Core Glossary

Core Glossary: Hebrews (Korean Destination Language)

This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from all thirteen chapters of Hebrews plus the verse-by-verse treatment of the core passage (Hebrews 9:11–28). Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked “Reused (baseline)” and MUST use the exact baseline rendering; they are listed here for completeness of whole-book coverage and cross-reference, not re-derived. Terms new to this Hebrews curriculum are marked “New (Hebrews)” and require entry into translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in Phase 2 with the risk tier recorded below.

Section A — Terms New to the Hebrews Curriculum

#	Term (EN)	Korean Rendering	Transliteration	Original Greek	Risk	Doctrine Category	Primary Chapters	Grounded Risk Note
1	sacrifice	제사 / 제물	jesa / jemul	θυσία	Critical	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9, 10, 11, 13	Same Sino-Korean word/root (祭祀) as the Confucian ancestor-memorial rite (jesa) whose refusal triggered historic Korean Catholic martyrdom; the single highest-density risk term in this curriculum, recurring in nearly every chapter. Must always be taught as offering to the one true God under his own prescribed terms, culminating in Christ’s unrepeatable self-offering — never continuous with ancestor veneration.
2	high priest	대제사장	dae-jesajang	ἀρχιερεύς	Critical	Christ as the Great High Priest	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	Contains the 제사 root; central recurring Christological title of the entire book.
3	priest	제사장	jesajang	ἱερεύς	High	Superiority over the Levitical Priesthood	5, 7, 8, 10	Same collision as #1–2; used of both Levitical priests and (by typology) Melchizedek/Christ.
4	priesthood	제사장직	jesajangjik	ἱερωσύνη	High	Superiority over the Levitical Priesthood	7	The “unchangeable priesthood” argument (7:24) hinges on this term rendering consistently.
5	altar	제단	jedan	θυσιαστήριον	High	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	13	Shares 제 root; “we have an altar” (13:10) is a direct, explicit contrast with the old cultic altar.
6	sacrifice of praise	찬송의 제사	chansong-ui jesa	θυσία αἰνέσεως	High	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	13	Explicitly redefines “sacrifice” as verbal praise, not ritual offering — the redefinition itself must be made explicit in teaching to prevent a ritual-continuation misreading.
7	once for all	단번에	danbeone	ἐφάπαξ / ἅπαξ	Critical	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	7, 9, 10	The linchpin term distinguishing Christ’s finished sacrifice from any repeated ritual pattern (annual jesa rites, repeated shamanistic gut ceremonies); appears at the argument’s every climax (7:27; 9:12, 26, 28; 10:10).
8	blood	피	pi	αἷμα	High	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice; Access to God through Christ’s Blood	9, 10, 12, 13	Must be distinguished from shamanistic blood-taboo/purification concepts and from the popular “blood oath of loyalty” (의리) register; biblical blood-atonement is God’s own gracious provision.
9	eternal redemption / redemption	영원한 속죄 / 속량 / 구속	yeongwonhan sokjoe / sokryang / guhsok	λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις	High	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9	Must not be softened toward “release from misfortune”; this is permanent deliverance from sin’s guilt before God.
10	propitiation / atonement	속량	sokryang	ἱλάσκεσθαι	Critical	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	2	Must be taught as God’s own gracious self-satisfying provision, not appeasement offered to a capricious deity or ancestor-spirit as in shamanistic placation ritual.
11	mercy seat	속죄소	sokjoeso	ἱλαστήριον	Critical	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice; Access to God through Christ’s Blood	9	The OT locus of atonement most directly typologically fulfilled by Christ; must connect cleanly to 은혜/화목 vocabulary without slipping into favor-seeking ritual-visit framing.
12	mediator	중보자	jungboja	μεσίτης	High	The New Covenant versus the Old	8, 9, 12	Related to baseline’s 중보기도 (Medium) but elevated here as a formal title for Christ’s unique office; must be distinguished from a mudang’s ritual spirit-mediation.
13	conscience	양심	yangsim	συνείδησις	Medium	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	9, 10	Korean Confucian usage often ties 양심 to social-face preservation (체면) rather than guilt before a personal God; teaching must clarify the inward, God-ward reference.
14	dead works	죽은 행실	jugeun haengsil	νεκρὰ ἔργα	High	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice; Faith of the OT Saints	6, 9	Collision risk with Confucian/Buddhist meritorious self-cultivation culture (수행, 선행 쌓기); includes even sincerely religious works done apart from faith.
15	eternal Spirit	영원하신 성령	yeongwonhasin seongnyeong	πνεῦμα αἰώνιον	Critical	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9	Inherits baseline 성령 Critical rating; never render with spirit-possession-adjacent framing.
16	inheritance	유업 / 기업	yueop / gieop	κληρονομία	High	Perseverance and Assurance	1, 9	Traditional Korean inheritance (상속) was tied to continuing ancestor-memorial (jesa) duties, an instrumental purpose; biblical inheritance is a relational, gracious gift of sonship.
17	rest (Sabbath rest)	안식	ansik	κατάπαυσις / σαββατισμός	High	Perseverance and Assurance	3, 4	Must be distinguished from generic leisure and from the Buddhist nirvana-adjacent concept of cessation (열반); this is eschatological, relational rest in God.
18	angels	천사	cheonsa	ἄγγελος	Medium	Superiority of Christ over Angels	1, 2, 12, 13	Must not be assimilated to Korean folk/shamanistic spirit-beings (신령, 귀신) channeled by a mudang; angels are created, worshiping, subordinate servants.
19	Melchizedek	멜기세덱	Melgisedek	Μελχισέδεκ	Low	Superiority over the Levitical Priesthood	5, 6, 7	Proper noun, established transliteration; doctrinally load-bearing but low lexical-collision risk itself.
20	without genealogy	족보도 없이	jokbo-do eopsi	ἀγενεαλόγητος	High	Superiority over the Levitical Priesthood	7	Runs directly against Korea’s deep cultural emphasis on documented lineage (족보, jokbo); must be positively framed as God’s own appointment surpassing ancestral-pedigree requirements, not a credentialing deficiency.
21	oath / surety	맹세 / 보증	maengse / bojeung	ὅρκος / ἔγγυος	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	6, 7	God’s oath/Christ’s guarantee ground covenant assurance; low direct collision but doctrinally important for assurance teaching.
22	unchangeable priesthood	영원히 변하지 아니하는 제사장직	yeongwonhi byeonhaji aninneun jesajangjik	ἀπαράβατος ἱερωσύνη	Critical	Superiority over the Levitical Priesthood	7	Combines 제사 root with the book’s permanence argument.
23	perfect / perfection	온전하게 하다	onjeonhage hada	τελειόω	High	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice; Perseverance	2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12	Must be distinguished from Confucian/Buddhist self-cultivation “completing the Way” (도를 닦아 이룸), already forbidden framing for justification/sanctification in the baseline; this perfecting is God’s finished gift through Christ.
