Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Thessalonians (English → Korean)
This glossary combines (A) baseline Romans terms reused exactly as recorded in translation_memory.json, and (B) new terms required for full coverage of 2 Thessalonians 1-3. All renderings must be enforced in Phase 2 exactly as listed. Risk tiers follow the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
A. Reused Baseline Terms (No Change — Enforce Exactly as Recorded)
| English Term | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine (2 Thess) | Occurrences | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | 복음 | bogeum | Medium | Gospel obedience | 1:8, 2:14 | Reuse baseline note re: 기복신앙 root collision |
| Grace | 은혜 | eunhye | Critical | Grace (greeting) | 1:2, 1:12, 2:16, 3:18 | Reuse baseline note verbatim |
| Faith | 믿음 | mideum | High | Faith / Perseverance | 1:3, 1:4, 1:11, 2:13, 3:2 | Reuse baseline note verbatim |
| Lord | 주님 | junim | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Reuse baseline honorific-grammar requirement |
| God | 하나님 | Hananim | Critical | Deity/Judgment | throughout | Reuse baseline note verbatim; never 하느님/천주/산신령 |
| Holy Spirit | 성령 | seongnyeong | Critical | Sanctification | 2:13 | Reuse baseline note verbatim; note the non-technical “breath” sense at 2:8 (πνεῦμα τοῦ στόματος) must NOT use this term — see glossary entry “breath” below |
| Church | 교회 | gyohoe | Medium | Church as God’s People | 1:1, 1:4 | Reuse baseline note verbatim |
| Called / Calling | 부르심(을 받은) | bureusim(-eul badeun) | High | Divine Calling | 1:11, 2:14 | Reuse baseline note verbatim; never 팔자/운명 |
| Sanctification | 성화 | seonghwa | High | Sanctification | 2:13 | Reuse baseline note verbatim |
| Glory | 영광 | yeonggwang | Medium | Deity of Christ / Judgment | 1:9, 1:12, 2:14 | Reuse baseline note verbatim |
| Salvation | 구원 | guwon | Critical | Salvation | 2:13 | Reuse baseline note verbatim; never 해탈 |
| Thanksgiving | 감사 | gamsa | Low | Thanksgiving | 1:3, 2:13 | Reuse baseline note verbatim |
| Power of God | 능력 | neungnyeok | Critical | Power (counterfeited by Satan) | 1:7, 1:11, 2:9 | Reuse baseline note verbatim; 2:9 requires explicit “counterfeit power” framing — see risk registry |
| Kingdom of God | 하나님의 나라 | Hananim-ui nara | Low | Kingdom | 1:5 | Reuse baseline note verbatim |
| Election | 선택 | seontaek | High | Election (God chose you) | 2:13 | Reuse baseline note verbatim; never 팔자/운 |
| Righteousness | 의 | ui | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:5-6 (in compound) | Reuse baseline note verbatim; anchors 불의 antonym below |
| Obedience of Faith | 믿음의 순종 | mideum-ui sunjong | High | Obedience of the gospel | 1:8 | Reuse baseline note verbatim |
B. New Terms Introduced by 2 Thessalonians
| English Term | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passage(s) | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day of the Lord | 주의 날 | ju-ui nal | Critical | The Day of the Lord | 2:2 | 종말의 날 (generic “end-times day,” loses specific title force) | Must not be softened into a generic “someday” or read through Korean folk-astrological day-selection (택일) framing. Must preserve “already come” (ἐνέστηκεν) claim being corrected, not merely delayed. |
| Man of lawlessness | 불법의 사람 | bulbeop-ui saram | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3 | 죄의 사람 (alternate MSS “man of sin,” weaker textual support) | Never confuse 불법 with 율법 (Mosaic Law, baseline term); never trivialize via secular-legal 불법 usage (e.g. “illegal parking”). |
| Lawless one | 저 불법한 자 | jeo bulbeophan ja | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:8 | — | Same referent as “man of lawlessness” (2:3); keep 불법 root consistent across vv. 3, 7, 8. |
| Son of destruction | 멸망의 아들 | myeolmang-ui adeul | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3 | — | Deliberate ironic contrast with baseline’s “Son of God” (하나님의 아들); must not be visually/aurally confusable in teaching context. |
| Lawlessness | 불법 | bulbeop | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3, 2:7, 2:8 | — | Root term underlying all “lawlessness” compounds in this letter; distinguish from 율법 (Law). |
| Apostasy / the rebellion | 배교 | baegyo | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness (precursor sign) | 2:3 | 이탈 (too weak; loses religious-betrayal force) | A decisive, climactic end-times falling-away, not ordinary individual doubt or lapse. |
| Mystery of lawlessness | 불법의 비밀 | bulbeop-ui bimil | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:7 | — | 비밀 = Pauline “mystery” register (hidden divine-purpose reality), not occult secret knowledge. |
| The restrainer (impersonal) | 막는 것 | makneun geot | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:6 | Any rendering presupposing a specific identity (Spirit / empire / church) | Identity is deliberately ambiguous in Greek; must remain equally open in Korean; resolve only in commentary, never in the translated text itself. |
