Core Glossary
Core Glossary: James — English → Korean
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning James chapters 1–5. Terms already governed by the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked (baseline reuse) and MUST use the exact recorded Korean rendering; no alternative is permitted. New terms proposed for the James curriculum are marked (NEW) and are pending addition to translation memory upon Phase 1 sign-off. Risk tiers follow the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework.
| Term (English) | Greek | Transliteration | Korean Rendering | Korean Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faith | πίστις | pistis | 믿음 | mideum | High | Faith and Works | Baseline reuse | Must remain trust in Christ; James tests its authenticity, does not redefine its object. |
| Works | ἔργα / ἔργον | erga / ergon | 행위 | haengwi | Critical | Faith and Works | NEW | Collides with 행위 구원 (works-salvation heresy fear) and with Buddhist-folk 업/업보 (karma). Must be taught as evidence, not ground, of justification. |
| Save/Salvation | σῴζω | sōzō | 구원 | guwon | Critical | Faith and Works; Prayer and Healing | Baseline reuse | James broadens usage to include physical healing (5:15); flag broadened sense explicitly. |
| Dead (of faith) | νεκρά | nekra | 죽은 것 | jugeun geot | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Ontological (no life ever present), not merely “weak faith.” |
| Apart from/without | χωρίς | chōris | ~ 없이 | ~ eopsi | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Structural echo of Romans 3:28 “justified by faith apart from works of the law”; keep rendering consistent across curricula. |
| Justification/Justified | δικαιόω / δικαίωσις | dikaioō / dikaiōsis | 의롭다 하심 | uiropda hasim | Critical | Faith and Works; Salvation | Baseline reuse | James 2:21,24,25 appear to reverse Romans’ logic; resolve by teaching (forensic declaration vs. relational vindication), never by lexical variation. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| Justified by works, not faith alone | οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον | ouk ek pisteōs monon | 믿음으로만 아니니라 | mideum-euro-man aninira | Critical | Faith and Works | NEW | Most theologically loaded phrase in the book for Korean Presbyterian-catechized readers; requires mandatory cross-reference note to Romans 3:28/4:5. |
| Reckoned/counted as righteousness | ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην | elogisthē eis dikaiosynēn | 의로 여기심 | uiro yeogisim | Critical | Faith and Works; Salvation | Baseline reuse | Must be verbatim-identical to Romans 4:3 (same Genesis 15:6 citation). |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | dikaiosynē | 의 | ui | High | Faith and Works | Baseline reuse | Distinguish from 의리 (social loyalty-ethics); applies in both forensic (2:23) and fruit (3:18) senses. |
| Friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ | philos theou | 하나님의 벗 | Hananim-ui beot | Medium | Faith and Works | NEW | Deliberate lexical antithesis with 4:4’s “friendship with the world”; both must share root 벗. |
| Works together/cooperated | συνεργέω (συνήργει) | synergeō (synērgei) | 함께 일하고 | hamkke ilhago | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Descriptive of living faith’s unity with works, not a causal contribution to justification’s forensic ground. |
| Perfected/completed | τελειόω (ἐτελειώθη) | teleioō (eteleiōthē) | 온전하게 되었느니라 | onjeonhage doeeotneunira | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Distinguish from Buddhist/folk self-cultivation attainment (수행, 도 닦기). |
| Demons | δαιμόνια | daimonia | 귀신 | gwisin | Critical | Faith and Works | NEW | Collides with Korean shamanistic ghost/spirit vocabulary (used in 굿 ritual); must be taught as rebellious, doomed spiritual beings, universally adversarial to God — not placatable folk-spirits. |
| Shudder | φρίσσω | phrissō | 떨다 | tteolda | Medium | Faith and Works | NEW | Dread, not reverent fear (경외); distinguish from worship-fear. |
| Altar | θυσιαστήριον | thysiastērion | 제단 | jedan | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Shares root “je” (제, offering/rite) with Confucian ancestor-memorial jesa (제사); must not be visually/conceptually merged with jesa rites. |
| Abraham | Ἀβραάμ | Abraam | 아브라함 | Abeuraham | Low | Faith and Works; Davidic/OT Covenant background | Baseline reuse | Established KRV proper name. |
| Prostitute/Harlot (Rahab) | πόρνη | pornē | 기생 (라합) | gisaeng (Rahap) | Medium | Faith and Works | NEW | 기생 carries a romanticized courtesan-artist connotation in popular culture; clarify as established biblical-translation equivalent for “prostitute,” not the refined entertainer image. |
| Body without spirit | σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος | sōma chōris pneumatos | 영이 없는 몸 | yeong-i eomneun mom | High | Faith and Works | NEW | 영 here = human life-spirit, NOT to be confused with 성령 (Holy Spirit). |
| Trial/Temptation | πειρασμός | peirasmos | 시험 | siheom | Critical | Trials and the Testing of Faith | NEW | Same Korean word also means “academic exam” (cf. 수능); same word covers both God-permitted growth-trial (positive) and sin-inducing temptation (negative, which God never causes) — disambiguate every occurrence. |
| Endurance | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | 인내 | innae | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith; Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW | Keep lexically distinct from μακροθυμία/오래 참음. |
| Perfect/mature | τέλειος | teleios | 온전한 | onjeonhan | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith; Wisdom from Above | NEW | Distinguish from self-cultivation attainment (수행, 도 닦기), per baseline sanctification caution. |
| Wisdom | σοφία | sophia | 지혜 | jihye | High | Wisdom from Above | NEW | Escalates to Critical-adjacent risk in ch.3’s earthly/demonic contrast; distinguish from 처세술 (worldly-wise social cunning). |
| Double-minded | δίψυχος | dipsychos | 두 마음을 품은 | du maeum-eul pumeun | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith; Worldliness | NEW | Descriptive phrase (Korean lacks single-word compound equivalent); spiritual instability in trusting God, not mere indecision. |
| Crown of life | στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς | stephanos tēs zōēs | 생명의 면류관 | saengmyeong-ui myeollyugwan | Low | Trials and the Testing of Faith | NEW | Established KRV eschatological phrase. |
