Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 1 Thessalonians → Korean
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all five chapters of 1 Thessalonians. Terms marked BASELINE are already fixed in the Romans translation_memory.json and MUST be reused exactly, with no deviation. Terms marked NEW are proposed additions for this curriculum’s translation memory, pending ratification into a versioned update of translation_memory.json before Phase 2 begins.
A. Reused Terms from Baseline (Romans) Translation Memory — Enforce Exactly
| Term (EN) | Greek | Korean (reuse exact) | Transliteration | Risk (baseline) | 1 Thessalonians occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | 복음 | bogeum | Medium | 1:5; 2:2,4,8,9; 3:2 |
| grace | χάρις | 은혜 | eunhye | Critical | 1:1; 5:28 |
| faith | πίστις | 믿음 | mideum | High | 1:3,8; 3:2,5,6,7,10; 5:8 |
| church | ἐκκλησία | 교회 | gyohoe | Medium | 1:1; 2:14 |
| holy | ἅγιος | 거룩한 | georokan | High | 3:13; 4:7,8; 5:26,27 |
| saints | ἅγιοι | 성도 | seongdo | High | 3:13 |
| sanctification | ἁγιασμός | 성화 | seonghwa | High | 4:3,4,7 |
| called / calling | καλέω / κλῆσις | 부르심을 받은 / 부르심 | bureusim-eul badeun / bureusim | High | 2:12; 4:7; 5:24 |
| election | ἐκλογή | 선택 | seontaek | Medium/High | 1:4 |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις / ἀνίστημι / ἐγείρω | 부활 | buhwal | Critical | 1:10; 4:14,16 |
| lord | κύριος | 주님 | junim | Critical | throughout (1:1,3,6,8; 2:15,19; 3:8,11,12,13; 4:1,2,6,15,16,17; 5:2,9,12,23,27,28) |
| son_of_god | υἱὸς θεοῦ | 하나님의 아들 | Hananim-ui adeul | Critical/High | 1:10 |
| kingdom_of_god | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | 하나님의 나라 | Hananim-ui nara | Low/Medium | 2:12 |
| glory | δόξα | 영광 | yeonggwang | Medium/High | 2:12,20 |
| power_of_god | δύναμις | 능력 | neungnyeok | Critical | 1:5; 5:8 (associated) |
| prophet | προφήτης | 선지자 | seonjija | Low/Medium | 2:15 |
| prophecy | προφητεία | 예언 | yeeon | Low/Medium | 5:20 |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς | 예수 | Yesu | Critical | throughout |
| god | θεός | 하나님 | Hananim | Critical | throughout |
| holy_spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | 성령 | seongnyeong | Critical | 1:5,6; 4:8; 5:19 |
| father | πατήρ | 아버지 | abeoji | Critical | 1:1,3; 3:11,13 |
| exhort | παρακαλέω (encouragement sense) | 권면하다 | gwonmyeonhada | Low | 2:12; 5:11,14 (contrast with 위로하다, see below) |
| salvation | σωτηρία | 구원 | guwon | Critical | 5:8,9 |
| mutual_edification | οἰκοδομέω | 서로 덕을 세움 | seoro deok-eul seum | Low | 5:11 |
B. New Terms Established for This Curriculum
| Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Korean rendering | Korean translit. | Doctrine risk | Doctrine | Chapter refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hope | ἐλπίς | elpis | 소망 | somang | High | Hope in Grief | 1:3; 4:13; 5:8 | Standing KRV NT term; must be distinguished from fatalistic folk expectation (운, 팔자); certain hope grounded in Christ’s resurrection, not wishful probability. |
| coming / parousia (of Christ) | παρουσία | parousia | 강림 | gangnim | Critical | The Return of Christ | 2:19; 4:15; 5:23 | Anchor term of the entire curriculum. Royal-visit background; single, future, bodily, visible, glorious event — never a repeatable/periodic manifestation. |
| sleep (euphemism for death) | κοιμάω / κοιμωμαι | koimaō | 자는 자(들) | janeun ja(deul) | High | Resurrection of Believers / Hope in Grief | 4:13,14,15 | Natural parallel to Korean 잠들다 euphemism; must not be read as teaching unconscious “soul sleep” as settled doctrine, nor assimilated to jesa ancestral-repose notions. Distinguish from καθεύδω at 5:10 (different word, different/debated sense). |
| caught up / rapture | ἁρπάζω | harpazō | 끌어 올려짐 / 끌어올림을 받다 | kkeureo ollyeojim / kkeureo ollim-eul batda | Critical | The Return of Christ / Resurrection of Believers | 4:17 | Passive voice must be preserved (act done BY God TO believers). Never render with self-effort, ascetic-attainment, or ecstatic spirit-flight connotations. Flag every occurrence for theologian review. |
| meet (the Lord) | ἀπάντησις | apantēsis | 영접 | yeongjeop | High | The Return of Christ | 4:17 | Technical “escort a returning dignitary” sense; preserve to avoid an escapist misreading of believers being removed rather than meeting Christ en route to reign. |
| Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα κυρίου | hēmera kyriou | 주의 날 | ju-ui nal | Critical | The Day of the Lord | 5:2 | Personal, future, decisive divine act of judgment/salvation; must not be conflated with astrological/fated-hour folk concepts (사주, 운명). |
| wrath | ὀργή | orgē | 진노 | jino | High | The Day of the Lord | 1:10; 2:16; 5:9 | Personal righteous judicial anger of God; distinguish from impersonal misfortune (액운) and from generic human anger. |
| idols | εἴδωλον | eidōlon | 우상 | usang | High | (background to Sanctification) | 1:9 | Direct collision zone with ancestral-tablet rites (제사) and folk-shamanistic veneration; teach with pastoral sensitivity per baseline “Father”/jesa guidance. |
| Satan | σατανᾶς | satanas | 사탄 | satan | Medium | (background to Sanctification / Day of the Lord) | 2:18; 3:5 | Distinguish from folk 귀신 (ghost) or 도깨비 (trickster-goblin); singular personal cosmic adversary, not one folk-spirit among many. |
| sexual immorality | πορνεία | porneia | 음행 | eumhaeng | High | Sanctification | 4:3 | Moral offense against a holy God, not primarily a matter of social face/shame (체면). |
| vessel (body / possibly “wife”) | σκεῦος | skeuos | 자기 몸 / 자기 아내 | jagi mom / jagi anae | High | Sanctification | 4:4 | Genuine translation-choice ambiguity; KRV follows the “wife” reading. Flag for theologian review; record alternative per Ambiguity Handling protocol. |
| blameless | ἄμεμπτος / ἀμέμπτως | amemptos | 흠 없는 / 흠 없이 | heum eomneun / heum eopsi | Medium | Sanctification | 2:10; 3:13; 5:23 | Recurring marker of the sanctification goal-state; render consistently across all three occurrences. |
| holiness (state/character) | ἁγιωσύνη | hagiōsynē | 거룩함 | georokham | Medium/High | Sanctification | 3:13 | Distinguish from 성화 (ongoing Spirit-wrought process, ἁγιασμός) to preserve Paul’s distinct vocabulary choices. |
| brotherly love | φιλαδελφία | philadelphia | 형제 사랑 | hyeongje sarang | Low | Sanctification / Church | 4:9 | Positive resonance with existing Korean church “brothers and sisters” fellowship language. |
| avenger | ἔκδικος | ekdikos | 신원하시는 이 | sinwonhasineun i | Medium | The Day of the Lord | 4:6 | Reinforces personal, judicial consequence for sin before God, tied to wrath. |
| word of God / word of the Lord | λόγος θεοῦ / λόγος κυρίου | logos theou / kyriou | 하나님의 말씀 / 주의 말씀 | Hananim-ui malsseum / ju-ui malsseum | Medium | (Inspiration of Scripture, cf. baseline) | 2:13; 4:15 | Direct personal divine communication; not a Confucian-classic or folk-oracular framing. |
| comfort (distinct sense of παρακαλέω) | παρακαλέω | parakaleō | 위로하다 | wirohada | High | Hope in Grief | 4:18; 5:11 (context-dependent) | Same Greek verb as baseline “exhort” (권면하다) but a DIFFERENT required Korean rendering in consolation contexts; translators must disambiguate sense per occurrence. |
| sons of light / sons of day (vs. night/darkness) | υἱοὶ φωτός / υἱοὶ ἡμέρας | huioi phōtos / hēmeras | 빛의 아들들 / 낮의 아들들 | bit-ui adeuldeul / nat-ui adeuldeul | Medium | The Day of the Lord | 5:5 | Moral-spiritual identity contrast; minor collision-risk note re: East Asian light/dark dualism associations. |
| sober / alert | νήφω | nēphō | 근신하다 / 깨어 있다 | geunsinhada / kkaeeo itda | Medium | The Day of the Lord / Sanctification | 5:6,8 | Metaphorical spiritual watchfulness, not merely literal abstention from alcohol. |
| asleep/awake (life/death or moral-readiness sense) | καθεύδω | katheudō | 자다 / 깨어 있다 | jada / kkaeeo itda | High | Hope in Grief / Assurance | 5:10 | DIFFERENT Greek word than κοιμάω (4:13-15); flag distinct sense to avoid conflating two Pauline metaphors. |
| admonish | νουθετέω | noutheteō | 훈계하다 | hungyehada | Low/Medium | Sanctification / Church | 5:14 | Teach as loving peer correction, not hierarchical Confucian-style top-down discipline. |
| quench (the Spirit) | σβέννυμι | sbennymi | 소멸하지 말며 | somyeolhaji malmyeo | High | Sanctification | 5:19 | Intersects baseline Critical Power-of-God/Holy Spirit risk; must not read as controlling/extinguishing a shamanistic spirit-force. |