| The restrainer (personal) | 막는 자 | makneun ja | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:7 | Same as above | Mirrors Greek’s neuter→masculine shift (v.6→v.7); same ambiguity-preservation rule applies. |
| Parousia / coming | 강림 | gangnim | Critical | The Day of the Lord | 2:1, 2:8, 2:9 | 재림 (reserve only for doctrine-title headers, not running text) | Must remain terminologically identical at every occurrence within this letter. |
| Epiphaneia / appearing | 나타나심 | natanasim | High | The Day of the Lord | 2:8 | — | Pairs with 강림 (v.8’s “appearance of his coming”); keep distinct from the lawless one’s “revealing” (드러나다/나타나다 verb, vv. 3,6,8), preserving the source’s ironic contrast. |
| Gathering together | 함께 모임 | hamkke moim | Medium | The Day of the Lord | 2:1 | 모임 alone (too generic, loses “to Christ” referent) | Must retain the specific sense of being gathered to Christ, not a generic assembly. |
| Satan | 사탄 | Satan | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:9, 3:3 (as “the evil one”) | 귀신, 악령 (generic folk-spirit terms — too weak, wrong category) | Standard transliteration; singular personal being, not one spirit among many in a folk-shamanistic spirit-world. |
| Working / energeia | 역사(役事) | yeoksa | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:9, 2:11 | — | Homonym alert: identical Hangul to 역사 (歷史, “history”); context must disambiguate; flag for extra care in read-aloud/TTS contexts. |
| Signs and wonders | 표적과 기사 | pyojeok-gwa gisa | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness / counterfeit power | 2:9 | — | Explicitly counterfeit/satanic in this context; must not be confused with folk-divinatory “omens” (징조, 점괘) nor with genuine Spirit-given signs elsewhere in the NT without contextual distinction. |
| Deception / delusion | 미혹 / 속임 | mihok / sogim | High | The Man of Lawlessness / Judgment | 2:3, 2:10, 2:11 | — | Anchor to God’s righteous judicial response to prior unbelief (v.10-12), not an impersonal or capricious spiritual affliction. |
| Truth | 진리 | jilli | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:10, 2:12, 2:13 | — | The singular, exclusive gospel truth; distinguish from relativistic “one’s own truth” usage in contemporary discourse. |
| Unrighteousness | 불의 | buri | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:10, 2:12 | — | Direct antonym of 의 (baseline Critical righteousness term); flag the 의/불의 pairing explicitly in commentary. |
| Judgment / judged | 심판 | simpan | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:5-6, 2:12 | — | Must not collapse into 인과응보 (karmic retribution) or 액운 (fatalistic misfortune, baseline sin-related risk); this is a personal God’s righteous judicial verdict. |
| Righteous judgment (compound) | 하나님의 의로운 심판 | Hananim-ui uiroun simpan | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:5-6 | — | Fuses 의 and 심판; both individually Critical/High risk terms — highest-priority phrase for human theologian review in ch.1. |
| Vengeance / retribution | 보응 / 형벌 | boeung / hyeongbeol | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:8 | — | God’s own righteous act, not impersonal cosmic payback nor sanctioned human vengeance. |
| Eternal destruction | 영원한 멸망 | yeongwonhan myeolmang | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:9 | — | Final, personal separation from the Lord’s presence — relational, not annihilation-of-self in a Buddhist non-self sense. |
| Tribulation / affliction | 환난 | hwannan | High | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4, 1:6, 1:7 | — | Suffering endured for the faith under a sovereign, promise-keeping God; not fatalistic misfortune. |
| Persecution | 박해 | bakhae | High | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4 | — | Historically resonant in Korean church history; anchor to hope in God’s future righteous judgment, not mere historical description. |
| Endurance / perseverance | 인내 | innae | High | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4 | — | Distinguish from 한 (han, hopeless sorrowful endurance) and Confucian honor-oriented stoic endurance; biblical endurance is hope-fueled, grounded in Christ’s coming. |
| Traditions | 전통 | jeontong | Critical | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 2:15, 3:6 | 유전 (risks modern homonym collision with “heredity,” 遺傳) | HIGHEST Korean-context risk term in the letter: 전통 evokes Confucian ancestral/customary tradition (제사, 예); must always be taught as apostolic gospel teaching received from Paul, explicitly distinguished from inherited Confucian family custom. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence. |
