Romans 1:16’s narrower soteriological framing — same Korean term, same forbidden substitution. |
| father | 아버지 | Critical | 1:17 | God the Father glorifying the Son; reaffirm jesa-awareness note. |
| kingdom of God | 하나님의 나라 | Low | 1:11 (as “eternal kingdom,” 영원한 나라) | Reaffirm Korea’s comparatively low political-collision risk per baseline. |
| apostle | 사도 | Low | 1:1 | No new collision. |
| son of God (doctrine) | 하나님의 아들 | Critical/High | 1:17 (abbreviated “my Son”) | Reaffirm Dangun-myth caution from baseline even in abbreviated form. |
| peace (greeting formula) | 평강 (recommended for epistolary greeting) / 화평 (reserved for relational peace-with-God statements per baseline) | Medium | 1:2 | Clarifying note, not a contradiction of baseline: the baseline peace entry addresses Romans 5:1’s specific “peace with God through justification” doctrinal statement, rendered 화평. 2 Peter 1:2 is a fixed epistolary salutation (“grace and peace,” χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη), structurally identical to Pauline greetings, where actual Korean Revised Version usage employs 평강 (pyeong-gang). Recommend: use 평강 for the fixed greeting-formula occurrences (1:2), and reserve 화평 for doctrinally-loaded relational-peace statements, consistent with the baseline’s own greeting/doctrine distinction. Flag for native speaker review to confirm consistency across the wider curriculum set (Matthew–Ephesians). |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by 2 Peter
| English Term | Korean Term | Transliteration | Greek Original | Risk | Doctrine | Rejected Alternatives | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| partakers of the divine nature | 신의 성품에 참여하는 자 | sin-ui seongpum-e chamyeohaneun ja | θείας κοινωνοὶ φύσεως | Critical | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 불성 (Buddha-nature framing), 신선이 됨 (becoming a Daoist immortal), any “신들림/신 내림”(shamanistic spirit-possession) framing | The single highest syncretism risk in this curriculum. Must be taught as a real, Spirit-given share in God’s moral character (holiness, incorruptibility, love) received by grace — never as self-cultivated attainment of inherent Buddha-nature, transcendent-immortal status, or spirit-possession. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| virtue / excellence | 덕 | deok | ἀρετή | High | Growing in Christian Virtue | 도덕 (secular/Confucian ethics term, already rejected under baseline righteousness), 수행으로 얻은 덕 (self-cultivated virtue) | Collides with Confucian 德 (moral power legitimizing a ruler; sage-cultivated excellence). At 1:3 describes God’s own intrinsic excellence; at 1:5 describes a Spirit-empowered quality added to faith, not self-cultivated merit or ruler-legitimating virtue. |
| corruption / that which decays | 썩어짐 / 부패 | sseogeojim / buppae | φθορά | High | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption; False Teachers and Their Judgment | 무상 (Buddhist impermanence, a metaphysical given), 업보로 인한 쇠퇴 (karmic decline) | Recurs at 1:4, 2:12 (x2), 2:19. Must be taught as moral-spiritual corruption produced by sinful desire, under judgment and escapable by grace — not a universal ontological feature of existence to be transcended via detachment/enlightenment. |
| heresies / destructive sects | 이단 | idan | αἵρεσις (as αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας) | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | (none rejected; term is standard) | High cultural salience in Korean Protestant church discourse (routinely applied to controversial new religious movements). Teach the passage’s substantive criteria (denying Christ’s ownership, exploitation, immorality) as the test, not mere institutional labeling. |
| Tartarus (temporary place of angelic judgment) | 지옥 (with mandatory clarifying gloss) | jiok | Τάρταρος (ταρταρόω) | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Unqualified use of 지옥 without clarifying note | 지옥 is the general Sino-Korean word for the Buddhist multi-tiered hell system (governed by the Ten Kings, 시왕) and folk-shamanistic underworld (저승, 저승사자). Must be glossed as a specific, temporary holding-place for fallen angels only, awaiting a single future divine judgment — not a cyclical karma-governed multi-tier hell or a Korean shamanistic underworld bureaucracy. Recommend mandatory theologian review. |
| Master (absolute owner) | 주님 (with translator note on δεσπότης) | junim | δεσπότης | Medium-High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 주인님 (baseline-rejected employer/property-owner framing) | Distinct from κύριος; emphasizes Christ’s absolute ownership through a costly, once-for-all redemptive purchase — not a repeatable transactional exchange (contrast baseline grace 기복신앙 caution). |
| divine power (broader sense) | 능력 | neungnyeok | θεία δύναμις | Critical (extends baseline power_of_god) | Growing in Christian Virtue; Divine Nature | 영력 (forbidden per baseline) | Same Korean term and same forbidden-substitution rule as baseline power_of_god, now applied to the broader “life and godliness” scope of 1:3, not only salvation specifically. |