| peace (benedictory “God of peace”) | εἰρήνη | eirēnē | 평강 | pyeonggang | High | Sanctification / Hope in Grief | 5:23 | THIRD distinct Korean peace-term alongside baseline 화평 (justification context) and forbidden-for-doctrine 평안 (general well-being); document the three-way distinction explicitly for cross-curriculum consistency. |
| spirit, soul, body (trichotomy) | πνεῦμα, ψυχή, σῶμα | pneuma, psychē, sōma | 영, 혼, 몸 | yeong, hon, mom | High | Sanctification | 5:23 | 혼 (soul) carries strong pre-existing folk-shamanistic/ancestor-rite associations (혼백, 넋); must be taught as God’s comprehensive claim on the whole person, not a folk-animistic ancestral soul. |
| holy kiss | φίλημα ἅγιον | philēma hagion | 거룩한 입맞춤 | georokan ipmatchum | Low (doctrinal) / Medium (practical) | Church practice | 5:26 | Cultural-application footnote recommended given differing Korean physical-greeting norms; retain literal rendering. |
| love | ἀγάπη | agapē | 사랑 | sarang | Low | Faith/Love/Hope triad | 1:3; 3:6,12; 5:8,13 | Standard established term; part of the recurring triad with 믿음/소망. |
C. Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2 Enforcement
- παρουσία (강림) and ἁρπάζω (끌어 올려짐) are the two most doctrinally load-bearing NEW terms in this package and must be added to
translation_memory.jsonas Critical-risk entries, routed to mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, before any Phase 2 segment processing of 1 Thessalonians 4–5 begins. - The three-way Korean “peace” distinction — 화평 (baseline, Romans 5:1 justification sense) / 평강 (this package, 5:23 benedictory sense) / 평안 (forbidden for doctrinal use, general well-being) — must be documented together in any consolidated glossary spanning both curricula to prevent learner confusion.
- παρακαλέω now has two registered, context-dependent Korean rendering, requiring sense-disambiguation logic: 권면하다 (exhort/encourage-to-action, baseline) vs. 위로하다 (comfort, newly established here for grief contexts). Flag both for native speaker review when ambiguous.
- κοιμάω (4:13-15, death-euphemism, → 자는 자) and καθεύδω (5:10, literal/moral sleep, → 자다/깨어 있음) must never be silently merged into a single Korean term family without a distinguishing translator’s note, per the semantic analysis above.
- All terms in Section A are governed by the baseline package’s existing Critical Forbidden Substitution rules without modification; this glossary adds no exceptions to those rules.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs in the letter’s opening and closing benedictions (1:1; 5:28). A short, formulaic-sounding epistolary benediction is precisely where teaching can slip into treating grace as a ritual blessing-formula rather than unearned favor; flagged as a top ranked risk in the linguistic gap analysis.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Believers
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἀνίστημι / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 1:10 (Christ’s resurrection); 4:14, 16 (believers’ future resurrection) as the doctrinal hinge of the core passage’s syllogism. NEVER 환생 or 윤회. The sequencing word ‘first’ (먼저, 4:16) is doctrinally load-bearing and must be retained precisely alongside 부활.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs pervasively throughout (1:1,3,6,8; 2:15,19; 3:8,11,12,13; 4:1,2,6,15,16,17; 5:2,9,12,23,27,28). Requires full honorific grammar (주께서 at 4:16, ‘the Lord himself,’ emphasizing Christ personally descends, not an intermediary).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들
Original: υἱὸς [θεοῦ]
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 1:10, invoked as the one raised from the dead, awaited from heaven — directly linking Sonship to both Resurrection of Believers and The Return of Christ. Avoid framing that assimilates Christ’s Sonship to the Dangun/Hwanung founding-myth pattern.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly, Critical tier UPHELD (not downgraded) per baseline authority. Occurs 1:5, paired directly with the Holy Spirit (‘in power and in the Holy Spirit’), mirroring Romans 1:16’s collocation. NEVER 영력 (a mudang’s shamanistic spirit-power); must be taught as Spirit-authenticated gospel proclamation, not power sought for its own sake.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Standard KRV transliteration, used throughout.
