Core Glossary

08 — Core Glossary: 1 Timothy (English–Korean)

Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Verbatim (no changes; do not alter)

Term	Korean	Risk (baseline)	1 Timothy occurrences (representative)
gospel	복음	Medium	1:11
grace	은혜	Critical	1:2, 1:14, 6:21
faith	믿음	High	1:2,4,5,14,19; 2:7,15; 3:9,13; 4:1,6,12; 5:8,12; 6:10-12,21
righteousness	의	High	6:11
salvation	구원	Critical	1:15 (background); 2:15 (distinct sense — see analysis note)
apostle	사도	Low	1:1; 2:7
holy	거룩한	High	2:8
sanctification	성화	High	4:5 (conceptual)
lord	주님	Critical	throughout (Christ Jesus our Lord, 1:2,12,14; 6:3,14)
glory	영광	Medium	1:17; 3:13 (conceptual, “good standing”)
law	율법	High	1:7-9
sin	죄	High	1:9,15; 5:20,22,24
gentiles	이방인	High	3:16 (“nations,” ἔθνεσιν)
election	선택	Medium	5:21 (“elect angels,” conceptual link)
intercession	중보기도	Medium	2:1
prophecy	예언	Medium	1:18; 4:14
spiritual_gifts	은사	High	4:14
thanksgiving	감사	Low	2:1
church	교회	Medium	3:5,15
kingdom_of_god	하나님의 나라	Low	(not directly named, thematic background only)
jesus	예수	Critical	throughout
god	하나님	Critical	throughout
holy_spirit	성령	Critical	3:16 (“in the Spirit”); 4:1 (contrast with deceiving spirits)
father	아버지	Critical	1:2; 5:1 (conceptual, familial address)
exhort	권면하다	Low	5:1 (conceptual, “appeal to”)
messiah / christ	그리스도	Medium	throughout (“Christ Jesus”)
covenant	언약	Low	(background, ch. 2 mediator context)
calling / called	부르심(을 받은)	High	6:12 (“called to eternal life,” conceptual)