24	apostasy / falling away	배교 / 떨어져 나감	baegyo	παραπίπτω / ἀποστῆναι	Critical	The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages	6, 10, 12	Requires human theologian review for every occurrence; must be taught with full seriousness alongside assurance-of-salvation material to avoid both minimization and despair.
25	shrink back	뒤로 물러가다	dwiro mulleogada	ὑποστέλλω / ὑποστολή	High	The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages	10	Direct antonym-pole to persevering faith in the Habakkuk 2:4 citation; must render consistently with Romans 1:17’s citation of the same OT text.
26	endurance / perseverance	인내	innae	ὑπομονή	Medium	Perseverance and Assurance	10, 12	Positive counterpart to “shrink back”; grounded in hope, not stoic self-effort.
27	assurance/substance of faith	실상	silsang	ὑπόστασις (Heb 11:1)	Medium	Faith of the Old Testament Saints	11	Translation-technique note: distinct from later Trinitarian “hypostasis” usage; retain KRV’s established 실상 rendering specifically for Heb 11:1.
28	evidence / conviction	증거	jeunggeo	ἔλεγχος	Low	Faith of the Old Testament Saints	11	Low collision; standard usage.
29	forerunner	선구자	seon-guja	πρόδρομος	Low	Christ as the Great High Priest	6	Transparent metaphor; low risk.
30	anchor (of the soul)	영혼의 닻	yeonghon-ui dat	ἄγκυρα	Low	Perseverance and Assurance	6	Transparent metaphor; low risk.
31	discipline / chastening	징계	jinggye	παιδεία	High	Perseverance and Assurance	12	Korea’s historically strict Confucian disciplinary-education tradition (엄격한 훈육) can help or distort; must be framed as loving, formative, evidence of sonship (양자), not punitive rejection.
32	Zion / heavenly Jerusalem	시온 산 / 하늘의 예루살렘	Sion san / haneul-ui Yerusallem	Σιών / Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἐπουράνιος	Medium	New Covenant; Perseverance	12	Proper-noun imagery; moderate risk from eschatological/political conflation, low compared to other languages in this pipeline.
33	unshakeable kingdom	흔들리지 않는 나라	heundeullijji anneun nara	βασιλεία ἀσάλευτος	Low	New Covenant; Perseverance	12	Inherits baseline 하나님의 나라 Low rating; Korea has no live competing “divine kingdom” ideology.
34	reproach of Christ / bearing his reproach	그리스도를 위하여 받는 수모 / 그의 능욕을 지고	Geuriseudo-reul wihayeo badneun sumo	ὀνειδισμὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ	Medium	The Danger of Apostasy; Perseverance	11, 13	Applies to Korea’s strong social “face” (체면) and group-belonging culture; bearing Christ’s reproach is a costly, countercultural call.
35	outside the camp	진영 밖	jinyeong bak	ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς	Medium-High	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	13	Collectivist Korean culture’s dread of social exclusion (cf. modern 왕따 ostracism) makes this call to willing social exclusion for Christ especially costly and noteworthy.
36	consuming fire	소멸하는 불	someolhaneun bul	πῦρ καταναλίσκον	Medium	Perseverance and Assurance	12	OT quotation; reverent-fear balance term, reuses 하나님 (Critical) as referent.
37	founder / pioneer (of salvation, of faith)	창시자	changsija	ἀρχηγός	High	Christ as the Great High Priest	2, 12	Reuses 구원 (Critical); title requires care not to read as a mere legendary founder-figure, echoing the founding-myth resonance already flagged for “son_of_god” in the baseline.
38	shadow / copy (of heavenly things)	그림자 / 모형	geurimja / mohyeong	σκιά / ὑπόδειγμα / ἀντίτυπος	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	8, 9, 10	Governs the whole earthly-copy-vs-heavenly-reality argument; must render consistently across chapters.
39	better (comparative)	더 나은	deo naeun	κρείττων	Medium	Superiority of Christ (all three comparisons)	1, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12	The book’s central rhetorical/structural word; must render consistently everywhere it occurs (better covenant, promises, sacrifices, hope, country, resurrection).
40	testament / will (covenant wordplay)	언약 / 유언	eonyak / yueon	διαθήκη	Medium	The New Covenant versus the Old	9	Translation-technique note: Greek’s single word covers both “covenant” and “last will/testament”; KRV precedent shifts to 유언 in the testator-death argument of 9:16–17 while 언약 is retained elsewhere — flag for native speaker review, not a doctrinal collision per se.
41	blood of the covenant	언약의 피	eonyak-ui pi	αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης	Critical	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	9, 13	Must render identically at every occurrence (9:20; 13:20) per cross-document consistency principle; quotes Exodus 24:8 and echoes the Gospel Last Supper institution texts elsewhere in this curriculum.
42	ark of the covenant	언약궤	eonyakgwe	κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης	Low-Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	9	Concrete OT object; low ambiguity.
43	cherubim	그룹들	geurupdeul	Χερουβίν	Low	New Covenant versus the Old	9	Established transliteration in KRV tradition.
44	Holy Place / Most Holy Place (Holy of Holies)	성소 / 지성소	seongso / jiseongso	Ἅγια / Ἅγια Ἁγίων	Medium	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	9, 10	Spatial structure underlying the whole core-passage argument; must render consistently.
45	veil / curtain	휘장	hwijang	καταπέτασμα	High	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	9, 10	Christ’s flesh is identified with the torn veil (10:20); connects to Gospel accounts of the temple veil torn at the crucifixion elsewhere in this curriculum — must render consistently across documents.
46	tabernacle	장막 / 성막	jangmak / seongmak	σκηνή	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	8, 9, 13	Must distinguish the earthly copy from the “greater and more perfect” heavenly tabernacle.
47	mission-of-obedience: obedience (of Christ)	순종	sunjong	ὑπακοή	High	Christ as the Great High Priest	5	Reuses baseline obedience_of_faith risk field (Confucian hierarchical-obedience collision); here of Christ’s own learned obedience through suffering.
48	judgment	심판	simpan	κρίσις	Medium	The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages	9, 10	Standard term; moderate risk in warning-passage contexts requiring careful pastoral framing.
49	forgiveness / remission	사함 / 용서	saham / yongseo	ἄφεσις	High	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9, 10	Must be distinguished from Korean folk-ritual “misfortune removal” (액막이); this is forgiveness of moral guilt before God.
50	new and living way	새롭고 살아 있는 길	saeropgo sara inneun gil	ὁδὸς πρόσφατος καὶ ζῶσα	High	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	10	Combines the veil/curtain and blood fields; central access-to-God image.
51	full assurance of faith	믿음의 확신	mideum-ui hwaksin	πληροφορία πίστεως	High	Faith; Perseverance and Assurance	10	Reuses baseline 믿음 (High); confident approach to God grounded in Christ’s finished work, not self-generated certainty.
52	discipline of leaders / church leaders	인도자들	indojadeul	ἡγούμενοι	Medium	Church as God’s People (practical)	13	Relates to Confucian hierarchical-obedience collision already flagged for obedience_of_faith; must be framed as submission to servant-leadership, not generic status-compliance.
53	Great Shepherd	큰 목자	keun mokja	ποιμὴν ὁ μέγας	Medium	Christ as the Great High Priest	13	Pastoral-royal Christological title; low direct collision, but ties into the book’s overall Christological density.