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs throughout, with the pointed contrast at 1:9’s ‘the living and true God’ against the idols just renounced (1:9-10); this rhetorical contrast must be retained. NEVER 하느님, 천주, or 산신령.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 1:5,6 (gospel’s arrival ‘in power and in the Holy Spirit’); 4:8 (God ‘has given us his Holy Spirit’); 5:19 (‘do not quench the Spirit’). NEVER 신령 or 신 alone. 5:19’s ‘quench’ command requires special care given mudang-led ritual associations with summoning/dismissing spirit-power (see quench_the_spirit entry below).
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly, Critical tier UPHELD. Occurs in the letter’s opening address (1:1) and in prayer (3:11,13). Must be taught with awareness of Korea’s jesa (제사) ancestor-rite history; God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring ongoing ritual offerings.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 5:8 (‘helmet of the hope of salvation’), 5:9 (contrasted with wrath as believers’ appointed destiny). NEVER 해탈. Remains reconciliation with a personal God through Christ, not escape from an impersonal cycle.
Parousia
Approved rendering: 강림
Transliteration: gangnim
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 재림 (as primary term — permitted only as a clarifying gloss), 휴거 (wrong concept — see rapture entry), 임하다 (too generic)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
New term established for this curriculum; the anchor term of the entire curriculum’s central doctrine. Occurs 2:19; 3:13; 4:15; 5:23. Must never be diluted to a vague ‘coming’ or confused with a repeatable/periodic divine manifestation (cf. baseline’s 화신 caution under Incarnation). CRITICAL Korea-specific risk: 재림, the more popular alternative term, is historically entangled with the 1992 다미선교회 (Dami Mission) date-set rapture scandal (predicted Oct. 28, 1992) and carries public stigma; use 강림 as the primary technical term, with 재림 permitted only as a clarifying gloss (‘강림, 즉 재림’), always paired with explicit teaching against date-calculation (5:1-2).
Rapture
Approved rendering: 끌어 올려짐
Transliteration: kkeureo ollyeojim
Doctrine: The Rapture / Catching Up of Living Believers
Rejected alternatives: 휴거 (established loanword but scandal-associated — see notes), self-effort or ascetic-attainment phrasing, ecstatic ‘spirit-flight’ phrasing
Original: ἁρπάζω
Category: Eschatology
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 4:17. The passive voice (an action done BY God TO believers) must be preserved. CRITICAL: 휴거, the existing Korean theological loanword, is now inseparably associated with the 1992 다미선교회 date-set rapture scandal and subsequent copycat fringe movements; avoid as the primary in-text rendering. Never render with self-effort, ascetic-attainment, or ecstatic spirit-flight connotations echoing shamanistic spirit-possession (intersects baseline Critical Holy Spirit entry). Flag every occurrence for mandatory human theologian review.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 주의 날
Transliteration: ju-ui nal
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: 사주 (birth-chart astrology), 운명 (impersonal fate), vague symbolic ‘day’
Original: ἡμέρα κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
New term established for this curriculum; the anchor term of the fifth core doctrine. Occurs 5:2 (‘will come like a thief in the night’). Must be taught as a decisive, personal, future divine act of judgment and salvation. CRITICAL Korea-specific risk: this passage’s own instruction (5:1-2, ‘no need to write to you about the times and seasons’) is the direct corrective to the 1992 다미선교회 date-setting scandal, which specifically centered on this kind of language; every lesson on 5:1-11 must foreground Paul’s own anti-speculation teaching.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs throughout (1:3,8; 3:2,5,6,7,10; 5:8) and is the ground of the 4:14 resurrection syllogism (‘since we believe that Jesus died and rose’); part of the recurring faith/love/hope triad (1:3; 5:8).
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 3:13; 4:7,8; 5:26,27. Distinguish from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻다) performed to remove misfortune; this is moral, relational set-apartness, not ritual cleansing.