| Desire/Lust | ἐπιθυμία | epithymia | 욕심 | yoksim | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | NEW | Distinguish from neutral desire/want (바람). |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | hamartia | 죄 | joe | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith; Faith and Works | Baseline reuse | Reuse distinction from 액운 (misfortune)/체면 손상 (loss of face); James 4:17 broadens to sins of omission. |
| Father of lights | πατὴρ τῶν φώτων | patēr tōn phōtōn | 빛들의 아버지 | bitdeul-ui abeoji | Critical | Trials and the Testing of Faith | Baseline reuse (Father) | Reinforce unchanging generosity, not ancestor-rite (jesa) framing. |
| Word of truth / Implanted word | λόγος ἀληθείας / ἔμφυτος λόγος | logos alētheias / emphytos logos | 진리의 말씀 / 마음에 심어진 말씀 | jinri-ui malsseum / maeum-e simeojin malsseum | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | NEW | Distinguish from Confucian classical texts (경) or folk wisdom sayings. |
| Doer of the word / Hearer | ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατής | poiētēs logou / akroatēs | 말씀을 행하는 자 / 듣기만 하는 자 | malsseum-eul haengha-neun ja / deutgiman haneun ja | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Must align vocabulary with 2:14-26’s works-terminology as one unified argument. |
| Law of liberty | νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας | nomos teleios tēs eleutherias | 자유롭게 하는 온전한 율법 | jayuropge haneun onjeonhan yulbeop | High | Faith and Works | Baseline reuse (Law) | Distinguish from Confucian ritual-propriety code (예); James’s usage stresses liberating, love-summarized moral law. |
| Religion | θρησκεία | thrēskeia | 경건 / 종교 | gyeongeon / jonggyo | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | NEW | Defined practically (care for orphans/widows), not merely ritual performance. |
| Bridle/Tame the tongue | χαλιναγωγέω / δαμάζω | chalinagōgeō / damazō | 재갈 물리다 / 길들이다 | jaegal mullida / gildeurida | Low | Taming the Tongue | NEW | |
| Orphans, widows | ὀρφανός, χήρα | orphanos, chēra | 고아와 과부 | goa-wa gwabu | Low | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | |
| Unstained from the world | ἄσπιλος ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου | aspilos apo tou kosmou | 세상에 물들지 아니하는 | sesang-e muldeulji anihaneun | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | See κόσμος entry below. |
| Favoritism/Partiality | προσωπολημψία | prosōpolēmpsia | 외모로 사람을 차별함 | oemo-ro saram-eul chabyeolham | Critical | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | Tension with Korea’s honorific-hierarchy speech norms; clarify sin = dishonoring the poor/privileging the rich within the church, not ordinary respectful honorifics. |
| Poor | πτωχός | ptōchos | 가난한 자 | gananhan ja | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | James 2:5 directly refutes wealth-as-divine-favor; ties to baseline’s 기복신앙 caution. |
| Rich | πλούσιος | plousios | 부한 자 | buhan ja | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | See James 5:1-6 prophetic judgment oracle. |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | basileia tou theou | 하나님의 나라 | Hananim-ui nara | Low | Favoritism and the Poor | Baseline reuse | |
| Royal law | νόμος βασιλικός | nomos basilikos | 최고의 법 | choego-ui beop | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | Established KRV phrase (“supreme law”). |
| Mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | 긍휼 | geunghyul | High | Favoritism and the Poor; Prayer and Healing | NEW | NEVER 자비 (Buddhist compassion-doctrine term, e.g. Bodhisattva of Compassion). Must remain God’s covenantal mercy. |
| Tongue | γλῶσσα | glōssa | 혀 | hyeo | Low-Medium | Taming the Tongue | NEW | Metaphor cluster (bit, rudder, fire, forest) must stay consistent. |
| Hell/Gehenna | γέεννα | geenna | 지옥 | jiok | High | Taming the Tongue | NEW | Must not be conflated with Buddhist hell-realm/samsara cosmology. |
| Wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη | sophia anōthen katerchomenē | 위로부터 내려오는 지혜 | wirobuteo naeryeooneun jihye | High | Wisdom from Above | NEW | Contrast with earthly/unspiritual/demonic wisdom; distinguish from 처세술 (worldly social cunning). |
| Earthly, unspiritual, demonic (wisdom) | ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης | epigeios, psychikē, daimoniōdēs | 땅에 속한, 육신에 속한, 귀신의 것 | ttang-e sokhan, yuksin-e sokhan, gwisin-ui geot | High | Wisdom from Above | NEW | Reuses 귀신 rendering (see Demons above) for consistency. |
| Meekness of wisdom | πραΰτης σοφίας | prautēs sophias | 지혜의 온유함 | jihye-ui onyuham | Medium | Wisdom from Above | NEW | |
| Bitter jealousy / Selfish ambition | ζῆλος πικρός / ἐριθεία | zēlos pikros / eritheia | 독한 시기 / 이기적 야심 | dokhan sigi / igijeok yasim | Medium | Wisdom from Above | NEW | Intersects with Korea’s competitive achievement-culture (cf. baseline 영광/glory, 선교/mission cautions). |
| Fruit of righteousness | καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης | karpos dikaiosynēs | 의의 열매 | ui-ui yeolmae | Medium | Wisdom from Above | NEW | |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | eirēnē | 화평 (doctrinal) / 평안 (greeting) | hwapyeong / pyeongan | Medium | Wisdom from Above; distinguished in 2:16 greeting sense | Baseline reuse | Must distinguish James 2:16’s empty greeting (평안) from doctrinal covenant-peace (화평, 3:18). |
| Friendship with the world | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου | philia tou kosmou | 세상과 벗함 | sesang-gwa beotham | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Shares root 벗 with “friend of God” (2:23) to preserve antithesis. |
| World | κόσμος | kosmos | 세상 | sesang | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Distinguish from Buddhist “impermanent/illusory world” association. |
| Adulteresses | μοιχαλίδες | moichalides | 간음하는 여인들아 | ganeumhaneun yeoindeul-a | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Do not euphemize; preserves OT covenant-unfaithfulness/marriage metaphor. |
| Enmity with God | ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ | echthra tou theou | 하나님과 원수 됨 | Hananim-gwa wonsu doem | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | |
| Grace | χάρις | charis | 은혜 | eunhye | Critical | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | Baseline reuse | James 4:6 sets grace against pride/self-exaltation, reinforcing non-transactional nature vs. 기복신앙. |