Section B — Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline Romans Language Package

The following terms recur throughout Hebrews and MUST use the baseline’s exact recorded Korean rendering and risk tier; no new rendering is created. Listed here to demonstrate full whole-book coverage per chapter.

Term (EN)	Korean Rendering	Baseline Risk	Hebrews Chapters Where Load-Bearing
God	하나님	Critical	1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Jesus	예수	Critical	2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13
Christ	그리스도	Medium (messiah)	throughout
Lord	주님	Critical (lordship_of_christ)	1, 2, 7, 12, 13
Holy Spirit	성령	Critical	2, 3, 6, 9, 10
Son of God / Christ’s Sonship	하나님의 아들	High/Critical	1, 2, 4, 5, 7
Father	아버지	Critical	1, 12
grace	은혜	Critical	2, 4, 10, 12, 13
faith	믿음	High	3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12
righteousness	의	Critical/High	1, 5, 7, 11, 12
salvation	구원	Critical	1, 2, 5, 6, 9
holy	거룩한	High	2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13
sanctification	성화	High	2, 9, 10, 12, 13
saints	성도	High	3, 6, 13
adoption / sonship	양자	High	2, 12
resurrection	부활	Medium	6, 11, 13
covenant	언약	Low/Medium (elevated in Hebrews)	7, 8, 9, 12, 13
calling / called	부르심 / 부르심을 받은	High	3, 9, 11
power (of God)	능력	Critical	1, 6, 7
intercession	중보기도	Medium (elevated via 중보자)	7, 9
glory	영광	Medium/High	1, 2, 3
sin	죄	High	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12
kingdom of God	하나님의 나라	Low	12
fellowship	교제	Low	13
church	교회	Medium	2, 12
peace	화평	Medium	7, 12
obedience of faith	믿음의 순종	High	5, 11

Risk Tier Summary (New Hebrews Terms, Section A)

Risk Tier	Count	Review Routing
Critical	12	Human theologian review, every occurrence
High	21	Human theologian review
Medium	16	Native speaker review
Low	4	Automated review
Total new terms cataloged	53

Coverage Confirmation

All thirteen chapters of Hebrews have been surveyed for load-bearing theological vocabulary in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md; every chapter contributed new terms to this glossary (no chapter required a “no new vocabulary” notation). The core passage (Hebrews 9:11–28) received full verse-by-verse treatment in Part 1 of the semantic analysis and its terms are integrated into this glossary alongside the whole-book chapter survey.