| Idleness / disorderly conduct | 게으르게/무질서하게 행함 | geeureuge/mujilseohage haenghaeum | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions (contrast) | 3:6, 3:11 | — | Refusing to work amid eschatological over-excitement; a deviation from received apostolic tradition (v.6), not a generic moral judgment on laziness alone. |
| The evil one | 악한 자 | akhan ja | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 3:3 | — | Same personal referent as Σατανᾶς (2:9); not generic misfortune (액운). |
| Peace (epistolary greeting) | 평강 | pyeonggang | Medium | Grace and Peace (greeting) | 1:2 | 화평 (reserved for Rom 5:1 relational peace-with-God sense) | Established KRV greeting-formula term, shared with Romans 1:7; extends, does not contradict, baseline’s 화평/평안 distinction. |
| Peace (benediction, relational) | 화평 | hwapyeong | Medium | Peace with God | 3:16 | — | Reuses baseline term exactly for the closing benediction’s relational-peace sense, distinct from 1:2’s greeting-formula 평강. |
| Comfort | 위로 | wiro | Low-Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 2:16, 2:17 | 권면 (reserved for baseline’s “exhort,” a different sense of the shared παρακαλέω root) | Do not conflate with 권면하다 (exhort) despite shared Greek root. |
| Firstfruits | 첫 열매 | cheot yeolmae | Low | Election | 2:13 | — | Standard agricultural metaphor; low collision risk. |
| Faithfulness of the Lord | 신실하신 주님 | sinsilhasin junim | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 3:3 | — | Apply honorific verb form per baseline’s honorific-grammar requirement. |
| Establish / strengthen | 굳건하게 하다 | gutgeonhage hada | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 2:17, 3:3 | — | Reinforces “standing firm” theme with 2:15. |
| Sign (authentication) | 표 | pyo | Low | (Epistolary, non-doctrinal) | 3:17 | — | Distinct sense from 2:9’s “signs and wonders” (표적); do not conflate. |
| Angel | 천사 | cheonsa | Low | God’s Righteous Judgment (context) | 1:7 | — | Standard established Korean Christian term. |
| Love (agapē) | 사랑 | sarang | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution / Truth | 1:3, 2:10 | — | Anchor to self-giving, Spirit-produced NT sense, not romantic/sentimental usage. |
| Temple of God | 성전 | seongjeon | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:4 | — | Retain interpretive openness (literal Jerusalem temple vs. church-as-temple) in commentary. |
| Work / labor | 일하다 | ilhada | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions (contrast) | 3:10, 3:12 | — | Standard vocabulary; no significant doctrinal risk. |
| Breath (of his mouth) | 입의 기운 | ip-ui gi-un | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:8 | 성령 (FORBIDDEN here) | πνεῦμα in this verse means “breath,” NOT the Holy Spirit; using 성령 here is a doctrinal error. 기운 carries a secondary folk/traditional-medicine “life-energy” connotation; context must anchor this to Christ’s own effortless, sovereign word of power. |
Risk Summary for New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 11 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 13 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 10 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 6 | Automated review |
Cross-Reference to Doctrines
| Doctrine | Load-Bearing New Terms |
|---|---|
| The Day of the Lord | 주의 날, 강림, 나타나심, 함께 모임 |
| The Man of Lawlessness | 불법의 사람, 저 불법한 자, 멸망의 아들, 불법, 배교, 불법의 비밀, 막는 것/막는 자, 사탄, 역사(役事), 표적과 기사, 미혹/속임, 성전, 입의 기운 |
| Perseverance under Persecution | 인내, 환난, 박해, 사랑, 위로, 신실하신 주님 |
| God’s Righteous Judgment | 심판, 하나님의 의로운 심판, 불의, 진리, 보응/형벌, 영원한 멸망 |
| Standing Firm in the Traditions | 전통, 게으르게/무질서하게 행함, 굳건하게 하다, 일하다 |
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json as a versioned update before Phase 2 processing of any 2 Thessalonians segment. See analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter justification of every entry above.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). CRITICAL central Korean risk term; NEVER frame as a shamanistic transactional exchange (기복신앙); NEVER use 은덕 (Confucian reciprocal-benevolence term). 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: occurs in the fixed epistolary greeting (1:2), Paul’s prayer (1:12), the benediction ‘good hope through grace’ (2:16), and the closing grace-benediction (3:18). The 기복신앙 caution applies at every occurrence, including the fixed greeting formula, so the greeting is not misheard as a ritual blessing-invocation.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged; note upgraded from baseline Medium to Critical per 2 Thessalonians doctrine_risk_registry, since this letter’s Lordship references are woven through its Critical eschatological doctrines). Mandatory 님 honorific suffix and honorific verb conjugation at every occurrence. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: used throughout (1:1-2, 2:1-2, 2:8, 2:13-14, 3:1-5, 3:16-18), including ‘the Lord of peace himself’ (3:16) and ‘the Lord is faithful’ (3:3).