| Submit / Resist | ὑποτάσσω / ἀνθίστημι | hypotassō / anthistēmi | 복종하다 / 대적하다 | bokjonghada / daejeokhada | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Directed at God/devil respectively; distinguish from Confucian hierarchical human-obedience ethics and from civil-authority submission (Romans 13). |
| Devil | διάβολος | diabolos | 마귀 | magwi | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Distinguish from 귀신 (demons) and from 도깨비 (folk trickster goblins, morally ambiguous). |
| Draw near | ἐγγίζω | eggizō | 가까이하라 | gakkaihara | Low | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | |
| Humble (oneself) | ταπεινόω | tapeinoō | 낮추다 | najchuda | Low-Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | |
| Judge / Lawgiver | κριτής / νομοθέτης | kritēs / nomothetēs | 재판장 / 입법자 | jaepanjang / ipbeopja | Low-Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Titles reserved for God alone. |
| Vapor/Mist | ἀτμίς | atmis | 안개 | angae | Low | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | |
| If the Lord wills | ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ | ean ho kyrios thelēsē | 주의 뜻이면 | ju-ui tteusimyeon | Low | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | Baseline reuse (Lord) | |
| Rich (oppressors) | πλούσιος | plousios | 부한 자들 | buhan jadeul | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | See James 5:1-6. |
| Defraud | ἀποστερέω | apostereō | 삯을 갈취하다 | sakk-eul galchwihada | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | |
| Lord of hosts/Sabaoth | Κύριος Σαβαώθ | Kyrios Sabaōth | 만군의 주 | mangun-ui ju | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | Established OT-tradition Korean title; check cross-document OT consistency. |
| Patience/Forbearance | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | 오래 참음 / 길이 참음 | orae chameum / gili chameum | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW | Keep lexically distinct from ὑπομονή/인내. |
| Coming of the Lord | παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου | parousia tou kyriou | 주의 강림 | ju-ui gangnim | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW | Established Korean eschatological term; low collision risk in Korean context. |
| Patience of Job | ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ | hypomonē Iōb | 욥의 인내 | Yob-ui innae | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW | |
| Compassionate and merciful (of God) | πολύσπλαγχνος, οἰκτίρμων | polysplanchnos, oiktirmōn | 긍휼히 여기시고 자비하신 | geunghyulhi yeogisigo jabihasin | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW | NOTE: KRV’s idiomatic phrase itself uses 자비 adjectivally here for God’s character; distinguish this established phrase from the technical Buddhist noun 자비 (compassion-doctrine) flagged under Mercy above — context (God’s own character, not a human/Bodhisattva virtue) mitigates collision, but still flag for reviewer awareness. |
| Swear (an oath) | ὀμνύω | omnyō | 맹세하다 | maengsehada | Low | Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW | |
| Sick/Weak | ἀσθενέω | astheneō | 병든 | byeongdeun | Medium | Prayer and Healing | NEW | |
| Elder | πρεσβύτερος | presbyteros | 장로 | jangno | Low | Prayer and Healing | NEW | Strong institutional resonance with Korean Presbyterian denomination (장로교); no collision, but note formal-office assumption risk. |
| Anoint with oil | ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ | aleiphō elaiō | 기름을 바르다 | gireum-eul bareuda | Critical | Prayer and Healing | NEW | Collides with shamanistic ritual objects/talismans (부적) and gut-ritual substances; oil carries no independent power — God alone heals through the prayer of faith. |
| Prayer of faith | εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως | euchē tēs pisteōs | 믿음의 기도 | mideum-ui gido | High | Prayer and Healing | NEW | Direct petition to God; distinguish from mudang ritual mediation (baseline intercession note). |
| Confess (sins to one another) | ἐξομολογέω | exomologeō | 죄를 서로 고백하다 | joe-reul seoro gobaekhada | High | Confession and Restoration | NEW | Distinguish from Catholic sacramental confession (고해성사) to a priest; this is mutual, horizontal confession. |
| Effective/fervent prayer | δέησις ἐνεργουμένη | deēsis energoumenē | 역사하는 힘이 큰 간구 | yeoksahaneun himi keun gangu | Medium | Prayer and Healing | NEW | |
| Wander/Go astray | πλανάω | planaō | 미혹되어 진리를 떠나다 | mihokdoeeo jinrireul tteonada | Medium | Confession and Restoration | NEW | |
| Turn back/Convert | ἐπιστρέφω | epistrephō | 돌아서게 하다 | doraseoge hada | Medium | Confession and Restoration | NEW | Restorative, pastoral intent, not punitive exclusion. |
| Cover a multitude of sins | καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | kalyptei plēthos hamartiōn | 허다한 죄를 덮다 | heodahan joeleul deopda | Medium | Confession and Restoration | NEW | Not self-generated merit (avoid 업/업보-adjacent karmic-transaction reading). |
| God | θεός | theos | 하나님 | Hananim | Critical | (all doctrines) | Baseline reuse | Never 하느님/천주/산신령. |
| Lord | κύριος | kyrios | 주님 | junim | Critical | (all doctrines) | Baseline reuse | Full honorific (님) grammar required. |
| Father | πατήρ | patēr | 아버지 | abeoji | Critical | (all doctrines) | Baseline reuse | Jesa/ancestor-rite awareness required. |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | pneuma hagion | 성령 | seongnyeong | Critical | (background; note ambiguity at James 4:5) | Baseline reuse | James 4:5’s “the spirit” reference is exegetically disputed (human spirit vs. Holy Spirit) — flag for theologian review, do not default automatically to 성령 without confirming referent. |
Notes on Glossary Governance
- All rows marked Baseline reuse are governed by the existing Romans
translation_memory.jsonand must not be altered by this curriculum. - All rows marked NEW are proposed additions pending Phase 1 sign-off; upon approval they must be written into
translation_memory.jsonwith an incremented version number per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions. - Terms tagged Critical in this glossary require mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence in Phase 2, per the baseline’s escalation rules, extended here to cover: 행위 (works), 귀신 (demons), 제단 (altar) [High but flagged for jesa-collision awareness], 시험 (trial/temptation), 외모로 사람을 차별함 (favoritism), 긍휼 (mercy) [High, Buddhist-collision awareness], 기름을 바르다 (anoint with oil), and 의롭다 하심 occurrences within James 2.