Section B — New Terms Introduced by 1 Timothy

Term (English)	Greek / translit.	Korean	Transliteration	Doctrine risk	Doctrine	Alternatives rejected	Notes
mercy	ἔλεος / eleos	긍휼	geunghyul	High	Grace (adjacent)	자비	NEVER 자비 — the standard Korean Buddhist compassion term, strongly associated with 관세음보살 (Avalokiteśvara). 긍휼 is the established Protestant alternative and must be retained.
hope	ἐλπίς / elpis	소망	somang	Medium	Godliness and Contentment (adjacent)	복을 비는 소망	Distinguish from fortune-seeking hope for material blessing (기복신앙 pattern); hope is fixed on Christ’s person and return.
sound doctrine	ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / hygiainousa didaskalia	바른 교훈	bareun gyohun	High	Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching	좋은 가르침 (too generic)	Central term; must contrast textually and consistently with 다른 교훈 throughout the book.
false/different teaching	ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω / heterodidaskaleō	다른 교훈(을 가르치다)	dareun gyohun(eul gareuchida)	High	Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching	이단 (too narrow/anachronistic institutional sense)	Paired opposite of 바른 교훈; occurs 1:3 and 6:3.
myths	μῦθος / mythos	신화	sinhwa	Medium	Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching	—	Echo-risk with Korea’s own Dangun founding narrative (also called 신화); teach as a negative example without implying direct equivalence to any specific Korean legend.
genealogies	γενεαλογία / genealogia	족보	jokbo	High	Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching	—	Korea’s living clan-genealogy culture (족보) is a genuine, prized family practice; teaching must clarify Paul condemns speculative doctrinal use of genealogical material, not genealogical record-keeping itself.
conscience	συνείδησις / syneidēsis	양심	yangsim	Medium	Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching (adjacent)	체면	Must be a God-oriented moral faculty, not social face-consciousness (체면).
trustworthy saying (formula)	πιστὸς ὁ λόγος / pistos ho logos	미쁘다 이 말이여	mippeuda i mari-yeo	Medium	Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching	확실한 말입니다 (breaks cross-Pastoral consistency)	Recurring formula (1:15; 3:1; 4:9); must render identically at every occurrence.
godliness	εὐσέβεια / eusebeia	경건	gyeonggeon	High	Godliness and Contentment	수신, 도 닦기	Central, most-repeated new term in the book (2:2; 3:16; 4:7-8; 6:3,5,6,11). NEVER equate with Confucian self-cultivation (수신) or ascetic Buddhist/folk practice (도 닦기, already rejected under baseline sanctification). Godward reverence flowing from grace, not self-achieved moral cultivation.
Savior (title)	σωτήρ / sōtēr	구주	guju	Medium	Godliness and Contentment / Salvation (adjacent)	—	Title form alongside baseline noun 구원; teach 2:4’s universal saving will alongside baseline’s 선택 (election) doctrine without softening either.
one Mediator	εἷς μεσίτης / heis mesitēs	중보자	jungbojja	Critical	Christ as the One Mediator	무당, 조상 중보, 성인 중재	CRITICAL — the highest-risk new term in this curriculum. Collides directly with the mudang’s ritual-intermediary role, Confucian ancestor-rite (jesa) mediation, and popular saint/Mary intercession patterns. The numeral “one” (εἷς) is load-bearing: Christ is the sole mediator, excluding all others. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
ransom	ἀντίλυτρον / antilytron	대속물	daesongmul	High	Christ as the One Mediator	—	A costly substitutionary payment given BY God/Christ, never a transactional offering given upward by worshipers; parallels the baseline’s grace/기복신앙 caution on directionality.
quietness/silence (worship-conduct term)	ἡσυχία / hēsychia	조용함	joyonghan	High	Public Worship and Prayer	—	Risk of over-generalizing into a blanket cultural endorsement of women’s public silence, reinforced by Korea’s historic Confucian patriarchal norms (cf. baseline obedience_of_faith “three obediences” note). Requires careful, non-collapsing contextual teaching; flag for theologian review.
to exercise authority over	αὐθεντέω / authenteō	주관하다	jugwanhada	High	Public Worship and Prayer	—	Genuinely disputed semantic range (neutral “exercise authority” vs. negative “domineer”); preserve the ambiguity in teaching notes rather than resolving it by translation choice alone.