Critical Risk Terms

Grace

Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜

CRITICAL central Korean risk term; unearned, unconditional favor, never a reciprocal exchange for offerings or ritual performance. Inherited from Romans package; central to Hebrews’ ‘throne of grace’ (4:16) and ‘the heart strengthened by grace, not by foods’ (13:9), a direct grace-versus-ritual-observance contrast highly relevant to this curriculum’s jesa/gibok sinang risk cluster.

Salvation

Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남

CRITICAL: never 해탈 or 윤회-framed escape. Inherited from Romans package; central to Hebrews’ ‘great salvation’ (2:3), Christ as ‘source of eternal salvation’ (5:9), and 9:28.

Power Of God

Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘

CRITICAL: God’s power to save, never shamanistic 영력. Inherited from Romans package; appears in Hebrews 1:3’s sustaining word and 6:5’s ‘powers of the age to come.‘

Jesus

Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ

Standard KRV transliteration. Inherited from Romans package; used throughout Hebrews, notably 2:9; 3:1; 4:14; 12:2, 24; 13:8, 12, 20.

God

Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령

CRITICAL: Protestant standard, never 하느님/천주/산신령. Inherited from Romans package; the central referent throughout Hebrews, including the ‘consuming fire’ (12:29) and ‘living God’ (10:31) formulas.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영

CRITICAL: never 신령 or spirit-possession framing. Inherited from Romans package; appears in Hebrews 2:4, 3:7, 6:4, 9:8, 9:14 (see new term eternal_spirit), 10:15.

Father

Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상

CRITICAL: not a venerated ancestor requiring jesa rites. Inherited from Romans package; grounds Hebrews 12:5-11’s divine-discipline-as-sonship argument, directly relevant given Korea’s jesa/ancestor-rite history.

High Priest

Approved rendering: 대제사장
Transliteration: dae-jesajang
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: 무당 (shamanistic intermediary), 종교 지도자 (generic religious leader)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Contains the 제사 (jesa) root shared with the Confucian ancestor-memorial rite whose refusal by early Korean Catholics triggered historic persecution and martyrdom. The book’s central, most-repeated Christological title (chs. 2-10); must always be taught as mediation of sacrifice to the one true God per the Sinai pattern Christ fulfills, never as ancestor-rite officiancy or shamanistic spirit-mediation.

Unchangeable Priesthood

Approved rendering: 영원히 변하지 아니하는 제사장직
Transliteration: yeongwonhi byeonhaji aninneun jesajangjik
Doctrine: Melchizedekian Order of Christ’s Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 세습 제사장직 (hereditary priesthood, implies generational succession contrary to the text)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Combines the 제사 root with the book’s permanence argument; because jesa ancestor-rites are performed repeatedly across generations of descendants, this verse’s one-never-replaced-priest contrast must be taught with explicit distinction from that repeated, generationally-transmitted pattern.

Sacrifice

Approved rendering: 제사 / 제물
Transliteration: jesa / jemul
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: 제사 단독 사용 without fencing note, 봉헌물 (generic offering, loses covenantal specificity)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Same Sino-Korean root/character (祭祀) as jesa, the Confucian ancestor-memorial rite historically at the center of Korean Catholic martyrdom over its refusal. The single highest-density risk term in this curriculum (chs. 7, 9, 10, 11, 13); always taught as offering to the one true God under his own prescribed terms, culminating in Christ’s unrepeatable self-offering, never continuous with ancestor veneration.

Once For All

Approved rendering: 단번에
Transliteration: danbeone
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: 한 번만 (weaker, mere numerical singularity), 영구히 (permanently, loses the unrepeatable-event sense)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). The linchpin term distinguishing Christ’s finished sacrifice from any repeated ritual pattern (annual jesa rites, repeated shamanistic gut ceremonies). Appears at the argument’s every climax (7:27; 9:12, 26, 28; 10:10) and must render identically at each occurrence.

Blood Of Covenant

Approved rendering: 언약의 피
Transliteration: eonyak-ui pi
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: 계약의 피 (commercial-contract register, loses relational covenant sense)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Quotes Exodus 24:8; must render identically at every occurrence (9:20; 13:20) and consistently with any Gospel Last Supper institution-narrative renderings elsewhere in this curriculum family, per the cross-document consistency principle.

Propitiation

Approved rendering: 속량
Transliteration: sokryang
Doctrine: Propitiation for Sin
Rejected alternatives: 신의 노여움을 달램 (appeasing a deity’s anger, shamanistic placation framing)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Must be taught as God’s own gracious, self-satisfying provision (2:17), never as a payment offered to appease an angry ancestor-spirit or capricious deity as in shamanistic placation ritual, a live folk-religious pattern in Korea.

Mercy Seat

Approved rendering: 속죄소
Transliteration: sokjoeso
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: 복을 비는 제단 (an altar for seeking blessing, gibok sinang framing)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). The OT locus of atonement most directly fulfilled by Christ’s atoning work (9:5); must connect tightly to the Critical-tier 은혜/속량 vocabulary, ensuring it is understood as God’s own provided place of propitiation, not a shrine visited for ritual favor-seeking.

Eternal Spirit

Approved rendering: 영원하신 성령
Transliteration: yeongwonhasin seongnyeong
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 영원한 영 (ambiguous, could denote any eternal spirit-being)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Inherits the baseline’s Critical 성령 rating in full (9:14); never render with 신령 or any spirit-possession-adjacent framing.

Apostasy

Approved rendering: 배교 / 떨어져 나감
Transliteration: baegyo
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Rejected alternatives: 단순한 실수 (mere mistake, too weak), 구원을 잃음이라는 일반적 오해를 낳는 표현 (phrasing inviting a generic ‘losing salvation’ misreading)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Requires human theologian review for every occurrence (chs. 6, 10, 12); must not be mistaught as ordinary struggling believers losing salvation, nor softened into meaninglessness. Must be paired with assurance-of-salvation material in the same teaching unit.