- No chapter of James was found to introduce zero new theological vocabulary; all five chapters contributed load-bearing terms requiring glossary entries.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. James 4:6 (‘God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble’) reinforces the baseline’s Critical caution: grace is set explicitly against pride and self-exalting achievement religion, never a reciprocal fortune-seeking (기복신앙) exchange.
Justification
Approved rendering: 의롭다 하심
Transliteration: uiropda hasim
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. James 2:21, 24, 25 use this identical compound in an apparently reversed argument (‘justified by works’). NEVER vary this Korean rendering to resolve the apparent Romans/James tension. Resolution is theological (Paul: forensic declaration by faith, Genesis 15; James: subsequent public vindication of that faith through obedience, Genesis 22), taught via mandatory cross-reference note, never by lexical substitution. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence in James 2:14-26.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σῴζω / σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. James 5:15 broadens usage to physical healing/restoration from sickness (‘the prayer of faith will save the sick person’). Flag this broadened sense at every James 5:15 occurrence so learners do not conclude physical healing is guaranteed by faith, or confuse it with soteriological salvation.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의로 여기심
Transliteration: uiro yeogisim
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 의리로 얻은 의, 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. James 2:23 quotes the identical Genesis 15:6 clause found in Romans 4:3; the Korean rendering must be verbatim-identical across both curricula. This shared citation is the clearest textual anchor proving James does not contradict Paul’s doctrine of imputed righteousness.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. James 1:17’s ‘Father of lights’ and 3:9’s ‘the Lord and Father’ both use this term. Must always be taught with awareness of Korea’s jesa (제사) ancestor-rite history: God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring ongoing ritual offerings from descendants.
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. NEVER 하느님/천주/산신령. Used throughout James (1:1, 1:27, 2:19, 2:23, 4:4, 4:6-8, etc.) for Protestant curriculum consistency and explicit monotheism.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα (cf. James 4:5)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. NEVER 신령/귀신 or shamanistic possession-language. James 4:5’s ‘the spirit’ reference is exegetically disputed (human spirit vs. Holy Spirit); do NOT default automatically to 성령 without theologian confirmation of the referent in that specific verse. James 2:26’s ‘body without spirit’ (see body_without_spirit entry) refers to the human life-spirit, NOT this term — never conflate the two.
Works
Approved rendering: 행위
Transliteration: haengwi
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 선행 (일반적 선한 행실 - 개념이 좁음), 업/업보 (불교식 업보 - 반드시 배제)
Original: ἔργα / ἔργον
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. 행위 sits one syllable from the rejected Korean Presbyterian slogan 행위 구원 (‘salvation by works’) and independently risks collision with the Buddhist-folk concept 업/업보 (karma, deeds mechanically shaping fate). Every occurrence in James 2:14-26 and 1:22-25 requires a translator note: works evidence justification already granted by faith; they do not earn it. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Faith Alone Denial
Approved rendering: 믿음으로만 아니니라
Transliteration: mideum-euro-man aninira
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 오직 믿음으로만 아니니라 (would directly visually collide with the fixed Reformation slogan ‘오직 믿음으로’ - rejected)
Original: οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:24 (οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον). The single most theologically loaded phrase in James for Korean Presbyterian-catechized readers. Never soften or hedge. Every occurrence requires a mandatory cross-reference note to Romans 3:28/4:5 distinguishing the bare, inert, non-obedient ‘faith alone’ James denies from the living, obedience-producing faith Paul describes as sufficient for justification’s forensic ground. Mandatory human theologian review.
Demons
Approved rendering: 귀신
Transliteration: gwisin
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 악령 (덜 확립된 대체어), 잡귀 (경멸적, 민속적 뉘앙스 강함)
Original: δαιμόνια
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:19; reused for the ‘demonic’ component of earthly wisdom (3:15). 귀신 is the everyday Korean folk-religious term for ghosts, ancestral spirits, and nature-spirits invoked/placated in shamanistic 굿 ritual. Must be taught as organized, doomed, universally God-opposing spiritual beings, never a placatable folk-spirit. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Trial Temptation
Approved rendering: 시험
Transliteration: siheom
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 유혹 (temptation-only word; would break consistency with established KRV usage covering both senses throughout the NT - rejected)
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:2-4, 1:12-15 (πειρασμός). Also means ordinary academic ‘exam’ in modern Korean (cf. 수능), risking trivialization. More seriously, the SAME Korean word covers both the positive sense (God-permitted growth-trial, 1:2-4, 12) and the negative sense (sin-inducing temptation, which God never causes, 1:13-14) — every occurrence must be disambiguated by context, never left to default. Mandatory human theologian review.
Father Of Lights
Approved rendering: 빛들의 아버지
Transliteration: bitdeul-ui abeoji
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πατὴρ τῶν φώτων
Category: God
NEW compound built on the baseline Father term. James 1:17. Reinforce as unchanging generous character (giving every good gift), explicitly not an ancestor requiring jesa-style memorial offerings — the sharpest historical doctrinal collision in Korean church history.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: 외모로 사람을 차별함
Transliteration: oemo-ro saram-eul chabyeolham
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: 차별하지 말라 (too generic - loses the ‘outward appearance’ specificity, rejected)
Original: προσωπολημψία
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:1-9 (προσωπολημψία). Korean social life’s dense, grammatically-encoded honorific hierarchy (differentiated address by status) creates real tension with James’s flat condemnation. Must be taught with a clarifying note: the condemned sin is dishonoring/excluding the poor and privileging the rich WITHIN THE CHURCH’S FELLOWSHIP AND WORSHIP, not ordinary respectful Korean speech norms, which remain appropriate. Mandatory human theologian review.