childbearing (soteriological crux)	τεκνογονία / teknogonia	해산함 / 출산	haesanham / chulsan	High	Public Worship and Prayer (adjacent)	—	σῴζω here (2:15) must not be conflated with the Critical baseline 구원 doctrine; likely sense is “kept safe/preserved through,” not justification by works. Flag for theologian review.
overseer / bishop (office)	ἐπίσκοπος / episkopos	감독	gamdok	High	Qualifications for Church Leadership	—	Must be distinguished from a denominational hierarchical bishopric rank (a common Korean Methodist usage) and taught as functionally overlapping with 장로 (elder) in Paul’s usage.
deacon (office)	διάκονος / diakonos	집사	jipsa	High	Qualifications for Church Leadership	—	집사 has drifted in contemporary Korean church culture into a customary honorific membership title (often tenure-based) rather than the examined, character-qualified office of 3:8-13; teaching must explicitly distinguish the two usages.
mystery of the faith / of godliness	μυστήριον / mystērion	비밀 (믿음의 비밀, 경건의 비밀)	bimil (mideum-ui bimil, gyeonggeon-ui bimil)	High	Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching / The Church as Pillar of Truth	—	A truth once hidden, now openly revealed to all — the OPPOSITE of esoteric secret-knowledge patterns found in Korean new religious movements and folk practice; must not be taught as privileged insider information.
pillar and foundation of truth	στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας / stylos kai hedraiōma tēs alētheias	진리의 기둥과 터	jilli-ui gidung-gwa teo	High	The Church as Pillar of Truth	—	The church publicly displays and upholds a truth given by God, not truth it generates or privately possesses; guards against closed-community/secret-society framing.
household of God	οἶκος θεοῦ / oikos theou	하나님의 집	Hananim-ui jip	Medium	The Church as Pillar of Truth / Care for Widows and the Household of Faith	—	Contrast with Korea’s patrilineal, ancestor-rite-centered household/lineage concept (가문, 제사); God’s household is constituted by faith and adoption, not blood lineage.
deceiving spirits	πνεύματα πλάνα / pneumata plana	미혹하는 영들	mihokhaneun yeongdeul	Critical	Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching	신령한 존재들 (too neutral/positive)	Direct collision with Korea’s active shamanistic spirit-world (무속신앙); must retain full warning force, not soften into generic “false ideas.”
doctrines of demons	διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων / didaskaliai daimoniōn	귀신의 가르침	guisin-ui gareuchim	Critical	Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching	—	귀신 is the everyday term for the spirits central to shamanistic gut ritual and folk exorcism; this is a live, high-visibility collision point requiring explicit, non-abstracted teaching.
training unto godliness	γυμνάζειν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν / gymnazein pros eusebeian	경건에 이르도록 연단하다	gyeonggeon-e ireudorok yeondanhada	High	Godliness and Contentment	수행, 도 닦기	Grace-dependent discipleship, not self-powered ascetic cultivation (수행/도 닦기, already rejected under baseline sanctification).
laying on of hands	ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν / epithesis tōn cheirōn	안수	ansu	Medium	Qualifications for Church Leadership	—	Established Korean church term; here specifically an ordination/commissioning act, to be distinguished from popular charismatic-healing usages of the same word.
council of elders	πρεσβυτέριον / presbyterion	장로회	jangnohoe	Medium	Qualifications for Church Leadership	—	The corporate body of elders exercising the ordination charge together, not an individual’s authority alone.
elder (age sense vs. office sense)	πρεσβύτερος / presbyteros	연장자/노인 (age) vs. 장로 (office)	yeonjangja/noin vs. jangno	High	Qualifications for Church Leadership	장로 (used indiscriminately for both senses)	CRITICAL disambiguation: Korea’s strong Confucian age-hierarchy culture (경로효친) risks collapsing the qualification-based office into generic age-based deference. Reserve 장로 strictly for the office sense (5:17,19; ch. 3).
