Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Ephesians (English → Korean)
This glossary lists every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by chapter of first occurrence. [BASELINE] terms reuse the Romans translation_memory.json rendering and risk tier exactly, without modification. [NEW] terms are proposed extensions consistent with the baseline’s method, pending confirmation in the Phase 1 doctrine risk registry update.
Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions exactly:
- Critical — human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — human theologian review required.
- Medium — native speaker review recommended.
- Low — automated review sufficient.
Chapter 1
| English term | Greek / transliteration | Korean rendering | Status | Risk | Korean-context risk note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | χάρις / charis | 은혜 (eunhye) | BASELINE | Critical | Never a 기복신앙 transactional exchange; unearned favor only. |
| faith | πίστις / pistis | 믿음 (mideum) | BASELINE | High | Trust in Christ, not 미신 or 사주팔자. |
| holy, blameless | ἅγιος καὶ ἄμωμος / hagios kai amōmos | 거룩하고 흠이 없는 (georokago heum-i eomneun) | BASELINE root | High | Moral/relational holiness, not ritual purification (부정을 씻음). |
| adoption | υἱοθεσία / huiothesia | 양자 (yangja) | BASELINE | High | Relational belonging, not jesa-continuation instrumental adoption. |
| glory | δόξα / doxa | 영광 (yeonggwang) | BASELINE | Medium | Not 명예/출세 (secular honor/career success). |
| calling | κλῆσις / klēsis | 부르심 (bureusim) | BASELINE | High | Personal summons, never 팔자/운명. |
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον / euangelion | 복음 (bogeum) | BASELINE | Medium | Distinguish from 기복신앙 fortune-forecast reading. |
| redemption | ἀπολύτρωσις / apolytrōsis | 속량 (sokryang) | NEW | High | Price-paid deliverance; not costless release or 해탈. |
| forgiveness (of trespasses) | ἄφεσις / aphesis | 죄 사함 (joe saham) | NEW | Medium | Legal cancellation of guilt, not face-restoration (체면 회복) or 부정풀이. |
| in Christ / in him | ἐν Χριστῷ / ἐν αὐτῷ | 그리스도 안에서 (Geuriseudo an-eseo) | NEW | High | Governing union-formula; must render identically every occurrence, all chapters. |
| blessed / blessing | εὐλογέω / εὐλογία | 복 (bok) [with 신령한/그리스도 안에서 qualifiers] | NEW | Critical | Direct collision with 기복신앙 root term; mandatory qualifying teaching every occurrence. |
| chose / election (verbal) | ἐκλέγομαι / eklegomai | 택하사 (taekhasa) | NEW, baseline-root (선택) | High | Not competitive merit-selection nor 팔자/사주. |
| predestined | προορίζω / proorizō | 예정하사 (yejeonghasa) | NEW | Critical | Never 팔자/운명; personal, gracious, Christ-centered only. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| mystery | μυστήριον / mystērion | 비밀 (bimil) | NEW | High | Now openly revealed to all, not esoteric/initiate-only knowledge. |
| sealed | σφραγίζω / sphragizō | 인치심 (injchisim) | NEW | High | Divine ownership-mark via the Spirit himself; not a protective talisman (부적). |
| guarantee / down payment | ἀρραβών / arrabōn | 보증 (bojeung) | NEW | Medium | God’s gracious pledge, not a debt owed by the believer. |
| inheritance | κληρονομία / klēronomia | 기업 (gieop) | NEW | High | Modern-Korean homograph collision with “corporation/enterprise” (企業); flag every occurrence for native-speaker disambiguation. |
| wisdom / revelation | σοφία / ἀποκάλυψις | 지혜 / 계시 (jihye / gyesi) | NEW | Medium | Spirit-given knowledge of a personal God, not sagely self-cultivation or Buddhist enlightenment-insight. |
| fullness | πλήρωμα / plērōma | 충만 (chungman) | NEW | High | Corporate-ecclesiological/relational category; avoid vague-feeling or pantheistic-merger readings. |
| head (headship) | κεφαλή / kephalē | 머리 (meori) | NEW | High | Must render identically at 1:22, 4:15, and 5:23 to preserve the deliberate Pauline parallel. |
| power/rule/authority/dominion | δύναμις/ἀρχή/ἐξουσία/κυριότης | 능력/통치자/권세/주권 | BASELINE (능력) + NEW | Critical (능력), High (rest) | 능력 never = 영력; 통치자/권세 anticipate ch. 6 spiritual-warfare vocabulary. |
Chapter 2 (includes core passage 2:1–10)
| English term | Greek / transliteration | Korean rendering | Status | Risk | Korean-context risk note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dead (spiritually) | νεκρός / nekros | 죽은 (jugeun) | NEW | Medium | Spiritual, not physical/rebirth-cycle death. |
| trespasses | παράπτωμα / paraptōma | 허물 (heomul) | NEW | Medium | Full moral-transgression weight, not minor flaw. |
| sin | ἁμαρτία / hamartia | 죄 (joe) | BASELINE | High | Moral offense against personal God, not 액운/체면 손상. |
| walk (conduct of life) | περιπατέω / peripateō | 행하다 (haenghada) | NEW | High | Book’s central ethical metaphor; render identically at every occurrence (2:2,2:10,4:1,4:17,5:2,5:8,5:15). |
| prince of the power of the air | ἄρχων τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος | 공중의 권세 잡은 자 | NEW | Critical | First spiritual-warfare term; never assimilate to shamanistic spirit-appeasement framework. |
| sons of disobedience | υἱοὶ τῆς ἀπειθείας | 불순종의 아들들 | NEW | Medium | Rebellion against God, not failure of Confucian social duty. |
| flesh | σάρξ / sarx | 육체 (yukche) | NEW | High | Fallen moral orientation, not body-as-such (avoid body-negative reading). |
| children of wrath (by nature) | τέκνα φύσει ὀργῆς | 본질상 진노의 자녀 | NEW | High | Personal, holy God’s righteous judgment, not impersonal misfortune or spirit-anger requiring 굿. |
| mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | 긍휼 (geungnyul) | NEW | Medium | Distinct from 은혜; compassion toward misery, not a petitioned/ritually-secured favor. |
| love | ἀγάπη / agapē | 사랑 (sarang) | NEW | Medium | God’s self-originating, unconditional love; distinguish from reciprocal/earned human love. |
| made alive together with Christ | συζωοποιέω / syzōopoieō | 함께 살리셨고 | NEW | Critical | Union-with-Christ; not 환생/윤회. |
| saved (perfect tense) | σῴζω (σεσῳσμένοι) | 구원(을 받았느니라) | BASELINE | Critical | Never 해탈; completed, settled state, not ongoing uncertain process. |
| raised up with | συνεγείρω / synegeirō | 함께 일으키사 | NEW | High | Shares baseline 부활 discipline; never 환생/윤회. |
| seated with (in heavenly places) | συγκαθίζω / synkathizō | 함께 앉히시니 | NEW | Medium | Positional/enthronement sense, not merely physical seating. |
| heavenly places | ἐπουράνιος / epouranios | 하늘 (haneul) | NEW | Medium | The realm of Christ’s reign and spiritual conflict; not folk-cosmological layered-heaven framing. |
| riches of grace | πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος | 은혜의 풍성함 | NEW | High | Grace’s abundant quality, not material-prosperity promise. |
| kindness | χρηστότης / chrēstotēs | 자비/인자하심 | NEW | Low | Standard vocabulary. |
| gift | δῶρον / dōron | 선물 (seonmul) | NEW | Critical | No 답례 (reciprocal-gift) expectation; central rebuttal of transactional grace. |
| works (as false ground) | ἔργα / erga | 행위 (haengwi) | NEW | High | Sharply distinguish from 선한 일 (2:10) — ground vs. fruit of salvation. |
| boast | καυχάομαι / kauchaomai | 자랑하다 (jaranghada) | NEW | High | Self-referential merit-boasting excluded absolutely. |
| workmanship | ποίημα / poiēma | 그가 만드신 바 / 지으심을 받은 자 | NEW | High | God as maker; not self-made achievement. |
| created | κτίζω / ktizō | 지으심을 받아/창조되어 | NEW | Medium | New-creation act, not self-improvement (avoid 수행/도 닦기 overlap). |
| good works (as fruit) | ἔργα ἀγαθά | 선한 일 (seonhan il) | NEW | High | Fruit/evidence of salvation, never its means; distinguish sharply from 행위 (2:9). |
| prepared beforehand | προετοιμάζω / proetoimazō | 미리 예비하사 | NEW | Medium | God’s advance preparation of tasks, distinct from 예정 (eternal decree of salvation). |
| dividing wall (of hostility) | τὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ | 막힌 담 | NEW | High | Abolishes every ethnic/social barrier, including 단일민족 framing. |