High Risk Terms

Faith

Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것

Personal trust in Christ specifically, not superstitious belief or fortune-telling confidence. Inherited from Romans package; foundational to Hebrews 3-4, 6, 10:22-39, and the extended faith catalog of chapter 11.

Righteousness

Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕

Right standing before God, not social-loyalty ethics (의리). Inherited from Romans package; appears in Melchizedek’s title (‘king of righteousness,’ 7:2) and the Habakkuk 2:4 citation (10:38), which must render identically to Romans 1:17’s citation of the same text.

Called

Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로

A personal, relational summons, never birth-chart fate. Inherited from Romans package; used of Christ’s own priestly appointment (5:4) and of believers as ‘those who are called’ (9:15).

Calling

Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자

Inherited from Romans package; Hebrews 3:1’s ‘heavenly calling’ describes believers’ shared summons from a personal God, not impersonal destiny.

Holy

Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)

Set apart for God, morally pure, not shamanistic ritual-impurity removal. Inherited from Romans package; recurs throughout Hebrews’ priestly and sanctification argument (chs. 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13).

Saints

Approved rendering: 성도
Transliteration: seongdo
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 신선, 도인

All ordinary believers corporately, not a Daoist-immortal or spiritually-accomplished-master class. Inherited from Romans package; used of believers ministered to (6:10) and in the closing greetings (13:24).

Sanctification

Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기

Spirit-wrought, not ascetic self-cultivation. Inherited from Romans package; central to Hebrews’ ‘perfected for all time those who are being sanctified’ (10:14) and ‘without holiness no one will see the Lord’ (12:14).

Adoption

Approved rendering: 양자
Transliteration: yangja
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 위한 양자

Relational belonging and full inheritance, not a rite-continuation duty. Inherited from Romans package; underlies Hebrews 12:5-8’s discipline-as-sonship argument and the inheritance doctrine of 1:14, 9:15.

Son Of God

Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들

Full phrase required; avoid assimilation to the Dangun/Hwanung founding-myth pattern. Inherited from Romans package; the organizing Christological category of Hebrews 1, reprised in 4:14, 5:5, 7:3.

Incarnation

Approved rendering: 성육신
Transliteration: seongyuksin
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: 화신, 환생

Permanent, unique assumption of human nature, never 화신 (provisional Buddhist avatar). Inherited from Romans package; grounds Hebrews 2:14’s ‘flesh and blood’ argument for Christ’s genuine humanity.

Spiritual Gifts

Approved rendering: 은사
Transliteration: eunsa
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 무당의 능력

Spirit-given enablements for building up the church, never a shaman’s spirit-power. Inherited from Romans package; relevant to Hebrews 2:4’s ‘gifts of the Holy Spirit distributed according to his will.‘

Law

Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률

The Mosaic Law as moral/cultic revelation, not Confucian etiquette-code or civil law. Inherited from Romans package; central to Hebrews’ law/priesthood argument (chs. 7-10), where the sacrificial regulations are repeatedly in view.

Sin

Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상

Moral offense against a personal God, not bad luck or loss of face. Inherited from Romans package; central throughout Hebrews’ atonement argument.

Obedience Of Faith

Approved rendering: 믿음의 순종
Transliteration: mideum-ui sunjong
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 효를 위한 순종, 삼종지도식 순종

Spirit-produced response to grace, not hierarchical social-status compliance. Inherited from Romans package; the believer’s obedience-of-faith category is distinguished in this curriculum from Christ’s own learned obedience (see new term obedience_of_christ).

Priest

Approved rendering: 제사장
Transliteration: jesajang
Doctrine: Superiority over the Levitical Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 성직자 (generic clergy)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Shares the 제사 root risk with 대제사장/제사장직; used contrastively (chs. 5, 7, 8, 10) to show the Levitical priest’s repeated, mortality-bound ministry versus Christ’s singular, permanent one.

Priesthood

Approved rendering: 제사장직
Transliteration: jesajangjik
Doctrine: Superiority over the Levitical Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 성직 (generic clergy office)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). The ‘unchangeable priesthood’ argument (7:24) hinges on this term rendering consistently; shares the 제사 collision risk.

Without Genealogy

Approved rendering: 족보도 없이
Transliteration: jokbo-do eopsi
Doctrine: Melchizedekian Order of Christ’s Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 족보가 불분명함 (vague lineage, loses the theological point), 출신을 알 수 없음 (unknown origin, too neutral)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Korea’s deep cultural weight on documented genealogical lineage (족보, jokbo) as the marker of family/social legitimacy risks an instinctive ‘lacks proper credentials’ misreading. Must be positively framed: God’s own appointment surpasses ancestral pedigree — the argument’s strength, not a deficiency.

Sacrifice Of Praise

Approved rendering: 찬송의 제사
Transliteration: chansong-ui jesa
Doctrine: The Christian’s Sacrifice of Praise and Good Works
Rejected alternatives: 감사제 (an OT ritual-offering category, risks reading as continued ritual)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). The clearest place in Hebrews where ‘sacrifice’ (제사) is explicitly redefined away from ritual/cultic offering toward verbal praise (13:15). Teaching must make the redefinition explicit so it is never read as continuing any ritual offering practice, cultic or ancestral.

Altar

Approved rendering: 제단
Transliteration: jedan
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: 제사상 (ancestor-rite offering table, directly evokes jesa ritual furniture)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Shares the 제 root risk; ‘we have an altar’ (13:10) is a direct, explicit contrast with the old cultic altar and must not be read as endorsing any physical shrine practice.

