Core Glossary
08 — Core Glossary: 2 Timothy (English–Korean)
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire book of 2 Timothy (chapters 1–4), organized by status relative to the baseline Romans Language Package.
- [REUSE] — term already fixed in baseline
translation_memory.json; rendering reused exactly, no deviation permitted. - [NEW] — term newly proposed for this curriculum; not present in the Romans baseline; requires registry addition before Phase 2 processing.
Risk tiers (Critical/High/Medium/Low) follow the baseline’s risk_definitions exactly: Critical and High require human theologian review; Medium requires native speaker review; Low requires automated review only.
Section 1 — Reused Baseline Terms (Cited in 2 Timothy)
| English term | Korean rendering | Transliteration | Risk (baseline) | Chapters cited | 2 Timothy-specific note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | 복음 | bogeum | Medium | 1, 2, 4 | 2 Tim 1:8 (“share in suffering for the gospel”), 2:8, 4:5 (“do the work of an evangelist”); reinforce baseline caution: gospel proclamation is salvation through Christ, not a forecast of blessing |
| grace | 은혜 | eunhye | Critical | 1, 2, 4 | Opening/closing benedictions (1:2, 4:22); “the grace given us in Christ Jesus before the ages began” (1:9) — reinforce non-transactional, unearned nature against 기복신앙 pattern |
| faith | 믿음 | mideum | High | 1, 2, 3, 4 (core: 3:15, 4:7) | Lois/Eunice’s sincere faith (1:5); “faith in Christ Jesus” (3:15); “I have kept the faith” (4:7) — trust in Christ specifically, never generic belief or fortune-telling confidence |
| salvation | 구원 | guwon | Critical | core: 3:15 | ”wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus” — never 해탈 |
| apostle | 사도 | sado | Low | 1 | Paul’s self-designation (1:1, 1:11) |
| called / calling | 부르심을 받은 / 부르심 | bureusim-eul badeun / bureusim | High | 1 | ”called us with a holy calling” (1:9) — personal summons, never 팔자/운명 |
| holy | 거룩한 | georokan | High | 1 | ”holy calling” (1:9) |
| sanctification | 성화 | seonghwa | High | (thematic, ch. 2’s purity/vessel imagery) | Implicit in 2:21’s purification-for-usefulness language |
| lord | 주님 | junim | Critical | throughout | ”the Lord stood by me” (4:17); “the Lord’s servant” (2:24) |
| son_of_god / sonship (thematic) | 하나님의 아들 | Hananim-ui adeul | Critical/High | (not directly named in 2 Tim, but Christological background) | Underlies “Christ Jesus” throughout; no direct occurrence requiring new treatment |
| resurrection | 부활 | buhwal | Critical/High | 2 | Hymenaeus/Philetus’s error that “the resurrection has already happened” (2:18) — never 환생/윤회; here the term appears specifically in a false-teaching context, heightening the need for doctrinal precision |
| peace | 화평 | hwapyeong | Medium | 2 | ”pursue righteousness, faith, love, and peace” (2:22) |
| spiritual_gifts | 은사 | eunsa | High | 1 | ”the gift of God… through the laying on of hands” (1:6) |
| thanksgiving | 감사 | gamsa | Low | 1 | ”I thank God” (1:3) |
| fellowship (thematic) | 교제 | gyoje | Low | — | Not directly lexicalized in 2 Timothy; no new occurrence |
| church (thematic) | 교회 | gyohoe | Medium | — | Not directly lexicalized; ministry/household-of-God language present instead |
| kingdom_of_god | 하나님의 나라 | Hananim-ui nara | Low | 4 | ”his kingdom” (4:1), “his heavenly kingdom” (4:18) |
| law (thematic) | 율법 | yulbeop | High | — | Not directly cited; Moses referenced via Jannes/Jambres (3:8) |
| sin (thematic) | 죄 | joe | High | 3 | Vice list (3:2-5); “women weighed down with sins” (3:6) |
| gentiles (thematic) | 이방인 | ibangin | High | 1 | ”a teacher of the Gentiles” (1:11) |
| glory | 영광 | yeonggwang | Medium | 4 | Closing doxology (4:18) |
| power_of_god | 능력 | neungnyeok | Critical | 1, 3 | ”spirit… of power” (1:7); “denying its power” (3:5) — both occurrences require the baseline’s shamanistic-power distinction, in two different directions (Spirit-given inward boldness vs. counterfeit religion’s lack of true transforming power) |
| messiah / christ | 그리스도 | Geuriseudo | Medium | throughout | ”Christ Jesus,” used consistently |
| prophet (thematic) | 선지자 | seonjija | Medium | — | Not directly cited; Moses/OT background implicit in 3:8, 3:15-16 |
| prophecy (thematic) | 예언 | yeeon | Medium | — | Not directly cited |
| covenant (thematic) | 언약 | eonyak | Low | — | Not directly cited |
| election (thematic) | 선택 | seontaek | Medium | 1 (implicit) | “called us with a holy calling… according to his own purpose and grace” (1:9) echoes election themes |
| intercession (thematic) | 중보기도 | jungbo gido | Medium | 1 | ”I remember you constantly in my prayers” (1:3) |
| providence (thematic) | 섭리 | seomni | High | 1 | ”according to his own purpose” (1:9) |
| mission | 선교 | seongyo | Medium | 4 | ”do the work of an evangelist” (4:5) — connects to baseline’s caution about Korea’s achievement-oriented missions culture |
| david (thematic) | 다윗 | Dawit | Low | 2 | ”remember Jesus Christ, risen from the dead, the offspring of David” (2:8) |
| jesus | 예수 | Yesu | Critical | throughout | ”Christ Jesus,” “Jesus Christ” |
| god | 하나님 | Hananim | Critical | throughout | Constant throughout; never 하느님/천주/산신령 |
| holy_spirit | 성령 | seongnyeong | Critical | 1 | ”guard… by the Holy Spirit who dwells within us” (1:14) — direct load-bearing occurrence for Guarding Sound Doctrine |
| father (thematic) | 아버지 | abeoji | Critical | 1 | ”God the Father” (1:2) |
| exhort | 권면하다 | gwonmyeonhada | Low | core: 4:2 | ”exhort, with complete patience” |
| righteousness | 의 | ui | Critical/High | core: 3:16; 4:8 | ”training in righteousness” (3:16); “the crown of righteousness” (4:8) — both require the baseline’s 의리-distinction flag |
| imputed_righteousness (thematic) | 의로 여기심 | uiro yeogisim | Critical | — | Not directly cited; forensic-justification background presupposed but not lexicalized in 2 Timothy |
Section 2 — New Terms Proposed for 2 Timothy (Registry Additions)
| English term | Greek (translit.) | Korean rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God-breathed / inspiration | θεόπνευστος (theopneustos) | 하나님의 감동으로 된 | Hananim-ui gamdong-euro doen | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | core (3:16) | 영감된 것 (used only as a secondary gloss, never standalone); 감동을 받은 (ambiguous with generic emotional/artistic inspiration) | Highest-risk term in this book. Must not be confused with Korean folk-shamanistic “spiritual moving” (기운/감동을 받다) experienced during a mudang’s trance, nor with secular artistic “영감.” Anchor firmly to 하나님 and teach as a unique, once-for-all divine act constituting the text itself, not a repeatable mystical experience |
| sacred writings / Scripture | ἱερὰ γράμματα / γραφή (hiera grammata / graphē) | 성경 | seonggyeong | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | core (3:15-16) | 경전 (generic “sacred text,” risks placing alongside Confucian/Buddhist canon); 문서 (mere “document”) | Must retain unique divine authorship and authority, not one wisdom-text among many traditions’ scriptures |