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). NEVER 하느님 (Catholic/general term), 천주 (Catholic ‘Lord of Heaven’), or 산신령 (folk mountain spirit). 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: the man of lawlessness’s blasphemous self-proclamation ‘that he is God’ (2:4) requires 하나님 to be used precisely here so the horror of the false claim — usurping the true God’s own name — is not blurred by a lesser or generic term.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). NEVER 신령 or 신 alone; never framed with shamanistic spirit-possession language. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION — MANDATORY CAUTION: 2:8’s πνεῦμα τοῦ στόματος (‘breath of his mouth’) is a non-technical use of πνεῦμα meaning ordinary breath, NOT the Holy Spirit. 성령 must NEVER be used to render that phrase (see the separate ‘breath_of_his_mouth’ entry) — doing so would wrongly make the Spirit the agent of the lawless one’s destruction, a serious doctrinal error.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). NEVER 해탈 or 윤회에서 벗어남. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: 2:13-14 sets salvation in sharp antithesis to the destruction (멸망) awaiting those who reject the truth (2:10, 2:12); this 구원/멸망 antithesis must be preserved as a personal, relational outcome, not an escape from an impersonal cycle.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). CRITICAL: Korean shamanism’s mudang spirit-power (영력) collision applies. 2 THESSALONIANS CRITICAL EXTENSION: 2:9 stages a deliberate demonic counterfeit of this exact term (‘every power and false signs and wonders’). Must reuse 능력 exactly while surrounding commentary makes explicit this is a false, satanically-sourced 능력 — NOT evidence of divine approval — especially given Korean charismatic churches’ own documented self-caution about power-ministry sliding toward shamanistic power-seeking. Contrast with the genuine, descriptive sense at 1:7, 1:11 (‘his mighty angels’ / Christ’s own resolve), which carries no counterfeit-framing requirement.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δίκαιος / δικαιοσύνη
Category: Judgment
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged; risk upgraded from baseline’s High to Critical for this letter per doctrine_risk_registry, given its role anchoring 하나님의 의로운 심판). Distinguish from 의리 (uiri) loyalty-ethics. 2 THESSALONIANS CRITICAL EXTENSION: at 1:5-6 anchors the compound 하나님의 의로운 심판 (God’s righteous judgment); at 2:10, 2:12 anchors 불의 (unrighteousness) as its direct antonym. The 의/불의 pairing must be flagged explicitly in commentary so Korean readers see the antithesis structuring God’s judgment, which is not automatically visible in Korean the way ‘righteous/unrighteous’ is visible in English.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 주의 날
Transliteration: ju-ui nal
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: 종말의 날 (generic ‘end-times day,’ loses specific title force)
Original: ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Established KRV rendering of ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου (2:2). Must never be softened toward a generic ‘someday/end of the world,’ nor allowed to echo Korean folk-astrological day-selection (택일, taegil), still practiced for weddings, moves, and funerals, which treats certain days as auspicious/inauspicious by divination. The false claim being corrected — that this day has ‘already come’ (ἐνέστηκεν, perfect tense) — must survive translation as a claim under correction, not merely reframed as calendrical dispute, or Paul’s argument in vv.3-4 collapses.
Parousia
Approved rendering: 강림
Transliteration: gangnim
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: 재림 (reserved only for doctrine-title headers, never running text, within this letter)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Established KRV Sino-Korean compound for παρουσία (2:1, 2:8, 2:9). Must remain terminologically identical at every occurrence within this letter so readers track a single stable referent; do not alternate with 재림 in running text.
Man Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: 불법의 사람
Transliteration: bulbeop-ui saram
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: 죄의 사람 (alternate manuscript tradition ‘man of sin,’ weaker textual support)
Original: ὁ ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ὁ ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας (2:3). 불법 must never be confused with 율법 (yulbeop, the Mosaic Law, baseline Critical/High term) — this is not ‘the man against the Mosaic Law’ but the man embodying rebellion against God’s moral order as such. Must also be kept distinct from trivializing secular-legal usage of 불법 (e.g. 불법 주차, ‘illegal parking’).
Lawless One
Approved rendering: 저 불법한 자
Transliteration: jeo bulbeophan ja
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ὁ ἄνομος
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ὁ ἄνομος (2:8), the same referent as 불법의 사람 (v.3) in his final revealed and destroyed state. Use a consistent 불법 root across all occurrences (vv. 3, 7, 8) so the reader tracks a single figure across the passage.
Son Of Destruction
Approved rendering: 멸망의 아들
Transliteration: myeolmang-ui adeul
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας (2:3), a Hebraic idiom denoting the man of lawlessness’s certain final doom (cf. Judas, John 17:12). 아들 (son) here must not be confused with, nor allowed visually/aurally to echo, the baseline’s Critical term 하나님의 아들 (Son of God) — a deliberate ironic counter-figure to Christ’s true Sonship that must be preserved clearly in surrounding commentary.
Apostasy Rebellion
Approved rendering: 배교
Transliteration: baegyo
Doctrine: The Apostasy (The Falling Away)
Rejected alternatives: 이탈 (too weak; loses religious-betrayal force)
Original: ἡ ἀποστασία
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ἡ ἀποστασία (2:3), one of two required precursor signs (with the man of lawlessness) before the Day of the Lord. Must be distinguished from ordinary lapses of individual believers or generic nominal-religious drift; this is a decisive, corporate, climactic end-times falling-away.