Anoint With Oil
Approved rendering: 기름을 바르다
Transliteration: gireum-eul bareuda
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: 부적을 사용하는 것과 유사한 의식으로 묘사 (talisman-like ritual framing - forbidden)
Original: ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14 (ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ). Korean folk-shamanism employs ritual objects/substances (부적 talismans; substances used in a mudang’s 굿 ceremony) understood to carry transferable spiritual power, directly compounding the baseline’s Critical caution distinguishing 능력 (God’s power) from 영력 (a shaman’s spirit-power). The oil carries no independent potency; it is a symbolic act accompanying prayer to God, who alone heals. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. In James, this term denotes the SAME trust-in-Christ Romans describes; James 2:14-26 tests the authenticity of a professed faith rather than redefining faith’s object. Do not read James’s ‘faith’ as a lesser or different category from Romans’ faith.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. James uses 의 in both a forensic sense (2:23, Abraham) and a practical-fruit sense (3:18, ‘the fruit of righteousness’); in both senses, distinguish from 의리 (social loyalty-ethics).
Law
Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. James 1:25 and 2:12 use ‘the perfect law of liberty’ (see law_of_liberty entry below), a James-specific compound built on this baseline term; do not equate with Confucian ritual-propriety (예) or reduce to civil statute (법률).
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. James 1:15 depicts sin as birthed from desire (욕심) and culminating in death; James 4:17 broadens the concept to sins of omission (‘whoever knows the right thing to do and fails to do it’). Preserve both the graphic birth/death imagery and the omission-broadening; do not flatten to misfortune (액운) or loss of face (체면 손상).
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: 죽은 것
Transliteration: jugeun geot
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 약한 믿음 (weak faith - wrongly implies degree rather than kind)
Original: νεκρά
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:17, 20, 26. Must be taught as an ontological claim (a professed faith that never had life), not a claim that a genuinely living faith merely needs works added as a supplement. Guards against a synergistic works-added-to-faith misreading.
Apart From Without
Approved rendering: ~없이
Transliteration: ~eopsi
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: χωρίς
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:18, 20, 26 (χωρίς). Structurally identical to Romans 3:28’s ‘justified by faith apart from works of the law.’ Must render consistently across James 2 and be cross-checked against the Romans-curriculum rendering of the same Greek preposition to preserve the intertextual echo.
Works Together
Approved rendering: 함께 일하고
Transliteration: hamkke ilhago
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: συνήργει (συνεργέω)
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:22 (συνήργει). Must be taught as descriptive of a living faith’s internal unity with works, not as works contributing causally to justification’s forensic ground, which per Romans remains faith alone in Christ’s righteousness.
Perfected Completed
Approved rendering: 온전하게 되었느니라
Transliteration: onjeonhage doeeotneunira
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 수행으로 완성됨 (자기 수양적 표현 - 배제)
Original: ἐτελειώθη (τελειόω)
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:22 (ἐτελειώθη). Distinguish from Korean Buddhist/folk self-cultivation vocabulary for attaining perfection through ascetic effort (수행, 도 닦기), the same collision flagged for sanctification (성화) in the baseline. Abraham’s faith is completed/demonstrated through obedience, not self-attained.
Altar
Approved rendering: 제단
Transliteration: jedan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 제사상 (ancestor-rite offering table - strong jesa collision, rejected)
Original: θυσιαστήριον
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:21. Shares the root 제 (offering/rite) with 제사 (jesa), the Confucian ancestor-memorial rite behind Korean church history’s sharpest doctrinal collision (18th-19th c. Catholic martyrdoms). Must clarify Abraham’s altar is worship directed to 하나님 alone, structurally unrelated to jesa.
Body Without Spirit
Approved rendering: 영이 없는 몸
Transliteration: yeong-i eomneun mom
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 성령이 없는 몸 (wrongly invokes the Holy Spirit - rejected)
Original: σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:26 closing analogy. 영 here is the ordinary human life-principle/breath, NOT 성령 (Holy Spirit); must never be rendered using or confused with the Holy Spirit term. This final sentence is James’s summary thesis and should be treated as fixed/identically-rendered across every lesson (matching v.17’s 죽은 것이니라).
Perfect Mature
Approved rendering: 온전한
Transliteration: onjeonhan
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 완벽한 (implies sinless moral perfection - wrong nuance, rejected)
Original: τέλειος
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:4, 17, 25; 3:2 (τέλειος). Distinguish from Korean Buddhist/folk self-cultivation vocabulary for attaining perfection through ascetic effort (수행, 도 닦기), the same collision flagged for sanctification (성화) in the baseline; this maturity is Spirit-produced and trial-tested, not self-attained.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: 지혜
Transliteration: jihye
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: 처세술 (worldly social cunning/tact - must NEVER be used as a translation, only referenced in commentary as the concept being distinguished from)
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 1:5; escalates to a sharper contrast risk at 3:13-18. Must be distinguished from 처세술, a positively-regarded Korean social-competence virtue superficially resembling James’s condemned ‘earthly wisdom.‘
Doer Of The Word
Approved rendering: 말씀을 행하는 자 / 듣기만 하는 자
Transliteration: malsseum-eul haengha-neun ja / deutgiman haneun ja
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατής
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 1:22-25. Must use vocabulary consistent with 2:14-26’s works-terminology (행위) so the mirror-illustration of 1:22-25 and the faith-works argument of 2:14-26 read as one unified biblical argument, not two separate arguments.
Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: 자유롭게 하는 온전한 율법
Transliteration: jayuropge haneun onjeonhan yulbeop
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 예 (Confucian ritual-propriety code - rejected)
Original: νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας
Category: Faith and Works
NEW compound built on the baseline Law term. James 1:25; 2:12. Reuse the baseline’s caution against equating 율법 with 예; James’s usage additionally stresses a liberating, love-summarized quality distinct from Romans’ more forensic emphasis.
