Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 1 Corinthians (English ↔ Korean)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md (1 Corinthians, chapters 1–16) into a single reference table for Phase 2 translation enforcement. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Baseline TM and reused exactly, per hard-rule instruction — their recorded Korean rendering, risk tier, and rejected alternatives are not altered here. New terms discovered in 1 Corinthians are proposed for registration with a provisional risk tier, using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Risk tier definitions (identical to baseline): Critical = mistranslation destroys essential doctrine, theologian review mandatory every occurrence; High = significant syncretism/confusion risk, theologian review mandatory; Medium = clarity reduced but meaning preserved, native speaker review recommended; Low = minor imprecision, automated review sufficient.
Table 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (Romans TM → 1 Corinthians)
| English term | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | 1 Corinthians occurrences (chapters) | Reuse note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | 복음 | bogeum | Medium | 1, 9, 15 | Same 기복신앙-root caution applies |
| grace | 은혜 | eunhye | Critical | 1, 3, 10, 15, 16 | 15:10 is the passage’s single highest-stakes grace statement; guard against achievement-culture merit-synergism misreading |
| faith / believe | 믿음 / 믿다 | mideum / mitda | High | 1–3, 13, 15, 16 | Trust in Christ specifically |
| church | 교회 | gyohoe | Medium | 1, 3–6, 10–16 | Never 당집/절 |
| apostle | 사도 | sado | Low | 1, 4, 9, 12, 15 | No significant collision |
| called / calling | 부르심을 받은 / 부르심 | bureusim-eul badeun / bureusim | High | 1, 7 | Personal summons, not 팔자/운명 |
| holy | 거룩한 | georokan | High | 1, 3, 6–7 | Moral/relational, not ritual purification |
| saints | 성도 | seongdo | High | 1, 6, 14, 16 | Corporate designation, never 신선/도인 |
| sanctification | 성화 | seonghwa | High | 1, 6 | Distinguish from 수행/도 닦기 |
| resurrection | 부활 | buhwal | Critical/High* | 15 (throughout) | *Elevated from baseline Medium to High/Critical within 1 Cor. given ch.15’s doctrinal centrality; NEVER 환생/윤회 |
| lord | 주님 / 주 | junim / ju | Critical | throughout, esp. 8, 10–12 | Honorific 님 required; also compounds: 주의 만찬 (Lord’s Supper), 주의 상/잔 (Lord’s table/cup) |
| son of God | 하나님의 아들 | Hananim-ui adeul | High | 1 (implicit), 15 | Not used directly as often as in Romans but doctrine remains load-bearing via Christology of ch.15 |
| power of God | 능력 | neungnyeok | Critical | 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12, 14 | NEVER 영력; cross’s power (1:18-24) and spiritual gifts context both require this distinction |
| glory | 영광 | yeonggwang | Medium | 6, 10, 11, 15 | Not 명예/출세 |
| sin | 죄 | joe | High | 15 | Moral offense before God, not 액운/체면 손상 |
| prophecy / prophet | 예언 / 선지자 | yeeon / seonjija | Medium/Low | 12, 13, 14 | Distinct from 점/사주팔자 |
| spiritual gifts | 은사 | eunsa | High | 1, 7, 12, 13, 14 | Extended sense in ch.7 (state-of-life gift); never 영력 |
| fellowship | 교제 | gyoje | Low | 1, 10 (general sense) | See Table 3 for sacramental-sense distinction |
| holy spirit | 성령 | seongnyeong | Critical | 2, 3, 6, 12 | Never 신령/신/귀신 alone; see Table 3 for the adjectival 신령한 caution |
| father | 아버지 | abeoji | Critical | 1, 8 (implicit through jesa-adjacent doctrines) | Jesa-history awareness required |
| kingdom of God | 하나님의 나라 | Hananim-ui nara | Low | 4, 6, 15 | Low political-collision risk in Korea |
Table 2 — New Terms Introduced in 1 Corinthians (Proposed Registration)
| # | English term | Greek / translit. | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Chapter(s) | Doctrine | Alternatives rejected | Risk rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | division / schism | σχίσμα / schisma | 분쟁 | bunjaeng | High | 1 | Christian Unity vs. Factionalism | 파당 (implies organized political faction) | Collides with Korea’s documented regional (지역감정), school-tie (학연), and clan-network (지연/혈연) faction dynamics |
| 2 | strife / quarreling | ἔρις / eris | 다툼 | datum | Medium | 1 | Christian Unity vs. Factionalism | — | Symptom term, lower stakes than 분쟁 |
| 3 | wisdom (worldly vs. divine) | σοφία / sophia | 지혜 | jihye | Medium-High | 1–3 | The Cross as Wisdom | — | Must be taught as two categorically different things, not degrees of one virtue; minor Confucian/Buddhist-wisdom collision |
| 4 | foolishness | μωρία / mōria | 미련한 것 / 어리석음 | eoriseokeum | Low-Medium | 1 | The Cross as Wisdom | — | — |
| 5 | cross | σταυρός / stauros | 십자가 | sipjiga | High (doctrinally) | 1 | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | — | Vocabulary is established/low-risk; the wisdom/power paradox itself is the doctrinal risk |
| 6 | boast | καυχάομαι / kauchaomai | 자랑하다 | jaranghada | Medium | 1 | The Cross as Wisdom | — | Collides with Korea’s achievement/status culture (출세) |
| 7 | spiritual (adjective) | πνευματικός / pneumatikos | 신령한 | sillyeonghan | High | 2, 12, 15 | Spiritual Gifts; Resurrection | 영적인 (deviates from established KRV) | Special caution: same root as the baseline-forbidden noun 신령; must be taught as “of/from 성령,” never “spirit-like” in a shamanistic sense |
| 8 | fleshly / carnal | σαρκικός / sarkikos | 육신에 속한 | yuksin-e sokhan | Medium | 2–3 | Sanctification (adjacent) | — | — |
| 9 | mind of Christ | νοῦς Χριστοῦ / nous Christou | 그리스도의 마음 | Geuriseudo-ui maeum | Low-Medium | 2 | — | — | — |
| 10 | mystery | μυστήριον / mystērion | 비밀 | bimil | Medium | 2, 4 | Inspiration/Revelation (adjacent) | 비법 (occult secret-knowledge connotation) | Distinguish revealed truth from esoteric/divinatory secret knowledge |
| 11 | natural/soulish person | ψυχικὸς ἄνθρωπος / psychikos anthrōpos | 육에 속한 사람 | yuk-e sokhan saram | Medium | 2 | — | — | — |
| 12 | temple of God | ναὸς θεοῦ / naos theou | 하나님의 성전 | Hananim-ui seongjeon | Medium-High | 3, 6 | Church as God’s People; Christian Liberty (adjacent) | 절 (Buddhist temple — already forbidden for “church” in baseline) | Corporate/individual indwelling presence, not a location requiring ritual purification |