| the entrusted deposit | παραθήκη (parathēkē) | 부탁하신 것 | butakhasin geot | Critical | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1 (1:12, 1:14) | 위탁물 (overly commercial/legal, loses relational-treasure sense); reducing to mere “부탁” without qualification (risks flattening to an ordinary interpersonal favor/social obligation) | Must be taught with full banking/trust-deposit force: God’s entrusted gospel content, to be guarded intact, not a negotiable social favor |
| sound doctrine / healthy teaching | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (hygiainousa didaskalia) | 바른 교훈 | bareun gyohun | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 3, 4 (core: 4:3) | 건전한 교리 (more abstract/institutional; less consistent with existing KRV idiom) | Retain the “healthy vs. diseased” medical metaphor where possible; must render identically across all Pastoral Epistles occurrences |
| preach / proclaim | κηρύσσω (kēryssō) | 전파하다 | jeonpahada | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | core (4:2) | 나누다/전하다 (too soft, loses authoritative-herald force); 설교하다 (acceptable secondary gloss but 전파하다 preferred for the imperative’s public-proclamation force) | Must convey authoritative public heralding of a received message, not personal opinion-sharing; distinguish from a shaman’s utterance or fortune-teller’s pronouncement |
| appearing (of Christ) | ἐπιφάνεια (epiphaneia) | 나타나심 | natanasim | High | The Charge to Preach the Word; Assurance of Reward | core (4:1); 4:8 | 재림 (acceptable synonym, “second coming,” but 나타나심 preferred to track the Greek term’s distinct usage from παρουσία) | Distinct from 성육신 [REUSE] (past incarnation); refers to Christ’s future visible return. Must not suggest a repeatable divine manifestation/avatar-appearance |
| crown of righteousness | στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης (stephanos tēs dikaiosynēs) | 의의 면류관 | ui-ui myeollyugwan | Critical | Assurance of Reward | 4 (4:8) | 의로움의 왕관 (왕관 more strongly royal/political, increasing status-confusion risk); 성공의 상 (never — collapses into secular achievement) | Double risk: (1) inherits baseline’s 의/의리 loyalty-ethics caution; (2) 면류관 risks feeding Korea’s achievement/status culture (출세). Must be taught as a gracious, future, Christ-awarded reward for persevering faith, not a merit badge for religious achievement or social prestige |
| form of godliness / its power | μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας / δύναμις αὐτῆς (morphōsis eusebeias / dynamis autēs) | 경건의 모양 / 경건의 능력 | gyeongeon-ui moyang / gyeongeon-ui neungnyeok | Critical | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 (3:5) | 경건의 형식 (acceptable synonym for 모양) | Directly invokes baseline’s Critical 능력 term in an inverted context: false teachers lack true transforming power, not shamanistic power-display. Must not be read as encouraging a search for more visible/demonstrable spiritual power |
| perilous times / last days | χαλεποὶ καιροί / ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις (chalepoi kairoi / en eschatais hēmerais) | 고통하는 때 / 말세 | gotonghaneun ttae / malse | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 (3:1) | 종말 (acceptable synonym but more technical/apocalyptic-genre-flavored); 개벽 (never — a Korean new-religious-movement/folk-millenarian term for cosmic renewal, must be avoided entirely) | Must be distinguished from Korean folk-millenarian/new-religious-movement doomsday date-setting; this is sober apostolic moral warning grounded in Christ’s certain return |
| imposter / sorcerer | γόης (goēs) | 속이는 자 | sogineun ja | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 (3:13) | 무당 (NEVER — misdirects to literally accusing Korean shamans); 술사 (NEVER — same risk); 사기꾼 (acceptable secondary gloss, “swindler”) | Literal Greek root means “sorcerer/enchanter,” creating an etymological echo with mudang/magician vocabulary; render only with general-deceiver language, never shaman-specific terms |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια (eusebeia) | 경건 | gyeongeon | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 (3:5, 3:12) | 도덕성 (too secular-ethical); 신앙심 (acceptable but less precise) | Reverent, God-honoring life-conduct; the reality the false teachers’ outward form lacks |
| repentance | μετάνοια (metanoia) | 회개 | hoegae | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days (remedy) | 2 (2:25) | 수양 (Confucian/Buddhist self-cultivation, NEVER — implies self-achieved moral effort); 참회 (Buddhist-ritual-penance flavored in common usage, use with caution) | God-granted change of mind/heart, not self-achieved moral effort or ritual atonement |
| Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | 구주 | guju | High | (undergirds) Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture / Assurance of Reward | 1 (1:10) | 구세주 (acceptable synonym, slightly more common in general usage; 구주 preferred as established KRV liturgical form) | Personal title of the one who saves; never conflated with a folk-religious deliverer-figure (cf. baseline’s 미륵 caution) |
| faithful men (transmission chain) | πιστοὶ ἄνθρωποι (pistoi anthrōpoi) | 신실한 사람들 | sinsilhan saramdeul | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 2 (2:2) | 믿을 만한 사람들 (acceptable synonym, slightly more generic “trustworthy”) | The doctrinal anchor verse for Faithful Transmission; multi-generational chain (Paul → Timothy → faithful people → others) must not be lost |
| rightly handling (the word of truth) | ὀρθοτομέω (orthotomeō) | 옳게 분별하다 | olkke bunbyeolhada | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 2 (2:15) | 바르게 나누다 (overly literal “divide,” can obscure the craftsman’s-precision sense); 정확히 해석하다 (acceptable secondary gloss, “interpret accurately”) | Careful, disciplined precision in handling Scripture, contrasted with the false teachers’ careless/self-serving handling |
| forefathers / ancestors | πρόγονοι (progonoi) | 조상 | josang | High | (undergirds) Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 1 (1:3) | none rejected outright; requires contextual qualification rather than substitution | Direct collision risk with Korean ancestor-memorial rites (제사, jesa); must be taught as continuity of worshipping the same God across generations, never as validating ancestor veneration |
| kept the faith | πίστιν τηρέω (pistin tēreō) | 믿음을 지켰다 | mideum-eul jikyeotda | High | Perseverance under Suffering; Guarding Sound Doctrine | 4 (4:7) | none rejected; composite of established 믿음 [REUSE] with guarding-verb | Paul modeling exactly the guarding charge he gave Timothy re: παραθήκη |
| endure hardship | κακοπαθέω (kakopatheō) | 고난을 받으라 | gonan-eul badeura | High | Perseverance under Suffering | core (4:5); 1 (1:8); 2 (2:3, 2:9) | 고생하다 (too mundane/secular, loses theological suffering-for-Christ sense) | Suffering is normal and necessary for gospel ministry, not a sign of God’s disfavor or insufficient blessing — guards against 기복신앙-style expectation of comfort/prosperity from faithful ministry |
| evangelist / work of an evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής (euangelistēs) | 전도자 | jeondoja | High | The Charge to Preach the Word; Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | core (4:5) | none rejected; established term | Shares root with 복음 [REUSE]; retain baseline’s caution that the gospel proclaimed is salvation through Christ, not a forecast of blessing |