| one new man / new humanity | καινὸς ἄνθρωπος | 한 새 사람 | NEW | High | Corporate sense here; distinguish from individual “new self” (4:24) sharing same phrase. |
| household of God | οἰκεῖοι τοῦ θεοῦ | 하나님의 권속 | NEW | Medium | Full family belonging, not guest/resident-alien status. |
| cornerstone / foundation / holy temple | ἀκρογωνιαῖος / θεμέλιος / ναὸς ἅγιος | 모퉁이돌 / 터 / 성전 | NEW | Medium | Metaphor for corporate people of God, not endorsement of a physical sacred building; 성전 ≠ Buddhist 절. |
| access | προσαγωγή / prosagōgē | 나아감 (naagam) | NEW | Medium | Direct, unmediated access for all; not shaman-mediated spirit-access. |
Chapter 3
| English term | Greek / transliteration | Korean rendering | Status | Risk | Korean-context risk note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fellow heirs / fellow body-members / fellow partakers | συγκληρονόμος / σύσσωμος / συμμέτοχος | 함께 상속자 / 함께 지체 / 함께 참여하는 자 | NEW | High | Note dual inheritance vocabulary (상속자 here vs. 기업 in ch.1) — flag for glossary consistency. |
| boldness / confidence | παρρησία / parrēsia | 담대함 (damdaeham) | NEW | Medium | Grounded in Christ’s finished work, not merit or ritual correctness. |
| riches (of Christ) | πλοῦτος / ploutos | 풍성함 (pungseongham) | NEW | High | Christ’s person/work, not material-wealth promise (same caution as 2:7). |
| rooted and grounded | ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι | 뿌리가 박히고 터가 굳어져서 | NEW | Low | Standard stability metaphor. |
| mystery (of Christ) | μυστήριον / mystērion | 비밀 (bimil) | NEW (reuse ch.1) | High | Reinforces ch.1 usage; openly disclosed, not esoteric. |
Chapter 4
| English term | Greek / transliteration | Korean rendering | Status | Risk | Korean-context risk note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unity of the Spirit | ἑνότης τοῦ πνεύματος | 성령이 하나 되게 하신 것 | NEW | High | A given fact to preserve, not an achievement to manufacture; relevant to Korea’s fragmented Protestant denominational landscape. |
| body (one body) | σῶμα / sōma | 몸 (mom) | NEW | High | Organic, Spirit-animated union, not merely institutional association. |
| hope | ἐλπίς / elpis | 소망 (somang) | NEW | Low | Standard term. |
| baptism | βάπτισμα / baptisma | 세례 (serye) | NEW | Medium | Unifying rite, not a source of denominational division. |
| God and Father | θεὸς καὶ πατήρ | 하나님 아버지 | BASELINE (both terms) | Critical | Retain both 하나님 (never 하느님/천주) and 아버지 (jesa-history awareness) protections together. |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος / apostolos | 사도 (sado) | BASELINE | Low | No significant collision. |
| prophet (NT gift-office) | προφήτης / prophētēs | 선지자 (seonjija) | BASELINE, contextual note | Medium | Distinguish NT congregational gift-sense from OT canonical-prophet sense. |
| evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής / euangelistēs | 전도자 (jeondoja) | NEW, baseline-root (전도) | Medium | Gospel-proclamation motivation, not achievement-metric evangelism culture. |
| pastor/shepherd | ποιμήν / poimēn | 목사 / 목자 (moksa / mokja) | NEW | Medium | 목사 = institutional clergy title; consider 목자적 은사 to preserve broader Spirit-gift sense. |
| teacher | διδάσκαλος / didaskalos | 교사 (gyosa) | NEW | Low | Standard term. |
| equipping | καταρτισμός / katartismos | 온전하게 함 | NEW | Medium | Functional preparation for ministry, not moral-perfection/self-cultivation drift. |
| old self | παλαιὸς ἄνθρωπος | 옛 사람 (yet saram) | NEW | High | Decisively put off; not gradual Confucian/Buddhist self-cultivation. |
| new self | καινὸς ἄνθρωπος (individual sense) | 새 사람 (sae saram) | NEW | High | Individual sense; distinguish from corporate “one new man” (2:15) sharing the same phrase. |
| grieve the Spirit | λυπέω τὸ πνεῦμα | 성령을 근심하게 하지 말라 | NEW, baseline-root (성령) | Critical | Strong positive resource for teaching the Spirit’s personhood against impersonal-force framing. |
Chapter 5
| English term | Greek / transliteration | Korean rendering | Status | Risk | Korean-context risk note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| imitators of God | μιμηταὶ τοῦ θεοῦ | 하나님을 본받는 자 | NEW | Medium | Loving, filial imitation flowing from grace-given sonship, not Confucian rule-based deference. |
| offering and sacrifice | προσφορὰ καὶ θυσία | 향기로운 제물과 희생제물 | NEW | High | Shares root vocabulary with jesa (제사) ancestor-rites; requires explicit distinguishing teaching note. |
| children of light / fruit of light | τέκνα φωτός / καρπὸς τοῦ φωτός | 빛의 자녀 / 빛의 열매 | NEW | Low | Standard, well-established imagery. |
| be filled with the Spirit | πληροῦσθε ἐν πνεύματι | 성령으로 충만함을 받으라 | NEW, baseline-root (성령) | Critical | Ongoing sanctifying/worship-producing work; never shamanistic ecstatic possession or experience-seeking disconnected from named fruit. |
| submit | ὑποτάσσω / hypotassō | 복종하다 (bokjonghada) | NEW | Critical | Must pair 5:21 (mutual submission) and 5:25 (self-sacrificial husband-love) with 5:22–24 in every teaching context; highest household-code risk given Confucian patriarchal patterns. |
| head (husband/wife application) | κεφαλή / kephalē | 머리 (meori) | NEW (reuse ch.1) | Critical | Self-sacrificial, nourishing headship only (paired with 5:25–29); never bare authority-claim. |
| mystery (of marriage) | μυστήριον / mystērion | 비밀 (bimil) | NEW (reuse ch.1/3) | High | Marriage as a picture of the Christ-church mystery; flag as deliberate callback. |
Chapter 6
| English term | Greek / transliteration | Korean rendering | Status | Risk | Korean-context risk note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| obey (children/parents) | ὑπακούω / hypakouō | 순종하라 (sunjonghara) | NEW, baseline-root (순종) | High | Grounded in God’s moral law “in the Lord,” not bare hierarchical compliance. |
| honor (father and mother) | τιμάω / timaō | 공경하라 (gonggyeonghara) | NEW | High | Overlaps substantially with Confucian 효 (hyo); clarify gospel grounding without endorsing ancestor-rite (제사) veneration. |
| bondservants | δοῦλοι / douloi | 종들아 (jongdeul-a) | NEW | High | First-century social category with no modern equivalent; flag contemporary-application teaching as interpretive, not literal. |
| masters (human) | κύριοι / kyrioi | 상전 (sangjeon) | NEW | Critical | Must NEVER use 주님/주인님 (reserved exclusively for divine Lordship per baseline); preserve KRV’s existing 상전 distinction exactly. |
| struggle / wrestling | πάλη / palē | 씨름/싸움 (ssireum/ssaum) | NEW | High | Close personal engagement, not passive/impersonal. |
| whole armor of God | πανοπλία τοῦ θεοῦ | 하나님의 전신 갑주 | NEW | Critical | Highest concentrated spiritual-warfare collision point in curriculum; mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| rulers, authorities, cosmic powers, spiritual forces of evil | ἀρχαί / ἐξουσίαι / κοσμοκράτορες τοῦ σκότους / τὰ πνευματικὰ τῆς πονηρίας | 통치자들 / 권세들 / 이 어둠의 세상 주관자들 / 악의 영들 | NEW | Critical | 악의 영 sits directly adjacent to 귀신/악귀 shamanistic vocabulary; must teach as already-defeated-by-Christ powers engaged only via armor/prayer, never folk-ritual counter-measures. |
| prayer at all times in the Spirit | προσευχή ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ ἐν πνεύματι | 항상 성령 안에서 기도하고 | NEW, baseline-root (기도, 성령) | High | Reinforces direct-access prayer doctrine as the believer’s true spiritual-warfare practice. |
| ambassador in chains | πρεσβεύω ἐν ἁλύσει | 쇠사슬에 매인 사신 | NEW | Low | Requires historical (Roman house-arrest) context framing; low doctrinal collision risk. |
Cross-Chapter Consistency Flags (for Phase 1 Step 2 / doctrine risk registry update)
- 그리스도 안에서 (in Christ) — must be rendered identically at every occurrence across all six chapters; do not vary for stylistic reasons.