| 13 | building up / edification | οἰκοδομή / oikodomē | 세움 / 덕을 세움 | deok-eul se-um | Low | 3, 14 | Mutual Edification (cf. baseline) | — | — |
| 14 | steward | οἰκονόμος / oikonomos | 청지기 | cheongjigi | Low-Medium | 4 | Apostleship (adjacent) | — | Established Korean church term |
| 15 | judge | κρίνω / krinō | 판단하다 / 심판하다 | pandanhada / simpanhada | Medium | 4 | — | — | — |
| 16 | sexual immorality | πορνεία / porneia | 음행 | eumhaeng | High | 5 | Church Discipline and Holiness | 체면 손상 framing (already forbidden for “sin” in baseline) | Must retain full moral seriousness before God |
| 17 | leaven / unleavened | ζύμη / ἄζυμος | 누룩 / 누룩 없는 | nuruk / nuruk eomneun | Low-Medium | 5 | Church Discipline and Holiness | — | OT background explanation needed |
| 18 | hand over to Satan | παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ | 사탄에게 내어주다 | Satan-ege naeojuda | High | 5 | Church Discipline and Holiness | 귀신을 부리다/저주를 내리다 (folk exorcism/curse framing) | Redemptive church-discipline act, not magical incantation |
| 19 | body (polysemous) | σῶμα / sōma | 몸 | mom | High | 6, 10, 11, 12, 15 | Multiple (see Table 3) | — | Foundational, multi-sense term; track context every occurrence |
| 20 | bought with a price | ἠγοράσθητε / τιμή | 값으로 사신 것이 되었다 | gap-euro sasin geosi doeeotta | Medium-High | 6 | Salvation (adjacent) | 부적을 사다 framing (magical amulet-purchase resonance) | Guard against transactional-magic misreading |
| 21 | marriage | γάμος / γαμέω | 혼인 / 결혼 | honin / gyeolhon | High | 7 | Marriage and Singleness | — | Confucian filial marriage-duty pressure risk |
| 22 | virgin | παρθένος | 처녀 | cheonyeo | Medium | 7 | Marriage and Singleness | — | — |
| 23 | unmarried / single | ἄγαμος | 미혼자 / 독신 | mihonja / doksin | Medium | 7 | Marriage and Singleness | — | Must not read as deficient status |
| 24 | divorce / separate | χωρίζω | 갈라서다 / 이혼 | garaseoda / ihon | Medium | 7 | Marriage and Singleness | — | — |
| 25 | food sacrificed to idols | εἰδωλόθυτα | 우상에게 바친 음식 / 제물 | usang-ege bachin jemul | Critical | 8, 10 | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | — | Highest-priority term in the book: directly engages the live jesa (제사) ancestor-food-offering practice; historical martyrdom precedent already documented in baseline “father” entry |
| 26 | knowledge | γνῶσις | 지식 | jisik | Medium | 8 | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | — | Contrast with love as governing principle |
| 27 | right / liberty | ἐξουσία | 권리 / 자유 | gwolli / jayu | Medium-High | 8, 9 | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | — | Always bounded by love, never autonomous |
| 28 | conscience | συνείδησις | 양심 | yangsim | Medium | 8 | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 체면 framing | Morally attuned faculty before God, not social face-consciousness |
| 29 | stumbling block | πρόσκομμα | 걸림돌 / 거리끼는 것 | geollimdol | Medium | 8 | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | — | — |
| 30 | idol | εἴδωλον | 우상 | usang | High | 8, 10 | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | — | Direct jesa/ancestor-tablet resonance |
| 31 | self-control | ἐγκράτεια | 절제 | jeolje | Low | 9 | — | — | — |
| 32 | crown / prize | στέφανος | 관 / 상 | gwan / sang | Low-Medium | 9 | — | — | — |
| 33 | idolatry | εἰδωλολατρία | 우상숭배 | usang sungbae | High | 10 | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | — | Same jesa-connection as #30 |
| 34 | table of the Lord | τράπεζα κυρίου | 주의 상 | ju-ui sang | Critical | 10 | The Lord’s Supper; Idol Meat | — | Paul’s own “table of demons” contrast maps directly onto shamanistic gut-ritual offering tables |
| 35 | cup of the Lord | ποτήριον κυρίου | 주의 잔 | ju-ui jan | High | 10 | The Lord’s Supper | — | Same note as #34 |
| 36 | fellowship/participation (sacramental) | κοινωνία (10:16 sense) | 참여 | chan-yeo | Medium | 10 | The Lord’s Supper | — | Context-sensitive alongside baseline general κοινωνία = 교제; see Table 3 |
| 37 | test / tempt | πειράζω | 시험하다 | siheomhada | Low-Medium | 10 | — | — | — |
| 38 | head / headship | κεφαλή | 머리 | mari | High | 11 | Order in Worship | — | Confucian household-head (가장) over-reading risk |
| 39 | cover the head | κατακαλύπτω | 머리를 가리다 | mari-reul garida | Medium | 11 | Order in Worship | — | Primarily a cultural-application question |
| 40 | the Lord’s Supper | δεῖπνον κυριακόν | 주의 만찬 / 성찬 | ju-ui manchan / seongchan | Critical | 11 | The Lord’s Supper | jesa-equivalent framing | Deep formal similarity to jesa memorial meal requires explicit differentiation every occurrence |
| 41 | body and blood | σῶμα καὶ αἷμα | 몸과 피 | mom-gwa pi | High | 11 | The Lord’s Supper | — | Guard against literalist/magical misreading and folk blood-offering resonance |
| 42 | unworthily | ἀναξίως | 합당하지 않게 | hapdanghaji anke | Medium | 11 | The Lord’s Supper | — | — |
| 43 | discern the body | διακρίνω τὸ σῶμα | 몸을 분별하다 | mom-eul bunbyeolhada | Medium-High | 11 | The Lord’s Supper | — | — |
| 44 | remembrance | ἀνάμνησις | 기념 | ginyeom | High | 11 | The Lord’s Supper | — | Overlaps with jesa’s memorial function; cross-reference baseline father/jesa note |
| 45 | spiritual things/gifts | πνευματικά | 신령한 것 | sillyeonghan geot | High | 12 | Spiritual Gifts | — | Same caution as #7 |
| 46 | body of Christ | σῶμα Χριστοῦ | 그리스도의 몸 | Geuriseudo-ui mom | High | 12 | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | — | Organic union transcending blood-lineage/clan identity; positively counters 단일민족/혈통 framing risk already noted under baseline “gentiles” |
| 47 | member / limb | μέλος / μέλη | 지체 | jiche | Low-Medium | 12 | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | — | Established Korean church term |
| 48 | varieties / apportionment | διαίρεσις | 여러 가지 | yeoreo gaji | Low | 12 | Spiritual Gifts | — | — |
| 49 | love | ἀγάπη | 사랑 | sarang | Critical | 13 | Love as the Greater Way | 정 (jeong)-equivalent framing; 자비 (Buddhist compassion) | Korea’s distinctive 정 concept (accumulated relational attachment) risks collapsing agape’s willed, unconditional, commanded character into natural affection |
| 50 | envy | ζηλόω | 시기하다 | sigihada | Low | 13 | Love as the Greater Way | — | — |
| 51 | patience / longsuffering | μακροθυμέω | 오래 참다 | orae chamda | Low | 13 | Love as the Greater Way | — | — |