| guard (the deposit) | φυλάσσω (phylassō) | 지키다 | jikida | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1 (1:12, 1:14) | none rejected; standard verb | Active, vigilant guarding of entrusted gospel content, pairs with παραθήκη |
| all who desire to live godly will be persecuted | πάντες οἱ θέλοντες εὐσεβῶς ζῆν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ διωχθήσονται | 그리스도 예수 안에서 경건하게 살고자 하는 자는 다 박해를 받으리라 | (phrase) | High | Perseverance under Suffering | 3 (3:12) | any rendering that qualifies or exempts a subset of believers | Must retain universal “all” (πάντες), paralleling baseline’s caution to preserve universality claims elsewhere (Romans 3:23, 10:12-13) |
| myth / fable | μῦθος (mythos) | 신화 / 허탄한 이야기 | sinhwa / heotanhan iyagi | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | core (4:4) | any rendering naming specific Korean traditional narratives (Dangun/Hwanung) directly — NEVER single these out | Generic fabricated-narrative sense only; avoid any framing that reads as a targeted slur against Korean folklore specifically |
Section 3 — New Terms, Medium/Low Risk (Registry Additions, Native-Speaker or Automated Review)
| English term | Greek (translit.) | Korean rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| remain / continue | μένω (menō) | 거하라 / 계속 지키라 | georahara / gyesok jikyera | Medium | core (3:14) | Must retain active perseverance, not passive memory |
| be assured / firmly convinced | πιστόω (pistoō) | 확신하다 | hwaksinhada | Medium | core (3:14) | Shares root with 믿음; assurance-of-reliability, not saving faith itself |
| make wise (for salvation) | σοφίζω (sophizō) | 지혜롭게 하다 | jihyeropge hada | Medium | core (3:15) | Not generic secular knowledge-transfer |
| profitable | ὠφέλιμος (ōphelimos) | 유익한 | yuikhan | Low | core (3:16) | — |
| teaching / doctrine (general) | διδασκαλία (didaskalia) | 교훈 / 가르침 | gyohun / gareuchim | Medium | core (3:16); throughout | Distinguish from secular moral-proverb usage |
| reproof | ἐλεγμός (elegmos) | 책망 | chaengmang | Medium | core (3:16) | — |
| correction | ἐπανόρθωσις (epanorthōsis) | 바로잡음 | barojabeum | Medium | core (3:16) | — |
| training / discipline | παιδεία (paideia) | 훈련 / 양육 | hullyeon / yangyuk | Medium | core (3:16) | Retains formative, sometimes corrective sense |
| complete / proficient | ἄρτιος (artios) | 온전하게 | onjeonhage | Medium | core (3:17) | — |
| man of God | ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος | 하나님의 사람 | Hananim-ui saram | Medium | core (3:17) | Retains OT-office echo (Moses, prophets) |
| fully equipped | ἐξαρτίζω (exartizō) | 갖추어지다 / 온전히 구비되다 | gatchueojida / onjeonhi guibidoeda | Medium | core (3:17) | Anchors Sufficiency of Scripture — not “one resource among others” |
| solemnly charge | διαμαρτύρομαι (diamartyromai) | 엄히 명하노니 | eomhi myeonghanoni | High | core (4:1) | Retain judicial/solemn weight |
| judge the living and the dead | κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | 산 자와 죽은 자를 심판하실 | (phrase) | High | core (4:1) | Personal judge, not impersonal karmic process |
| the word (gospel content) | λόγος (logos) | 말씀 | malsseum | Medium | core (4:2) | Specific apostolic content, not generic “words” |
| in season, out of season | εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως | 때를 얻든지 못 얻든지 | (phrase) | Medium | core (4:2) | — |
| rebuke | ἐπιτιμάω (epitimaō) | 경계하라 / 꾸짖으라 | gyeonggyehara / kkujitseura | Medium | core (4:2) | — |
| patience / longsuffering | μακροθυμία (makrothymia) | 오래 참음 | orae chameum | Medium | core (4:2) | — |
| truth | ἀλήθεια (alētheia) | 진리 | jilli | High | core (4:4) | Fixed, revealed truth, not one perspective among many |
| sober-minded / watchful | νήφω (nēphō) | 정신을 차리라 / 근신하라 | jeongsin-eul charira / geunsinhara | Medium | core (4:5) | — |
| ministry / service | διακονία (diakonia) | 직무 / 사역 | jikmu / sayeok | Medium | core (4:5); throughout | — |
| fulfill completely | πληροφορέω (plērophoreō) | 온전히 이루라 | onjeonhi irura | Medium | core (4:5) | — |
| the will of God | θέλημα θεοῦ | 하나님의 뜻 | Hananim-ui tteut | Low | 1 (1:1) | — |
| promise of life | ἐπαγγελία ζωῆς | 생명의 약속 | saengmyeong-ui yaksok | Medium | 1 (1:1) | — |
| clean/clear conscience | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | 깨끗한 양심 | kkaekkeutan yangsim | Medium | 1 (1:3) | — |
| unfeigned/sincere faith | ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις | 거짓 없는 믿음 | (phrase) | Medium | 1 (1:5) | — |
| laying on of hands | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν | 안수함으로 | ansuham-euro | Medium | 1 (1:6) | Not a magical transfer of impersonal force |
| spirit of fear / power, love, sound mind | πνεῦμα δειλίας / δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ | 두려워하는 마음 / 능력과 사랑과 절제하는 마음 | (phrase) | Critical (via 능력) | 1 (1:7) | σωφρονισμός (“sound mind/self-control”) = 절제; must not collapse triad into “power” alone |
| do not be ashamed | ἐπαισχύνομαι (epaischynomai) | 부끄러워하지 말라 | bukkeureowohaji malla | Medium | 1 (1:8, 1:12, 1:16) | Echoes Romans 1:16 |
| life and incorruption | ζωὴ καὶ ἀφθαρσία | 생명과 썩지 아니함 | (phrase) | Medium | 1 (1:10) | Eschatological, parallel to but distinct from 부활 |
| herald, apostle, teacher | κήρυξ καὶ ἀπόστολος καὶ διδάσκαλος | 전파자와 사도와 교사 | (phrase) | Low | 1 (1:11) | — |
| share in suffering (for the gospel) | συγκακοπαθέω (synkakopatheō) | 복음과 함께 고난을 받으라 | (phrase) | High | 1 (1:8), 2 (2:3) | Voluntary joining in gospel-caused hardship |
| qualified / able | ἱκανός (hikanos) | 가르칠 수 있는 / 능한 | (phrase) | Medium | 2 (2:2) | — |
| good soldier | στρατιώτης (stratiōtēs) | 좋은 병사(군사) | joeun byeongsa (gunsa) | Medium | 2 (2:3-4) | — |
| compete as an athlete | ἀθλέω (athleō) | 경기하는 자 | gyeonggihaneun ja | Medium | 2 (2:5) | Links forward to 4:7-8 reward theology |
| laboring farmer | γεωργός (geōrgos) | 수고하는 농부 | sugohaneun nongbu | Low | 2 (2:6) | — |
| we will reign (with him) | βασιλεύσομεν (basileusomen) | 함께 왕 노릇 하리라 | (phrase) | High | 2 (2:12) | Fruit of persevering faith-union with Christ, not works-merit |
| profane/empty chatter | βέβηλος κενοφωνία | 망령되고 헛된 말 | (phrase) | Medium | 2 (2:16) | — |
| spread like gangrene | γάγγραινα (gangraina) | 악성 종양(괴저)처럼 퍼지다 | (phrase) | Medium | 2 (2:17) | Metaphor for spreading false teaching |
| overturn (faith) | ἀνατρέπω (anatrepō) | 믿음을 무너뜨리다 | (phrase) | High | 2 (2:18) | — |
| firm foundation | θεμέλιος (themelios) | 하나님의 견고한 터 | (phrase) | Medium | 2 (2:19) | — |
| vessels of honor / dishonor | σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν / ἀτιμίαν | 귀히 쓰는 그릇 / 천히 쓰는 그릇 | (phrase) | Medium | 2 (2:20-21) | — |
| flee youthful passions | νεωτερικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι | 청년의 정욕을 피하라 | (phrase) | Medium | 2 (2:22) | — |
| pursue righteousness, faith, love, peace | δίωξον δικαιοσύνην, πίστιν, ἀγάπην, εἰρήνην | 의와 믿음과 사랑과 화평을 따르라 | (phrase) | Medium | 2 (2:22) | Each component inherits its own baseline risk |