Restrainer Impersonal
Approved rendering: 막는 것
Transliteration: makneun geot
Doctrine: The Restrainer (Deliberate Ambiguity)
Rejected alternatives: Any rendering presupposing a specific identity (Spirit / Roman Empire / church)
Original: τὸ κατέχον
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. τὸ κατέχον (2:6). The referent is genuinely and deliberately ambiguous in the Greek and must remain equally open in Korean; translators must resist resolving the ambiguity by selecting a word that presupposes one interpretation (e.g., pre-identifying the restrainer as 성령 or a governing authority). Identity discussion belongs only in surrounding doctrinal commentary, never inside the translated verse.
Restrainer Personal
Approved rendering: 막는 자
Transliteration: makneun ja
Doctrine: The Restrainer (Deliberate Ambiguity)
Rejected alternatives: Same as restrainer_impersonal
Original: ὁ κατέχων
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ὁ κατέχων (2:7), the masculine personal-agent form of the restrainer named in v.6. Must mirror the Greek’s grammatical shift from neuter to masculine (막는 것 → 막는 자) as faithfully as Korean allows, while retaining the same interpretive openness — the personal grammatical form must not be read as resolving the restrainer’s identity.
Signs And Wonders
Approved rendering: 표적과 기사
Transliteration: pyojeok-gwa gisa
Doctrine: Satan’s Counterfeit Power and Signs
Original: σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα ψεύδους
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα ψεύδους (2:9), counterfeit miracles accompanying the lawless one’s satanically-empowered coming. Must reuse 능력 exactly per translation memory while surrounding commentary makes explicit these are counterfeit displays; must also be distinguished from Korean folk-divinatory ‘signs and omens’ (징조, 점괘) and from genuine Spirit-given signs elsewhere in the NT without contextual distinction.
Judgment Judged
Approved rendering: 심판
Transliteration: simpan
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 인과응보 (Buddhist/folk karmic retribution — an impersonal cosmic mechanism), 액운 (fatalistic misfortune, already flagged in the baseline under ‘sin’)
Original: κρίσις / κρίνω
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. κρίσις / κρίνω (1:5-6, 2:12). Must be carefully distinguished from karmic retribution (인과응보) and shamanistic curse/misfortune framing (액운). 심판 must be taught as God’s own righteous, personal judicial verdict, not an impersonal cosmic balancing mechanism.
Righteous Judgment Compound
Approved rendering: 하나님의 의로운 심판
Transliteration: Hananim-ui uiroun simpan
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: τὴν δικαίαν κρίσιν τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. τὴν δικαίαν κρίσιν τοῦ θεοῦ (1:5-6). Fuses two of the letter’s highest-risk terms — 의 (collision with 의리, loyalty-ethics) and 심판 (collision with 인과응보/액운). Must be taught as a personal God’s forensically righteous verdict, vindicating the persecuted and condemning persecutors — not an impersonal cosmic balancing of merit and demerit, nor a matter of social loyalty (의리) fulfilled or violated. Highest-priority compound for human theologian review in ch.1.
Traditions
Approved rendering: 전통
Transliteration: jeontong
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: 유전 (risks modern homonym collision with ‘heredity/genetic inheritance,’ 遺傳)
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Tradition
NEW TERM — SINGLE HIGHEST KOREAN-CONTEXT RISK TERM IN THE LETTER. παράδοσις (2:15, 3:6). 전통 in ordinary Korean usage carries strong associations with inherited cultural/family custom, prominently Confucian ancestral-rite practice (제사, jesa) and ritual propriety (예, ye) — the same cultural complex the baseline flags Critical under ‘Father’ (jesa-refusal martyrdom history) and High under ‘adoption.’ Korean readers could badly mishear ‘stand firm in the traditions’ as endorsing continued Confucian ancestral custom — the opposite of Paul’s meaning: authoritative apostolic gospel teaching received directly from Paul, held against competing claims. Every occurrence (2:15, 3:6, 3:14) MUST be accompanied by explicit teaching distinguishing apostolic-gospel ‘tradition’ from Confucian ancestral/customary ‘tradition.’ Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). Personal trust in Christ specifically, distinguished from superstitious belief (미신) and fortune-telling/astrology confidence (사주팔자를 믿는 것). 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: at 2:11, the same verb root (믿다) is ironically reused for belief ‘in the lie’ — this deliberate wordplay must be preserved in translation so the tragic irony (the same faith-verb elsewhere used of saving trust in Christ, here directed at a satanic lie) is visible to Korean readers.
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). NEVER 팔자에 정해진 (fixed by birth-chart/fate). 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: undergirds ‘counted worthy of God’s calling’ (1:11), a personal relational summons, not a fate calculable from saju-paljja folk astrology.
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). NEVER 운명 or 팔자. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: at 2:14, God’s calling (‘he called you through our gospel’) is personally tied to gospel proclamation, not an impersonal destiny read from a birth chart.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). Distinguished from 수행 and 도 닦기. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: 2:13’s ‘sanctification of the Spirit’ is one of the twin grounds (with belief in the truth) of God’s choosing believers for salvation — explicitly the Spirit’s own work, not human ascetic achievement.