| 52 | tongue(s) | γλῶσσα | 방언 | bang-eon | High | 14 | Spiritual Gifts; Order in Worship | — | Korean Pentecostal prominence risk mirrors baseline 능력/영력 display-vs-edification caution |
| 53 | interpretation | ἑρμηνεία | 통역 | tongyeok | Medium | 12, 14 | Order in Worship | — | — |
| 54 | order | τάξις | 질서 | jilseo | Medium | 14 | Order in Worship | — | Distant resonance with Confucian ritual-propriety (예), already forbidden for νόμος/law in baseline; positive here but note the family resemblance |
| 55 | spiritual body | σῶμα πνευματικόν | 신령한 몸 | sillyeonghan mom | High | 15 | Resurrection of Believers | — | Same 신령 caution as #7; must not read as disembodied ghost-state |
| 56 | natural body | σῶμα ψυχικόν | 육의 몸 | yuk-ui mom | Low-Medium | 15 | Resurrection of Believers | — | — |
| 57 | last Adam | ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ | 마지막 아담 | majimak Adam | High | 15 | Resurrection of Believers | — | Federal-headship Christology; historical, not mythological, framing required |
| 58 | corruptible / incorruptible | φθαρτός / ἄφθαρτος | 썩을 것 / 썩지 아니할 것 | sseokeul geot / sseokji anihal geot | Medium | 15 | Resurrection of Believers | — | — |
| 59 | victory | νῖκος | 승리 | seungni | Low | 15 | Resurrection of Believers | — | — |
| 60 | sting of death | κέντρον θανάτου | 죽음의 (독)침 | jugeum-ui dokchim | Low-Medium | 15 | Resurrection of Believers | — | — |
| 61 | collection | λογία | 연금 / 모금 | yeongeum / mogeum | Low | 16 | — | — | — |
| 62 | holy kiss | φίλημα ἅγιον | 거룩한 입맞춤 | georokan ipmatchum | Low | 16 | Christian Fellowship (adjacent) | — | Cultural-distance note, not doctrinal collision |
| 63 | Maranatha | Μαρὰν ἀθά | 마라나타 | Maranata | Low | 16 | — | — | Preserved transliteration, per abba/아빠 precedent |
| 64 | accursed / anathema | ἀνάθεμα | 저주 | jeoju | High | 16 | Christ-Centered Ministry (adjacent) | 저주를 내리다 (occult curse-working framing) | Solemn covenantal pronouncement, not magical incantation |
| 65 | eyewitness appearance | ὤφθη (ὁράω) | 보이시다 | boisida | Critical | 15 | Resurrection of Christ | 조상님이 보이셨다-style visitation framing | Bodily, historical, multiply-attested appearance, not a spirit-visitation/ancestral-apparition experience |
| 66 | handed down (tradition) | παραδίδωμι / παρέδωκα | 전하다 | jeonhada | High | 15 (also 11:2, 23) | Inspiration/Fulfillment of Prophecy (adjacent) | — | Fixed, eyewitness-anchored apostolic tradition, not evolving folk legend |
| 67 | died for our sins | ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν | 우리 죄를 위하여 죽으시다 | uri joe-reul wihayeo jugeusida | Critical | 15 | Resurrection/Atonement (adjacent) | — | Substitutionary ὑπέρ force must not be flattened to generic “because of” |
| 68 | according to the scriptures | κατὰ τὰς γραφάς | 성경대로 | seonggyeong-daero | Medium | 15 | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 점/사주팔자 예측 framing | Historical fulfillment, not fortune-prediction coming true |
| 69 | fallen asleep (death) | ἐκοιμήθησαν | 자다 / 잠들다 | jada | High | 15 | Resurrection of Believers | — | Distinguish from lingering-ancestor-spirit (귀신) folk belief |
| 70 | untimely born | ἔκτρωμα | 만삭되지 못하여 난 자 | mansak-doeji mothayeo nan ja | Medium | 15 | Grace (adjacent) | — | Deliberate self-abasement image reinforcing sheer grace |
Table 3 — Context-Sensitive Terms Requiring Sense-Tracking
| Term | Sense 1 | Korean | Sense 2 | Korean | Sense 3 | Korean | Sense 4 | Korean | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| σῶμα (sōma) | Individual body / temple of Spirit (ch.6) | 몸 | Sacramental body in Supper (ch.11) | 몸 | Corporate body of Christ (ch.12) | 몸 | Resurrection body (ch.15) | 몸 | High |
| πνευματικός/πνευματικά | Spirit-discerned truth (ch.2) | 신령한 | Spiritual gifts heading (ch.12) | 신령한 것 | Resurrection body’s quality (ch.15) | 신령한 몸 | — | — | High |
| κοινωνία | General fellowship (baseline sense) | 교제 | Sacramental participation (10:16) | 참여 | — | — | — | — | Medium |
| χάρισμα/χαρίσματα | Miraculous/ministry gift (chs.12–14) | 은사 | State-of-life gift (7:7) | 은사 | — | — | — | — | High |
| ἐξουσία | Christian liberty re: idol meat (ch.8) | 자유 | Apostolic right to support (ch.9) | 권리 | — | — | — | — | Medium-High |
Table 4 — Highest-Priority Korean Cultural Collision Points (Cross-Reference Index)
| Rank | Term(s) | Korean cultural referent | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | εἰδωλόθυτα (idol meat) | 제사 (jesa, Confucian ancestor-memorial food offering) | Critical |
| 2 | δεῖπνον κυριακόν (Lord’s Supper), ἀνάμνησις (remembrance) | 제사 as commemorative meal for the deceased | Critical |
| 3 | τράπεζα/ποτήριον κυρίου (“table/cup of demons” contrast) | 무당의 굿 상 (a mudang’s shamanistic ritual offering table) | Critical |
| 4 | ὤφθη (resurrection appearances) | 조상 영혼 방문/현현 (ancestor-spirit or deity visitation claims) | Critical |
| 5 | ἀγάπη (love) | 정 (jeong, Korean relational-attachment concept) | Critical |
| 6 | πνευματικός/신령한 | 신령 (baseline-forbidden noun for Holy Spirit) | High |
| 7 | γάμος (marriage/singleness) | Confucian filial marriage-duty and lineage-continuation expectations | High |
| 8 | κεφαλή (headship) | 가장 (Confucian household-head authority) | High |
| 9 | ἀνάθεμα (curse) | 저주/무속 저주 관행 (folk-shamanistic curse practice) | High |
| 10 | χάριτι θεοῦ (15:10 grace) | Achievement-culture merit-synergism misreading of grace | Critical (inherits baseline “grace” tier) |