Mercy
Approved rendering: 긍휼
Transliteration: geunghyul
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: 자비 (technical Buddhist compassion-doctrine noun, e.g. the Bodhisattva of Compassion’s attainment-based compassion - forbidden as a freestanding noun)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW to the translation memory (not present in the baseline Romans package). James 2:13, 5:11. 자비 carries strong doctrinal association with universal compassion extended by an enlightened being as a function of their own attainment; 긍휼 is the established Korean Protestant term reserved for God’s covenantal mercy. EXCEPTION: the fixed KRV idiomatic phrase at 5:11 (긍휼히 여기시고 자비하신, see compassionate_and_merciful entry) uses 자비 adjectivally for God’s own character and must be preserved as a whole-phrase citation only, never as license to use 자비 as a freestanding noun elsewhere. Mandatory human theologian review.
Hell Gehenna
Approved rendering: 지옥
Transliteration: jiok
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γέεννα
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:6 (γέεννα). Established KRV term (no viable alternative). Must be taught as the place of final divine judgment as elsewhere in the Gospels, not a rhetorical intensifier, and must not be conflated with Buddhist six-realms/samsara hell cosmology present in Korean folk-religious imagination.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: 위로부터 내려오는 지혜
Transliteration: wirobuteo naeryeooneun jihye
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: 처세술적 지혜 (worldly-cunning framing - rejected)
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:15, 17 (σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη). Must be sharply distinguished from Korean culture’s prized practical social savvy (처세술); wisdom-from-above differs qualitatively in source and character (purity, peaceableness, gentleness, mercy), not merely in degree of politeness.
Earthly Unspiritual Demonic Wisdom
Approved rendering: 땅에 속한, 육신에 속한, 귀신의 것
Transliteration: ttang-e sokhan, yuksin-e sokhan, gwisin-ui geot
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:15 (ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης). Reuses the 귀신 rendering established for δαιμόνια (2:19) for consistency; must retain the sharp qualitative contrast with wisdom-from-above rather than reading as merely a milder ethical category.
Friendship With The World
Approved rendering: 세상과 벗함
Transliteration: sesang-gwa beotham
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: 세상을 사랑함 (loses the 벗 root-echo with 2:23’s ‘friend of God’ - rejected)
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4 (φιλία τοῦ κόσμου). Must share the root 벗 with 하나님의 벗 (friend_of_god, 2:23) to preserve James’s deliberate antithesis; must not be softened into vague warning against generic ‘secularism.‘
Adulteresses
Approved rendering: 간음하는 여인들아
Transliteration: ganeumhaneun yeoindeul-a
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: 신실치 못한 자들아 (euphemistic generic softening - rejected)
Original: μοιχαλίδες
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4 (μοιχαλίδες). Do not euphemize or genericize; the OT covenant-unfaithfulness/marriage metaphor (echoing Hosea) carries essential rhetorical and theological weight and must be preserved directly.
Devil
Approved rendering: 마귀
Transliteration: magwi
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: 도깨비 (folk trickster goblin, morally ambiguous - rejected), 귀신 (reserved for daimonia, a distinct term - rejected)
Original: διάβολος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:7 (διάβολος). Must be taught as the singular, purely evil personal adversary of God, distinct from 귀신 (demons, 2:19) and from Korean folk trickster figures (도깨비, dokkaebi), which are often mischievous rather than purely malevolent.
Prayer Of Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음의 기도
Transliteration: mideum-ui gido
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: 중보기도 (reserved baseline term for general intercession - distinct nuance, not substituted here)
Original: εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:15 (εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως). Direct petition to God through Christ; distinguish from a mudang’s ritual mediation between the living and spirits, per the baseline’s intercession doctrine caution.
Confess Sins
Approved rendering: 죄를 서로 고백하다
Transliteration: joe-reul seoro gobaekhada
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: 고해성사 (Catholic sacramental confession to a priest - forbidden)
Original: ἐξομολογέω
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:16 (ἐξομολογέω). Must be clearly distinguished from the Catholic sacrament of confession to a priest (고해성사); given Korea’s substantial Catholic population alongside the Protestant majority, this Protestant/Catholic distinction is pastorally significant. Mandatory native speaker and theologian review.
Medium Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Used of both God the Father and Christ throughout James (1:1, 2:1, 5:7-8, 5:14-15). Full honorific (님) grammar required. James 5:4’s ‘Lord of Sabaoth’ (만군의 주, see separate entry) is a related but distinct OT title.
Peace
Approved rendering: 화평 (doctrinal) / 평안 (greeting)
Transliteration: hwapyeong / pyeongan
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕, when doctrinal sense is intended)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly, with a James-specific bifurcation the baseline itself anticipated: James 2:16’s empty valedictory greeting (‘go in peace’) must use 평안 (general well-being), NOT 화평 (the doctrinal covenant-peace term reserved for justification-peace, Romans 5:1). James 3:18’s ‘fruit of righteousness sown in peace’ uses the doctrinal sense and should align with 화평.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 벗
Transliteration: Hananim-ui beot
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 하나님의 친구 (일상적 표현, 격식과 문학적 반향 부족)
Original: φίλος θεοῦ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:23. KRV’s established literary term 벗 (not everyday 친구) must be reused identically in 4:4’s ‘friendship with the world’ (세상과 벗함) to preserve the deliberate antithesis the Wisdom-from-Above/Worldliness doctrines depend on.
Shudder
Approved rendering: 떨다
Transliteration: tteolda
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 경외하다 (reverent worship-fear - wrong sense, rejected)
Original: φρίσσουσιν (φρίσσω)
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:19 (φρίσσουσιν). Visceral dread, not reverent ‘fear of the Lord’ (경외); illustrates that correct theology without trust/works is insufficient.
Rahab Prostitute
Approved rendering: 기생
Transliteration: gisaeng
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: 매춘부 (지나치게 현대적/임상적), 창녀 (established KRV alternative in some editions, harsher register)
Original: πόρνη (Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη)
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:25 (πόρνη), established KRV rendering for both Joshua 2 and James 2:25. 기생 can carry a romanticized courtesan-artist connotation in contemporary Korean historical drama; must be clarified as the established biblical-translation equivalent for ‘prostitute,’ not an allusion to the refined entertainer image.