| godliness | 경건 | gyeongeon | εὐσέβεια | Medium-High | Growing in Christian Virtue | 예 (Confucian ritual propriety, already rejected under baseline law) | Must be taught as relational, Spirit-enabled reverence flowing from salvation already received, not generic religious devoutness or ritual correctness common across Korean religious traditions. |
| Savior | 구주 | guju | σωτήρ | High (derivative of baseline salvation) | Deity of Christ; Salvation | 해탈시키는 자 (one who grants Buddhist liberation) | Standard, well-established KRV term; must never be explained via 해탈-framing, per baseline salvation caution. |
| knowledge (general/growing) | 지식 | jisik | γνῶσις | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue; Reliability of Scripture | (none rejected; distinguish from ἐπίγνωσις below) | Distinguish from ἐπίγνωσις (foundational, personal, saving knowledge of Christ) — Korean commonly uses the same word for both; teaching material must flag this dual reference. |
| full/personal knowledge | 앎 / 지식 | am / jisik | ἐπίγνωσις | High | Faith; Reliability of Scripture | 정보로서의 지식 (mere informational knowledge) | Relational, experiential, saving knowledge of Christ — must not be reduced to abstract doctrinal information. |
| self-control | 절제 | jeolje | ἐγκράτεια | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | — | Standard, no significant collision. |
| perseverance / endurance | 인내 | innae | ὑπομονή | Low-Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 참을성 (secular annoyance-tolerance) | Spirit-produced steadfastness under trial; distinguish from μακροθυμία (God’s patience, below). |
| brotherly affection | 형제 우애 | hyeongje uae | φιλαδελφία | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | — | Standard church vocabulary. |
| love | 사랑 | sarang | ἀγάπη | Low-Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | — | Standard; established Korean Christian usage already distinguishes from romantic-love connotations in context. |
| honor | 존귀 | jon-gwi | τιμή | Low-Medium | Deity of Christ | 출세 (secular career/social-success honor, already rejected under baseline glory) | Paired with 영광 at 1:17; must not collapse toward status/achievement vocabulary. |
| Majestic Glory (divine title) | 지극히 큰 영광 | jigeukhi keun yeonggwang | μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα | Medium | Deity of Christ | — | A reverential circumlocution for God the Father; requires full honorific grammar as a divine title. |
| cleverly devised myths | 교묘히 만든 이야기 / 꾸며낸 이야기 | gyomyohi mandeun iyagi | σεσοφισμένοι μῦθοι | Medium-High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 신화 (myth — risks Dangun-myth resonance, already flagged under baseline son_of_god) | Never render with 신화; apostolic testimony is explicitly contrasted with invented legendary genre. |
| coming / arrival (Transfiguration context) | 강림 | gangnim | παρουσία | High | Certainty of Christ’s Return | — | Contextual KRV rendering at 1:16 (Transfiguration preview); distinguish from 재림 (standing doctrinal term for the future Second Coming, ch. 3). |
| Second Coming (doctrinal term) | 재림 | jaerim | παρουσία | High | Certainty of Christ’s Return | — | The fixed, standard Korean church term for Christ’s future return; use throughout ch. 3 and all doctrinal exposition of this theme. |
| eyewitnesses | 목격자 / 친히 본 자 | mokgyeokja | ἐπόπται | Low-Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | — | Grounds apostolic testimony in verified historical fact. |
| more sure / confirmed | 더 확실한 | deo hwaksilhan | βεβαιότερον | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | — | Must preserve the emphatic comparative force (Scripture’s certainty even surpasses eyewitness experience). |
| morning star | 샛별 | saetbyeol | φωσφόρος | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | — | Standard literary term for Venus; guard against drift toward Korean astrological/fortune-telling associations in exposition. |
| Scripture(s) | 성경 | seonggyeong | γραφή | Medium-High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 경전 (Confucian classical-canon framing) | Distinguish inspired Scripture (direct divine speech, 1:21) from sage-transmitted classical wisdom literature. |
| private/one’s own interpretation | 사사로이 풀 것 | sasaro-i pul geot | ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | — | Primary grammatical-historical sense concerns the origin of prophecy (continued in v.21), not primarily a rule restricting later readers’ interpretation; teach the popular alternate reading as secondary application, not the direct meaning. |
| inspiration (Spirit “carrying” the writers) | 성령의 감동하심을 받은 | seongnyeong-ui gamdonghasim-eul badeun | ὑπὸ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου φερόμενοι | CRITICAL | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Any framing reducing this to ordinary emotional 감동 (“being moved,” as by a film) | The pivotal inspiration-of-Scripture term. 감동 in everyday Korean usually means emotional stirring — must be explicitly taught with the fuller sense of the Spirit actively carrying/controlling the human authors as a personal divine agent, while never echoing shamanistic spirit-possession language. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| false prophets / false teachers | 거짓 선지자 / 거짓 교사 | geojit seonjija / geojit gyosa | ψευδοπροφῆται / ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | — | Distinguish from generic folk fortune-tellers (already addressed under baseline prophet); these figures falsely claim genuine biblical authority. |