This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json for all Phase 2 segment translation of 1 Corinthians. New terms in Table 2 require formal registration (with assigned final risk tier and reviewer routing) in an updated doctrine_risk_registry.json and translation_memory.json before Phase 2 processing begins, per the Glossary Enforcement Priority Order established in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: this is the central Korean risk term. Korean Christianity has a well-documented, self-critical history around 기복신앙 (gibok sinang, ‘fortune-seeking faith’), where prayer for material blessing/success can slide into a shamanistic transactional pattern continuous with the mudang’s gut ritual rather than gospel-centered faith. NEVER use 복 alone or 은덕. 1 Corinthians 15:10 (‘by the grace of God I am what I am… I worked harder than all of them’) is the passage’s single highest-stakes grace statement; guard against a Korean achievement-culture misreading of Paul’s labor as grace-plus-merit synergism — the labor is grace’s fruit, never its precondition.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package (translation, transliteration, and rejected alternatives unchanged); doctrine_risk deliberately ELEVATED from the baseline’s Medium to Critical for this curriculum, because 1 Corinthians 15 (Christ’s resurrection, 15:1-11, and believers’ future bodily resurrection, 15:12-58) is this book’s single most doctrinally load-bearing chapter and the theological anchor of the core passage. NEVER 환생 (rebirth) or 윤회 (the reincarnation cycle). See also ‘eyewitness_appearance,’ ‘spiritual_body,’ and ‘fallen_asleep’ below for the same-chapter collision points this elevation protects.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Established term with required honorific suffix 님. Governs compound terms unique to this book: 주의 만찬 (Lord’s Supper, ch.11), 주의 상/잔 (Lord’s table/cup, ch.10). Honorific grammar required throughout.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER 영력 (a mudang’s shamanistic spirit-power). 1 Corinthians 1:18-24 identifies the crucified Christ himself, not a miracle-display, as ‘the power of God’ — Korean charismatic church emphasis on 능력 language heightens the risk of flattening this power-in-weakness paradox into a generic power-encounter narrative.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER 신령 or 신 alone. Central to 2:10-16, 3:16, 6:19 (temple of the Holy Spirit), and ch.12. See ‘spiritual_adjective’ and ‘spiritual_things’ below for the closely related same-root 신령한 caution unique to this book’s heavy use of πνευματικός/πνευματικά — always teach 신령한 as ‘of/from 성령,’ never as a generic spirit-quality.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Jesa-history awareness required (8:6); especially relevant background for this book’s idol-meat/ancestor-rite collision doctrines in chs. 8, 10, and 11.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard KRV transliteration throughout.
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 하느님, 천주, or 산신령. Protestant curriculum consistency and explicit monotheism.
Food Sacrificed To Idols
Approved rendering: 우상에게 바친 음식
Transliteration: usang-ege bachin eumsik
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἰδωλόθυτα
Category: Christian Liberty
Renders εἰδωλόθυτα (eidōlothyta). CRITICAL — maps with unusual directness onto the Korean Confucian ancestor-memorial rite (제사, jesa), where food is ceremonially offered to deceased ancestors before the family eats it; Korean Christians have historically faced, and continue to face, real pressure over jesa participation, including documented 18th-19th century martyrdoms (cf. baseline ‘father’ entry). Retain the full descriptive phrase rather than a shorter coinage, which would only sharpen, not soften, the jesa echo; every occurrence requires explicit teaching-layer application, not an abstract ancient-world illustration.
Table Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 주의 상
Transliteration: ju-ui sang
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: τράπεζα κυρίου
Category: Lord’s Supper
Renders τράπεζα κυρίου (trapeza kyriou). CRITICAL — Paul’s own contrast with the ‘table of demons’ (δαιμονίων, 10:20-21) maps with striking structural precision onto a Korean shamanistic gut ritual’s elaborately food-laden spirit-offering table (굿상); must be flagged for explicit, direct teaching, not left as an abstract ancient-world illustration.
Lords Supper
Approved rendering: 주의 만찬
Transliteration: ju-ui manchan
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: jesa-equivalent framing (treating the Supper as functionally identical to 제사)
Original: δεῖπνον κυριακόν
Category: Lord’s Supper
Renders δεῖπνον κυριακόν (deipnon kyriakon, 11:20); also 성찬 (seongchan) in established church usage. CRITICAL — the Lord’s Supper and jesa (제사) are both, in outward form, a ceremonial commemorative meal held ‘in memory of’ someone who has died. The theological content is radically different: the Supper proclaims and gives thanks for the death of the living, risen Lord in corporate worship of God, while jesa historically offers food to a deceased ancestor’s spirit believed present and to be venerated. Explicit doctrinal differentiation is required every occurrence, not merely correct vocabulary.
Love
Approved rendering: 사랑
Transliteration: sarang
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Rejected alternatives: 정 (jeong)-equivalent framing, 자비 (Buddhist compassion)-equivalent framing
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Love
Renders ἀγάπη (agapē). CRITICAL — Korean 사랑 is a semantically broad, everyday word covering romantic and general affection. The specific risk is collapse into 정 (jeong), a distinctively Korean relational-attachment concept describing a bond accumulated through shared time and history; agapē in ch.13 is commanded, willed, chosen, and unconditional — not dependent on accumulated relational history the way 정 is. Also avoid reducing 사랑 to Buddhist compassion (자비), a benevolence concept rooted in a different soteriological framework. No single Korean word lexicalizes agapē’s specific combination of qualities; compensate by anchoring every occurrence to the chapter’s own behavioral definition (13:4-7).
Eyewitness Appearance
Approved rendering: 보이시다
Transliteration: boisida
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: 조상님이 보이셨다-style ancestor/deity visitation framing
Original: ὤφθη (ὁράω)
Category: Resurrection
Renders ὤφθη (ōphthē, 15:5-8), the honorific passive of ὁράω. CRITICAL — Korean shamanistic and ancestor-veneration culture includes widely reported claims of ancestor-spirit or deity ‘appearances’ during gut rituals, jesa rites, or dreams. Teaching must explicitly distinguish Christ’s bodily, historical, multiply-attested resurrection appearances from a spirit-visitation or ancestral-apparition experience; this is the single most important cultural-collision point in the core passage.