Testing Genuineness
Approved rendering: 시험 / 연단
Transliteration: siheom / yeondan
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:3 (δοκίμιον), the process/means of testing (assaying-metal imagery). Rendered contextually; ensure consistency with the disambiguation notes required for trial_temptation.
Endurance
Approved rendering: 인내
Transliteration: innae
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 오래 참음 (reserved exclusively for makrothymia, a distinct term - do not substitute)
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:3-4, 12; 5:11 (ὑπομονή). Must remain lexically distinct throughout from μακροθυμία/오래 참음 (patience_forbearance below), despite both glossing as English ‘patience.‘
Double Minded
Approved rendering: 두 마음을 품은
Transliteration: du maeum-eul pumeun
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 우유부단한 (merely psychologically indecisive - too weak, rejected)
Original: δίψυχος
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:8; 4:8 (δίψυχος). Descriptive phrase since Korean lacks a single native compound equivalent; must be understood as spiritual instability in trusting God, not generic indecisiveness.
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: 욕심
Transliteration: yoksim
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 바람 (neutral desire/want - too weak, rejected)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:14-15 (ἐπιθυμία). Disordered, sin-producing craving personified as conceiving and giving birth to sin; do not soften the birth/death metaphor.
Word Of Truth
Approved rendering: 진리의 말씀 / 마음에 심어진 말씀
Transliteration: jinri-ui malsseum / maeum-e simeojin malsseum
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 경전 (Confucian classical-text connotation - rejected)
Original: λόγος ἀληθείας / ἔμφυτος λόγος
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:18, 21 (λόγος ἀληθείας / ἔμφυτος λόγος). Distinguish from Confucian classical texts (경, gyeong) or generic folk wisdom sayings, per the baseline’s inspiration_of_scripture caution.
Religion
Approved rendering: 경건 / 종교
Transliteration: gyeongeon / jonggyo
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: θρησκεία
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:26-27 (θρησκεία). No single existing Korean noun captures James’s practical redefinition; retain the bracketed pair with a teaching note that James defines it by concrete action (care for orphans/widows, moral purity), not ritual performance.
Unstained From The World
Approved rendering: 세상에 물들지 아니하는
Transliteration: sesang-e muldeulji anihaneun
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἄσπιλος ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 1:27 (ἄσπιλος ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου). Connects to the fuller κόσμος/worldliness doctrine developed in chapter 4; ensure consistent handling of κόσμος across both passages.
Poor
Approved rendering: 가난한 자
Transliteration: gananhan ja
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πτωχός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:9-10; 2:2-6; 5:1-6 (πτωχός). James 2:5 directly refutes wealth-as-divine-favor, connecting to the baseline’s 기복신앙 caution under grace.
Rich
Approved rendering: 부한 자
Transliteration: buhan ja
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:10-11; 2:2-6; 5:1-6 (πλούσιος). James 5:1-6 pronounces prophetic judgment on wealth gained through injustice and self-indulgence; must not be read as neutral social-status description.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: 최고의 법
Transliteration: choego-ui beop
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: 왕의 법 (literal but less established KRV idiom - rejected)
Original: νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:8 (νόμος βασιλικός). Established KRV phrase; teach in connection with the law_of_liberty entry for cross-chapter consistency.
Tongue
Approved rendering: 혀
Transliteration: hyeo
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:5-10 (γλῶσσα). Low risk for the word itself; the extended metaphor cluster (bit/bridle, ship’s rudder, small fire, forest, γέεννα) must be rendered with internal consistency throughout chapter 3.
Meekness Of Wisdom
Approved rendering: 지혜의 온유함
Transliteration: jihye-ui onyuham
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: πραΰτης σοφίας
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:13 (πραΰτης σοφίας). Teach in contrast with self-promoting cleverness (처세술).
Bitter Jealousy Selfish Ambition
Approved rendering: 독한 시기 / 이기적 야심
Transliteration: dokhan sigi / igijeok yasim
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ζῆλος πικρός, ἐριθεία
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:14, 16 (ζῆλος πικρός, ἐριθεία). Intersects with Korea’s intensely competitive, achievement-and-status-oriented culture (cf. baseline’s 영광/glory and 선교/mission cautions); worth a cultural-application note distinguishing godly ambition from self-serving rivalry.
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의의 열매
Transliteration: ui-ui yeolmae
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:18 (καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης). Reuses the baseline’s caution distinguishing 의 from 의리, here in a practical-fruit rather than forensic-justification sense.
World
Approved rendering: 세상
Transliteration: sesang
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: κόσμος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 1:27; 4:4 (κόσμος). Distinguish from any Buddhist association of ‘world’ with an impermanent/illusory realm to be transcended; James’s κόσμος is a moral-relational opposition to God, not an ontological illusion.
Enmity With God
Approved rendering: 하나님과 원수 됨
Transliteration: Hananim-gwa wonsu doem
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4 (ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ). The stated consequence of worldly friendship; teach as the direct logical consequence of the friendship-with-the-world doctrine.
Submit Resist
Approved rendering: 복종하다 / 대적하다
Transliteration: bokjonghada / daejeokhada
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ὑποτάσσω / ἀνθίστημι
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:7 (ὑποτάσσω / ἀνθίστημι). Intersects with the baseline’s obedience_of_faith caution regarding Korea’s Confucian hierarchical-obedience ethics; clarify submission is directed to God specifically (not a human superior), resistance toward the devil (not legitimate civil authority, cf. Romans 13).
Humble Oneself
Approved rendering: 낮추다
Transliteration: najchuda
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ταπεινόω
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:10 (ταπεινόω). Connects to the Wisdom-from-Above doctrine’s contrast between worldly self-promotion and gospel humility, worth noting alongside Korea’s status-conscious achievement culture.
Judge Lawgiver
Approved rendering: 재판장 / 입법자
Transliteration: jaepanjang / ipbeopja
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: κριτής / νομοθέτης
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:11-12 (κριτής / νομοθέτης). Titles reserved for God alone; ensure they are not diluted into generic honorifics for human authority figures.