Saints
Approved rendering: 성도
Transliteration: seongdo
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 신선, 도인
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 3:13 (‘with all his saints’ at the parousia) — flag the genuine referent ambiguity (glorified believers vs. attending angels vs. both) for native speaker/theologian review while retaining 성도 as the primary human-believer sense. NEVER 신선 or 도인.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. One of this curriculum’s five core doctrines, named explicitly as ‘God’s will’ (4:3,4,7). Must be kept distinct from 거룩함 (ἁγιωσύνη, the resulting state/character, 3:13) — Paul uses two different Greek nouns and this curriculum requires two different Korean renderings. Never 수행/도 닦기.
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 2:12 (‘calls you into his own kingdom and glory’); 4:7; 5:24 (‘faithful is he who calls you’). Never 팔자에 정해진; God’s call is a personal summons, not a fixed birth-chart fate.
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Noun form governing the same occurrences as ‘called’ above. Never 운명 or 팔자.
Election
Approved rendering: 선택
Transliteration: seontaek
Doctrine: Divine Election
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans baseline package (Korean rendering reused exactly); risk tier ELEVATED from the baseline’s Medium to High for this curriculum, per doctrine_risk_registry.json’s ‘Divine Election’ entry: 1:4-5 grounds election in the gospel’s Spirit-empowered, powerful arrival, not merit. Avoid 팔자/운 (fate/luck) framings, and avoid letting 선택 read as a passed competitive test given Korea’s exam/hiring culture — this is a sovereign, gracious, unmerited choice.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Glory of God / Apostolic Integrity and Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans baseline package (Korean rendering reused exactly); risk tier ELEVATED to High for this curriculum. Occurs 2:12; 2:20 (Paul’s ‘crown of boasting’ at Christ’s coming). 2:20 especially risks a success-metric misreading given Korea’s status-and-achievement-conscious culture (출세); avoid collapsing into secular honor/career success.
Hope
Approved rendering: 소망
Transliteration: somang
Doctrine: Hope in Grief
Rejected alternatives: 희망 (in doctrinal contexts)
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
New term established for this curriculum; standing KRV NT rendering, required for the third member of the faith-love-hope triad (1:3) and the defining term of Hope in Grief (4:13) and Spiritual Alertness (5:8). Must be kept distinct from Korean folk-fatalistic ‘hoping’ for a favorable outcome from impersonal fate (운, 팔자), and from the more colloquial secular 희망, which sounds like generic optimism without doctrinal grounding. Certain hope grounded in Christ’s historical resurrection, not wishful expectation.
Meet The Lord
Approved rendering: 영접
Transliteration: yeongjeop
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 만나다 (flat, generic ‘meet’)
Original: ἀπάντησις
Category: Eschatology
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 4:17 (ἀπάντησις, a technical Hellenistic term for a delegation going out to formally welcome and escort home an arriving dignitary). Must retain the ceremonial ‘welcome an arriving sovereign’ sense; loss of this nuance can inadvertently support an escapist misreading of the rapture as permanent removal from, rather than reunion en route to, the world Christ returns to reign over.
Wrath
Approved rendering: 진노
Transliteration: jino
Doctrine: Wrath of God
Rejected alternatives: 액운 (impersonal misfortune), 천벌 (Heaven’s impersonal punishment), generic human anger
Original: ὀργή
Category: God
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 1:10 (Jesus ‘delivers us from the wrath to come’); 2:16; 5:9. Must be taught as the personal, righteous judicial anger of a holy God, consistently rendered across all three occurrences. Must not be softened into 액운 (fate-based misfortune) NOR into 천벌 (a widespread Korean folk-Confucian/Buddhist idiom for impersonal cosmic retribution, ‘천벌을 받다’) — this newly identified competing frame lacks any personal covenant relationship and must be explicitly distinguished.
Idols
Approved rendering: 우상
Transliteration: usang
Doctrine: Conversion from Idolatry
Original: εἴδωλα
Category: Sin
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 1:9 (‘you turned to God from idols’), a direct, explicit conversion-from-idolatry text. Collides with two live phenomena: household ancestral-tablet rites (제사, already Critical under the baseline’s ‘Father’ entry, historically the sharpest doctrinal collision point in Korean church history including 18th-19th century Catholic martyrdoms) and ongoing folk-shamanistic household/mountain-spirit veneration (무속신앙). Preserve the decisive turning-away force without caricaturing family members who still practice jesa.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: 음행
Transliteration: eumhaeng
Doctrine: Sanctification: Sexual Purity
Original: πορνεία
Category: Sin
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 4:3 (‘abstain from sexual immorality’), part of God’s explicitly named will, ἁγιασμός/성화. Must be taught as a moral offense against a holy God, tied directly to the surrounding sanctification context, not primarily a matter of social shame or loss of face (체면 손상, already flagged under the baseline’s ‘sin’ entry); Korean honor-shame dynamics risk reframing this as reputational rather than fundamentally moral-spiritual.