| the Lord’s servant | δοῦλος κυρίου (doulos kyriou) | 주의 종 | ju-ui jong | Medium | 2 (2:24) | — |
| gentleness | πραΰτης (prautēs) | 온유함 | onyuham | Medium | 2 (2:25) | — |
| snare of the devil | παγὶς τοῦ διαβόλου | 마귀의 올무 | (phrase) | Medium | 2 (2:26) | Devil as personal being, not impersonal folk-spiritual force |
| (vice list, last-days character) | φίλαυτοι κτλ. | 자기를 사랑하며 등 | (phrase) | Medium | 3 (3:2-4) | Translate each item plainly, no softening |
| Jannes and Jambres | Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς | 얀네와 얌브레 | Yanne wa Yambeure | Low | 3 (3:8) | Proper names, transliterate only |
| disqualified regarding the faith | ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν | 믿음에 관하여는 버림받은 자 | (phrase) | Medium | 3 (3:8) | — |
| progress toward the worse | προκόπτω ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον | 더욱 악하여지다 | (phrase) | Low | 3 (3:13) | — |
| deceiving and being deceived | πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι | 속이기도 하고 속기도 하는 자 | (phrase) | Medium | 3 (3:13) | — |
| persecutions, sufferings | διωγμοί, παθήματα | 박해와 고난 | bakhae wa gonan | Medium | 3 (3:11) | — |
| drink offering (poured out) | σπένδομαι (spendomai) | 전제와 같이 부어지고 | (phrase) | Medium | 4 (4:6) | Distinguish from Confucian ancestral-rite libation vocabulary |
| time of departure | ἀνάλυσις (analysis) | 나의 떠날 시각이 가까웠도다 | (phrase) | Low | 4 (4:6) | — |
| I have fought the good fight | τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι | 선한 싸움을 싸우고 | (phrase) | Medium | 4 (4:7) | Links to 2:5 |
| I have finished the course | τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα | 달려갈 길을 마치고 | (phrase) | Low | 4 (4:7) | — |
| the righteous Judge | ὁ δίκαιος κριτής | 의로우신 재판장 | (phrase) | High | 4 (4:8) | 의/의리 caution applies |
| will award / repay | ἀποδίδωμι (apodidōmi) | 주실 것이니 | (phrase) | Medium | 4 (4:8) | Gracious award, not mechanical wage |
| all who have loved his appearing | πᾶσι τοῖς ἠγαπηκόσι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ | 그의 나타나심을 사모하는 모든 자 | (phrase) | Medium | 4 (4:8) | Universal scope retained |
| loved this present age | ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα | 이 세상을 사랑하여 | (phrase) | Medium | 4 (4:10) | — |
| strengthened (by the Lord) | ἐνδυναμόω (endynamoō) | 나를 강하게 하셨다 | (phrase) | Medium | 4 (4:17) | Personal, relational, not impersonal force |
| rescued / will rescue | ῥύομαι (rhyomai) | 건지시다 / 건져 주시리라 | (phrase) | Medium | 4 (4:17-18) | Parallel to, distinct from, 구원 |
| his heavenly kingdom | βασιλεία ἐπουράνιος | 하늘에 있는 그의 나라 | (phrase) | Low | 4 (4:18) | — |
| glory forever and ever, Amen | δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων, ἀμήν | 영광이 세세무궁토록 있을지어다, 아멘 | (phrase) | Low | 4 (4:18) | — |
| grace be with you | ἡ χάρις μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν | 은혜가 너희와 함께 있을지어다 | (phrase) | Critical (inherited) | 4 (4:22) | Never a transactional 기복신앙 exchange |
Chapter Coverage Confirmation
- Chapter 1 — Full coverage: calling, gift, deposit (παραθήκη), Spirit of power/love/sound mind, Savior, incorruption, forefathers. See Part B, Ch. 1.
- Chapter 2 — Full coverage: transmission chain, soldier/athlete/farmer, rightly handling the word, gangrene metaphor, vessels of honor/dishonor, repentance. See Part B, Ch. 2.
- Chapter 3 — Full coverage: vv. 1–13 (last days, vice list, form of godliness, Jannes/Jambres) in Part B, Ch. 3; vv. 14–17 treated verse-by-verse in Part A (core passage).
- Chapter 4 — Full coverage: vv. 1–5 treated verse-by-verse in Part A (core passage); vv. 6–22 (drink offering, good fight, crown of righteousness, closing greetings/doxology) in Part B, Ch. 4.
No chapter of 2 Timothy is without load-bearing theological vocabulary; all four chapters contribute new terms or doctrinally significant reuses of baseline terms.
This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required) and doctrine_risk_registry.json (new doctrine entries required) before Phase 2 segment translation begins for the 2 Timothy curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: the central Korean risk term. Never a synonym for material fortune (복) or Confucian reciprocal benevolence (은덕); always unearned, unconditional favor, never a transactional exchange for offerings or performance. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:2, 1:9 (‘not because of our works but because of his own purpose and grace’), 2:1, 4:22. The brief closing benediction (4:22) is especially vulnerable to a formulaic, ritual-blessing misreading and requires explicit teaching against a 기복신앙 pattern.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: never 해탈 (Buddhist liberation from samsara) or escape from an impersonal suffering-cycle; deliverance from sin’s guilt through Christ, received by faith, reconciliation with a personal God. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:9, 1:10, 2:10, and the core passage 3:15.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
CRITICAL: never a shaman’s spirit-power (영력). Inherited from Romans package; appears in TWO directions in 2 Timothy: 1:7 (‘spirit of power’) as Spirit-given inward boldness, and 3:5 (false teachers ‘denying its power’) where the false teachers are condemned for LACKING true transforming power — Korean audiences must not misread 3:5 as an invitation to seek more visible spiritual power, which would ironically reproduce the very 기복신앙/영력-seeking pattern the passage condemns.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Standard KRV transliteration. Inherited from Romans package; used constantly throughout 2 Timothy as ‘Christ Jesus’/‘Jesus Christ’.
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL: never 하느님 (Catholic/general term), 천주 (Catholic ‘Lord of Heaven’), or 산신령 (folk mountain spirit). Inherited from Romans package; used constantly throughout 2 Timothy, including as the divine agent behind Scripture’s inspiration (3:16) and the witness invoked in Paul’s solemn charge (4:1).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL: never 신령 or 신 alone; never framed with shamanistic spirit-possession language. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:14 (‘guard the good deposit… by the Holy Spirit who dwells within us’), a directly load-bearing occurrence for Guarding Sound Doctrine.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
CRITICAL: God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring ritual offerings (제사); teach with awareness of Korean Catholic jesa-rite martyrdom history. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:2 (‘God the Father’).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의로 여기심
Transliteration: uiro yeogisim
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 의리로 얻은 의, 도를 닦아 얻은 의
CRITICAL: righteousness credited by God, not earned through loyalty-ethics or self-cultivation. Inherited from Romans package; not directly lexicalized in 2 Timothy, but the forensic-justification background this term protects is presupposed throughout the letter’s grace/faith material and must not be contradicted by any rendering of ‘righteousness’ elsewhere in this book.