- 행하다 (walk) — must be rendered identically at 2:2, 2:10, 4:1, 4:17, 5:2, 5:8, 5:15 to preserve the book’s structuring ethical metaphor.
- 머리 (head) — must be rendered identically at 1:22, 4:15, and 5:23 to preserve the deliberate Christ-head/husband-head parallel; 5:23 usage carries elevated (Critical) risk and must always be taught paired with 5:25–29.
- 비밀 (mystery) — must be rendered identically at 1:9, 3:3–9, 5:32, 6:19 to preserve the book’s mystery-revealed theme.
- 기업 (inheritance, ch.1) vs. 상속자 (heir, ch.3) — two distinct KRV-established Korean terms for related inheritance concepts; retain both per KRV precedent but flag for a harmonizing teaching note so learners connect them.
- 선한 일 (good works, 2:10) vs. 행위 (works, 2:9) — must never be conflated; the sharpest single distinction in the core passage.
- 새 사람 (new man/self) — used for both the corporate “one new humanity” (2:15) and the individual “new self” (4:24); same Korean phrase, two connected but distinct referents requiring a teaching note.
- 복 (bok, blessing, 1:3) and 은혜 (grace, throughout) — both inherit the baseline’s Critical 기복신앙 collision warning; every occurrence requires mandatory qualifying teaching, not lexical avoidance (KRV precedent is retained).
- 주님 (Lord, divine) vs. 상전 (master, human, ch.6) — must never be interchanged; this distinction is foundational to preserving baseline’s Critical Lordship-of-Christ doctrine intact when the same Greek root (κύριος) appears in a non-divine sense.
- 악의 영 (evil spirits, 6:12) vs. 성령 (Holy Spirit, throughout) — orthographically and conceptually distinct but both involve “spirit” vocabulary in a culture with an active folk spirit-world; every occurrence of either term benefits from explicit contextual disambiguation in teaching materials.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly, and reinforced (not diminished) by Ephesians’ density of grace-vocabulary (1:6-7, 2:5, 2:7-8, 3:2, 3:7, 4:7, 6:24) — the highest concentration of 은혜 occurrences per chapter in the curriculum. Never a shamanistic transactional exchange (기복신앙 pattern); always unearned, unconditional favor. See also ‘riches_of_grace’ and ‘gift’ below, both direct extensions of this same Critical collision point.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith / Spiritual Warfare
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (translation and rejected alternatives copied exactly); risk tier ELEVATED from the Romans baseline’s High to Critical for this curriculum, matching the Ephesians-specific bible_term_registry.json, because Ephesians 6:14 personifies righteousness as the ‘breastplate of righteousness’ worn in spiritual warfare — a context where confusing forensic righteousness-received-through-Christ with the social-loyalty ethic 의리, or with self-generated ritual protection, carries acute risk. Always taught as righteousness received through Christ (cf. 2:8-9), never earned merit or displayed loyalty.
Justification
Approved rendering: 의롭다 하심
Transliteration: uiropda hasim
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not textually explicit as a standalone term in Ephesians but presupposed throughout 2:1-10’s grace/works antithesis; retained in translation memory to ensure consistent forensic framing whenever teaching material cross-references Romans’ justification doctrine alongside Ephesians 2:8-9.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 2:5, 2:8’s perfect-tense ‘you have been saved’ (구원을 받았느니라/구원을 받은 자니라) must retain the settled, once-for-all sense — not an ongoing, uncertain process resembling 기복신앙’s continual petition-and-response pattern. Also part of the armor of God (6:17, ‘helmet of salvation’). NEVER 해탈.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (translation and rejected alternatives copied exactly); risk tier ELEVATED from the Romans baseline’s Medium to Critical for this curriculum, matching the Ephesians-specific bible_term_registry.json, given Ephesians’ concentrated union-with-Christ resurrection language (1:20, 2:5-6, ‘made alive together with… raised us up with him’). NEVER 환생 or 윤회; this is participation in Christ’s own historical, bodily resurrection, not entry into a rebirth cycle.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Headship of Christ over the Church
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Appears throughout Ephesians (1:2-3, 6:23-24). Must NEVER be interchanged with the new term ‘masters_human’ (상전), the term Ephesians 6:5-9 reserves for human masters — preserving this distinction is essential to keeping Christ’s exclusive Lordship intact when the same Greek root (κύριος) appears in a non-divine sense within this same book.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 1:19-20 (‘immeasurable greatness of his power’ that raised Christ) and 6:10 (‘the strength of his might’). NEVER 영력. Always tied to Christ’s resurrection victory over cosmic powers, never generalized this-worldly power sought as one seeks a mudang’s power.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Headship of Christ over the Church
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Standard KRV transliteration, used throughout Ephesians.
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. NEVER 하느님, 천주, or 산신령. Standardized on 하나님 for Protestant curriculum consistency and explicit monotheism throughout Ephesians.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Unity of the Spirit in the Church
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Central to Ephesians 1:13-14, 4:3-4, 4:30, 5:18, 6:18. NEVER 신령 or 신 alone; never framed using shamanistic spirit-possession language. Must be kept orthographically and conceptually distinct from the new term ‘spiritual_forces_of_evil’ (악의 영) in every teaching context (both involve ‘spirit’ vocabulary in a culture with an active folk spirit-world).
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 1:2-3, 3:14-15, 4:6, 6:23. Must always retain jesa-history (제사 ancestor-rite martyrdom history) awareness: God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring ritual offerings, but a Father who initiates relationship and adoption.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의로 여기심
Transliteration: uiro yeogisim
Doctrine: Grace Excludes Works and Boasting
Rejected alternatives: 의리로 얻은 의, 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Retained for cross-reference: Ephesians 2:8-9’s grace/works antithesis is the same doctrinal ground as Romans 4:3’s imputed righteousness, though Ephesians uses different specific vocabulary (선물, 행위) — see new terms below.