Died For Our Sins
Approved rendering: 우리 죄를 위하여 죽으시다
Transliteration: uri joe-reul wihayeo jugeusida
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν
Category: Resurrection
Renders ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν (15:3); the substitutionary force of ὑπέρ (‘for, on behalf of, in place of’) must not be flattened to a generic ‘because of’ — connects directly to the Critical-tier atonement/propitiation escalation rule already established in the baseline.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Personal trust placed in Christ specifically, distinguished from superstitious belief (미신) or confidence in fortune-telling/astrology. Governs 15:2, 15:11 (‘so you believed’) and chapter 13’s teaching that faith without love profits nothing.
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 팔자에 정해진 (birth-chart-fixed fate). Applies to 1:1-2 (Paul’s calling as apostle; the Corinthians called to be saints).
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 운명 or 팔자. Relevant to 7:17-24’s teaching that each believer should remain in the ‘calling’ (state of life) in which God called them.
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻다). Underlies the ‘holy kiss’ (16:20) and the holiness themes of chs. 5-7, including the individual body as the Spirit’s temple (6:19).
Saints
Approved rendering: 성도
Transliteration: seongdo
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 신선, 도인
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 신선 (Daoist immortal) or 도인 (accomplished spiritual master). A corporate designation for all believers (1:2; 16:1’s collection for the saints).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from 수행/도 닦기 (ascetic self-cultivation). Cf. 1:30, ‘Christ Jesus, who became to us… sanctification.‘
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Full phrase required; avoid framing that assimilates Christ’s Sonship to Korea’s Dangun/Hwanung founding-myth pattern. Underlies the Christology assumed throughout ch.15’s resurrection argument, though the explicit phrase is less frequent than in Romans.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from 액운 (misfortune) and 체면 손상 (loss of face). Central to 15:3 (‘Christ died for our sins’) and 15:17 (‘you are still in your sins’).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: 은사
Transliteration: eunsa
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 무당의 능력
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER frame as 영력 or a mudang’s ritual abilities. 1 Corinthians extends this term’s sense beyond miraculous/ministry enablement (chs.12-14) to a believer’s state of life — marriage or singleness are each a 은사 (7:7); this extension must be flagged, not treated as a separate word.
Division Schism
Approved rendering: 분쟁
Transliteration: bunjaeng
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Rejected alternatives: 파당
Original: σχίσμα
Category: Christian Unity
Renders σχίσμα (schisma), the personality-loyalty division around Paul/Apollos/Cephas (1:10-17). Must be taught as loyalty-to-leader factionalism transplanted into the church, a live risk given Korea’s documented faction dynamics around regional origin (지역감정), school ties (학연), and family/clan networks (지연, 혈연). Avoid 파당, which implies an organized political faction and narrows Paul’s broader relational-loyalty point.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: 지혜
Transliteration: jihye
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Renders σοφία (sophia). Must be taught as two categorically different things — human philosophical/rhetorical sophistication versus God’s redemptive wisdom revealed in the cross — never as degrees of one virtue. Guards against assimilation to Confucian scholarly-wisdom ideals or Buddhist 반야(prajñā)-style cultivated wisdom.
Cross
Approved rendering: 십자가
Transliteration: sipjiga
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σταυρός
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Renders σταυρός (stauros). Vocabulary is established and low-risk on its own; the doctrinal risk is high because the wisdom/power paradox of 1:18-24 must remain intact, not resolved into a merely sentimental symbol.
Spiritual Adjective
Approved rendering: 신령한
Transliteration: sillyeonghan
Doctrine: Spiritual Discernment through the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 영적인 (deviates from established KRV rendering)
Original: πνευματικός
Category: Sanctification
Renders πνευματικός (pneumatikos). Established KRV rendering must be retained across all occurrences (2:13,15; 3:1; 9:11; 10:3-4; 12:1; 14:37; 15:44-46), but flagged every time: the baseline forbids the noun 신령 (a generic ‘divine spirit’) for the Holy Spirit due to shamanistic mudang-channeling collision. 신령한 must always be taught as ‘of/from 성령,’ never as a free-standing spirit-quality.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 성전
Transliteration: Hananim-ui seongjeon
Doctrine: The Church and the Believer as God’s Temple
Rejected alternatives: 절 (Buddhist temple — already forbidden for ‘church’ in baseline)
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ
Category: Church
Renders ναὸς θεοῦ (naos theou), applied to the corporate church (3:16-17) and the individual believer’s body (6:19). God’s Spirit-indwelt presence, not a location requiring shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻음).
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: 음행
Transliteration: eumhaeng
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: 체면 손상 framing (already forbidden for ‘sin’ in baseline)
Original: πορνεία
Category: Church Discipline
Renders πορνεία (porneia); must retain full moral seriousness as an offense against a holy God, not a loss-of-face social embarrassment (5:1).
Hand Over To Satan
Approved rendering: 사탄에게 내어주다
Transliteration: Satan-ege naeojuda
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: 귀신을 부리다 (folk exorcism framing), 저주를 내리다 (folk curse-invocation framing)
Original: παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ
Category: Church Discipline
Renders παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ (paradounai tō Satana); a formal, redemptive act of the gathered church under Christ’s authority (5:5), categorically distinct from shamanistic curse-invocation or exorcism practice.
Body
Approved rendering: 몸
Transliteration: mom
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness and the Believer’s Body / Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ / The Lord’s Supper / The Resurrection of Christ and Believers (polysemous — track sense per occurrence)
Original: σῶμα
Category: Body Theology
Renders σῶμα (sōma) across four distinct senses: individual physical body/temple of the Spirit (ch.6); sacramental body of Christ in the Supper (ch.11); corporate body of Christ, the church (ch.12); resurrection body (ch.15). Render 몸 in every sense; foundational, multi-sense, high-risk term requiring context-tracking at every occurrence.
Bought With A Price
Approved rendering: 값으로 사신 것이 되었다
Transliteration: gap-euro sasin geosi doeeotta
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness and the Believer’s Body
Rejected alternatives: 부적을 사다 framing (magical amulet-purchase resonance)
Original: ἠγοράσθητε (τιμῆς)
Category: Salvation
Renders ἠγοράσθητε (ēgorasthēte, 6:20); guard against resonance with the Korean folk practice of purchasing protective amulets (부적) or paying a ritual specialist for favor — this is Christ’s own atoning self-gift, not a magical fee-for-favor transaction.