Election
Approved rendering: 선택
Transliteration: seontaek
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운
Original: αἱρέομαι (εἵλατο)
Category: Salvation
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). Avoid 팔자 or 운; avoid reading as merit-based competitive ‘selection.’ 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: 2:13’s ‘God chose you’ (εἵλατο) is this letter’s doctrinal instance — a sovereign, gracious, unmerited choice, paired with sanctification and belief in the truth as its instrumental grounds.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음의 순종
Transliteration: mideum-ui sunjong
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 효를 위한 순종, 삼종지도식 순종
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). Guard against reduction to Confucian hierarchical-obedience compliance. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: see the related new compound 복음에 순종하다 (‘obey the gospel,’ 1:8) introduced specifically for this letter’s judgment context — the same underlying caution against Confucian-obedience-ethic collapse applies there.
Epiphaneia
Approved rendering: 나타나심
Transliteration: natanasim
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Honorific nominalized verb form (나타나심, with honorific 시 infix) for ἐπιφάνεια, pairing with 강림 at 2:8 (‘the appearance of his coming’). Must remain distinct from the lawless one’s ‘revealing’ (드러나다/나타나다 verb used generically at vv. 3, 6, 8), preserving Paul’s ironic contrast between the hidden counterfeit and Christ’s public, glorious appearing.
Lawlessness
Approved rendering: 불법
Transliteration: bulbeop
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ἀνομία
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. ἀνομία (2:3, 2:7, 2:8), the root underlying all ‘lawlessness’ compounds in this letter. Must never be confused with 율법 (the Mosaic Law), a distinction essential to prevent readers from imagining the man of lawlessness as merely anti-Torah rather than anti-God.
Mystery Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: 불법의 비밀
Transliteration: bulbeop-ui bimil
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: τὸ μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. τὸ μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας (2:7). 비밀 in ordinary Korean skews toward a mundane ‘secret’; commentary must clarify this is the distinctively Pauline ‘mystery’ register (a once-hidden divine-purpose reality, the same register elsewhere applied to grace/salvation mysteries), here applied ironically to evil, not occult secret knowledge.
Satan
Approved rendering: 사탄
Transliteration: satan
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: 귀신 (generic folk-spirit term — too weak, wrong category), 악령 (generic evil-spirit term — too weak, wrong category)
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Σατανᾶς (2:9), also called ‘the evil one’ (3:3). Stable, low-collision transliteration, but must not be conflated with generic Korean folk-shamanistic malevolent-spirit vocabulary; Satan here is a specific, singular personal being, not one spirit among many in a folk spirit-world.
Working Energeia
Approved rendering: 역사
Transliteration: yeoksa
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ἐνέργεια
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ἐνέργεια (2:9, 2:11), ‘active operative power/working.’ HOMONYM ALERT: identical Hangul to 역사 (歷史, ‘history’), an extremely common unrelated word; context alone disambiguates in fluent reading, but a disambiguating gloss/footnote is required at first occurrence per document, especially in text-to-speech or context-stripped (quiz/header) formats.
Deception Delusion
Approved rendering: 미혹 / 속임
Transliteration: mihok / sogim
Doctrine: God’s Judicial Sending of Delusion
Original: ἀπάτη / πλάνη
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. ἀπάτη / πλάνη (2:3, 2:10, 2:11), deceit leading astray, culminating in God’s judicial ‘strong delusion’ (2:11). 미혹 touches Korean folk-shamanistic vocabulary of spirit-induced delusion; must be anchored clearly to God’s righteous judicial response to prior unbelief (v.10 precedes v.11), not to an impersonal or capricious spiritual affliction, to avoid a fatalistic misreading.
Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: 불의
Transliteration: buri
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀδικία
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. ἀδικία (2:10, 2:12), the direct antonym of 의 (righteousness). Must be recognized by the reader as the direct opposite of the baseline’s Critical righteousness term; this 의/불의 pairing should be flagged explicitly in commentary so the antithesis structuring God’s judgment is visible to Korean readers.
Vengeance Retribution
Approved rendering: 보응 / 형벌
Transliteration: boeung / hyeongbeol
Doctrine: Divine Vengeance and Retribution
Original: ἐκδίκησις
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. ἐκδίκησις (1:8), God’s own retributive justice. Must be taught as an act of God’s own righteous justice, executed personally by God — not impersonal cosmic payback (risking conflation with 인과응보) nor sanctioned human vengeance-taking, which the passage reserves to God alone.
Eternal Destruction
Approved rendering: 영원한 멸망
Transliteration: yeongwonhan myeolmang
Doctrine: Eternal Destruction and Separation from God
Original: ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος (1:9). Reuses the 멸망 root shared with 멸망의 아들 (2:3) and 멸망하는 자들 (2:10) for thematic consistency. Must be taught as final, personal, relational separation ‘away from the presence of the Lord’ — not an impersonal dissolution of self, as could be misheard through a Buddhist non-self/annihilation lens.
Tribulation Affliction
Approved rendering: 환난
Transliteration: hwannan
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Perseverance
NEW TERM. θλῖψις (1:4, 1:6, 1:7). Must be taught as suffering endured specifically for the faith under a sovereign God who will righteously repay both the afflicted (with relief) and the afflicters (with judgment) — not merely bad fortune or misfortune (액운) to be endured fatalistically.