Blessing Bok
Approved rendering: 복
Transliteration: bok
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 재물의 복 (material-fortune reading, forbidden), 무당이 비는 복 (shaman-petitioned blessing, forbidden)
NEW, but a direct, unavoidable extension of the Romans baseline’s flagged 기복신앙 collision syllable. Ephesians 1:3 renders εὐλογία/εὐλογέω using KRV’s established 복 (‘신령한 복으로 우리에게 복 주시되’). Cannot be lexically avoided (this is the KRV’s own established rendering); the requirement is MANDATORY qualifying teaching every occurrence: this 복 is explicitly 신령한 (spiritual), located 그리스도 안에서 (in Christ), and 하늘에 속한 (heavenly) — never a this-worldly material-fortune blessing sought through ritual performance. Flag for human theologian review at every occurrence.
Predestined
Approved rendering: 예정하사
Transliteration: yejeonghasa
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운명
Original: προορίζω
Category: Divine Calling
NEW. Ephesians 1:5, 1:11. The single deepest genuine vocabulary gap in the letter: no neutral Korean word exists for ‘prior divine determination’ outside the fate/fortune-telling semantic field (팔자, 사주팔자, 운명). MANDATORY: never let 예정 stand alone as a lesson-title word without 그리스도 안에서 or 은혜로운 뜻대로 attached in the same breath. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Prince Of The Air
Approved rendering: 공중의 권세 잡은 자
Transliteration: gongjung-ui gwonse jabeun ja
Doctrine: Cosmic Spiritual Opposition to God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 잡귀 (folk-shamanistic framing, forbidden)
Original: ἄρχων τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Ephesians 2:2. Sits extremely close to Korean shamanism’s populated spirit-world (잡귀/악귀) warded off through a mudang’s gut ritual or 부적 (talisman). Must be taught as a singular, defeated-but-still-active adversary confronted through Christ’s finished work, prayer, and God’s armor — never assimilated to a shamanistic exorcism/ward-off-evil-spirits framework.
Made Alive With Christ
Approved rendering: 함께 살리셨고
Transliteration: hamkke sallisyeotgo
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: 그저 새 생명을 주셨다 (generic-life reading that drops union-with-Christ sense, forbidden)
Original: συζωοποιέω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:5, the doctrinal heart of the core passage. The compound 함께 (together with) must be preserved — a rendering that drops the union-with-Christ sense would lose the passage’s central theology. Must not be assimilated to 환생/윤회; this is a once-for-all transfer from death to life in union with the historical, resurrected Christ.
Gift
Approved rendering: 선물
Transliteration: seonmul
Doctrine: Grace Excludes Works and Boasting
Original: δῶρον
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:8, ‘this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God.’ The single most doctrinally load-bearing new term in the core passage for the Korean context: must be taught as severed from the Korean gift-exchange custom of 답례 (dallye, obligatory reciprocal return-gift) and from the 기복신앙 pattern of offerings made in expectation of blessing returned. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Grieve The Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령을 근심하게 하지 말라
Transliteration: seongnyeong-eul geunsimhage haji malla
Doctrine: Grieving the Spirit and Holiness of Speech and Conduct
Original: λυπέω τὸ πνεῦμα
Category: Sanctification
NEW, inheriting baseline 성령 Critical protections. Ephesians 4:30. A strong positive resource for teaching the Holy Spirit’s full relational personhood against any shamanistic impersonal-force or channelable-power framing (the same concern flagged for 신령/영력 in the baseline); the Spirit is a Person who can be grieved by sin, not an impersonal force among many.
Filled With The Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령으로 충만함을 받으라
Transliteration: seongnyeong-euro chungmanham-eul badeura
Doctrine: Filling with the Spirit and Spirit-Enabled Worship
Original: πληροῦσθε ἐν πνεύματι
Category: Sanctification
NEW, inheriting baseline 성령 Critical protections and the power/Spirit collision flagged for 능력/영력. Ephesians 5:18. Must be taught as ongoing sanctifying, worship-producing, relationally-fruitful work of the Spirit — never assimilated to ecstatic shamanistic spirit-possession phenomena, a concern Korean charismatic church leaders have themselves flagged, nor sought as an experience-for-its-own-sake disconnected from the specific named fruit (song, thanksgiving, mutual submission, 5:19-20).
Submit
Approved rendering: 복종하다
Transliteration: bokjonghada
Doctrine: Household Codes: Christ-Centered Marriage
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Household Codes
NEW. Ephesians 5:21-24. Among the highest-risk household-code terms given Korea’s historically influential Confucian patriarchal family structure (echoing the ‘three obediences,’ 삼종지도, pattern already flagged Critical under baseline obedience_of_faith). MANDATORY: 5:21 (mutual submission), 5:22-24 (wife-specific application), and 5:25-29 (self-sacrificial husband-love) must always be taught together as a single paired unit; translating 5:22 without 5:21 and 5:25 risks reinforcing rather than transforming existing patriarchal patterns.
Masters Human
Approved rendering: 상전
Transliteration: sangjeon
Doctrine: Household Codes: Masters and Servants
Rejected alternatives: 주님 (reserved exclusively for divine Lordship, forbidden here), 주인님 (forbidden, blurs the divine/human distinction)
Original: κύριοι
Category: Household Codes
NEW. Ephesians 6:9. The KRV wisely avoids applying the honorific 주님 (reserved exclusively for God/Christ) to human masters, using instead the distinct, non-honorific 상전. This existing KRV choice must be preserved exactly; using 주님 or 주인님 for a human slaveowner would blur the absolute Critical-tier distinction required between exclusive divine Lordship and any human authority.
Armor Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 전신 갑주
Transliteration: Hananim-ui jeonsin gapju
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: 부적 (protective talisman, forbidden), 굿에서 쓰는 도구 (shamanistic ritual implement, forbidden)
Original: πανοπλία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Ephesians 6:10-17. The single greatest concentrated spiritual-warfare collision point in the curriculum, given Korean shamanism’s deep organization around hostile spirits addressed through ritual exorcism, protective talismans, and divination. Must be taught with maximum clarity that biblical spiritual warfare is already won through Christ’s finished victory and is engaged only through prayer, truth, righteousness, the gospel, faith, salvation, and Scripture — never through ritual objects, exorcistic performance, divination, or a specialist ritual-mediator. 전신 갑주 is also an archaic-register compound unfamiliar in ordinary modern Korean; add a plain-language gloss (‘하나님이 주시는 온전한 무장’) at first teaching occurrence. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Rulers And Authorities
Approved rendering: 통치자들과 권세들
Transliteration: tongchijadeul-gwa gwonsedeul
Doctrine: Cosmic Spiritual Opposition to God’s People
Original: ἀρχή / ἐξουσία / δύναμις / κυριότης
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Ephesians 1:21, 6:12. Must always be taught with 1:21’s framing that these powers are already placed under Christ’s feet, so that 6:12’s confrontation is engaged from a position of Christ’s finished victory, not uncertainty about the outcome.
Spiritual Forces Of Evil
Approved rendering: 이 어둠의 세상 주관자들과 악의 영들
Transliteration: i eodum-ui sesang jugwanjadeul-gwa ak-ui yeongdeul
Doctrine: Cosmic Spiritual Opposition to God’s People
Original: κοσμοκράτορες τοῦ σκότους / τὰ πνευματικὰ τῆς πονηρίας
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Ephesians 6:12. 악의 영 sits directly adjacent, in ordinary Korean religious vocabulary, to 귀신/악귀 (gwisin/akgwi), the standard folk-shamanistic terms for malevolent spirits addressed through gut ritual, exorcism, or talismans. Must be taught within full Ephesians context: already-defeated-by-Christ powers, engaged only via armor and prayer, never folk-ritual counter-measures. Must be kept orthographically and conceptually distinct from 성령 (Holy Spirit) in every teaching context.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. In Ephesians 2:8, the instrument (not ground) through which grace-salvation is received; also part of the armor of God (6:16, ‘shield of faith’). Distinguish from 미신 (superstition) and confidence placed in 사주팔자 (birth-chart astrology).