widow	χήρα / chēra	과부	gwabu	High	Care for Widows and the Household of Faith	—	Historical Korean widow-chastity ideology (열녀 memorial tradition) differs from 1 Timothy’s practical-provision concern; teach with awareness of this background without importing an unrelated honor-shame lens.
widow indeed	ὄντως χήρα / ontōs chēra	참 과부	cham gwabu	High	Care for Widows and the Household of Faith	—	The passage’s key practical distinction (church support vs. family support) must be preserved.
double honor	διπλῆς τιμῆς / diplēs timēs	배나 존경	baena jon-gyeong	Medium	Qualifications for Church Leadership	—	Includes financial provision for elders who labor in preaching/teaching (5:17-18); guard against status-competition dynamics in achievement-conscious church culture.
bondservant / slave	δοῦλος / doulos	종	jong	Medium	(household/social ethics, adjacent to Godliness and Contentment)	—	Requires historical-context note distinguishing the first-century slave institution from modern employment; avoid both endorsement-reading and over-direct modern-workplace analogy.
master (human, of a slave)	δεσπότης / despotēs	상전	sangjeon	Medium	(adjacent to Lordship of Christ, by contrast)	주인님 (reserve only for correctly human contexts)	Correctly used here for a human master (6:1-2), reinforcing by contrast the baseline’s exclusion of 주인님-type language from God/Christ reference.
godliness as a means of gain (condemned)	πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν / porismon einai tēn eusebeian	경건을 이익의 방도로 여김	gyeonggeon-eul ig-ui bangdoro yeogim	Critical	Godliness and Contentment	—	Scripture’s own direct diagnosis of the 기복신앙 (fortune-seeking faith) transactional pattern flagged Critical in the baseline grace entry; cross-link explicitly.
godliness with contentment (great gain)	ἡ εὐσέβεια μετὰ αὐτάρκειας πορισμὸς μέγας / hē eusebeia meta autarkeias porismos megas	자족하는 마음이 있으면 경건이 큰 이익이 되느니라	jajokhaneun ma-eumi isseumyeon gyeonggeon-i keun ige doeneunira	Critical	Godliness and Contentment	—	Redefines “gain” as spiritual/eternal, not material; the decisive positive counter-teaching to the 기복신앙 pattern. Mandatory theologian review.
contentment	αὐτάρκεια / autarkeia	자족	jajok	High	Godliness and Contentment	—	Distinguish from Stoic self-generated detachment; biblical contentment flows from trust in God’s provision.
love of money	φιλαργυρία / philargyria	돈을 사랑함	don-eul saranghan	Medium	Godliness and Contentment	”돈이 만악의 근원” (common misquotation)	Clarify: love OF money is A root of all KINDS of evil, not money itself as the sole source of every evil.
man of God	ἄνθρωπε θεοῦ / anthrōpe theou	하나님의 사람	Hananim-ui saram	Low	Godliness and Contentment (adjacent)	—	Solemn prophetic-style address; low collision risk.
the good confession	ἡ καλὴ ὁμολογία / hē kalē homologia	선한 증언(을 증거함)	seonhan jeung-eon(eul jeunggeoham)	Medium	Christ as the One Mediator (adjacent) / Lordship of Christ	고백 (generic; KRV renders contextually as 증언/증거)	Cross-reference to Romans 10:9 salvation-confession consistency rule without conflating the two distinct passages’ vocabulary.
King of kings, Lord of lords	βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων	만왕의 왕, 만주의 주	manwang-ui wang, manju-ui ju	Critical	Christ as the One Mediator / Lordship of Christ (extension)	—	Directly extends the baseline’s Critical Lordship-of-Christ doctrine; absolute, exclusive sovereignty, never “a king among kings.” Mandatory theologian review.
guard the deposit	τὴν παραθήκην φύλαξον / tēn parathēkēn phylaxon	(네게) 부탁하신 것을 지키라	(nege) butakhasin geoseul jikira	Critical	Guarding the Deposit of Faith	—	A fixed, received body of apostolic teaching to be preserved unaltered — acute relevance given Korea’s documented history of syncretistic new religious movements. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
falsely called knowledge	ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις / pseudōnymos gnōsis	거짓된 지식	geojitdoen jisik	High	Guarding the Deposit of Faith	—	Cross-reference to μυστήριον entries above: guards against counterfeit “secret/higher knowledge” religious claims.
deceiving spirits / demons doctrine cluster	(see above)	—	—	Critical	Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching	—	Cross-reference entry; do not duplicate assignment elsewhere in Phase 2 tooling.