Vessel
Approved rendering: 자기 몸 / 자기 아내
Transliteration: jagi mom / jagi anae
Doctrine: Sanctification: Sexual Purity
Original: σκεῦος
Category: Sanctification
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 4:4 (σκεῦος), a genuinely ambiguous Pauline term: either ‘one’s own body’ (self-control) or, per KRV’s reading, ‘one’s own wife’ (marital conduct). KRV follows the ‘wife’ reading (자기의 아내). This is a consequential translation choice affecting pastoral application; MUST be flagged for mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, with the alternative rendering explicitly recorded per the Ambiguity Handling protocol.
Holiness State
Approved rendering: 거룩함
Transliteration: georokham
Doctrine: Holiness of Character
Original: ἁγιωσύνη
Category: Sanctification
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 3:13 (ἁγιωσύνη), the nominalized state/character of holiness — distinct from 성화 (ἁγιασμός, the dynamic Spirit-wrought process taught in ch. 4). Flattening both Greek nouns into one undifferentiated Korean term obscures the doctrinal progression from character to ongoing process across the letter; render 거룩함 for the state, 성화 for the process, consistently.
Asleep Awake Life Death
Approved rendering: 자다 / 깨어 있다
Transliteration: jada / kkaeeo itda
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Original: καθεύδω
Category: Eschatology
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 5:10 (καθεύδω), a DIFFERENT Greek word than κοιμάω used at 4:13-15. Must be flagged as distinct from the death-euphemism 자는 자 (see sleep_death_euphemism entry); a translation using the identical Korean term without a distinguishing note risks conflating two separate Pauline metaphors and weakening the assurance doctrine this verse teaches (believers are secure whether alive or dead at Christ’s return).
Quench The Spirit
Approved rendering: 소멸하지 말며
Transliteration: somyeolhaji malmyeo
Doctrine: Quenching the Spirit and Despising Prophecy
Original: σβέννυμι (τὸ πνεῦμα μὴ σβέννυτε)
Category: Sanctification
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 5:19 (σβέννυμι, ‘do not quench the Spirit’). Directly intersects the baseline’s Critical Power-of-God/Holy-Spirit collision risk: in a culture where mudang-led ritual is popularly understood to summon, sustain, or dismiss spirit-power, ‘quenching’ language must be taught as restraining or grieving the Spirit’s ordinary sanctifying/gifting work, never as controlling or extinguishing a possessing spiritual force.
Peace Benedictory
Approved rendering: 평강
Transliteration: pyeonggang
Doctrine: Peace and Benediction
Rejected alternatives: 화평 (baseline justification-context peace, different sense), 평안 (forbidden for doctrinal use — general well-being)
Original: εἰρήνη (ὁ θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης)
Category: God
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 5:23 (‘the God of peace himself’) and governs the epistolary greeting formula at 1:1. This is a THIRD distinct Korean ‘peace’ term alongside the baseline’s 화평 (Romans 5:1 justification sense, not otherwise used in this letter) and the forbidden-for-doctrine 평안 (general well-being greeting sense). This three-way distinction must be documented together for translators working across the Romans baseline and this curriculum to prevent inconsistent register.
Spirit Soul Body
Approved rendering: 영, 혼, 몸
Transliteration: yeong, hon, mom
Doctrine: Sanctification of the Whole Person
Rejected alternatives: single umbrella term for ‘whole person’ (loses Paul’s threefold enumeration)
Original: πνεῦμα, ψυχή, σῶμα (ὁλόκληρον)
Category: Sanctification
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 5:23 (a rare explicit NT trichotomy: πνεῦμα, ψυχή, σῶμα). 혼 (soul) carries strong pre-existing associations in Korean folk-shamanistic and ancestor-rite contexts (혼백, 넋, the entity addressed/appeased in ancestor-memorial rites and folk funerary custom). Must be taught as God’s comprehensive claim on the whole living person for holy living now, not a folk-animistic soul persisting as a ritually-tended ancestral spirit. Flag for mandatory human theologian review.
Righteous Conduct
Approved rendering: 의롭게
Transliteration: uiropge
Doctrine: Apostolic Integrity and Ministry
Original: δικαίως
Category: Sanctification
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 2:10 (δικαίως, an adverb describing Paul’s observed ethical conduct: ‘holy, righteous, and blameless’), distinct from the forensic noun δικαιοσύνη. This is an ethical/behavioral sense, not the forensic declaration of righteousness by faith central to the baseline’s justification doctrine; using 의 or its adverbial form here without a clarifying note risks importing a works-righteousness reading into a verse describing sanctified apostolic character.