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Original: κλητός
Category: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 4:1, 4:4 (‘walk in a manner worthy of the calling to which you have been called’). NEVER 팔자에 정해진; God’s call is a personal, relational summons.
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 1:18 (‘the hope to which he has called you’), 4:1, 4:4. NEVER 운명/팔자.
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification and the Believer’s Holiness
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 1:4 (‘holy and blameless’), 5:27 (‘holy and without blemish’). Distinguish from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻다).
Saints
Approved rendering: 성도
Transliteration: seongdo
Doctrine: Sanctification and the Believer’s Holiness
Rejected alternatives: 신선, 도인
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Addressed throughout Ephesians (1:1, 1:15, 1:18, 3:8, 3:18, 4:12, 5:3, 6:18). Applies corporately to all ordinary believers, not an elevated spiritual-achiever class.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification and the Believer’s Holiness
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἁγιάζω
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 5:26, Christ ‘sanctify her, having cleansed her.’ Distinguish from ascetic self-cultivation (수행, 도 닦기).
Adoption
Approved rendering: 양자
Transliteration: yangja
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 위한 양자
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 1:5, ‘predestined us for adoption through Jesus Christ.’ Traditional Korean heir-adoption existed to continue jesa (제사) ancestor-memorial rites, an instrumental purpose; biblical adoption is relational belonging and full inheritance.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Headship of Christ over the Church
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not a textually frequent phrase in Ephesians itself but underlies the doctrine of Christ’s deity presupposed in the headship and fullness passages (1:20-23). Avoid framing that assimilates Christ’s Sonship to the Dangun/Hwanung founding-myth pattern.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: 은사
Transliteration: eunsa
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 무당의 능력
Original: χαρίσματα / δόματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (translation copied exactly); risk tier retained at High per the Ephesians-specific registry given Ephesians 4:7-11’s extended gift-office list. NEVER framed as 영력 (a shaman’s spirit-power) or sought for personal display, a risk Korean charismatic church leaders have themselves flagged.
Law
Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 2:15, Christ ‘abolishing the law of commandments expressed in ordinances.’ Never equate with 예 (Confucian ritual-propriety code) or reduce to secular 법률.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Spiritual Deadness Apart from Christ
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 2:1. Distinguish from 액운 (misfortune) and 체면 손상 (loss of face).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 이방인
Transliteration: ibangin
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Rejected alternatives: 외국인 (단일민족 의미로)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Central to Ephesians 2:11-22, 3:6. Avoid framing through 단일민족 (ethnic-homogeneous-nation self-conception).
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Headship of Christ over the Church
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (translation copied exactly); risk tier retained at High per the Ephesians-specific registry given the recurring refrain ‘to the praise of his glory’ (1:6, 1:12, 1:14) structuring the whole doxology. Avoid collapsing into 명예/출세.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음의 순종
Transliteration: mideum-ui sunjong
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Rejected alternatives: 효를 위한 순종, 삼종지도식 순종
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Retained as the conceptual anchor connecting Romans 1:5/16:26 to Ephesians’ household-code obedience/submission vocabulary (new terms ‘submit’, ‘obey_parents’, ‘honor_parents’ below); Confucian hierarchical-obedience ethics risk reducing any of these to social-status compliance rather than a Spirit-produced, grace-grounded response.
Covenant
Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 2:12, Gentiles once ‘strangers to the covenants of promise.’ Korean cleanly distinguishes 언약 from the commercial-contract term 계약.
Election
Approved rendering: 선택
Transliteration: seontaek
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운
Original: ἐκλέγομαι / ἐκλογή
Category: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (nominal form). See new term ‘election_chose’ below for the verbal form 택하사 used specifically in Ephesians 1:4. Avoid 팔자/운 and avoid a competitive, merit-based ‘selection’ reading.
Providence
Approved rendering: 섭리
Transliteration: seomni
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운명
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Connects to Ephesians 1:11 (‘who works all things according to the counsel of his will’) and the new term ‘predestined’ below. NEVER 팔자/운명.
Abba
Approved rendering: 아빠
Transliteration: appa
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not textually present in Ephesians (unlike Romans 8:15) but retained in translation memory for cross-referential teaching material connecting Ephesians’ adoption doctrine (1:5) to Romans 8:15’s intimate Abba-Father address.
In Christ
Approved rendering: 그리스도 안에서
Transliteration: Geuriseudo an-eseo
Doctrine: Headship of Christ over the Church
Rejected alternatives: 그리스도를 통해 (stylistic variant, rejected for consistency), 그리스도로 말미암아 (stylistic variant, rejected for consistency)
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ / ἐν αὐτῷ
Category: Christology
NEW. The governing Pauline union-with-Christ formula, appearing dozens of times across all six chapters (e.g., 1:3-4, 1:7, 1:10-13, 2:6-7, 2:10, 2:13, 3:6, 3:11-12, 4:32). Must be rendered IDENTICALLY at every occurrence across the entire book; stylistic variation would obscure Ephesians’ single most structurally important repeated phrase. Flag any deviation for automatic rejection at Phase 2 validation.
Election Chose
Approved rendering: 택하사
Transliteration: taekhasa
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 경쟁적 선발 (competitive-selection reading, forbidden), 팔자/사주로 정해짐 (forbidden)
NEW, verbal-form companion to the baseline nominal ‘election’ (선택). Ephesians 1:4, ‘he chose us in him before the foundation of the world.’ Not competitive, merit-based selection (as in Korea’s exam/hiring culture) nor 팔자/사주 birth-chart fate. ‘Before the foundation of the world’ underscores unconditional, gracious choice even more starkly than Romans 9.
Redemption
Approved rendering: 속량
Transliteration: sokryang
Doctrine: Redemption and Forgiveness in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 구속 (acceptable alternate KRV term in some contexts, but 속량 is the primary entry here)
Original: ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 1:7, ‘in him we have redemption through his blood.’ Must retain the sense of a price paid (Christ’s blood), not a costless release; must not be confused with 해탈 (Buddhist liberation), which involves no substitutionary payment or personal price-bearer.
Mystery
Approved rendering: 비밀
Transliteration: bimil
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Rejected alternatives: 신비 (too vague/mystical-sounding), 무당의 비법 (shaman’s secret technique, forbidden)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Mystery
NEW. Ephesians 1:9, 3:3-9, 5:32, 6:19. Must be rendered IDENTICALLY at every occurrence. Ordinary Korean 비밀 connotes ONGOING secrecy — the opposite of mystērion’s now-publicly-proclaimed sense. MANDATORY qualifying phrase ‘이제는 나타난 비밀’ (the mystery now revealed) must accompany the term at every occurrence to reverse this natural still-secret connotation within the sentence itself.
Sealed
Approved rendering: 인치심
Transliteration: injchisim
Doctrine: Sealing and Guarantee of the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 부적을 붙임 (talisman-affixing, forbidden)
Original: σφραγίζω
Category: Covenant
NEW. Ephesians 1:13, 4:30, believers ‘sealed with the promised Holy Spirit.’ Must retain the legal-ownership/security sense of a definitive, once-for-all divine mark by the Spirit himself — not a shamanistic protective marking or talisman (부적).