Blood

Approved rendering: 피
Transliteration: pi
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: 피의 의리 (blood-oath loyalty framing)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Must be distinguished from shamanistic blood-taboo/purification concepts and from the popular ‘blood oath of loyalty’ (의리) register in Korean social/film culture; biblical blood-atonement is God’s own gracious provision, not a mutual-loyalty pact.

Redemption

Approved rendering: 영원한 속죄 / 속량 / 구속
Transliteration: yeongwonhan sokjoe / sokryang / guhsok
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: 액운을 벗어남 (escape from misfortune)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Must not be softened toward ‘release from misfortune’; this is permanent deliverance from sin’s guilt before a personal God, secured once and forever (9:12, 15).

Forgiveness

Approved rendering: 사함 / 용서
Transliteration: saham / yongseo
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: 액막이 (misfortune-warding ritual)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Must be kept distinct from ritual ‘misfortune removal’ (액막이) common in Korean folk ritual; this is forgiveness of moral guilt before a personal God (9:22, ‘without shedding of blood there is no forgiveness’).

Dead Works

Approved rendering: 죽은 행실
Transliteration: jugeun haengsil
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: 나쁜 행실만 (bad deeds only, too narrow), 선행 쌓기의 반대말로만 이해 (understood merely as opposite of merit-accumulation)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Direct collision risk with Confucian/Buddhist meritorious self-cultivation culture (수행, 선행 쌓기); must be taught as works that cannot produce life or acceptance with God, including sincerely religious works done apart from faith (6:1; 9:14).

Veil

Approved rendering: 휘장
Transliteration: hwijang
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: 장막 (tabernacle, term collision within the same semantic field)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Christ’s own flesh is identified with this torn veil (10:20); connects to Gospel accounts of the temple veil torn at the crucifixion elsewhere in this curriculum — must render consistently across documents.

New And Living Way

Approved rendering: 새롭고 살아 있는 길
Transliteration: saeropgo sara inneun gil
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Combines the veil and blood fields as the central access-to-God image of the book’s core doctrinal section (10:20).

Mediator

Approved rendering: 중보자
Transliteration: jungboja
Doctrine: Christ’s Mediatorial Office
Rejected alternatives: 무당의 중재 역할 (a mudang’s ritual mediation role)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Related to the baseline’s 중보기도 (Medium) but elevated here as a formal title for Christ’s unique mediatorial office (8:6; 9:15; 12:24); must be clearly distinguished from a shamanistic mudang’s ritual mediation between the living and the spirit world.

Inheritance

Approved rendering: 유업 / 기업
Transliteration: yueop / gieop
Doctrine: The Believer’s Inheritance and Adoption
Rejected alternatives: 상속 (secular/ancestor-rite-continuation inheritance custom)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Traditional Korean inheritance (상속) was tied to continuing ancestor-memorial (제사) duties, an instrumental purpose; biblical inheritance (1:14; 9:15) is a relational, gracious gift of full sonship, not a family-line/ritual-continuation transfer.

Perfection

Approved rendering: 온전하게 하다
Transliteration: onjeonhage hada
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: 도를 닦아 이룸 (Confucian/Buddhist self-cultivation completion of the Way)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Must be distinguished from self-cultivation ‘completing the Way,’ already a forbidden framing for justification/sanctification in the baseline; this perfecting (2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12) is God’s own accomplished gift through Christ’s finished sacrifice, never a gradually self-attained state.

Founder Pioneer

Approved rendering: 창시자
Transliteration: changsija
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: 시조 (legendary founding ancestor/patriarch, echoes Dangun-style founding-myth framing)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Reuses the baseline’s Critical 구원 field; requires care not to read Christ (2:10; 12:2) as a mere legendary heroic founder-figure, echoing the founding-myth resonance already flagged for ‘son_of_god’ in the baseline.

Obedience Of Christ

Approved rendering: 순종
Transliteration: sunjong
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: 효를 위한 순종 (filial-duty obedience)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Reuses the baseline’s obedience_of_faith risk field regarding Confucian hierarchical-obedience ethics; here applied uniquely to Christ’s own learned, suffering obedience (5:8), which must not be flattened into generic hierarchical status-compliance.

Rest

Approved rendering: 안식
Transliteration: ansik
Doctrine: The Sabbath Rest of God
Rejected alternatives: 열반 (Buddhist nirvana/cessation), 휴가 (vacation/leisure)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Must be distinguished from generic leisure, the Buddhist nirvana-adjacent concept of cessation (열반, yeolban), and mere calendrical Sabbath observance; this is relational, eschatological rest in God (chs. 3-4) entered by faith-obedience.

Shrink Back

Approved rendering: 뒤로 물러가다
Transliteration: dwiro mulleogada
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Direct antonym-pole to persevering faith in the Habakkuk 2:4 citation (10:38-39); must render consistently with Romans 1:17’s citation of the same OT text.

Full Assurance Of Faith

Approved rendering: 믿음의 확신
Transliteration: mideum-ui hwaksin
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Rejected alternatives: 자기 확신 (self-generated confidence)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Reuses the baseline’s High-risk 믿음; this confidence (10:22) is grounded in Christ’s finished work, not self-generated certainty or accumulated ritual merit.

Discipline

Approved rendering: 징계
Transliteration: jinggye
Doctrine: God’s Fatherly Discipline of Believers
Rejected alternatives: 체벌 (corporal punishment, overly punitive connotation)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Korea’s historically strict Confucian disciplinary-education tradition (엄격한 훈육) can harden this (12:5-11) into mere punitive severity; must be taught alongside 양자 (adoption, High) and 아버지 (Father, Critical) to keep the relational, loving frame primary.