Comfort
Approved rendering: 위로하다
Transliteration: wirohada
Doctrine: Hope in Grief
Rejected alternatives: 권면하다 (wrong sense — exhort/encourage-to-action), 한을 풀다-style ritual-release phrasing
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
New required Korean rendering for this curriculum, distinct from the baseline’s 권면하다 for the same Greek verb παρακαλέω. Occurs 4:18 (‘comfort one another with these words’); cf. 5:11. Because the same Greek verb yields two established but different Korean renderings depending on sense, an error here shifts 4:18’s pastoral comfort into moral exhortation, altering the ‘Hope in Grief’ doctrine from consolation to duty. Must also never borrow 한(han)/씻김굿-adjacent grief-release vocabulary, which presumes a ritual-transactional resolution incompatible with comfort grounded in the historical resurrection fact (4:14).
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 1 Thess 1:5; 2:2,4,8,9; 3:2. 1:5’s ‘gospel came…in power and in the Holy Spirit’ directly parallels Romans 1:16 and must not be taught as a forecast of material blessing (기복신앙 risk).
Church
Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 1:1; 2:14 (as a model of endurance under persecution). Never 당집 or 절.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission / Apostolic Integrity and Ministry
Original: βασιλεία [τοῦ θεοῦ]
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 2:12 (‘calls you into his own kingdom and glory’). Korea has no live competing ‘divine kingdom’ state ideology; clarify this is spiritual reign, not a political entity.
Satan
Approved rendering: 사탄
Transliteration: satan
Doctrine: Spiritual Opposition (Satan)
Rejected alternatives: 귀신 (ghost/malevolent spirit), 도깨비 (trickster-goblin)
Original: σατανᾶς
Category: Sin
New term established for this curriculum; standard Korean Christian transliteration. Occurs 2:18; 3:5 (as ‘the tempter’). Must be distinguished from folk-belief spirit categories 귀신 or 도깨비, both morally ambiguous rather than uniquely opposed to God’s redemptive plan; Satan is a singular personal cosmic adversary.
Tempter
Approved rendering: 시험하는 자
Transliteration: siheomhaneun ja
Doctrine: Spiritual Opposition (Satan)
Rejected alternatives: bare 시험 (collides with the dominant secular ‘exam/test’ sense)
Original: ὁ πειράζων
Category: Sin
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 3:5, referring to Satan. The qualifying phrase 하는 자 is structurally required; a bare 시험 risks a jarring or comic secular reading given Korea’s intensely exam-oriented culture, where 시험 overwhelmingly means ‘exam/test.‘
Blameless
Approved rendering: 흠 없는
Transliteration: heum eomneun
Doctrine: Holiness of Character
Original: ἄμεμπτος / ἀμέμπτως
Category: Sanctification
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 2:10; 3:13; 5:23 (ἄμεμπτος/ἀμέμπτως) — a recurring marker of the sanctification goal-state; render consistently across all three occurrences. Minor risk of being read through Korea’s honor-shame 체면 (face) lens as external respectability rather than God-ward moral integrity.
Avenger
Approved rendering: 신원하시는 이
Transliteration: sinwonhasineun i
Doctrine: Wrath of God
Rejected alternatives: 복수자 (too vendetta-flavored), 재판관 (too flatly secular-legal)
Original: ἔκδικος
Category: God
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 4:6 (ἔκδικος, ‘the Lord is an avenger concerning all these things’). Uses 신원 (伸冤, judicial vindication of a wrong), threading between vendetta and cold legalism. Reinforces real, personal, judicial consequence for sexual sin before God; must not resonate with 한(han)-resolution/vindication folk themes without anchoring to God’s judicial role.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 말씀 / 주의 말씀
Transliteration: Hananim-ui malsseum / ju-ui malsseum
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of God’s Word
Original: λόγος θεοῦ / λόγος κυρίου
Category: Covenant
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 2:13 (λόγος θεοῦ, ‘at work in you who believe’); 4:15 (λόγος κυρίου, the basis for the parousia teaching). Must not be assimilated to a Confucian classical-text authority model (경, scholarly transmitted wisdom) or a shamanistic oracular utterance; this is direct, personal, active divine communication.