Defraud
Approved rendering: 삯을 갈취하다
Transliteration: sakk-eul galchwihada
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ἀποστερέω
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 5:4 (ἀποστερέω). Connects to the Favoritism-and-the-Poor doctrine’s concern for economic justice within and beyond the believing community.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: 만군의 주
Transliteration: mangun-ui ju
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: 사바오스 (Hebrew transliteration - unfamiliar to readers, rejected in favor of the established OT title)
Original: Κύριος Σαβαώθ
Category: God
NEW. James 5:4 (Κύριος Σαβαώθ). Established, low-collision Korean OT title already present in the Korean Bible tradition (Isaiah, Psalms); ensure consistency with any existing OT-quotation conventions used elsewhere in the curriculum.
Patience Forbearance
Approved rendering: 오래 참음 / 길이 참음
Transliteration: orae chameum / gili chameum
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: 인내 (reserved exclusively for hypomonē, a distinct term - do not substitute)
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7-8, 10 (μακροθυμία). Must remain lexically distinct from ὑπομονή/인내 (endurance, ch. 1 and 5:11) despite both glossing to English ‘patience’; this term is oriented specifically toward eschatological hope.
Coming Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 주의 강림
Transliteration: ju-ui gangnim
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7-8 (παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου). Established Korean eschatological term; comparatively low collision risk in Korean relative to other languages in this pipeline. Ensure consistency with any other Second-Coming material in the curriculum.
Patience Of Job
Approved rendering: 욥의 인내
Transliteration: Yob-ui innae
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:11 (ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ). Reinforces ὑπομονή’s established rendering (인내) for consistency with chapter 1.
Compassionate And Merciful
Approved rendering: 긍휼히 여기시고 자비하신
Transliteration: geunghyulhi yeogisigo jabihasin
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: πολύσπλαγχνος, οἰκτίρμων
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:11 (πολύσπλαγχνος, οἰκτίρμων). Fixed KRV idiomatic phrase; NOTE this is the ONE place in the curriculum where 자비 is permitted, used adjectivally for God’s own character, distinct from the technical Buddhist noun 자비 flagged under the mercy entry. Permit only as this fixed whole-phrase citation; never introduce 자비 as a freestanding noun elsewhere.
Sick Weak
Approved rendering: 병든
Transliteration: byeongdeun
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἀσθενέω
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14 (ἀσθενέω). Core term of the Prayer-and-Healing doctrine; read alongside anointing and healing terms below.
Effective Fervent Prayer
Approved rendering: 의인의 간구는 역사하는 힘이 큼이니라
Transliteration: uiin-ui gan-gu-neun yeoksahaneun himi keum-inira
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:16 (δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη). Connects to the baseline’s righteousness (의) term used in a practical, prayer-empowered sense.
Wander Go Astray
Approved rendering: 미혹되어 진리를 떠나다
Transliteration: mihokdoeeo jinrireul tteonada
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: πλανάω
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:19 (πλανάω). Must convey pastoral concern for one who has drifted from truth, not merely intellectual error.
Turn Back Convert
Approved rendering: 돌아서게 하다
Transliteration: doraseoge hada
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐπιστρέφω
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:19-20 (ἐπιστρέφω). Must convey restorative, pastoral intent — bringing a brother back into fellowship and truth — not punitive exclusion.
Cover Multitude Of Sins
Approved rendering: 허다한 죄를 덮다
Transliteration: heodahan joeleul deopda
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: 공덕을 쌓아 죄를 덮음 (merit-accumulation/karmic-transactional framing - rejected)
Original: καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:20 (καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν). Must not be read as self-generated merit, echoing the same 업/업보 caution flagged for 행위 in the core passage; restoration ministry flows from, and never replaces, God’s own prior forgiving grace.
Low Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. James 2:5: the poor who love God are heirs of this kingdom — a direct challenge to any prosperity-equals-blessing assumption, connecting to the baseline’s 기복신앙 caution under grace.
Abraham
Approved rendering: 아브라함
Transliteration: Abeuraham
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW to this TM file (not separately entered in the baseline Romans TM despite Romans 4’s heavy use of Abraham). Established KRV proper name form; must be identical to any Romans-curriculum rendering of the same name.
Isaac
Approved rendering: 이삭
Transliteration: Isak
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:21, the son Abraham offered on the altar. Established KRV proper name form.
Crown Of Life
Approved rendering: 생명의 면류관
Transliteration: saengmyeong-ui myeollyugwan
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:12. Established KRV eschatological phrase; low collision risk.
Tame The Tongue
Approved rendering: 재갈 물리다 / 길들이다
Transliteration: jaegal mullida / gildeurida
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: χαλιναγωγέω / δαμάζω
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 1:26; 3:3, 7-8. Established, low-collision bit/bridle and animal-taming imagery; ensure consistent metaphor rendering across chapters 1 and 3.
Orphans Widows
Approved rendering: 고아와 과부
Transliteration: goa-wa gwabu
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ὀρφανός, χήρα
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:27. Paradigm objects of practical, undefiled religion; no significant collision.
Draw Near
Approved rendering: 가까이하라
Transliteration: gakkaihara
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἐγγίζω
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:8 (ἐγγίζω). No significant collision risk.
Vapor Mist
Approved rendering: 안개
Transliteration: angae
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἀτμίς
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:14 (ἀτμίς). No significant collision risk.
Swear An Oath
Approved rendering: 맹세하다
Transliteration: maengsehada
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: ὀμνύω
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:12 (ὀμνύω). No significant collision risk.
Elder
Approved rendering: 장로
Transliteration: jangno
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14 (πρεσβύτερος). Strong institutional resonance with Korea’s largest Protestant denomination (장로교, Presbyterian church); no collision, but note the risk that learners may assume a formal ordained-office reading exceeding the informal house-church elders James envisions.
Elijah
Approved rendering: 엘리야
Transliteration: Ellija
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:17-18, cited as a worked example of effective, fervent prayer. Established KRV proper name form.
Referenced passages