| glorious ones / dignities (angelic beings) | 존귀한 자 | jon-gwihan ja | δόξαι (plural, 2:10) | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 영광 (would incorrectly import the standard “glory” rendering here) | Context-dependent exception to the standard 영광 rendering of δόξα; flag so translators do not default mechanically. |
| day of the Lord | 주의 날 | ju-ui nal | ἡμέρα κυρίου | CRITICAL | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | — | Fixed, future, personal, once-for-all day of judgment; must not be softened toward a repeating cycle or impersonal cosmic turning-point. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| elements (cosmic components) | 원소 / 천체 | wonso / cheonche | στοιχεῖα | High | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 오행 framing (Korean Five-Elements cosmology) | Specific, well-grounded Korean risk: guard against resonance with 오행 (Five Phases: wood, fire, earth, metal, water), foundational to Korean astrology, traditional medicine, and feng shui. Recommend theologian review. |
| patience (of God) | 오래 참으심 | orae chameusim | μακροθυμία | High | Patience of God’s Timing | 팔자/운명 framing (fatalistic delay) | Distinguish from ὑπομονή (인내, human perseverance). God’s “delay” is personal, merciful, purposeful forbearance — not an impersonal, fated timetable. |
| repentance | 회개 | hoegae | μετάνοια | High | Patience of God’s Timing; Salvation | 참회 (Buddhist ritual penance practice, e.g. 108 bows), 반성 (secular Confucian self-reflection) | A decisive, grace-enabled change of mind and allegiance toward God resulting in salvation — not a repeatable merit-generating ritual practice or mere secular self-examination. |
| new heavens and new earth | 새 하늘과 새 땅 | sae haneul-gwa sae ttang | καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν | Medium | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 겁 (Buddhist kalpa world-age cycle framing) | A renewed, tangible created order continuous with (not merely replacing) the present cosmos — not a cyclical world-age renewal. |
| without spot and blameless | 흠 없고 점 없는 | heum eopgo jeom eomneun | ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι | Low-Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | — | Standard sacrificial-purity-derived ethical vocabulary. |
| steadfastness | 굳센 믿음 / 확고함 | gutsen mideum / hwakgoham | στηριγμός | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | — | Standard, low risk. |
| equally precious faith | 동일하게 보배로운 믿음 | dongilhage bobaeroun mideum | ἰσότιμος πίστις | Medium | Universal Scope of the Gospel (cross-reference to Romans baseline doctrine) | — | Affirms no spiritual “seniority” hierarchy between apostolic and later believers’ faith; handle with awareness of Korea’s strongly hierarchical seniority/age-based social conventions. |
| our God and Savior Jesus Christ (Granville Sharp construction) | 우리 하나님과 구주 예수 그리스도 | uri Hananim-gwa guju Yesu Geuriseudo | θεοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ σωτῆρος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | CRITICAL | Deity of Christ (extends baseline doctrine) | Any punctuation/phrasing implying two separate figures | Grammatically identifies Jesus Christ as “God and Savior” in a single referent; preserve this identification explicitly in exposition. Mandatory theologian review. |
Risk Summary for 2 Peter New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 (partakers of divine nature; inspiration/감동하심; day of the Lord; Granville Sharp “God and Savior” construction; extended power-of-God usage) | Human theologian, mandatory every occurrence |
| High | 15 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 10 | Native speaker review |
| Low / Low-Medium | 9 | Automated / native speaker spot-check |
All entries in Section B are to be merged into translation_memory.json as version 2 and into bible_term_registry.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json extensions for the 2 Peter curriculum in the subsequent Phase 1 steps, without altering any existing baseline Romans entry.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. 2 Peter 1:1’s Granville Sharp construction (‘our God and Savior Jesus Christ’) explicitly identifies Jesus Christ AS 하나님’s referent in a single grammatical unit; teaching must preserve this identification, never read it as two figures. Never 하느님 (Catholic/general term), 천주, or 산신령 (folk mountain spirit).
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Standard KRV transliteration.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly, required honorific 님 suffix. In 2 Peter, distinguish from the related but stronger proprietary term δεσπότης (2:1, see master_despotes below), which emphasizes absolute ownership-by-redemption rather than general lordship.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 1:1, 2:5, 2:21, 3:13. Reaffirm caution against collapse into 의리 (Korean social-loyalty ethics), with particular care at 2:21 (‘holy commandment’) and 3:13 (‘righteousness dwells’ in the new earth), where the surrounding grammar invites a loyalty-ethics misreading more readily than Romans’ forensic-justification contexts did.