God Breathed
Approved rendering: 하나님의 감동으로 된
Transliteration: Hananim-ui gamdong-euro doen
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 영감된 것, 감동을 받은
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
CRITICAL: the single highest-risk term in this book. The ordinary Korean word for ‘inspiration’ (영감) also denotes secular artistic inspiration and a ‘flash of insight,’ and Korean shamanistic practice speaks of 감동/기운을 받다 (‘receiving a spiritual moving’) during a mudang’s trance state. MUST use the fixed KRV compound 하나님의 감동으로 된 in full, never abbreviated to 영감된. Teach as a unique, once-for-all divine act constituting the very text (3:16), never a repeatable mystical experience, artistic inspiration, or shamanistic spirit-reception.
Entrusted Deposit
Approved rendering: 부탁하신 것
Transliteration: butakhasin geot
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: 위탁물, 부탁 (unqualified)
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Doctrine
CRITICAL: new for 2 Timothy. Ordinary Korean 부탁 denotes a renegotiable interpersonal favor; this term MUST retain full banking/trust-deposit force — a treasure entrusted by God, to be guarded without addition, subtraction, or alteration, never a negotiable social favor. Occurs 1:12, 1:14. Always pair with explicit 하나님 agency and a first-occurrence explanatory gloss.
Form Of Godliness And Its Power
Approved rendering: 경건의 모양은 있으나 경건의 능력은 부인하는 자
Transliteration: gyeongeon-ui moyang-eun isseuna gyeongeon-ui neungnyeok-eun buinhaneun ja
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας / δύναμις αὐτῆς
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: new for 2 Timothy. 3:5, the central diagnostic verse of this doctrine. Directly invokes the baseline’s Critical 능력 term in an INVERTED context: false teachers are condemned for LACKING true transforming power, not for lacking a shaman’s power-display. Korean audiences primed by charismatic-church power-ministry culture must not misread this as encouragement to seek more visible/demonstrable spiritual power, which would reproduce the very 기복신앙/영력-seeking pattern this passage condemns.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의의 면류관
Transliteration: ui-ui myeollyugwan
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: 의로움의 왕관 (too strongly royal/political), 성공의 상 (NEVER — collapses into secular achievement)
Original: στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Reward
CRITICAL: new for 2 Timothy. 4:8, the doctrinal core of Assurance of Reward. Double risk: (1) inherits the baseline’s 의/의리 loyalty-ethics caution — the crown flows from grace-given righteousness and persevering faith, not earned relational loyalty-display; (2) 면류관 risks feeding Korea’s intensely achievement-and-status-conscious culture (cf. baseline’s 출세 caution), reframing an eschatological, grace-grounded reward as this-worldly social prestige. Must be taught as Christ’s future, gracious award for persevering faith, never a merit badge for religious achievement.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Personal trust placed in Christ specifically, distinguished from generic superstitious belief (미신) and from confidence placed in fortune-telling/astrology (사주팔자). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:5 (Lois/Eunice’s sincere faith), 3:15 (‘faith in Christ Jesus’), 4:7 (‘I have kept the faith’).
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Calling
A personal, relational summons, never a fate calculable from a birth chart (사주팔자). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:9 (‘called us with a holy calling’).
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Calling
God’s calling is a personal summons from a personal God, never impersonal fate (운명) or birth-chart destiny (팔자). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:9.
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Set apart for God, morally pure; distinguished from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻다) performed in a gut ceremony. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:9 (‘holy calling’).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιασμός (thematic; cf. καθαρίσῃ ἑαυτόν, 2:21)
Category: Sanctification
The Spirit’s ongoing work in a believer already justified by faith; distinguished from ascetic self-cultivation (수행, 도 닦기). Inherited from Romans package; underlies 2 Timothy 2:20-22’s vessel-purification-for-usefulness imagery and thematically informs 3:16’s ‘training in righteousness’.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들
Christ’s eternal, unique Sonship; avoid assimilation to the Dangun/Hwanung founding-myth pattern of a heaven-descended founder-son. Inherited from Romans package; no direct lexical occurrence in 2 Timothy but underlies ‘Christ Jesus’ throughout as Christological background.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: 은사
Transliteration: eunsa
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 무당의 능력
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Ministry
Spirit-given enablement for building up the church; never a shaman’s spirit-power (영력). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:6 (‘the gift of God that is in you through the laying on of my hands’) — risk heightened here because the physical commissioning act (안수) could be misread as a magical transfer of impersonal force if not carefully taught.
Law
Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률
The Mosaic Law, moral revelation, never Confucian ritual-propriety (예) or secular civil law (법률). Inherited from Romans package; not directly lexicalized in 2 Timothy but implicit in the Moses/Jannes-Jambres reference at 3:8.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Moral offense against a personal God, distinct from misfortune (액운) or loss of face (체면 손상). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for the last-days vice list, 2 Timothy 3:2-5, and 3:6 (‘women weighed down with sins’).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 이방인
Transliteration: ibangin
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: 외국인 (단일민족 의미로)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Avoid framing through Korea’s ethnic-nationalist 단일민족 self-conception. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:11 (‘a teacher of the Gentiles’).
Providence
Approved rendering: 섭리
Transliteration: seomni
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운명
Original: πρόθεσις (cf. 1:9)
Category: God
God’s personal, purposive governance, never birth-chart fate (팔자) or impersonal destiny (운명). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:9 (‘according to his own purpose’).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Right standing before God / righteous life produced through faith, never social loyalty-ethics (의리) or bare morality (도덕). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for TWO occurrences in 2 Timothy: 3:16 (‘training in righteousness,’ a sanctification sense) and 4:8 (‘the crown of righteousness,’ an eschatological-reward sense) — both require the 의/의리 distinguishing flag.
Scripture
Approved rendering: 성경
Transliteration: seonggyeong
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 경전, 문서
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα / γραφή
Category: Scripture
New for 2 Timothy. Must not be leveled to a generic ‘sacred text’ category (경전) shared with Confucian classics or Buddhist sutras, nor reduced to a mere document (문서). Retain unique divine authorship and authority, established by θεόπνευστος (3:16). Occurs at 3:15 (‘sacred writings’) and 3:16 (‘all Scripture’). Always co-occur with an explicit divine-authorship clause at first use in new lesson material (e.g. ‘하나님께서 주신 성경’).
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: 바른 교훈
Transliteration: bareun gyohun
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: 건전한 교리
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:3; also 1:13. Must retain the ‘healthy vs. diseased’ medical metaphor where possible; render identically at every occurrence across the Pastoral Epistles. Never flatten to bare ‘correct information.‘
Guard
Approved rendering: 지키다
Transliteration: jikida
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. 1:12, 1:14, paired with the entrusted deposit. Must retain active, vigilant guarding, not passive possession.
Rightly Handling
Approved rendering: 옳게 분별하다
Transliteration: olkke bunbyeolhada
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: 바르게 나누다, 정확히 해석하다 (secondary gloss only)
Original: ὀρθοτομέω
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. 2:15: ‘rightly handling the word of truth.’ Retains the sense of careful, disciplined precision, contrasted with the false teachers’ careless/self-serving handling (2:16-18). The Greek’s craftsman’s-precision root image (‘cutting a straight line’) has no Korean idiom equivalent; supplement with a teaching-note gloss restoring the image.
Faithful Men
Approved rendering: 신실한 사람들
Transliteration: sinsilhan saramdeul
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: πιστοὶ ἄνθρωποι
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. 2:2, the doctrinal anchor verse for Faithful Transmission (Paul → Timothy → faithful people → others also). Must retain both the ‘trustworthy’ and ‘faith-characterized’ senses (shares root with 믿음); the multi-generational transmission chain’s four-link enumeration structure must not be compressed or lost.