Persecution
Approved rendering: 박해
Transliteration: bakhae
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: διωγμός
Category: Perseverance
NEW TERM. διωγμός (1:4). Historically resonant in Korean church history itself (persecution under external rule and in the North Korean context today) — a real teaching asset, but must be anchored to the text’s specific point: God’s righteous future judgment vindicates present suffering, not merely a description of historical hardship.
Endurance Perseverance
Approved rendering: 인내
Transliteration: innae
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
NEW TERM. ὑπομονή (1:4). Must be distinguished from 한 (han), a culturally significant Korean concept of accumulated sorrowful endurance/resentment borne in silence without hope of resolution, and from a Confucian ideal of stoic self-composed endurance valued for social honor. Biblical 인내 here is hope-fueled endurance grounded in confident expectation of Christ’s coming and God’s righteous judgment (1:5-10).
Breath Of His Mouth
Approved rendering: 입의 기운
Transliteration: ip-ui gi-un
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: 성령 (FORBIDDEN here — would wrongly make the Holy Spirit the destroying agent)
Original: πνεῦμα τοῦ στόματος
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. πνεῦμα τοῦ στόματος (2:8, echoing Isaiah 11:4 LXX). πνεῦμα here means ordinary ‘breath,’ NOT the Holy Spirit; using 성령 would be a serious doctrinal error, colliding with the baseline’s Critical Holy Spirit term. Korean 기운 (gi-un, ‘breath/vital energy’) carries a secondary folk/traditional-medicine qi connotation; surrounding context must make clear this is Christ’s own effortless, sovereign word of power, not an impersonal cosmic energy.
Obedience Of Faith Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음에 순종하다
Transliteration: bogeum-e sunjonghada
Doctrine: Gospel Obedience and Judgment for Disobedience
Original: ὑπακούω τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. ὑπακούω τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ (1:8), combining 복음 with 순종/부르심 vocabulary. Refusal to obey the gospel — not merely imperfect obedience — is what draws God’s righteous judgment. Per baseline reasoning on ‘obedience of faith,’ must not be reduced to hierarchical social-status compliance drawn from Confucian obedience ethics; this is a Spirit-produced response to the gospel, and its decisive refusal is rejection of a personal God, not a breach of social etiquette.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). Established KRV term; because 복 (bok, fortune/blessing) sits inside the 기복신앙 (fortune-seeking faith) semantic field, teaching must make explicit the gospel announces salvation through Christ, not a forecast of material fortune. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: at 1:8 and 2:14, ‘the gospel’ is the standard of truth requiring obedience (see obedience_of_faith_gospel below); refusal to obey it — not mere imperfect obedience — is what draws God’s righteous judgment (1:8-9).
Church
Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). NEVER 당집 (shamanistic village shrine) or 절 (Buddhist temple). 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: addresses the Thessalonian congregation (1:1, 1:4, 2:13) as the new covenant community, beloved by the Lord.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). Avoid collapsing into 명예 or 출세. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: at 2:14 (‘obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ’), ensure ‘obtaining’ is not read through Korea’s status-and-achievement-conscious 출세 lens as human accomplishment; it is the promised outcome of God’s prior calling and sanctifying work, not a human achievement.
Peace
Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). KRV uses 화평 for the relational peace-with-God sense (Rom 5:1), distinct from general well-being 평안. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: reserved in this letter for the closing benediction’s relational sense (‘the Lord of peace himself,’ 3:16), distinct from the fixed epistolary-greeting sense at 1:2, which uses the newly-recorded term 평강 (see peace_epistolary_greeting below). Translators must confirm both distinct renderings within this single letter are intentional, not inconsistent.
Gathering Together
Approved rendering: 함께 모임
Transliteration: hamkke moim
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: 모임 alone (too generic, loses ‘to Christ’ referent)
Original: ἐπισυναγωγή
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Renders ἐπισυναγωγή (2:1), believers’ being gathered together to Christ at his coming. Must not be rendered so generically that it reads as a civic assembly; the specific referent — gathered to Christ — must remain recoverable from context.
Truth
Approved rendering: 진리
Transliteration: jilli
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. ἀλήθεια (2:10, 2:12, 2:13), the singular gospel truth. Must be distinguished from a merely philosophical or relativistic ‘one’s own truth’ usage increasingly common in contemporary Korean discourse; love or rejection of this specific truth determines eternal destiny in this passage.
Idleness Disorderly Conduct
Approved rendering: 게으르게 / 무질서하게 행함
Transliteration: geeureuge / mujilseohage haenghaeum
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: ἀτάκτως
Category: Tradition
NEW TERM. ἀτάκτως (3:6, 3:11), ‘walking out of rank/order,’ refusing to work while awaiting the Day of the Lord. Must be distinguished from a general moral judgment about laziness; the doctrinal point is that eschatological over-excitement is no excuse for abandoning received apostolic instruction (the same ‘tradition,’ v.6, as 2:15).