Outside The Camp

Approved rendering: 진영 밖
Transliteration: jinyeong bak
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: 단순 배제 (mere exclusion, without the costly social-shame register)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Korean collectivist culture carries a documented dread of social exclusion (cf. modern 왕따 ostracism); this call (13:11-13) to willingly bear social exclusion for Christ is genuinely costly and must not be minimized in translation.

Medium Risk Terms

Gospel

Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스

Established KRV term; literally ‘blessing-news’ (福音), sharing a root with 기복신앙 (fortune-seeking faith) vocabulary — teaching must keep the gospel about salvation, not forecasted prosperity. Inherited from Romans package; retained for Hebrews’ occasional gospel-proclamation references (e.g. Heb 4:2, 6).

Resurrection

Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회

Never 환생 or 윤회. Inherited from Romans package; appears in the ‘better resurrection’ of 11:35 and the closing benediction’s ‘brought back from the dead’ (13:20).

Lord

Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님

Established term with required honorific suffix 님. Inherited from Romans package; used throughout Hebrews (e.g. 2:3; 7:14; 12:14; 13:20).

Peace

Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)

Relational peace secured through justification. Inherited from Romans package; appears in Melchizedek’s title (‘king of peace,’ 7:2) and the closing benediction’s ‘God of peace’ (13:20).

Church

Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절

Never a shamanistic village shrine or Buddhist temple. Inherited from Romans package; used of the gathered congregation (2:12) and the heavenly assembly (12:23).

Glory

Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세

Never secular honor/career success. Inherited from Romans package; appears in Hebrews 1:3’s Christological formula and throughout chs. 2-3, 9.

Messiah

Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵

Never conflated with Maitreya (미륵). Inherited from Romans package; used throughout Hebrews as Christ’s title.

Prophet

Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당

God’s spokesperson, not a fortune-teller or shaman. Inherited from Romans package; Hebrews 1:1’s ‘God spoke… by the prophets’ opens the book’s argument.

Prophecy

Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측

God-inspired declaration, not divination. Inherited from Romans package; relevant to Hebrews’ extensive OT citation practice.

Intercession

Approved rendering: 중보기도
Transliteration: jungbo gido
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: 굿을 통한 중재

Prayer addressed directly to God through Christ, not a mudang’s ritual mediation. Inherited from Romans package; underlies the new, elevated Hebrews term ‘mediator’ (중보자) and Christ’s ‘he always lives to make intercession’ (7:25).

David

Approved rendering: 다윗
Transliteration: Dawit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant

Standard KRV proper name. Inherited from Romans package; appears in Hebrews 4:7 and 11:32.

Israel

Approved rendering: 이스라엘
Transliteration: Iseurael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles

Established proper name. Inherited from Romans package; appears in the New Covenant citation of Jeremiah 31 (Heb 8:8, 10) and 11:22.

Conscience

Approved rendering: 양심
Transliteration: yangsim
Doctrine: The Cleansing of Conscience
Rejected alternatives: 체면 (social face)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Korean Confucian usage often ties 양심 to social-face preservation (체면) rather than guilt before a personal God; teaching must clarify this is inward moral cleansing before God (9:9, 14; 10:2, 22), not social-relational restoration.

Testament Will

Approved rendering: 언약 / 유언
Transliteration: eonyak / yueon
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: 언약 단독 사용 in 9:16-17 (loses the testator-death legal argument)

NEW TERM (Hebrews, translation-technique note). Greek διαθήκη’s covenant/testament wordplay (9:16-17) cannot be preserved in a single Korean word; KRV precedent shifts to 유언 (last will) at 9:16-17 while retaining 언약 elsewhere. Flag for native speaker review to ensure the argument’s logic remains coherent; this is a technique issue, not a doctrinal collision.

Tabernacle

Approved rendering: 장막 / 성막
Transliteration: jangmak / seongmak
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: 성전 (temple, a later, distinct structure)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Must clearly distinguish the earthly copy (성막) from the ‘greater and more perfect’ heavenly tabernacle (장막) so the superiority argument (8:2, 5; 9:1-11; 13:10) is not lost.

Shadow Copy

Approved rendering: 그림자 / 모형
Transliteration: geurimja / mohyeong
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: 가짜 (fake, overly negative connotation)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Governs the earthly-copy-vs-heavenly-reality argument (8:5; 9:23-24; 10:1); must render consistently everywhere it recurs across chapters 8-10.

Holy Place Most Holy Place

Approved rendering: 성소 / 지성소
Transliteration: seongso / jiseongso
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Establishes the spatial structure the core passage’s entire argument (9:2-3, 8, 12, 25) depends on; must render consistently across chapters 9-10.

Oath Surety

Approved rendering: 맹세 / 보증
Transliteration: maengse / bojeung
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old

NEW TERM (Hebrews). God’s oath and Christ’s guarantorship (6:13-18; 7:22) ground covenant assurance; low direct collision but doctrinally significant for assurance teaching.

Great Shepherd

Approved rendering: 큰 목자
Transliteration: keun mokja
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Pastoral-royal Christological title in the closing benediction (13:20); low direct collision but ties into the book’s overall Christological density.

Angels

Approved rendering: 천사
Transliteration: cheonsa
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Angels
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Must not be assimilated to Korean folk/shamanistic spirit-beings channeled or venerated by a mudang; angels (chs. 1-2, 12, 13) are created, worshiping, subordinate servants of God, not intermediary spirits to be consulted.

Ministering Spirits

Approved rendering: 섬기는 영들
Transliteration: seomgineun yeongdeul
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Angels
Rejected alternatives: 귀신, 영력 있는 존재

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Shares the collision risk of ‘angels’ (1:14); must not be read as spirit-beings available for ritual invocation.