This glossary must be merged into a 1-Timothy-specific translation_memory.json extension file in a subsequent Phase 1 step, with version incrementing per the baseline’s enforcement instructions. All Section A terms are locked to the baseline rendering; only Section B terms are new and require doctrine_risk_registry.json extension entries.

Critical Risk Terms

Grace

Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

CRITICAL: the central Korean risk term. Never a reciprocal exchange for offerings or ritual performance; always unearned, unconditional favor. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 1:2, 1:14, 6:21; Paul’s autobiographical testimony (1:12-17) is this book’s proof-text for non-transactional grace.

Salvation

Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation

CRITICAL: never 해탈 or 윤회에서 벗어남. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 1:15 (Christ Jesus came to save sinners) and background to 2:3-4 (God our Savior); 1 Timothy 2:15’s σῴζω (‘saved through childbearing’) is a DISTINCT, non-technical sense and must never be rendered with this full Critical doctrinal weight — see the childbearing entry below.

Jesus

Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς Χριστός
Category: Christology

Standard KRV transliteration, no deviation permitted. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Used throughout 1 Timothy, almost always in the fixed title ‘Christ Jesus.‘

God

Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God

CRITICAL: Protestant-consistent 하나님, never 하느님, 천주, or 산신령. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Used throughout 1 Timothy, including the doxological titles of 1:17 and 6:15-16.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: God

CRITICAL: never 신령 or 신 alone; never framed as shamanistic spirit-possession. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 3:16 (‘vindicated in the Spirit’) and sharply contrasted in 4:1 with the new deceiving_spirits/doctrines_of_demons entries — this contrast must be preserved, not smoothed into generic ‘spirits’ language on either side.

Father

Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

CRITICAL: God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring jesa-style ritual offerings. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 1:2 (greeting) and underlies the household_of_god and care-for-widows family-provision teaching in chs. 3 and 5.

One Mediator

Approved rendering: 중보자
Transliteration: jungbojja
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 조상 중보, 성인 중재
Original: εἷς μεσίτης θεοῦ καὶ ἀνθρώπων
Category: Christology

CRITICAL — the single highest-risk new term in this curriculum. Collides directly with the mudang’s ritual-intermediary role (무속신앙), Confucian jesa ancestor-rite mediation, and folk-Catholic/popular saint-Mary intercession patterns. The numeral ‘one’ (εἷς, 2:5) is load-bearing and must always be taught with full exclusive force — Christ ALONE, categorically excluding every other spiritual intermediary. Render with an explicit exclusivity modifier (오직, 한 분이신) in doctrinal exposition, not the base noun alone. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.

Deceiving Spirits

Approved rendering: 미혹하는 영들
Transliteration: mihokhaneun yeongdeul
Doctrine: Latter-Day Apostasy and Deceiving Spirits
Rejected alternatives: 신령한 존재들 (too neutral/positive)
Original: πνεύματα πλάνα
Category: Sound Doctrine

CRITICAL. Renders πνεύματα πλάνα (4:1). Korean shamanism (무속신앙) presents an active, populated, widely-consulted spirit-world including mudang-channeled spirits. This warning must retain its full force against devotion to any such spirit-world, not be softened into a generic ‘false ideas’ reading — a live, not historical-only, pastoral concern.

Doctrines Of Demons

Approved rendering: 귀신의 가르침
Transliteration: guisin-ui gareuchim
Doctrine: Latter-Day Apostasy and Deceiving Spirits
Original: διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων
Category: Sound Doctrine

CRITICAL. Renders διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων (4:1). 귀신 (guisin) is the everyday Korean word for spirits actively invoked, placated, or exorcised in shamanistic gut ritual and folk belief. Direct, high-visibility collision point requiring explicit, non-abstracted teaching, not a merely distant first-century concern.

Guard The Deposit

Approved rendering: (네게) 부탁하신 것을 지키라
Transliteration: (nege) butakhasin geoseul jikira
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: ἡ παραθήκη
Category: Sound Doctrine

CRITICAL. Renders τὴν παραθήκην φύλαξον (6:20; cf. 1:18). Must be taught as a fixed, received body of apostolic teaching to be faithfully preserved and passed on unchanged, not a living tradition open to ongoing reinterpretation or blending with other religious content. Korea’s documented history of syncretistic new religious movements (blending Christian, Buddhist, shamanistic elements) gives this doctrine acute contemporary relevance. Preserve the periphrastic KRV phrasing exactly; do not coin a new noun-form technical term. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.