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 1:2 (epistolary greeting) and 3:18 (climactic closing exhortation, ‘grow in grace and knowledge’). Full Critical-tier caution against 기복신앙-style reciprocal-exchange readings applies with special force at 3:18.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 3:15 (God’s patience as salvation). Never 해탈 or 윤회에서 벗어남.
God And Savior Construction
Approved rendering: 우리 하나님과 구주 예수 그리스도
Transliteration: uri Hananim-gwa guju Yesu Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: any phrasing implying two separate figures (‘our God, and also the Savior Jesus Christ’)
Original: θεοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ σωτῆρος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter (1:1). Renders the Granville Sharp construction θεοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ σωτῆρος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ — one of the clearest grammatical NT affirmations of Christ’s deity. Korean punctuation/phrasing MUST preserve the single-referent force. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Central to 2 Peter 1:21’s inspiration doctrine. Never 신령 or 신 alone; the Spirit’s ‘carrying’ (φερόμενοι) of the human authors must never be described using language echoing shamanistic spirit-possession (a mudang entered/possessed by a spirit during a gut ritual). See inspiration_spirit_carrying below for the compound verb phrase.
Inspiration Spirit Carrying
Approved rendering: 성령의 감동하심을 받은
Transliteration: seongnyeong-ui gamdonghasim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 단순한 감정적 감동으로의 해석 (mere emotional-stirring framing)
Original: ὑπὸ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου φερόμενοι
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter (1:21), the pivotal inspiration-of-Scripture verse. Renders ὑπὸ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου φερόμενοι, ‘carried/borne along by the Holy Spirit.’ MAJOR RISK: everyday Korean 감동 means emotional stirring (e.g., moved by a film), far weaker than the Spirit’s active, controlling agency in the Greek. Must always be taught with the fuller sense of the Spirit as personal divine agent superintending conscious human authors — never reduced to subjective emotional experience, and never echoing shamanistic spirit-possession. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation / Divine Nature
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 1:3, 1:16. Never 영력 (a mudang’s shamanistic spirit-power). 1:3’s ‘divine power’ extends the doctrine’s scope beyond salvation specifically to ‘all things pertaining to life and godliness’ — same Korean term, same forbidden-substitution rule, broader scope. See divine_power below for the extended-scope entry.
Divine Power
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: 영력
Original: θεία δύναμις
Category: Divine Nature
New doctrinal entry for 2 Peter reusing the baseline power_of_god Korean term exactly (θεία δύναμις, 1:3). Grants ‘all things pertaining to life and godliness,’ not only salvation. Same forbidden-substitution rule as power_of_god: never 영력.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: Πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 1:17 (God the Father glorifying the Son at the Transfiguration). Apply baseline jesa-awareness note: the Father relationally bestows honor on the Son; he is not a venerated ancestor requiring ongoing ritual offerings (제사).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들
Original: ὁ Υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 1:17 as ‘my beloved Son.’ Reaffirm baseline caution against assimilating this to Korea’s Dangun founding-myth pattern (Hwanung as son of the heavenly god Hwanin) — Christ’s Sonship is eternal and co-equal, not a legendary heaven-descended founder-son.
Partakers Of Divine Nature
Approved rendering: 신의 성품에 참여하는 자
Transliteration: sin-ui seongpum-e chamyeohaneun ja
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: 불성 (Buddha-nature framing), 신선이 됨 (becoming a Daoist immortal), 신들림/신 내림 (shamanistic spirit-possession framing)
Original: θείας κοινωνοὶ φύσεως
Category: Divine Nature
New term for 2 Peter (1:4). Renders θείας κοινωνοὶ φύσεως. THE SINGLE HIGHEST SYNCRETISM RISK IN THIS CURRICULUM. Sits atop three live Korean religious frameworks for self-divinization: (1) 불성 (innate Buddha-nature realized through meditation/practice), (2) 신선 (Daoist immortal/transcendent being, already forbidden under baseline saints entry), (3) 신 내림/신들림 (shamanistic spirit-possession). Must be taught as a real, Spirit-given share in God’s moral character (holiness, incorruptibility, love) received by grace — never ontological identity with God, never self-cultivated attainment, never a possession-state. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Second Coming Parousia
Approved rendering: 재림
Transliteration: jaerim
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐπαγγελία τῆς παρουσίας
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter (3:4, and all doctrinal exposition of Christ’s return in ch. 3). Renders ἐπαγγελία τῆς παρουσίας. The fixed, established Korean church term for the future Second Coming. Use consistently throughout chapter 3; must not be softened, qualified, or blurred with the contextual 강림 rendering at 1:16.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 주의 날
Transliteration: ju-ui nal
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter (3:7, 3:10, 3:12), paired with 심판 (judgment). Renders ἡμέρα κυρίου. Must preserve: (1) a fixed future day, not a repeating cycle; (2) a personal, moral judgment by the Lord, not an impersonal cosmic cycle-turn; (3) unsoftened suddenness (‘like a thief’). Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 1:1, 1:5. Distinguish from superstitious belief (미신) or confidence in fortune-telling/astrology.