Endurance

Approved rendering: 인내
Transliteration: innae
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Rejected alternatives: 금욕적 자기 수양만으로 이해 (understood as mere stoic self-discipline)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Positive counterpart to ‘shrink back’ (10:36; 12:1); must be grounded in hope in God’s promise, not stoic self-effort or Confucian endurance-as-virtue framing alone.

Faith Substance

Approved rendering: 실상
Transliteration: silsang
Doctrine: The Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: 본질/위격 (later Trinitarian ‘hypostasis’ usage, terminological confusion)

NEW TERM (Hebrews, translation-technique note). ὑπόστασις is also the later technical term for ‘person/hypostasis’ in Trinitarian theology; the KRV’s established 실상 rendering for Heb 11:1 must be retained and not confused with any Trinitarian-hypostasis usage elsewhere in this curriculum’s doctrinal material.

Zion Heavenly Jerusalem

Approved rendering: 시온 산 / 하늘의 예루살렘
Transliteration: Sion san / haneul-ui Yerusallem
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope: The Heavenly City

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Proper-noun eschatological imagery (12:22-24); moderate risk from potential political/geographic conflation, comparatively low given Korea’s lack of a competing sacred-city ideology.

Consuming Fire

Approved rendering: 소멸하는 불
Transliteration: someolhaneun bul
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Quotes Deuteronomy 4:24 (12:29); reuses 하나님 (Critical) as referent, a reverent-fear balance term closing the chapter’s warmth with holy awe.

Reproach Of Christ

Approved rendering: 그리스도를 위하여 받는 수모 / 그의 능욕을 지고
Transliteration: Geuriseudo-reul wihayeo badneun sumo
Doctrine: Bearing the Reproach of Christ

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Applies directly to Korea’s strong social ‘face’ (체면) culture, already flagged under ‘sin’ in the baseline; bearing Christ’s reproach (11:26; 13:13) is a costly, countercultural call.

Church Leaders

Approved rendering: 인도자들
Transliteration: indojadeul
Doctrine: Mutual Encouragement in the Christian Community
Rejected alternatives: 상급자 (mere hierarchical superior, generic status-compliance framing)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Relates to the baseline’s obedience_of_faith risk note on Confucian hierarchical-obedience culture; must be framed as submission to servant-leaders who ‘watch over souls’ (13:7, 17, 24), not generic status-based compliance.

Judgment

Approved rendering: 심판
Transliteration: simpan
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 운수 (fortune/luck outcome)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Standard term; moderate risk in warning-passage contexts (9:27; 10:27) requiring careful pastoral framing alongside assurance material.

Better

Approved rendering: 더 나은
Transliteration: deo naeun
Doctrine: Superiority of Christ over Angels, Moses, and the Levitical Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 다른 (merely ‘different,’ loses the superiority comparative)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). The book’s central rhetorical/structural word (chs. 1, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12); must render consistently everywhere it occurs (better covenant, promises, sacrifices, hope, country, resurrection) or the superiority argument’s coherence is lost.

Low Risk Terms

Apostle

Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사

Established term; no significant collision. Inherited from Romans package; paired uniquely with 대제사장 in Hebrews 3:1’s ‘apostle and high priest of our confession.‘

Thanksgiving

Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Thanksgiving

Standard term. Inherited from Romans package; reflected in Hebrews 12:28’s call to ‘be thankful’ in worship.

Fellowship

Approved rendering: 교제
Transliteration: gyoje
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship

Shared participation in Christ. Inherited from Romans package; underlies Hebrews 13:16’s ‘do not neglect to do good and to share.‘

Kingdom Of God

Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission

Established term; Korea has no live competing ‘divine kingdom’ ideology. Inherited from Romans package; appears in Hebrews 12:28’s ‘receiving a kingdom that cannot be shaken.‘

Covenant

Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: 계약

Kept structurally distinct from 계약 (commercial contract), a genuine strength of Korean Bible tradition. Inherited from Romans package; elevated to Critical risk within this curriculum’s doctrine registry given the New-Covenant-versus-Old argument’s centrality (Heb 7-9, 12-13); see also new term testament_will for the 9:16-17 covenant/testament wordplay.

Exhort

Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Mutual Edification

Standard term. Inherited from Romans package; reflected in Hebrews 3:13 (‘exhort one another daily’) and 13:22 (‘word of exhortation’).

Melchizedek

Approved rendering: 멜기세덱
Transliteration: Melgisedek
Doctrine: Melchizedekian Order of Christ’s Priesthood

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Proper noun, established KRV transliteration; doctrinally load-bearing but low lexical-collision risk itself (chs. 5-7).

Ark Of Covenant

Approved rendering: 언약궤
Transliteration: eonyakgwe
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Concrete OT object with low ambiguity risk (9:4); requires only brief OT-narrative-literacy explanation.

Cherubim

Approved rendering: 그룹들
Transliteration: geurupdeul
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: 천사 단독 사용 (generic ‘angels,’ loses the specific OT image)

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Established transliteration in the KRV tradition (9:5); low collision risk.

Evidence Conviction

Approved rendering: 증거
Transliteration: jeunggeo
Doctrine: The Faith of the Old Testament Saints

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Standard usage (11:1); low collision risk.

Anchor

Approved rendering: 영혼의 닻
Transliteration: yeonghon-ui dat
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Transparent nautical metaphor (6:19); low collision risk.

Forerunner

Approved rendering: 선구자
Transliteration: seon-guja
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Transparent metaphor (6:20); low collision risk.

Unshakeable Kingdom

Approved rendering: 흔들리지 않는 나라
Transliteration: heundeullijji anneun nara
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance

NEW TERM (Hebrews). Inherits the baseline’s Low 하나님의 나라 rating (12:28); Korea has no live competing ‘divine kingdom’ state ideology.

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