Inheritance
Approved rendering: 기업
Transliteration: gieop
Doctrine: Sealing and Guarantee of the Holy Spirit
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Ephesians 1:11, 1:14, 1:18. Modern-Korean homograph collision: the same Hangul spelling overwhelmingly means ‘corporation/business enterprise’ (企業) in everyday usage. Flag every occurrence for native-speaker review; consider clarifying gloss (‘영원한 기업’) where surrounding text is thin. Note Ephesians 3:6 uses the distinct term 상속자 (‘heir’) for a related concept — see ‘fellow_heirs’ below.
Fullness
Approved rendering: 충만
Transliteration: chungman
Doctrine: Fullness of Christ and the Church
Original: πλήρωμα
Category: Ecclesiology
NEW. Ephesians 1:23, 3:19, 4:13. Ordinary Korean 충만 is emotive/experiential (‘기쁨이 충만하다’), not structural-corporate. Fence with an explicit structural gloss at first occurrence (‘그리스도의 몸 된 교회, 곧 그의 충만’) so the corporate-ecclesiological sense is anchored, avoiding both a vague-feeling reading and any Gnostic-adjacent/pantheistic-merger reading.
Head Headship
Approved rendering: 머리
Transliteration: meori
Doctrine: Headship of Christ over the Church
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Christology
NEW. Must be rendered IDENTICALLY at 1:22, 4:15, and 5:23 to preserve the deliberate Pauline parallel. At 1:22/4:15 the emphasis is Christ’s nourishing, life-giving authority over his organic body. NOTE: at 5:23 (household application) this term’s practical risk elevates to Critical — see the household-codes escalation rule in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md; must always be taught paired with 5:25-29’s self-sacrificial qualifier there, never as a bare authority claim.
Walk Conduct
Approved rendering: 행하다
Transliteration: haenghada
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Rejected alternatives: 살다 (stylistic variant, rejected for consistency), 행동하다 (stylistic variant, rejected for consistency)
Original: περιπατέω
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Ephesians’ central recurring ethical metaphor (2:2, 2:10, 4:1, 4:17, 5:2, 5:8, 5:15). Must be rendered IDENTICALLY at every occurrence; zero stylistic substitution permitted. Flag any deviation for automatic rejection at Phase 2 validation, since inconsistent rendering would fragment the book’s single most important structuring device.
Flesh
Approved rendering: 육체
Transliteration: yukche
Doctrine: Universal Spiritual Deadness Apart from Christ
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sin
NEW. Ephesians 2:3. Risks being misread as merely ‘the physical body is bad’ (a body-negative, quasi-ascetic reading close to Buddhist body-denial); Paul’s target is the sin-oriented will, not physical embodiment — especially relevant given Ephesians 5’s positive treatment of the body in marriage.
Children Of Wrath
Approved rendering: 본질상 진노의 자녀
Transliteration: bonjilsang jinno-ui janyeo
Doctrine: Universal Spiritual Deadness Apart from Christ
Original: τέκνα φύσει ὀργῆς
Category: Sin
NEW. Ephesians 2:3. 진노 (wrath) must be the settled, righteous judicial anger of a personal, holy God against sin — not impersonal 액운 (misfortune) nor a capricious shamanistic spirit’s anger requiring ritual appeasement (굿).
Raised With Christ
Approved rendering: 함께 일으키사
Transliteration: hamkke ireukisa
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: συνεγείρω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:6. Shares baseline 부활 discipline: never 환생/윤회. The 함께 prefix must be preserved to retain union-with-Christ theology.
Riches Of Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜의 풍성함
Transliteration: eunhye-ui pungseongham
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 1:7, 2:7. Risks drifting toward a 기복신앙-style reading of grace as material prosperity/abundance-of-blessing (복); must be taught as describing grace’s immeasurable quality and generosity, not a promise of wealth.
Works
Approved rendering: 행위
Transliteration: haengwi
Doctrine: Grace Excludes Works and Boasting
Original: ἔργα
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:9, ‘not a result of works, so that no one may boast.’ Must be kept sharply distinct from ‘good_works’ (선한 일, 2:10) — collapsing the two would undo the passage’s central grace/works antithesis and risks reintroducing a 기복신앙-style earn-then-receive pattern. Flag for theologian review wherever both terms occur near each other.
Boast
Approved rendering: 자랑하다
Transliteration: jaranghada
Doctrine: Grace Excludes Works and Boasting
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:9. Denotes specifically self-referential merit-boasting, excluded absolutely from the ground of salvation; connects to Korea’s intensely achievement/status-conscious culture already flagged under baseline 영광 vs. 출세/명예.
Workmanship
Approved rendering: 그가 만드신 바
Transliteration: geuga mandeusin ba
Doctrine: Good Works as the Fruit, Not the Ground, of Salvation
Original: ποίημα
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:10. Not a single lexical item in Korean — a KRV-coined descriptive clause, not a dictionary term. Must clearly signal God as the active maker and the believer as the object made, not a self-made achievement or merely functional usefulness.
Good Works
Approved rendering: 선한 일
Transliteration: seonhan il
Doctrine: Good Works as the Fruit, Not the Ground, of Salvation
Original: ἔργα ἀγαθά
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:10. Must always be taught in strict sequence after grace and faith (2:8), never as a precondition, given the risk of Korean readers assimilating this to a ‘do good, receive blessing’ 기복신앙 exchange pattern. Must never be conflated with ‘works’ (행위, 2:9) — the sharpest single distinction in the core passage.
Dividing Wall
Approved rendering: 막힌 담
Transliteration: makhin dam
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: τὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 2:14. Must avoid any assimilation to Korea’s ethnic-nationalist self-conception (단일민족); Christ has abolished every such dividing barrier, a point applicable to divisions within the Korean church itself.
One New Humanity
Approved rendering: 한 새 사람
Transliteration: han sae saram
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: καινὸς ἄνθρωπος (corporate sense)
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 2:15. Corporate sense; shares its Korean phrase with 4:24’s individual ‘new_self’ — must be flagged for a distinguishing teaching note so the corporate and individual referents are not flattened into one.
Fellow Heirs
Approved rendering: 함께 상속자가 되고 함께 지체가 되고 함께 약속에 참여하는 자
Transliteration: hamkke sangsokja-ga doego hamkke jiche-ga doego hamkke yaksok-e chamyeohaneun ja
Doctrine: Gentile Fellow-Heirship and Direct Access to God
Original: συγκληρονόμος / σύσσωμος / συμμέτοχος
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 3:6. Uses 상속자 for ‘heir,’ distinct from ch.1’s 기업 for ‘inheritance’ — flag for a harmonizing teaching note. The threefold 함께 (together) repetition must be preserved to retain the rhetorical force of Paul’s emphasis on equal Gentile standing.
Riches Of Christ
Approved rendering: 풍성함
Transliteration: pungseongham
Doctrine: Gentile Fellow-Heirship and Direct Access to God
Original: πλοῦτος
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 3:8, ‘the unsearchable riches of Christ.’ Same caution as ‘riches_of_grace’: describes Christ’s person and work, not a promise of financial blessing.
Unity Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령이 하나 되게 하신 것
Transliteration: seongnyeong-i hana doege hasin geot
Doctrine: Unity of the Spirit in the Church
Original: ἑνότης τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Ecclesiology
NEW. Ephesians 4:3. Must retain baseline 성령 protections and convey that this unity is a given fact to be preserved, not manufactured — relevant given Korea’s denominationally fragmented Protestant landscape.
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: 몸
Transliteration: mom
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα
Category: Ecclesiology
NEW. Ephesians 1:22-23, 4:4, 4:12-16, 5:23, 5:30. Must be understood as an organic, Spirit-animated union, not merely an institutional association; the central image for the doctrine of the Church as the Body of Christ.