Marriage
Approved rendering: 혼인
Transliteration: honin
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: γάμος / γαμέω
Category: Marriage and Singleness
Renders γάμος/γαμέω (gamos/gameō); Korean culture retains strong Confucian-rooted marriage-as-filial-duty expectations (continuing family lineage, honoring parents, producing descendants for ancestor rites) that run against Paul’s ch.7 teaching that marriage is good but not obligatory.
Right Liberty
Approved rendering: 자유
Transliteration: jayu
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Conscience / Apostolic Stewardship and Self-Discipline
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christian Liberty
Renders ἐξουσία (exousia), context-sensitive: Christian liberty regarding idol meat (ch.8, render 자유) versus Paul’s own apostolic right to material support, voluntarily foregone (ch.9, render 권리/gwolli). Liberty is real but never absolute — always bounded by love, never autonomous self-assertion.
Idol
Approved rendering: 우상
Transliteration: usang
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἴδωλον
Category: Christian Liberty
Renders εἴδωλον (eidōlon); direct jesa/ancestor-tablet resonance in Korean cultural context (8:4,7).
Idolatry
Approved rendering: 우상숭배
Transliteration: usang sungbae
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Christian Liberty
Renders εἰδωλολατρία (eidōlolatria); same jesa-connection as ‘idol’ (10:14); explicit command to flee idolatry, drawing on Israel’s wilderness failures.
Cup Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 주의 잔
Transliteration: ju-ui jan
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: ποτήριον κυρίου
Category: Lord’s Supper
Renders ποτήριον κυρίου (potērion kyriou); same exclusive-loyalty note as ‘table of the Lord’ (10:21).
Head Headship
Approved rendering: 머리
Transliteration: mari
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Worship Order
Renders κεφαλή (kephalē); risk that Korea’s strong Confucian household-head concept (가장, near-absolute domestic authority) over-reads this (11:3-10) as blunt hierarchical domination rather than the relational, Christ-patterned, mutually-honoring headship structure the passage develops (note especially the mutual-interdependence qualifier at 11:11-12).
Body And Blood
Approved rendering: 몸과 피
Transliteration: mom-gwa pi
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: σῶμα καὶ αἷμα
Category: Lord’s Supper
Renders σῶμα καὶ αἷμα (sōma kai haima, 11:24-27); guard against both a magical/literalist misunderstanding of the elements and any resonance with folk-ritual blood-offering practices.
Discern The Body
Approved rendering: 몸을 분별하다
Transliteration: mom-eul bunbyeolhada
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: διακρίνω τὸ σῶμα
Category: Lord’s Supper
Renders διακρίνω τὸ σῶμα (diakrinō to sōma); self-examination requirement before partaking (11:29), closely tied to the jesa-differentiation caution on ‘lords_supper.‘
Remembrance
Approved rendering: 기념
Transliteration: ginyeom
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀνάμνησις
Category: Lord’s Supper
Renders ἀνάμνησις (anamnēsis), ‘Do this in remembrance of me’ (11:24-25); direct conceptual overlap with jesa’s memorial (추모/기념) function — the Supper is corporate worship of the living Lord, not filial-duty veneration of the deceased; cross-reference the baseline ‘father’/jesa doctrine note.
Spiritual Things
Approved rendering: 신령한 것
Transliteration: sillyeonghan geot
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: πνευματικά
Category: Spiritual Gifts
Renders πνευματικά (pneumatika, 12:1), the topic heading for the spiritual-gifts discussion; carries the same special-caution flag as πνευματικός/신령한 — always anchor as ‘from 성령,’ never as a generic spirit-quality.
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: 그리스도의 몸
Transliteration: Geuriseudo-ui mom
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα Χριστοῦ
Category: Spiritual Gifts
Renders σῶμα Χριστοῦ (sōma Christou, 12:12-27); must be taught as organic spiritual union transcending blood-lineage/clan identity — a positive point of contact with the baseline’s existing caution (under ‘gentiles’) against over-reading unity through Korea’s ethnic-nationalist 단일민족 or blood-lineage (혈통) framing.
Tongues
Approved rendering: 방언
Transliteration: bang-eon
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Worship Order
Renders γλῶσσα (glōssa) in its Spirit-given ecstatic/language-utterance sense. Established Korean church term; Korean Pentecostal/charismatic tradition gives tongues significant prominence, so Paul’s edification-over-display corrective (ch.14) must be taught clearly — mirrors the baseline’s already-flagged 능력/영력 display-versus-substance caution.
Spiritual Body
Approved rendering: 신령한 몸
Transliteration: sillyeonghan mom
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: σῶμα πνευματικόν
Category: Resurrection
Renders σῶμα πνευματικόν (sōma pneumatikon, 15:44); carries the same 신령-root caution as πνευματικός — must not be read as a disembodied ghost-state echoing folk notions of a lingering ancestor-spirit (귀신), but as a real, transformed, imperishable physical body.
Last Adam
Approved rendering: 마지막 아담
Transliteration: majimak Adam
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ
Category: Resurrection
Renders ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ (eschatos Adam, 15:45); foundational federal-headship Christology requiring careful historical, not mythological, framing.
Anathema
Approved rendering: 저주
Transliteration: jeoju
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness / Exclusive Devotion to Christ and Solemn Warning
Rejected alternatives: 저주를 내리다 (occult curse-working framing)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Church Discipline
Renders ἀνάθεμα (anathema, 16:22); carries live collision risk with Korean folk-shamanistic curse practice (저주를 내리다, invoking spirits or using amulets/incantations against a rival); must be taught as a solemn apostolic/covenantal pronouncement of exclusion for rejecting Christ’s lordship, categorically different from occult curse-working.
Handed Down Tradition
Approved rendering: 전하다
Transliteration: jeonhada
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers / Gospel Proclamation and Apostolic Tradition
Original: παρέδωκα / παρελάβετε
Category: Resurrection
Renders παραδίδωμι/παρέδωκα and παραλαμβάνω/παρέλαβον (15:1,3; cf. 11:2,23); must convey fixed, eyewitness-anchored apostolic tradition, distinct from an evolving folk legend (설화) that grows with retelling.
Fallen Asleep
Approved rendering: 잠들다
Transliteration: jamdeulda
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἐκοιμήθησαν
Category: Resurrection
Renders ἐκοιμήθησαν (ekoimēthēsan, 15:6,18,20,51); must retain the hope-laden ‘sleep awaiting resurrection’ sense, clearly distinguished from Korean folk-belief in lingering ancestor spirits (귀신) who require ongoing jesa veneration — ‘sleep’ here means rest under God’s care, not a spirit remaining active among the living.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Established KRV term, literally ‘blessing-news’ (福音). Because 복 (bok, fortune/blessing) is the same root at the center of Korean shamanistic fortune-seeking faith (기복신앙, gibok sinang), teaching must make explicit the gospel announces salvation through Christ, not a forecast of material fortune. In 1 Corinthians this is the fixed creedal gospel Paul ‘received’ and ‘delivered’ (15:1-3) and the message he and Apollos alike proclaim (1:17; 9:16-18).