Savior
Approved rendering: 구주
Transliteration: guju
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈시키는 자
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter, derivative of the baseline salvation entry. Standard, well-established KRV term (1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18). Must never be explained via 해탈 (Buddhist liberation) framing — 구주 delivers from sin’s guilt and reconciles to a personal God, not an impersonal cycle.
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 1:18 (holy mountain), 1:21 (Holy Spirit), 2:21 (holy commandment), 3:2 (holy prophets), 3:11 (holy conduct). At 1:18, specifically distinguish from Korean mountain-spirit veneration (산신 신앙, 산신각, 산신제) — this mountain is holy because of a temporary historical revelation of Christ’s glory, not an inherent sacred-site property housing a resident deity.
Scripture
Approved rendering: 성경
Transliteration: seonggyeong
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 경전 (Confucian/Buddhist classical-canon framing)
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter (1:20, 3:16). Applied both to OT prophecy and, remarkably, to Paul’s letters (3:16). Distinguish from 경전, Confucian/Buddhist classical canonical texts transmitted through a scholarly-sagely lineage — Scripture’s authority derives from direct divine speech (1:21), not accumulated sage wisdom.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측
Original: προφητεία
Category: Scripture
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 3:2. Distinguish from 점 (fortune-telling divination) and 사주팔자 (birth-chart astrological prediction).
False Prophets Teachers
Approved rendering: 거짓 선지자 / 거짓 교사
Transliteration: geojit seonjija / geojit gyosa
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοπροφῆται / ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:1). Built on baseline 선지자. Distinguish from the general folk category of fortune-tellers/mudang already addressed under the baseline prophet entry — these figures falsely claim genuine biblical-prophetic or apostolic teaching authority.
Private Interpretation
Approved rendering: 사사로이 풀 것
Transliteration: sasaro-i pul geot
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter (1:20). Renders ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως. Primary grammatical-historical sense concerns the origin of prophecy in the prophet (continued by v.21), not primarily a rule restricting later readers’ interpretation. Korean churches frequently popularly mis-teach this as a rule about modern readers’ private Bible interpretation; teach the primary sense clearly and flag the popular reading as secondary application only.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 1:3, 1:17, 3:18. IMPORTANT CONTEXT-DEPENDENT EXCEPTION: at 2:10, the plural δόξαι refers to angelic dignitaries and must be rendered 존귀한 자 instead — see glorious_ones_dignities below. Flag so translators do not mechanically default to 영광 at 2:10.
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Original: κλητός / κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Underlies 2 Peter 1:3, 1:10 (exhortation to ‘make your calling and election sure’). Never 팔자에 정해진 (fixed by birth-chart astrology).
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Never 운명 or 팔자.
Election
Approved rendering: 선택 (doctrine-name) / 택하심 (this verse’s verbal-noun)
Transliteration: seontaek / taekhasim
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. At 2 Peter 1:10, KRV renders the verbal form 택하심 (honorific verbal-noun paralleling 부르심); reserve 선택 as the standing doctrine-name term elsewhere, consistent with baseline convention. Never 팔자/운. Also avoid letting this read as a competitive, merit-based ‘passed selection’ echoing Korea’s competitive exam/hiring culture — God’s election is sovereign and gracious, actively confirmed (not earned) through pursuing the virtues of 1:5-7.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 1:9, 2:14. Distinguish from 액운 (bad luck/misfortune) and 체면 손상 (loss of social face).
Virtue
Approved rendering: 덕
Transliteration: deok
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: 도덕, 수행으로 얻은 덕
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Sanctification
New term for 2 Peter (1:3, 1:5). Renders ἀρετή. Collides directly with Confucian 德 (deok) — the moral power legitimizing a ruler’s authority and the self-cultivated excellence a sage pursues through lifelong discipline. At 1:3 describes God’s own intrinsic excellence, not an achievement earned through cultivation; at 1:5 describes a Spirit-empowered quality added to faith, not Confucian self-cultivated ruler-virtue/sage-attainment or a merit that itself earns further divine favor.
Full Knowledge Epignosis
Approved rendering: 앎
Transliteration: am
Doctrine: Faith / Reliability of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 정보로서의 지식
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Faith
New term for 2 Peter (1:2, 1:3, 1:8). Renders ἐπίγνωσις. Relational, experiential, saving knowledge of Christ — must not be reduced to abstract doctrinal information; parallels the baseline’s personal-trust distinction for πίστις/믿음.