Evil One
Approved rendering: 악한 자
Transliteration: akhan ja
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ὁ πονηρός
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. ὁ πονηρός (3:3), a title for Satan. Must be taught as a reference to the same personal, singular adversary named Σατανᾶς at 2:9, not a generic reference to impersonal misfortune (액운) or an undifferentiated folk-spiritual ‘evil influence.‘
Peace Epistolary Greeting
Approved rendering: 평강
Transliteration: pyeonggang
Doctrine: Grace and Peace (Epistolary Greeting)
Rejected alternatives: 화평 (reserved for the Romans 5:1 relational peace-with-God-through-justification sense)
NEW TERM. εἰρήνη in the fixed epistolary greeting-formula sense, ‘grace and peace’ (1:2), shared with Romans 1:7. Established KRV rendering of this shared Pauline salutation, extending (not contradicting) the baseline’s existing 화평/평안 distinction; record consistently for future Pauline-corpus translation in this pipeline.
Comfort
Approved rendering: 위로
Transliteration: wiro
Doctrine: Comfort and Hope through Grace
Rejected alternatives: 권면 (reserved for baseline’s ‘exhort,’ a different sense of the shared παρακαλέω root)
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Perseverance
NEW TERM. παράκλησις (2:16-17), ‘eternal comfort.’ Shares a root with the baseline’s established 권면하다 (exhort) but must not be conflated with it; translators must select 위로 rather than reusing 권면, since English ‘comfort’ and ‘exhort’ diverge in Korean even though both trace to the same Greek word family.
Faithfulness Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 신실하신 주님
Transliteration: sinsilhasin junim
Doctrine: The Faithfulness of God Amid Persecution
Original: πιστός
Category: God
NEW TERM. πιστός ὁ κύριος (3:3). Standard, well-established Korean Christian vocabulary describing God’s/Christ’s own faithful character, distinct from human 믿음. Apply the honorific verb form (하시다-style) per the baseline’s mandatory honorific-grammar requirement.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: 사랑
Transliteration: sarang
Doctrine: Growth in Faith and Love
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. ἀγάπη (1:3, 2:10). Ordinary Korean 사랑 covers romantic, familial, and general affection; must be anchored to the specific NT ἀγάπη sense — self-giving, Spirit-produced love among believers (1:3), and at 2:10 specifically love directed toward gospel truth, not romantic or merely sentimental affection.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: 성전
Transliteration: seongjeon
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (2:4), the sanctuary in which the man of lawlessness enthrones himself, proclaiming himself to be God. Standard NT term, well-established across Korean Bible translation though not previously in the Romans baseline. Retain interpretive openness in commentary (literal Jerusalem temple vs. the church as God’s temple).
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστεῖν
Category: Faith
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). Standard term, no significant risk. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: occurs at 1:3 (thanksgiving for growing faith and love) and 2:13 (thanksgiving for God’s saving work).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (unchanged). Korea has no live competing ‘divine kingdom’ state ideology, comparatively low political-collision risk. 2 THESSALONIANS EXTENSION: at 1:5, the goal of present suffering (‘counted worthy of the kingdom of God, for which you are also suffering’).
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: 첫 열매
Transliteration: cheot yeolmae
Doctrine: Election and Sanctification unto Salvation
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. ἀπαρχή (2:13), the first portion of a harvest, applied metaphorically to God’s choosing believers for salvation. Standard agricultural metaphor; low collision risk in Korean.
Establish Strengthen
Approved rendering: 굳건하게 하다
Transliteration: gutgeonhage hada
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: στηρίζω
Category: Perseverance
NEW TERM. στηρίζω (2:17, 3:3), God’s/Christ’s strengthening of believers’ hearts and guarding them from evil. Standard vocabulary; reinforces the ‘standing firm’ theme carried through 2:15’s tradition-command and 3:3’s assurance.
Sign Authentication
Approved rendering: 표
Transliteration: pyo
Doctrine: Epistolary Authentication and Apostolic Authority
Original: σημεῖον
Category: Church
NEW TERM. σημεῖον (3:17), Paul’s own handwritten mark authenticating his letters against forgery (cf. 2:2’s warning about a spurious letter). Distinct sense from 2:9’s eschatological ‘signs and wonders’ (표적); must not be conflated — an everyday authentication mark, not a miraculous sign.
Angel
Approved rendering: 천사
Transliteration: cheonsa
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: God
NEW TERM. ἄγγελος (1:7), a heavenly messenger accompanying Christ’s return in judgment. Standard, well-established Korean Christian term; low collision risk. Note that 능력 in ‘his mighty angels’ is a descriptive, not soteriological, sense — distinct from Romans 1:16’s salvation-power usage and from 2:9’s counterfeit-power usage.
Work Labor
Approved rendering: 일하다
Transliteration: ilhada
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: ἐργάζεσθαι
Category: Tradition
NEW TERM. ἐργάζεσθαι (3:10, 3:12), ordinary daily labor, which idle believers refused to do and are commanded to resume. Standard vocabulary; reinforces the contrast with idleness (3:6, 3:11).
Referenced passages