Church
Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 당집 (shamanistic village shrine) or 절 (Buddhist temple). Occurs as ‘the church of God’ (1:2; 15:9) and throughout chs. 1, 3-6, 10-16 regarding unity, discipline, worship, and gifts.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid collapsing into 명예 (secular honor) or 출세 (career/social success). Occurs in 6:20, 10:31, 11:7, and 15:40-43 (the resurrection body’s varying ‘glory’).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Distinct from 점/사주팔자 예측 folk-fortune prediction. Preferred by Paul over uninterpreted tongues in ch.14 for its edifying intelligibility (14:1-5, 22-25, 39).
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from 점쟁이 (fortune-teller) or a mudang shaman. Underlies the office implied in ch.14’s prophesying believers.
Messiah
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid conflating with 미륵 (Maitreya). Central to the creedal formula of 15:3-4, ‘Christ died… Christ was raised.‘
Strife
Approved rendering: 다툼
Transliteration: datum
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: ἔρις
Category: Christian Unity
Renders ἔρις (eris); symptom of the underlying factionalism reported in 1:10-11.
Boast
Approved rendering: 자랑하다
Transliteration: jaranghada
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Renders καυχάομαι (kauchaomai). Korea’s intense status/achievement consciousness (출세, chulse) makes exclusion of self-achievement boasting (1:29, 31) a live pastoral point; legitimate boasting is only ‘in the Lord.‘
Fleshly
Approved rendering: 육신에 속한
Transliteration: yuksin-e sokhan
Doctrine: Spiritual Discernment through the Holy Spirit
Original: σαρκικός
Category: Sanctification
Renders σαρκικός (sarkikos); the Corinthians’ quarrel-prone spiritual immaturity (3:1-3).
Mystery
Approved rendering: 비밀
Transliteration: bimil
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: 비법 (occult secret-knowledge connotation)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Renders μυστήριον (mystērion); must be distinguished from occult secret-knowledge/divinatory 비법 concepts in Korean folk practice — this is revealed, not esoteric, truth (2:1, 7; 4:1).
Natural Person
Approved rendering: 육에 속한 사람
Transliteration: yuk-e sokhan saram
Doctrine: Spiritual Discernment through the Holy Spirit
Original: ψυχικὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Renders ψυχικὸς ἄνθρωπος (psychikos anthrōpos), a person without the Spirit unable to receive spiritual truth (2:14).
Judge
Approved rendering: 판단하다
Transliteration: pandanhada
Doctrine: Apostolic Stewardship and Self-Discipline
Original: κρίνω
Category: Church
Renders κρίνω (krinō); human judgment of ministers is premature (4:3-5) — final judgment belongs to the Lord at his coming.
Leaven
Approved rendering: 누룩
Transliteration: nuruk
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ζύμη / ἄζυμος
Category: Church Discipline
Renders ζύμη/ἄζυμος (zymē/azymos); Passover-derived purity imagery (5:6-8). OT background may need explanatory footnote for readers with limited OT narrative literacy.
Virgin
Approved rendering: 처녀
Transliteration: cheonyeo
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: παρθένος
Category: Marriage and Singleness
Renders παρθένος (parthenos), an unmarried person who has not had sexual relations (7:25,28,34,36-38).
Unmarried
Approved rendering: 미혼자
Transliteration: mihonja
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: ἄγαμος
Category: Marriage and Singleness
Renders ἄγαμος (agamos); must not be read as a lesser/deficient status given Korean marriage-pressure norms — Paul presents singleness as a legitimate, Spirit-enabled calling (7:8, 32-35). The term’s own built-in ‘not yet married’ implication requires an explicit teaching counter-note; 비혼 (a newer term for by-choice unmarried) may be offered as a supplementary application-level gloss, not a translation-memory replacement.
Divorce
Approved rendering: 이혼
Transliteration: ihon
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: χωρίζω
Category: Marriage and Singleness
Renders χωρίζω (chōrizō); instruction on divorce and mixed marriages (7:10-15).
Knowledge
Approved rendering: 지식
Transliteration: jisik
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Conscience
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Christian Liberty
Renders γνῶσις (gnōsis); correct knowledge without love can wound weaker consciences (8:1,7,10-11); contrast with ch.13’s love.
Conscience
Approved rendering: 양심
Transliteration: yangsim
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Conscience
Rejected alternatives: 체면 framing (social face-consciousness)
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Christian Liberty
Renders συνείδησις (syneidēsis); a morally attuned faculty answerable to God, not merely social face-consciousness (체면), given Korean social life’s heavy weight on group harmony and face-preservation (8:7,10,12).
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: 걸림돌
Transliteration: geollimdol
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Conscience
Original: πρόσκομμα
Category: Christian Liberty
Renders πρόσκομμα (proskomma); the danger of causing a weaker believer to sin through one’s own liberty (8:9).
Koinonia Sacramental
Approved rendering: 참여
Transliteration: chan-yeo
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: κοινωνία (10:16 sense)
Category: Lord’s Supper
Renders the sacramental sense of κοινωνία (koinōnia, 10:16), shared participation in Christ’s body and blood through the Supper, distinct from the general fellowship sense (교제) of the same Greek word; a context-sensitive dual rendering requiring the same ‘check which sense is active’ discipline the baseline applies to κλητός.
Test Tempt
Approved rendering: 시험하다
Transliteration: siheomhada
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: πειράζω
Category: Lord’s Supper
Renders πειράζω (peirazō); testing Christ as Israel did in the wilderness (10:9,13), God’s faithfulness in temptation.
Cover The Head
Approved rendering: 머리를 가리다
Transliteration: mari-reul garida
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κατακαλύπτω
Category: Worship Order
Renders κατακαλύπτω (katakalyptō); primarily a cultural-application question for teaching notes rather than a term-collision risk (11:5-7).
Unworthily
Approved rendering: 합당하지 않게
Transliteration: hapdanghaji anke
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀναξίως
Category: Lord’s Supper
Renders ἀναξίως (anaxiōs); warning against careless or irreverent participation in the Supper (11:27,29).
Interpretation
Approved rendering: 통역
Transliteration: tongyeok
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: ἑρμηνεία
Category: Worship Order
Renders ἑρμηνεία (hermēneia); required accompaniment to public tongues-speech (14:26-28; cf. 12:10).