Corruption
Approved rendering: 썩어짐
Transliteration: sseogeojim
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: 무상 (Buddhist impermanence), 업보로 인한 쇠퇴 (karmic decline)
Original: φθορά
Category: Divine Nature
New term for 2 Peter (1:4, 2:12 x2, 2:19). Renders φθορά. Must be distinguished from Buddhist 무상 (musang, impermanence), a metaphysical given transcended through enlightenment/detachment — 2 Peter’s φθορά is moral-spiritual corruption produced by sinful desire, under God’s judgment, escapable by grace, not a universal ontological feature of existence.
Freedom Slaves Of Corruption
Approved rendering: 자유…썩어짐의 종
Transliteration: jayu…sseogeojim-ui jong
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment / Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: ἐλευθερία…δοῦλοι…τῆς φθορᾶς
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:19). Renders ἐλευθερία…δοῦλοι…τῆς φθορᾶς, an ironic inversion of 1:4. 자유 (freedom) alone is low risk; the pairing with 썩어짐 (corruption) carries the same High-risk Buddhist-impermanence-collision caution flagged at corruption above, reinforced here by the irony of false ‘freedom.‘
Heresies
Approved rendering: 이단
Transliteration: idan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:1). Renders αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας. High cultural salience in Korean Protestant discourse, routinely applied to controversial new religious movements — an asset for recognition but risk of loose polemical in-group labeling. Teach 2 Peter 2’s own substantive criteria (denying the Master who bought them, exploitation, immorality) as the test, not mere institutional labeling.
Tartarus
Approved rendering: 지옥
Transliteration: jiok
Doctrine: Judgment of the Fallen Angels
Rejected alternatives: unqualified use of 지옥 without a clarifying gloss
Original: Τάρταρος (ταρταρόω)
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:4). Renders Τάρταρος (ταρταρόω). 지옥 is the general Sino-Korean word for the Buddhist multi-tiered hell system (governed by the Ten Kings, 시왕) and the shamanistic/folk underworld (저승, presided over by the psychopomp 저승사자). MANDATORY clarifying gloss at every occurrence: a specific, temporary holding place for fallen angels only, awaiting a single future divine judgment by God alone — never humanity’s general afterlife destination, never karma-governed, never multi-tiered. Mandatory theologian review.
Coming Transfiguration Context
Approved rendering: 강림
Transliteration: gangnim
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter (1:16). Renders παρουσία in its Transfiguration-preview context, following KRV precedent. Distinguish from 재림 (second_coming_parousia below), the standing doctrinal term for the future Second Coming used throughout chapter 3. Never interchange the two.
Elements Stoicheia
Approved rendering: 원소
Transliteration: wonso
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 오행 framing (Korean Five-Elements cosmology)
Original: στοιχεῖα
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter (3:10, 3:12). Renders στοιχεῖα. Specific, well-grounded Korean risk: traditional Korean cosmology is built on 오행 (Five Elements/Phases: wood, fire, earth, metal, water), foundational to Korean astrology (사주팔자), traditional medicine, and feng shui (풍수), visible even on the national flag. Must be clarified as the material building-blocks of the created physical universe which God will dissolve/renew — not the cyclical, self-sustaining Five Phases cosmology. Recommend mandatory theologian review.
Patience Of God
Approved rendering: 오래 참으심
Transliteration: orae chameusim
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: 팔자/운명 framing (fatalistic delay)
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: God
New term for 2 Peter (3:9, 3:15). Renders μακροθυμία. Distinguish STRICTLY from ὑπομονή (인내, human perseverance) — never interchange. God’s ‘delay’ is personal, purposeful, merciful forbearance making space for repentance, not an impersonal, fated timetable per Korean folk-astrology frameworks (사주팔자, 운명).
Repentance
Approved rendering: 회개
Transliteration: hoegae
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing / Repentance as the Purpose of God’s Forbearance
Rejected alternatives: 참회 (Buddhist ritual penance practice, e.g. 108 bows), 반성 (secular Confucian self-reflection)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
New term for 2 Peter (3:9). Renders μετάνοια, the standard established Korean Protestant term. Must be distinguished from Buddhist 참회 (a structured, repeatable, merit-generating ritual confession practice) and from secular Confucian 반성 (moral self-examination without reference to God). Biblical μετάνοια/회개 is a decisive, grace-enabled turning of allegiance toward God resulting in salvation, not a repeatable ritual-merit practice or secular introspection.
Medium Risk Terms
Christ
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Never conflate with 미륵 (Maitreya, the future Buddha of Korean Buddhist eschatology).