Myth Fable
Approved rendering: 허탄한 이야기
Transliteration: heotanhan iyagi
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: 신화 (avoid when it could name Korean traditional narratives specifically)
Original: μῦθος
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:4: ‘wander off into myths.’ Render only in a generic fabricated-narrative sense; NEVER worded so as to name or single out Korea’s own founding-myth material (e.g., Dangun/Hwanung, already flagged in the baseline’s son_of_god entry). Never supply a specific Korean-culture illustrative example in teaching material.
Truth
Approved rendering: 진리
Transliteration: jilli
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:4; also underlies 2:15’s ‘word of truth.’ Must be retained as fixed, revealed truth about God and salvation, not softened toward one perspective among many in a religious-pluralist frame.
Overturn Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음을 무너뜨리다
Transliteration: mideum-eul muneotteurida
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ (and its Distortion)
Original: ἀνατρέπω
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. 2:18, the effect of false teaching about the resurrection on some believers’ faith.
Preach Proclaim
Approved rendering: 전파하다
Transliteration: jeonpahada
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: 전하다 (too soft), 설교하다 (acceptable secondary gloss only)
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:2, the central verb of the charge. Must convey authoritative public heralding of a received message, not personal opinion-sharing; distinguish from a shaman’s utterance or a fortune-teller’s pronouncement (점쟁이 발언).
Solemnly Charge
Approved rendering: 엄히 명하노니
Transliteration: eomhi myeonghanoni
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:1, invoking God and Christ Jesus as witnesses. Must retain judicial/solemn weight, not read as a casual pastoral suggestion; keep the witness clause tightly bound to the charge, not detached into a separate sentence.
Judge Living And Dead
Approved rendering: 산 자와 죽은 자를 심판하실
Transliteration: san jawa jugeun jareul simpanhasil
Doctrine: Lordship and Future Judgeship of Christ
Original: κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Eschatology
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:1. Must retain Christ as the personal judge, not an impersonal karmic reckoning process.
Appearing Of Christ
Approved rendering: 나타나심
Transliteration: natanasim
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: 재림 (acceptable explanatory gloss, not primary substitute)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:1; also 4:8. Distinct from 성육신 (the past, unique incarnation, already reused from baseline). Must not suggest a repeatable divine manifestation/avatar-appearance. Monitor Phase 2 batch translation for drift toward reflexive substitution with the entrenched 재림.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: 전도자
Transliteration: jeondoja
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:5: ‘do the work of an evangelist.’ Shares root with 복음; retain baseline’s caution that the gospel proclaimed is salvation through Christ, not a forecast of blessing (기복신앙 risk).
Perilous Times
Approved rendering: 고통하는 때
Transliteration: gotonghaneun ttae
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: 개벽 (NEVER — Korean folk-millenarian cosmic-renewal term)
Original: καιροὶ χαλεποί / ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις
Category: Eschatology
New for 2 Timothy. 3:1, framing the entire vice list and false-teachers material; also underlies 말세 (‘last days’). Must be distinguished from Korean folk-millenarian/new-religious-movement doomsday date-setting traditions (e.g. 시한부 종말론 groups); this is sober apostolic moral warning grounded in Christ’s certain but unscheduled return, not date-setting or fortune-based prediction.
Imposter Sorcerer
Approved rendering: 속이는 자
Transliteration: sogineun ja
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: 무당 (NEVER), 술사 (NEVER), 사기꾼 (acceptable secondary gloss)
Original: γόης
Category: Eschatology
New for 2 Timothy. 3:13. The Greek root literally means ‘sorcerer/enchanter,’ creating a genuine etymological echo with mudang/magician vocabulary; the rendering must use only general-deceiver language and must NEVER use 무당 or 술사, which would misdirect the text toward literally accusing Korean shamans. This is a deliberate departure from etymological fidelity, required for doctrinal safety.
Godliness
Approved rendering: 경건
Transliteration: gyeongeon
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: 도덕성 (too secular-ethical)
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Eschatology
New for 2 Timothy. 3:5, 3:12. Reverent, God-honoring devotion expressed in life-conduct; the true reality the false teachers’ outward form lacks.
Universal Persecution Principle
Approved rendering: 그리스도 예수 안에서 경건하게 살고자 하는 자는 다 박해를 받으리라
Transliteration: Geuriseudo Yesu an-eseo gyeongeonhage salgoja haneun janeun da bakhae-reul badeurira
Doctrine: Universal Scope of Persecution for Godliness
Rejected alternatives: any rendering that qualifies or exempts a subset of believers
Original: πάντες οἱ θέλοντες εὐσεβῶς ζῆν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ διωχθήσονται
Category: Suffering
New for 2 Timothy. 3:12. Must retain the universal ‘다’ (all), resisting any softening into a probabilistic or optional hedge in natural-sounding Korean paraphrase, paralleling the baseline’s caution to preserve universality claims (Romans 3:23, 10:12-13).
Kept The Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음을 지켰으니
Transliteration: mideum-eul jikyeotseuni
Doctrine: Faith
Original: τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα
Category: Faith
New for 2 Timothy. 4:7, the capstone of Guarding Sound Doctrine and Perseverance under Suffering together. Retains both the personal-trust sense (믿음) and the ‘kept/guarded’ sense shared with the entrusted-deposit vocabulary, showing Paul modeling exactly what he charged Timothy to do.
Repentance
Approved rendering: 회개
Transliteration: hoegae
Doctrine: Repentance and Deliverance from the Devil’s Snare
Rejected alternatives: 수양 (NEVER — Confucian/Buddhist self-cultivation), 참회 (use with caution — ritual-penance-flavored)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. 2:25: ‘that God may perhaps grant them repentance.’ God-granted change of mind/heart, never self-achieved moral effort or ritual atonement.
Savior
Approved rendering: 구주
Transliteration: guju
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 구세주 (acceptable synonym, less preferred liturgical form)
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New for 2 Timothy. 1:10: ‘our Savior Christ Jesus.’ Never conflated with a folk-religious deliverer-figure such as 미륵 (cf. baseline’s messiah caution), a risk elevated by this book’s heightened last-days framing (ch. 3-4).
Endure Hardship
Approved rendering: 고난을 받으라
Transliteration: gonan-eul badeura
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 고생하다 (too mundane/secular)
Original: κακοπαθέω
Category: Suffering
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:5; also 1:8, 2:3, 2:9. Must retain the expectation that suffering is normal and necessary for gospel ministry, not a sign of God’s disfavor or insufficient blessing — guards against a 기복신앙-style expectation that faithful ministry should bring comfort/prosperity.
Share In Suffering
Approved rendering: 복음과 함께 고난을 받으라
Transliteration: bogeum-gwa hamkke gonan-eul badeura
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: συγκακοπαθέω
Category: Suffering
New for 2 Timothy. 1:8, 2:3. Voluntary participation in Christ’s and Paul’s suffering. Always retain the full 복음과 함께 qualifier in complete sentences, not just the shortened head-term, to preserve the specifically gospel-joined (not generic-hardship) nature of this suffering.
Forefathers Ancestors
Approved rendering: 조상
Transliteration: josang
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: πρόγονοι
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. 1:3: Paul serves God ‘as did my forefathers.’ Direct collision risk with Korean ancestor-memorial rites (제사, jesa) and Confucian ancestor veneration — the largest risk for this specific noun (distinct from, though adjacent to, the baseline’s father/adoption entries). Must be taught as continuity of worshipping the same God across generations, never as validating ancestor-rite devotion.