Old Self
Approved rendering: 옛 사람
Transliteration: yet saram
Doctrine: Putting Off the Old Self and Putting On the New Self
Original: παλαιὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Ephesians 4:22. Must not be assimilated to Confucian or Buddhist self-cultivation renewal (수행, 도 닦기); a decisive, Spirit-enabled putting-off, not gradual self-achieved attainment.
New Self
Approved rendering: 새 사람
Transliteration: sae saram
Doctrine: Putting Off the Old Self and Putting On the New Self
Original: καινὸς ἄνθρωπος (individual sense)
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Ephesians 4:24. Individual sense; shares its Korean phrase with 2:15’s corporate ‘one_new_humanity’ — must be distinguished by teaching context: 4:24 is individual sanctification, 2:15 is corporate Jew/Gentile union, both legitimate but distinct referents.
Offering And Sacrifice
Approved rendering: 향기로운 제물과 희생제물
Transliteration: hyanggiroun jemul-gwa huisaeng-jemul
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: προσφορὰ καὶ θυσία
Category: Christology
NEW. Ephesians 5:2. 제사/제물 vocabulary is precisely the family of words associated with Korea’s historically sensitive ancestor-memorial rites (제사, already flagged Critical under baseline ‘father’ for Korean Catholic martyrdom history). Requires an explicit teaching note distinguishing Christ’s unique, once-for-all, God-directed atoning sacrifice from any ongoing ritual-offering obligation to ancestors.
Obey Parents
Approved rendering: 순종하라
Transliteration: sunjonghara
Doctrine: Household Codes: Parents and Children
Original: ὑπακούω
Category: Household Codes
NEW. Ephesians 6:1. Grounded explicitly in God’s moral law and the qualifying phrase ‘주 안에서’ (in the Lord) — must not be presented as bare hierarchical compliance detached from this gospel grounding.
Honor Parents
Approved rendering: 공경하라
Transliteration: gonggyeonghara
Doctrine: Household Codes: Parents and Children
Original: τιμάω
Category: Household Codes
NEW. Ephesians 6:2-3, quoting the fifth commandment. Sits very close to Korean Confucian filial piety (효), historically extending to ancestor-memorial obligation (제사). Teaching must clarify this command is grounded in God’s own moral law ‘in the Lord,’ not a re-endorsement of the full traditional 효 framework including ancestor-rite veneration.
Bondservants
Approved rendering: 종들아
Transliteration: jongdeul-a
Doctrine: Household Codes: Masters and Servants
Original: δοῦλοι
Category: Household Codes
NEW. Ephesians 6:5-8. Names a first-century social-economic category with no modern equivalent; contemporary Korean-church pedagogical tradition applies this to employer/employee relationships (상사/직원), a legitimate but non-identical application that must be flagged as interpretive, not literal.
Struggle Wrestling
Approved rendering: 씨름/싸움
Transliteration: ssireum/ssaum
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: πάλη
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Ephesians 6:12. Must convey direct, personal spiritual engagement (not projectile/distant warfare), while being paired always with the armor and prayer as the means of engagement rather than physical or ritual combat.
Prayer In The Spirit
Approved rendering: 항상 성령 안에서 기도하고
Transliteration: hangsang seongnyeong an-eseo gidohago
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: προσευχή ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ ἐν πνεύματι
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW, reinforcing baseline prayer/Spirit doctrine. Ephesians 6:18. Direct access to God, distinct from shamanistic ritual mediation, in the specific spiritual-warfare context — an important positive teaching resource to pair with the Critical-risk terms immediately preceding it.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Appears in Ephesians 1:13, 6:15, 6:19. Same 기복신앙 (fortune-seeking faith) root-syllable caution applies; teach the gospel as salvation announcement, not a forecast of material blessing.
Peace
Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Central to Ephesians 2:14-17 (Christ ‘is our peace,’ ‘preached peace’) and part of the armor of God (6:15, ‘shoes… of the gospel of peace’). Distinct from the general well-being greeting sense of 평안.
Church
Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Central to Ephesians 1:22-23, 3:10, 3:21, 5:23-32. NEVER 당집 (shamanistic village shrine) or 절 (Buddhist temple).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 5:5, ‘the kingdom of Christ and God.’ Korea has no live competing state ideology claiming a rival ‘divine kingdom’ framing.
Messiah
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. In Ephesians this proper title becomes especially load-bearing as the anchor of the recurring ‘in Christ’ union formula — see new term ‘in_christ’ below, which carries elevated High risk specifically for that structural function. Avoid conflating with 미륵 (Maitreya).
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
Original: προφήτης
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Used in Ephesians both of OT canonical prophets (3:5) and NT congregational prophetic gifting (4:11); add a brief teaching note distinguishing the two senses at 4:11.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not textually frequent in Ephesians but retained for cross-reference to the prophets named at 2:20, 3:5. Distinguish from 점/사주팔자 예측.
Intercession
Approved rendering: 중보기도
Transliteration: jungbo gido
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: 굿을 통한 중재
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Connects to the new term ‘access’ (나아감, Eph 2:18, 3:12) and ‘prayer_in_the_spirit’ (6:18); distinguish from a mudang’s ritual mediation between the living and spirits.
Mission
Approved rendering: 선교
Transliteration: seongyo
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Connects to the new term ‘evangelist’ (전도자, Eph 4:11). Emphasize gospel motivation over Korea’s achievement-metric missions culture.
Israel
Approved rendering: 이스라엘
Transliteration: Iseurael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 2:12, ‘the commonwealth of Israel.‘
Forgiveness Trespasses
Approved rendering: 죄 사함
Transliteration: joe saham
Doctrine: Redemption and Forgiveness in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 체면 회복, 부정풀이
NEW. Ephesians 1:7, paired with redemption. Must be a full legal cancellation of guilt before God, not a social smoothing-over of relationship (체면 회복) nor a shamanistic ritual removal of misfortune (부정풀이).
Guarantee
Approved rendering: 보증
Transliteration: bojeung
Doctrine: Sealing and Guarantee of the Holy Spirit
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Covenant
NEW. Ephesians 1:14, the Spirit as ‘the guarantee of our inheritance.’ Korean commercial-legal connotations (loan guarantee/collateral) helpfully convey certainty, but teaching must clarify this is God’s own gracious guarantee, not a debt or collateral the believer owes.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: 지혜
Transliteration: jihye
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Original: σοφία
Category: Mystery
NEW. Ephesians 1:8, 1:17, 3:10. Must be distinguished from Confucian sagely wisdom-cultivation and Buddhist enlightenment-insight (반야); this is Spirit-given knowledge of a personal God, not an attained inner state.
Revelation
Approved rendering: 계시
Transliteration: gyesi
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Mystery
NEW. Ephesians 1:17, 3:3, 3:5. God’s own initiative in unveiling truth, not a spiritual attainment or a fortune-teller’s/shaman’s disclosed hidden knowledge.
Dead Spiritually
Approved rendering: 죽은
Transliteration: jugeun
Doctrine: Universal Spiritual Deadness Apart from Christ
Original: νεκρός
Category: Sin
NEW. Ephesians 2:1, 2:5. Forensic-relational spiritual deadness (separation from God’s life), not physical death or a stage within the folk-Buddhist rebirth cycle (윤회).
Trespasses
Approved rendering: 허물
Transliteration: heomul
Doctrine: Universal Spiritual Deadness Apart from Christ
Original: παράπτωμα
Category: Sin
NEW. Ephesians 2:1, 2:5, paired with 죄. Must retain full moral-transgression weight, not soften toward a minor personal shortcoming.