Equally Precious Faith
Approved rendering: 동일하게 보배로운 믿음
Transliteration: dongilhage bobaeroun mideum
Doctrine: Faith / Universal Scope of the Gospel
Original: ἰσότιμος πίστις
Category: Faith
New term for 2 Peter (1:1). Renders ἰσότιμος πίστις. Affirms no spiritual ‘seniority’ hierarchy between apostolic and later believers’ faith. Handle with awareness of Korea’s strongly hierarchical, seniority/age-based social conventions, which could otherwise tempt a graded-faith-value reading.
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
Original: προφήτης
Category: Scripture
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs 2 Peter 3:2 (‘holy prophets’). Root for the new compound false_prophets_teachers below. Distinguish from 점쟁이 and mudang shamans.
Eyewitnesses
Approved rendering: 목격자
Transliteration: mokgyeokja
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Original: ἐπόπται
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter (1:16). Renders ἐπόπται. Grounds apostolic testimony in verified, personal, historical witness of the Transfiguration.
More Sure Word
Approved rendering: 더 확실한
Transliteration: deo hwaksilhan
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: βεβαιότερον
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter (1:19). Renders βεβαιότερον. Must preserve the emphatic comparative force (Scripture’s word as MORE certain than eyewitness experience); do not soften to merely ‘also reliable.‘
Morning Star
Approved rendering: 샛별
Transliteration: saetbyeol
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: φωσφόρος
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter (1:19). Renders φωσφόρος. Standard Korean literary term for Venus as morning star. Guard exposition against drift toward Korean astrological/fortune-telling associations (점성술, 사주팔자); the ‘rising’ here is Christ’s personal appearing, not an astrological omen.
Majestic Glory
Approved rendering: 지극히 큰 영광
Transliteration: jigeukhi keun yeonggwang
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα
Category: God
New term for 2 Peter (1:17). Renders μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα, a reverential circumlocution for God the Father. Functions as a divine title; requires full honorific grammar (-이시- forms).
Glorious Ones Dignities
Approved rendering: 존귀한 자
Transliteration: jon-gwihan ja
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 영광 (would incorrectly import the standard ‘glory’ rendering here)
Original: δόξαι
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:10). Renders the plural δόξαι, referring to angelic/supernatural dignitaries blasphemed by the false teachers — a context-dependent exception to the standard glory/영광 rendering of the same Greek root. Flag explicitly so translators do not mechanically default to 영광 here.
Peace Greeting
Approved rendering: 평강
Transliteration: pyeong-gang
Doctrine: Church as God’s People (greeting-formula usage)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Church
New, clarifying entry for the fixed epistolary greeting ‘grace and peace’ (2 Peter 1:2), structurally identical to Pauline greetings. Use 평강 for this fixed greeting-formula occurrence; reserve 화평 (baseline peace entry) for doctrinally-loaded relational-peace-with-God statements. Non-contradictory extension of the baseline’s own greeting/doctrine distinction; flag for native speaker review across the wider curriculum set.
Knowledge Gnosis
Approved rendering: 지식
Transliteration: jisik
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Faith
New term for 2 Peter (1:5, 3:18). Renders γνῶσις. Distinguish from ἐπίγνωσις (foundational, personal, saving knowledge of Christ already presupposed); Korean commonly uses the same word for both senses, so teaching material must flag this dual reference explicitly.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: 음란
Transliteration: eumnan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:2, 2:7, 2:10, 2:18). Renders ἀσέλγεια. Standard vocabulary already stable in Korean Christian ethical teaching; low-medium risk.
Despising Authority
Approved rendering: 주권을 멸시하다
Transliteration: jugwon-eul myeolsihada
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: κυριότητος καταφρονοῦντας
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:10). Renders κυριότητος καταφρονοῦντας. Standard vocabulary, medium risk given proximity to κύριος/주님 root.
New Heavens And New Earth
Approved rendering: 새 하늘과 새 땅
Transliteration: sae haneul-gwa sae ttang
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 겁 (Buddhist kalpa world-age cycle framing)
Original: καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter (3:13). Established Korean church term. Must be taught as a renewed, tangible created order continuous with the present cosmos, not a cyclical world-age renewal as in Buddhist kalpa-cycle cosmology (겁) nor a shamanistic periodic ritual world-renewal.
Low Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라 (doctrine-family) / 영원한 나라 (this verse)
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara / yeongwonhan nara
Doctrine: The Eternal Kingdom
Original: αἰώνιος βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. At 2 Peter 1:11, rendered specifically ‘the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ’ (영원한 나라). Korea has no live competing ‘divine kingdom’ state ideology, keeping this comparatively low risk.
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Peter’s self-designation, 2 Peter 1:1. Avoid any framing suggesting a shamanistic spiritual-intermediary role (무당) or Daoist-style spiritual master (도사).
Self Control
Approved rendering: 절제
Transliteration: jeolje
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Sanctification
New term for 2 Peter (1:6). Renders ἐγκράτεια. Standard, low collision risk.