We Will Reign
Approved rendering: 함께 왕 노릇 하리라
Transliteration: hamkke wang noreut harira
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: βασιλεύσομεν
Category: Suffering
New for 2 Timothy. 2:12. Must not be read as guaranteed by works-merit but as the fruit of persevering faith-union with Christ; directly links forward to 4:7-8.
The Righteous Judge
Approved rendering: 의로우신 재판장
Transliteration: uiroushin jaepanjang
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ δίκαιος κριτής
Category: Reward
New for 2 Timothy. 4:8. Inherits the baseline’s 의/의리 caution: the reward is grounded in Christ’s own perfect righteousness and impartial justice, not human favoritism, honor-code fairness, or achievement-metrics.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Established KRV term, literally ‘blessing-news’ (福音). Because 복 (bok, fortune/blessing) is the same root at the center of Korean shamanistic fortune-seeking faith (기복신앙), teaching must make explicit the gospel announces salvation through Christ, not a forecast of material fortune. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:8 (‘share in suffering for the gospel’), 2:8, 4:5 (‘do the work of an evangelist’).
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Established term with required honorific suffix 님; never 주인님 (employer/owner). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly throughout 2 Timothy (1:2, 1:8, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Christology
Never 환생 (rebirth) or 윤회 (reincarnation cycle). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 2:8 (‘risen from the dead’) and 2:18, where Hymenaeus and Philetus falsely teach the resurrection has already happened — this false-teaching context heightens the need for doctrinal precision; the error must be marked as a distortion of the one bodily resurrection, not a valid competing view.
Peace
Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Sanctification
Relational peace with God through justification, distinct from the general well-being greeting sense of 평안. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 2:22 (‘pursue righteousness, faith, love, and peace’).
Church
Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Never 당집 (shamanistic village shrine) or 절 (Buddhist temple). Inherited from Romans package; not directly lexicalized in 2 Timothy, which uses household/ministry vocabulary instead, but retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Avoid collapsing into secular honor (명예) or career/status success (출세). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for the closing doxology, 2 Timothy 4:18.
Messiah
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Never conflated with 미륵 (Maitreya), a risk heightened by this book’s last-days material (ch. 3). Inherited from Romans package; used constantly throughout 2 Timothy as ‘Christ Jesus’/‘Jesus Christ’.
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
Distinguished from a fortune-teller (점쟁이) or shaman. Inherited from Romans package; not directly lexicalized in 2 Timothy but OT background implicit in 3:8, 3:15-16.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측
Distinguished from divination (점) or astrological prediction (사주팔자). Inherited from Romans package; not directly lexicalized in 2 Timothy.
Election
Approved rendering: 선택
Transliteration: seontaek
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운
Original: πρόθεσις (cf. 1:9, κατ’ ἰδίαν πρόθεσιν)
Category: Salvation
Sovereign, gracious, unmerited choice, not birth-chart fate (팔자) or luck (운), and not a merit-based competitive selection. Inherited from Romans package; echoed at 2 Timothy 1:9 (‘according to his own purpose and grace’).
Intercession
Approved rendering: 중보기도
Transliteration: jungbo gido
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: 굿을 통한 중재
Original: μνεία (cf. 1:3, ἀδιάλειπτον ἔχω τὴν περὶ σοῦ μνείαν)
Category: Faith
Direct prayer to God through Christ, distinguished from a mudang’s ritual mediation during a gut ceremony. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:3 (‘I remember you constantly in my prayers’).
Mission
Approved rendering: 선교
Transliteration: seongyo
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἔργον ποίησον εὐαγγελιστοῦ (cf. 4:5)
Category: Church
Korea is a leading missionary-sending nation; the caution here is a success-and-growth-oriented missions culture, not foreign-stigma. Inherited from Romans package; connects to 2 Timothy 4:5 (‘do the work of an evangelist’), framed by suffering and faithfulness rather than visible results.
Teaching Doctrine
Approved rendering: 교훈
Transliteration: gyohun
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: διδασκαλία
Category: Scripture
New for 2 Timothy. 3:16. Distinguish from secular Korean usage of 교훈 as a mere moral proverb or life-lesson takeaway; this is doctrinal content, not folk wisdom.
Reproof
Approved rendering: 책망
Transliteration: chaengmang
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐλεγμός
Category: Scripture
New for 2 Timothy. 3:16 — Scripture exposes/convicts of error.
Correction
Approved rendering: 바로잡음
Transliteration: barojabeum
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐπανόρθωσις
Category: Scripture
New for 2 Timothy. 3:16 — restoring right belief/conduct.
Training Discipline
Approved rendering: 훈련
Transliteration: hullyeon
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: παιδεία
Category: Scripture
New for 2 Timothy. 3:16 (‘training in righteousness’). Must not collapse into secular 교육 (schooling) alone; retains a formative, sometimes corrective sense.
Complete Proficient
Approved rendering: 온전하게
Transliteration: onjeonhage
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἄρτιος
Category: Scripture
New for 2 Timothy. 3:17 — Scripture’s goal is that ‘the man of God may be complete.‘
Man Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 사람
Transliteration: Hananim-ui saram
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος
Category: Scripture
New for 2 Timothy. 3:17. Retains OT-office echo (Moses, prophets); must not be misread as an honorific for a spiritually elite figure (paralleling 도인/영적 지도자 status-language).
Fully Equipped
Approved rendering: 온전히 구비되다
Transliteration: onjeonhi guibidoeda
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐξαρτίζω
Category: Scripture
New for 2 Timothy. 3:17 (‘equipped for every good work’). Anchors Scripture’s SUFFICIENCY; must not be softened to suggest Scripture is merely one helpful resource among others, a risk in a culture with strong parallel devotional/classical literatures.
Word Gospel Content
Approved rendering: 말씀
Transliteration: malsseum
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: λόγος
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:2: ‘preach the word.’ 말씀 is extremely common in general Korean Christian usage; in 4:2 specifically must be anchored to the specific apostolic gospel/Scripture content, not any generic devotional utterance.
Profane Empty Chatter
Approved rendering: 망령되고 헛된 말
Transliteration: mangnyeongdoego heotdoen mal
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: βέβηλοι κενοφωνίαι
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. 2:16, contrasted with rightly-handled truth.
Spread Like Gangrene
Approved rendering: 악성 종양(괴저)처럼 퍼지다
Transliteration: aksseong jongyang(goejeo)cheoreom peojida
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. 2:17, a medical metaphor describing the destructive spread of Hymenaeus and Philetus’s false teaching.
In Season Out Of Season
Approved rendering: 때를 얻든지 못 얻든지
Transliteration: ttae-reul eotdeunji mot eotdeunji
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:2, a merism covering all circumstances; links to Perseverance under Suffering.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: 경계하라
Transliteration: gyeonggyehara
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:2; sharp correction of persistent error.
Patience Longsuffering
Approved rendering: 오래 참음
Transliteration: orae chameum
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:2; the manner in which the charge is carried out.
Ministry Service
Approved rendering: 직무
Transliteration: jikmu
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:5: ‘fulfill your ministry.‘
Fulfill Completely
Approved rendering: 온전히 이루라
Transliteration: onjeonhi irura
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: πληροφορέω
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. Core passage 4:5, closing the charge with a call to complete, not partial, faithfulness.
Disqualified Regarding Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음에 관하여는 버림받은 자
Transliteration: mideum-e gwanhayeoneun beorimbadeun ja
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν
Category: Faith
New for 2 Timothy. 3:8, describing the false teachers’ ultimate spiritual condition; shares root concern with 믿음.