Sons Of Disobedience
Approved rendering: 불순종의 아들들
Transliteration: bulsunjong-ui adeuldeul
Doctrine: Universal Spiritual Deadness Apart from Christ
Original: υἱοὶ τῆς ἀπειθείας
Category: Sin
NEW. Ephesians 2:2. A Hebraic idiom; must be distinguished from Confucian hierarchical-compliance categories — this is rebellion against God specifically, not failure of social duty.
Mercy
Approved rendering: 긍휼
Transliteration: geungnyul
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:4. Must be kept conceptually distinct from 은혜 (grace): mercy emphasizes compassion toward misery, grace the unearned gift itself. Both flow from God’s character, not a mudang’s beneficence to be petitioned or ritually secured.
Love Of God
Approved rendering: 사랑
Transliteration: sarang
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:4. 사랑 covers all forms of love in ordinary Korean usage; teaching must specify this as God’s self-originating, unconditional love, distinct from reciprocal or earned human love.
Seated With Christ
Approved rendering: 함께 앉히시니
Transliteration: hamkke anchisini
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: συγκαθίζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:6. Must convey royal/positional standing, not merely physical seating, anticipating Ephesians 6’s spiritual warfare (believers reign with the one who has already defeated the powers).
Heavenly Places
Approved rendering: 하늘
Transliteration: haneul
Doctrine: Cosmic Spiritual Opposition to God’s People
Original: ἐπουράνιος
Category: Ecclesiology
NEW. Ephesians 1:3, 1:20, 2:6, 3:10, 6:12. Must be distinguished from a generic sky/cosmos reference and from folk-cosmological layered-heaven framing (e.g., the Dangun myth’s heavenly realm, Hwanin’s abode); this is specifically the realm of Christ’s reign and spiritual conflict.
Created
Approved rendering: 지으심을 받아
Transliteration: jieusim-eul bada
Doctrine: Good Works as the Fruit, Not the Ground, of Salvation
Original: κτίζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:10. Should echo, without confusing, Genesis creation vocabulary (창조), signaling decisive re-creation, not gradual self-improvement resembling 수행/도 닦기.
Prepared Beforehand
Approved rendering: 미리 예비하사
Transliteration: miri yebihasa
Doctrine: Good Works as the Fruit, Not the Ground, of Salvation
Original: προετοιμάζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Ephesians 2:10. Related to but distinct from 예정 (predestination, ch.1) — this is God’s advance preparation of tasks, not the eternal decree of salvation itself; keep the two conceptually separate in teaching.
Household Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 권속
Transliteration: Hananim-ui gwonsok
Doctrine: Church as God’s Household and Holy Temple
Original: οἰκεῖοι τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Ecclesiology
NEW. Ephesians 2:19. Conveys full family belonging, not guest-status; the somewhat archaic register of 권속 should be explained to younger readers.
Cornerstone Temple
Approved rendering: 모퉁이돌 / 터 / 성전
Transliteration: mo-tung-i-dol / teo / seongjeon
Doctrine: Church as God’s Household and Holy Temple
Rejected alternatives: 절 (Buddhist temple, forbidden for 성전 in this sense)
Original: ἀκρογωνιαῖος / θεμέλιος / ναὸς ἅγιος
Category: Ecclesiology
NEW. Ephesians 2:20-21. 성전 must be distinguished from a Buddhist temple building; functions purely as a metaphor for the corporate people of God, not endorsement of a physical sacred-building theology.
Access
Approved rendering: 나아감
Transliteration: naagam
Doctrine: Gentile Fellow-Heirship and Direct Access to God
Original: προσαγωγή
Category: Ecclesiology
NEW. Ephesians 2:18, 3:12. Reinforces baseline intercession teaching: believers’ own direct access to God, distinguished from a shamanistic ritual mediator’s (mudang’s) exclusive access to the spirit-world on a client’s behalf.
Boldness
Approved rendering: 담대함
Transliteration: damdaeham
Doctrine: Gentile Fellow-Heirship and Direct Access to God
Original: παρρησία
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 3:12. Must be grounded explicitly in Christ’s finished work and standing in him, not personal merit, social status, or a shaman-like ritual ‘correctness’ otherwise thought necessary before approaching the divine.
Baptism
Approved rendering: 세례
Transliteration: serye
Doctrine: Unity of the Spirit in the Church
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 4:5 (sevenfold unity formula). Should be understood as a unifying rite, not a source of denominational division — a live pastoral concern given differing Korean-church baptismal practices/modes.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: 전도자
Transliteration: jeondoja
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Church
NEW, reusing baseline evangelism root (전도). Ephesians 4:11. Frame in terms of gospel-proclamation motivation, not Korea’s achievement-metric evangelism culture already flagged under baseline mission.
Pastor Shepherd
Approved rendering: 목사 / 목자
Transliteration: moksa / mokja
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: ποιμήν
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 4:11. 목사 is now primarily an institutional clergy title in Korean church culture, potentially narrowing the NT’s broader shepherding gift-function to ordained clergy only; consider 목자적 은사 (‘shepherding gift’) to preserve the functional, Spirit-gift sense when the context is the gift itself rather than the ordained office.
Equipping
Approved rendering: 온전하게 함
Transliteration: onjeonhage ham
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: καταρτισμός
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 4:12. Must retain the sense of functional preparation for ministry work, not merely moral perfection, which could drift toward 성화/수행 territory.
Imitators Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님을 본받는 자
Transliteration: Hananim-eul bonbanneun ja
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: μιμηταὶ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Ephesians 5:1. Must be read as loving, filial imitation flowing from grace-given sonship, not Confucian rule-based deference performed out of social obligation.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Appears in Ephesians 2:20, 3:5, 4:11 as both Paul’s own office and a listed gift-office. No significant collision; avoid shamanistic-intermediary framing.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Ephesians 1:16, 5:4, 5:20. No significant risk.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: 교제
Transliteration: gyoje
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Presupposed throughout Ephesians’ body-of-Christ ecclesiology. No significant risk.
Exhort
Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Applicable to Ephesians’ mutual-edification passages (4:29, ‘that it may give grace to those who hear’). No significant risk.
Kindness
Approved rendering: 자비/인자하심
Transliteration: jabi/injahasim
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: χρηστότης
Category: God
NEW. Ephesians 2:7. Standard vocabulary; keep distinct from 긍휼 (mercy toward misery) as a related but separate nuance.
Rooted Grounded
Approved rendering: 뿌리가 박히고 터가 굳어져서
Transliteration: ppuri-ga bakigo teo-ga gudeojyeoseo
Doctrine: Gentile Fellow-Heirship and Direct Access to God
Original: ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 3:17. Standard, low-collision-risk stability metaphor; preserve both images (root and foundation) rather than collapsing to one.
Hope
Approved rendering: 소망
Transliteration: somang
Doctrine: Unity of the Spirit in the Church
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
NEW. Ephesians 1:18, 4:4 (sevenfold unity formula). Standard term with low collision risk.
Teacher
Approved rendering: 교사
Transliteration: gyosa
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 4:11. Standard term, low collision risk; note the Greek’s likely hendiadys ‘pastors and teachers’ (possibly one combined gift-office).
Children Of Light
Approved rendering: 빛의 자녀 / 빛의 열매
Transliteration: bit-ui janyeo / bit-ui yeolmae
Doctrine: Walking as Children of Light
Original: τέκνα φωτός / καρπὸς τοῦ φωτός
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Ephesians 5:8-9. Standard, well-established biblical-Korean light/darkness imagery with low collision risk.
Ambassador In Chains
Approved rendering: 쇠사슬에 매인 사신
Transliteration: soesasseul-e maein sasin
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Original: πρεσβεύω ἐν ἁλύσει
Category: Church
NEW. Ephesians 6:20. Standard biographical-narrative vocabulary with low doctrinal collision risk; requires accurate historical-context framing (Roman house-arrest imprisonment).
Referenced passages