Brotherly Affection
Approved rendering: 형제 우애
Transliteration: hyeongje uae
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Church
New term for 2 Peter (1:7). Renders φιλαδελφία. Standard church vocabulary, low risk.
Balaam
Approved rendering: 발람
Transliteration: Ballam
Doctrine: Historical Judgment as Typological Warning
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:15). Proper name; standard transliteration.
Waterless Springs
Approved rendering: 물 없는 샘
Transliteration: mul eomneun saem
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:17). Renders πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι. Standard metaphor, low risk.
Irrational Animals
Approved rendering: 이성 없는 짐승
Transliteration: iseong eomneun jimseung
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:12). Renders ἄλογα ζῷα. Standard, low risk.
Steadfastness
Approved rendering: 굳센 믿음 / 확고함
Transliteration: gutsen mideum / hwakgoham
Doctrine: Assurance and Steadfastness Amid False Teaching
Original: στηριγμός
Category: Sanctification
New term for 2 Peter (3:17). Renders στηριγμός. Standard, low risk.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Master Despotes
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders δεσπότης (2:1), distinct from the more frequent κύριος. Render with full honorific 주님 but ALWAYS accompany with a translator note flagging that the underlying Greek is δεσπότης, emphasizing Christ’s absolute, costly, once-for-all redemptive ownership-by-purchase of the false teachers who deny him — not a repeatable transactional exchange echoing the 기복신앙 pattern (baseline grace caution). Never collapse into 주인님 (employer/property-owner framing, baseline-rejected).
Cleverly Devised Myths
Approved rendering: 교묘히 만든 이야기
Transliteration: gyomyohi mandeun iyagi
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 신화
Original: σεσοφισμένοι μῦθοι
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter (1:16). Renders σεσοφισμένοι μῦθοι. NEVER use 신화 (myth) — this word readily evokes Korea’s own founding legend (단군신화, Hwanung as son of the heavenly god Hwanin, already flagged under baseline son_of_god); using 신화 risks implying the gospel is merely another national founding-myth genre rather than the eyewitness-verified claim Peter is actively distinguishing it from.
Godliness
Approved rendering: 경건
Transliteration: gyeongeon
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: 예 (Confucian ritual propriety, already rejected under baseline law entry)
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Sanctification
New term for 2 Peter (1:3, 1:6). Renders εὐσέβεια. Risk: in general Korean religious usage, 경건 can describe generic ritual devoutness or moral seriousness shared across religious traditions. Must be taught as relational, Spirit-enabled reverence flowing from salvation already received, not self-generated religious seriousness or ritual correctness earning divine favor.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Honor
Approved rendering: 존귀
Transliteration: jon-gwi
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 출세
Original: τιμή
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter (1:17). Renders τιμή, paired with 영광. Must not collapse toward Korea’s status-and-achievement-conscious secular honor vocabulary (출세, career/social success, already rejected under baseline glory entry) — this is honor bestowed by God the Father on the eternal Son, not social prestige.
Perseverance
Approved rendering: 인내
Transliteration: innae
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: 참을성
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Sanctification
New term for 2 Peter (1:6). Renders ὑπομονή, Spirit-produced steadfastness under trial. Distinguish from the secular sense of tolerating annoyance (참을성), and STRICTLY from μακροθυμία (God’s own patience, patience_of_god below) — never interchange these two.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: 사랑
Transliteration: sarang
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
New term for 2 Peter (1:7). Renders ἀγάπη, the capstone of the virtue chain. Note Korean 사랑’s strong romantic-love connotation in general usage; established Korean Christian usage already successfully distinguishes ἀγάπη-사랑 in context.
Flood
Approved rendering: 홍수
Transliteration: hongsu
Doctrine: Historical Judgment as Typological Warning
Original: κατακλυσμός
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:5). Renders κατακλυσμός. Standard, well-established; must remain a historical, not legendary or cyclical-mythical, flood.
Wages Of Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: 불의의 삯
Transliteration: bului-ui sak
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: μισθὸς ἀδικίας
Category: False Teachers
New term for 2 Peter (2:13, 2:15). Renders μισθὸς ἀδικίας, built on baseline 의 as its negation. Standard, low collision risk.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: 조롱하는 자
Transliteration: jorong-haneun ja
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter (3:3). Renders ἐμπαῖκται. Standard, low risk.
Without Spot Blameless
Approved rendering: 흠 없고 점 없는
Transliteration: heum eopgo jeom eomneun
Doctrine: Assurance and Steadfastness Amid False Teaching
Original: ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι
Category: Sanctification
New term for 2 Peter (3:14). Renders ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι. Standard sacrificial-purity-derived ethical vocabulary already well established in Korean church usage; low risk.
Referenced passages