Order
Approved rendering: 질서
Transliteration: jilseo
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: τάξις
Category: Worship Order
Renders τάξις (taxis), ‘let all things be done decently and in order’ (14:40); note a distant, positive resemblance to Confucian ritual-propriety (예), already forbidden for νόμος/law in the baseline — Spirit-led order here is not equivalent to rote ceremonial propriety.
Natural Body
Approved rendering: 육의 몸
Transliteration: yuk-ui mom
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: σῶμα ψυχικόν
Category: Resurrection
Renders σῶμα ψυχικόν (sōma psychikon, 15:44); the present, mortal, perishable body, contrasted with the resurrection body.
Corruptible Incorruptible
Approved rendering: 썩지 아니할 것
Transliteration: sseokji anihal geot
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: φθαρτός / ἄφθαρτος
Category: Resurrection
Renders φθαρτός/ἄφθαρτος (phthartos/aphthartos, 15:42,50,53-54); the resurrection body’s imperishable nature.
According To The Scriptures
Approved rendering: 성경대로
Transliteration: seonggyeong-daero
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers / Gospel Proclamation and Apostolic Tradition
Rejected alternatives: 점/사주팔자 예측 framing
Original: κατὰ τὰς γραφάς
Category: Resurrection
Renders κατὰ τὰς γραφάς (kata tas graphas, 15:3-4); genuine one-time historical fulfillment, not a fortune-telling prediction (점, 사주팔자 예측) ‘coming true’ by chance.
Untimely Born
Approved rendering: 만삭되지 못하여 난 자
Transliteration: mansak-doeji mothayeo nan ja
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἔκτρωμα
Category: Resurrection
Renders ἔκτρωμα (ektrōma, 15:8); Paul’s established KRV self-humbling image for the abrupt, unmerited character of his apostolic calling; must be preserved as deliberate self-abasement reinforcing sheer grace, not softened into a neutral ‘unusual case.‘
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. No significant collision; avoid any framing suggesting a shamanistic intermediary role (무당) or Daoist spiritual master (도사). Central to 15:7-9’s list of resurrection witnesses and Paul’s self-defense of his apostleship (ch.9).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: 교제
Transliteration: gyoje
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term for the general (non-sacramental) sense of κοινωνία (1:9; 16:15-20). See the new entry ‘koinonia_sacramental’ below for the distinct sacramental sense in 10:16 (참여), which must not be substituted here.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Low political-collision risk in Korea. Occurs in 4:20, 6:9-10, 15:24-25, 15:50.
Foolishness
Approved rendering: 어리석음
Transliteration: eoriseokeum
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: μωρία
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Renders μωρία (mōria); the cross’s apparent foolishness to unbelieving wisdom-seekers (1:18-25); preserve Paul’s deliberately paradoxical, ironic force.
Mind Of Christ
Approved rendering: 그리스도의 마음
Transliteration: Geuriseudo-ui maeum
Doctrine: Spiritual Discernment through the Holy Spirit
Original: νοῦς Χριστοῦ
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Renders νοῦς Χριστοῦ (nous Christou), Spirit-given access to Christ’s own mode of judgment (2:16).
Building Up
Approved rendering: 덕을 세움
Transliteration: deok-eul se-um
Doctrine: Tongues, Prophecy, and Order in Worship
Original: οἰκοδομή
Category: Church
Renders οἰκοδομή (oikodomē); the governing criterion for worship practices in ch.14 and church-building imagery in ch.3. Cf. baseline doctrine mutual_edification.
Steward
Approved rendering: 청지기
Transliteration: cheongjigi
Doctrine: Apostolic Stewardship and Self-Discipline
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church
Renders οἰκονόμος (oikonomos); established, low-collision Korean church term for one entrusted with God’s mysteries (4:1-2).
Self Control
Approved rendering: 절제
Transliteration: jeolje
Doctrine: Apostolic Stewardship and Self-Discipline
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Church
Renders ἐγκράτεια (egkrateia); athletic-discipline metaphor for moral self-mastery (9:25).
Crown
Approved rendering: 상
Transliteration: sang
Doctrine: Apostolic Stewardship and Self-Discipline
Original: στέφανος
Category: Church
Renders στέφανος (stephanos), the imperishable reward contrasted with a perishable athletic prize (9:25); minor risk of confusion with royal-crown imagery, clarified by context.
Member Limb
Approved rendering: 지체
Transliteration: jiche
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: μέλος / μέλη
Category: Spiritual Gifts
Renders μέλος/μέλη (melos/melē); established Korean church term for individual believers as interdependent members of Christ’s body (12:12,14,18-27).
Varieties
Approved rendering: 여러 가지
Transliteration: yeoreo gaji
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: διαίρεσις
Category: Spiritual Gifts
Renders διαίρεσις (diairesis); the one Spirit distributes varied gifts (12:4-6).
Envy
Approved rendering: 시기하다
Transliteration: sigihada
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: ζηλόω
Category: Love
Renders ζηλόω (zēloō); direct contrast with the factionalism/rivalry of ch.1 (13:4).
Patience
Approved rendering: 오래 참다
Transliteration: orae chamda
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: μακροθυμέω
Category: Love
Renders μακροθυμέω (makrothymeō); love’s patient endurance (13:4).
Victory
Approved rendering: 승리
Transliteration: seungni
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: νῖκος
Category: Resurrection
Renders νῖκος (nikos, 15:54-57); Christ’s resurrection victory over death.
Sting Of Death
Approved rendering: 죽음의 독침
Transliteration: jugeum-ui dokchim
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: κέντρον θανάτου
Category: Resurrection
Renders κέντρον θανάτου (kentron thanatou, 15:55-56); death’s power to harm, nullified by Christ’s resurrection victory.
Collection
Approved rendering: 모금
Transliteration: mogeum
Doctrine: Generosity and Church Partnership
Original: λογία
Category: Church
Renders λογία (logia, 16:1-2); practical instruction for the collection for the Jerusalem saints; minor risk only of reduction to a secular fundraising drive rather than an act of Christian love and inter-church partnership.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: 거룩한 입맞춤
Transliteration: georokan ipmatchum
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Greeting
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
Renders φίλημα ἅγιον (philēma hagion, 16:20); primarily a cultural-distance/application note since Korean greeting customs do not include kissing, rather than a doctrinal-collision risk.
Maranatha
Approved rendering: 마라나타
Transliteration: Maranata
Doctrine: Exclusive Devotion to Christ and Solemn Warning
Original: Μαρὰν ἀθά
Category: Eschatology
Preserved transliteration of Μαρὰν ἀθά (Maran atha, 16:22), ‘Our Lord, come!’ — following the same treatment pattern as ἀββά/아빠 (abba) in the baseline.
Referenced passages