Sons Of Light
Approved rendering: 빛의 아들들 / 낮의 아들들
Transliteration: bit-ui adeuldeul / nat-ui adeuldeul
Doctrine: Spiritual Alertness and Sobriety
Original: υἱοὶ φωτός / υἱοὶ ἡμέρας
Category: Eschatology
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 5:5, contrasted with ‘sons of night/darkness.’ Preserve as a moral-spiritual readiness/watchfulness contrast, not a dualistic cosmological framework; a brief clarifying note is advisable given a low but non-zero collision risk with East Asian yin-yang-adjacent light/dark associations.
Sober Alert
Approved rendering: 근신하다 / 깨어 있다
Transliteration: geunsinhada / kkaeeo itda
Doctrine: Spiritual Alertness and Sobriety
Original: νήφω
Category: Sanctification
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 5:6,8 (νήφω). Teach the metaphorical spiritual-alertness sense as primary in this eschatological context, not merely literal abstention from alcohol, though that is the verb’s root literal sense.
Admonish
Approved rendering: 훈계하다
Transliteration: hungyehada
Doctrine: Church Order and Mutual Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 잔소리 (dismissive ‘nagging’)
Original: νουθετέω
Category: Church
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 5:14 (νουθετέω, ‘admonish the idle/unruly’). Teach as loving peer correction within the church body, not top-down hierarchical discipline; mild collision risk with Confucian hierarchical-correction dynamics already flagged under the baseline’s ‘obedience of faith’ entry.
Deliverer
Approved rendering: 건지시는 이 / 구원하시는 이
Transliteration: geonjisineun i / guwonhasineun i
Doctrine: Wrath of God
Original: ῥυόμενος
Category: Salvation
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 1:10 (ῥυόμενος, ‘Jesus who delivers us’ from the coming wrath). Related to but distinct from the full soteriological event named by 구원; teach as one facet of salvation’s scope (rescue from wrath specifically), not a duplicate or competing concept.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 2:15, among those killed by unbelieving opposition. Distinguish from 점쟁이 or shaman figures.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: Quenching the Spirit and Despising Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 5:20 (‘do not despise prophecies’). Distinct from 점 (fortune-telling) or 사주팔자 (astrological prediction).
Exhort
Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly for the encourage/exhort-to-action sense of παρακαλέω, e.g. 2:12; 5:11,14. Must be disambiguated per occurrence from the distinct ‘comfort’ sense (위로하다) required at 4:18 — see the new ‘comfort’ entry below.
Mutual Edification
Approved rendering: 서로 덕을 세움
Transliteration: seoro deok-eul seum
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: οἰκοδομέω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 5:11 (‘build one another up’). No significant doctrinal risk identified.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 1:2 (‘we give thanks’); 2:13; 5:18 (‘give thanks in all circumstances’). Standard term; minor risk of generic secular gratitude without reference to God specifically.
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship / Apostolic Integrity and Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Inherited from Romans baseline package; reused exactly. Occurs 2:6. The surrounding passage (2:1-12, Paul’s defense of his ministry as ‘holy, righteous, and blameless’) is governed by the Medium-risk ‘Apostolic Integrity and Ministry’ doctrine; the term itself remains Low risk per baseline. Never frame as 무당 or 도사.
Love
Approved rendering: 사랑
Transliteration: sarang
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
New standard term for this curriculum. The second member of the recurring faith-love-hope triad (1:3; 5:8) and the content of φιλαδελφία (4:9). Standard established Korean Christian term with minimal collision risk.
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: 형제 사랑
Transliteration: hyeongje sarang
Doctrine: Brotherly Love
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Church
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 4:9-10 (φιλαδελφία, ‘taught by God’). Positive resonance with existing Korean church 형제자매 fellowship language; no significant collision risk identified.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: 거룩한 입맞춤
Transliteration: georokan ipmatchum
Doctrine: Church Order and Mutual Ministry
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 5:26. Low doctrinal risk; a practical/cultural application note is recommended given that Korean social custom does not typically use a cheek/lip-kiss greeting outside close family — most Korean churches substitute a bow, handshake, or verbal greeting without doctrinal loss. Retain the literal rendering rather than altering the text.
Establish Strengthen
Approved rendering: 굳게 하다
Transliteration: gutge hada
Doctrine: Perseverance and Establishment in Faith
Original: στηρίζω
Category: Sanctification
New term established for this curriculum. Occurs 3:2,13 (στηρίζω). Relevant to perseverance-in-sanctification teaching; ensure it is understood as God’s/the missionary’s strengthening work, not self-effort alone, given Korea’s strong achievement-and-effort cultural values.
Referenced passages