Deceiving And Being Deceived
Approved rendering: 속이기도 하고 속기도 하는 자
Transliteration: sogigido hago sokgido haneun ja
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι
Category: Eschatology
New for 2 Timothy. 3:13, describing the self-perpetuating, self-entangling nature of false teaching.
Drink Offering
Approved rendering: 전제와 같이 부어지고
Transliteration: jeonje-wa gat-i bueojigo
Doctrine: Sacrificial Self-Offering in Ministry
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Suffering
New for 2 Timothy. 4:6: ‘I am already being poured out as a drink offering.’ 전제 is an established Korean biblical-sacrificial term; must retain reference specifically to OT/Levitical sacrificial worship of God, not Confucian ancestral-rite libation vocabulary (also sometimes called 전제/제사 in folk usage).
Clean Conscience
Approved rendering: 깨끗한 양심
Transliteration: kkaekkeutan yangsim
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. 1:3: Paul’s sincere devotion ‘in a clean conscience.‘
Unfeigned Faith
Approved rendering: 거짓 없는 믿음
Transliteration: geojit eomneun mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις
Category: Faith
New for 2 Timothy. 1:5, describing the genuine, non-hypocritical faith modeled by Lois and Eunice.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: 안수함으로
Transliteration: ansuham-euro
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Gifting for Ministry
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. 1:6, an ordination/commissioning rite. Must not be read as a ritual transfer of impersonal spiritual force (paralleling the baseline’s caution on 영력); it is a commissioning act accompanying the Spirit’s own gracious gift.
Sound Mind Self Control
Approved rendering: 절제하는 마음
Transliteration: jeoljehaneun maeum
Doctrine: Holy Spirit’s Empowerment for Ministry
Original: σωφρονισμός
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. 1:7, part of the Spirit’s triad gift with power and love. Must not be lost by collapsing the triad into 능력 (power) alone.
Do Not Be Ashamed
Approved rendering: 부끄러워하지 말라
Transliteration: bukkeureowohaji malla
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἐπαισχύνομαι
Category: Suffering
New for 2 Timothy. 1:8, 1:12, 1:16. Echoes Romans 1:16’s ‘not ashamed of the gospel.‘
Life And Incorruption
Approved rendering: 생명과 썩지 아니함
Transliteration: saengmyeong-gwa sseokji anihan
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ζωὴ καὶ ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
New for 2 Timothy. 1:10. Parallel to but distinct from 부활; must not be confused with any notion of an impersonal eternal life-force.
Good Soldier
Approved rendering: 좋은 병사
Transliteration: joeun byeongsa
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: στρατιώτης
Category: Suffering
New for 2 Timothy. 2:3-4, military metaphor for disciplined, undivided endurance.
Compete As Athlete
Approved rendering: 경기하는 자
Transliteration: gyeonggihaneun ja
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀθλέω
Category: Reward
New for 2 Timothy. 2:5. Links forward to 4:7-8’s crown of reward; keep tied to the crown’s grace framing rather than free-floating achievement-culture encouragement.
Vessels Of Honor And Dishonor
Approved rendering: 귀히 쓰는 그릇 / 천히 쓰는 그릇
Transliteration: gwihi sseuneun geureut / cheonhi sseuneun geureut
Doctrine: Sanctification and Ministry Usefulness
Original: σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν / ἀτιμίαν
Category: Sanctification
New for 2 Timothy. 2:20-21, household-vessel metaphor for varied roles/character, calling believers to self-purification for useful service.
The Lords Servant
Approved rendering: 주의 종
Transliteration: ju-ui jong
Doctrine: Repentance and Deliverance from the Devil’s Snare
Original: δοῦλος κυρίου
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. 2:24, the pastoral disposition required amid controversy: gentle, patient, not quarrelsome.
Gentleness
Approved rendering: 온유함
Transliteration: onyuham
Doctrine: Repentance and Deliverance from the Devil’s Snare
Original: πραΰτης
Category: Ministry
New for 2 Timothy. 2:25, strength restrained in humility, the manner of correcting opponents.
Snare Of The Devil
Approved rendering: 마귀의 올무
Transliteration: magwi-ui olmu
Doctrine: Repentance and Deliverance from the Devil’s Snare
Original: παγὶς τοῦ διαβόλου
Category: Doctrine
New for 2 Timothy. 2:26. 마귀 (devil) is established and low-risk; ensure the devil is understood as a single personal malevolent being, not one impersonal evil force among many in a Korean folk-spiritual pantheon.
Persecutions Sufferings
Approved rendering: 박해와 고난
Transliteration: bakhae-wa gonan
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: διωγμοί, παθήματα
Category: Suffering
New for 2 Timothy. 3:11, Paul’s own model of endurance, grounding this doctrine with concrete testimony.
Fought The Good Fight
Approved rendering: 선한 싸움을 싸우고
Transliteration: seonhan ssaum-eul ssaugo
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι
Category: Reward
New for 2 Timothy. 4:7. Links thematically to 2:5 and grounds the crown of reward that follows.
Strengthened By The Lord
Approved rendering: 나를 강하게 하셨다
Transliteration: nareul ganghage hasyeotda
Doctrine: Sacrificial Self-Offering in Ministry
Original: ἐνδυναμόω
Category: Suffering
New for 2 Timothy. 4:17: ‘the Lord stood by me and strengthened me.’ Shares root with 능력; must retain the relational, personal framing, not an impersonal power-display.
Rescued
Approved rendering: 건지시다
Transliteration: geonjisida
Doctrine: Sacrificial Self-Offering in Ministry
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Reward
New for 2 Timothy. 4:17-18. Parallel to but distinct from 구원; temporal/situational rescue language pointing toward, but not identical with, final salvation.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Established term; avoid any framing suggesting a shamanistic intermediary role (무당) or Daoist-style spiritual master (도사). Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Paul’s self-designation, 2 Timothy 1:1, 1:11.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστῶ
Category: Faith
Standard term, no significant risk. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 1:3 (‘I thank God’).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: 교제
Transliteration: gyoje
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Shared participation in Christ; established term. Inherited from Romans package; not directly lexicalized in 2 Timothy but retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Eschatology
Korea has no live competing state ideology claiming a ‘divine kingdom’ framing. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 4:1 (‘his kingdom’) and 4:18 (‘his heavenly kingdom’).
Covenant
Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Korean cleanly distinguishes relational 언약 from commercial 계약, a genuine strength of the existing tradition. Inherited from Romans package; not directly lexicalized but underlies the Davidic-covenant background at 2 Timothy 2:8.
David
Approved rendering: 다윗
Transliteration: Dawit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Standard KRV proper name form. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 2 Timothy 2:8 (‘the offspring of David’).
Exhort
Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Ministry
Standard term for encouraging fellow believers. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for the core passage, 2 Timothy 4:2 (‘exhort, with complete patience’).
Profitable
Approved rendering: 유익한
Transliteration: yuikhan
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ὠφέλιμος
Category: Scripture
New for 2 Timothy. 3:16, one of Scripture’s four stated purposes. No significant collision risk.
Jannes And Jambres
Approved rendering: 얀네와 얌브레
Transliteration: Yanne wa Yambeure
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς
Category: Eschatology
New for 2 Timothy. 3:8. Proper names of the Egyptian magicians traditionally understood to have opposed Moses. Transliterate per established convention; supply a brief footnote identifying them, since most readers will be unfamiliar with this extra-biblical tradition.
The Will Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 뜻
Transliteration: Hananim-ui tteut
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Gifting for Ministry
Original: θέλημα θεοῦ
Category: Calling
New for 2 Timothy. 1:1: Paul’s apostleship ‘by the will of God.’
Referenced passages