Godliness As Gain Condemned

Approved rendering: 경건을 이익의 방도로 여김
Transliteration: gyeonggeon-eul ig-ui bangdoro yeogim
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: νομιζόντων πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν
Category: Godliness and Contentment

CRITICAL. Renders νομιζόντων πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν (6:5). This is Scripture’s own explicit condemnation of the exact transactional, this-worldly-gain-seeking distortion of religion that Korean church leaders have themselves long flagged as 기복신앙. Must be taught as directly reinforcing (not merely echoing) the baseline’s Critical grace and power_of_god doctrine notes; teach paired with godliness_with_contentment below, never separated. Mandatory theologian review.

Godliness With Contentment

Approved rendering: 자족하는 마음이 있으면 경건이 큰 이익이 되느니라
Transliteration: jajokhaneun ma-eumi isseumyeon gyeonggeon-i keun ige doeneunira
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: ἔστιν δὲ πορισμὸς μέγας ἡ εὐσέβεια μετὰ αὐτάρκειας
Category: Godliness and Contentment

CRITICAL. Renders ἔστιν δὲ πορισμὸς μέγας ἡ εὐσέβεια μετὰ αὐτάρκειας (6:6), the decisive positive counter-teaching immediately following 6:5’s condemnation. Redefines ‘gain’ itself as spiritual/eternal, found in godly character and contentment, not material profit. The Bible’s own decisive answer to any 기복신앙-style reading of blessing. Mandatory human theologian review.

King Of Kings

Approved rendering: 만왕의 왕, 만주의 주
Transliteration: manwang-ui wang, manju-ui ju
Doctrine: The Good Confession and Christ’s Return
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων
Category: Christology

CRITICAL new title. Renders ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων (6:15). Directly extends the baseline’s Critical Lordship-of-Christ doctrine; must never be softened to ‘a king among kings.’ Established KRV rendering. Mandatory human theologian review, consistent with baseline escalation rules for Lordship/Deity-of-Christ language.

High Risk Terms

Faith

Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

Personal trust in Christ specifically, distinct from generic superstitious belief or fortune-telling confidence. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused throughout 1 Timothy (1:2,4,5,14,19; 2:7,15; 3:9,13; 4:1,6,12; 5:8,12; 6:10-12,21); also carries 1 Timothy’s distinctive sense of ‘the faith’ as a body of apostolic content to be guarded (1:19; 4:1; 6:21), tying directly to Guarding the Deposit of Faith.

Righteousness

Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation

Right standing before God, not 의리 (Korean relational-loyalty ethics) or moral achievement. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 6:11 within Timothy’s charge to pursue righteousness alongside godliness.

Called

Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로

Never 팔자에 정해진; God’s call is personal and relational. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Conceptually reused in 1 Timothy 6:12 (‘called to eternal life’).

Calling

Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Original: καλέω (cf. κλῆσις)
Category: Salvation

Never 운명 or 팔자. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Conceptually reused in 1 Timothy 6:12.

Holy

Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος / ὅσιος
Category: Sanctification

Moral set-apartness, not shamanistic ritual purification. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 2:8 (‘lifting up holy hands’).

Sanctification

Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιάζεται
Category: Sanctification

The Spirit’s ongoing work, distinct from ascetic self-cultivation. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Conceptually reused at 1 Timothy 4:5 (creation-gifts ‘sanctified through the word of God and prayer’), which must not be read as ritual purification.

Law

Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant

The Mosaic Law, moral revelation, not Confucian ritual-etiquette (예) or secular civil law. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 1:7-9.

Sin

Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin

Moral offense against a personal God, not bad luck or social face-loss. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 1:9,15 (Paul, ‘foremost of sinners’) and 5:20,22,24 (church discipline context).

Gentiles

Approved rendering: 이방인
Transliteration: ibangin
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: 외국인 (단일민족 의미로)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church

Avoid Korea’s ethnic-nationalist 단일민족 framing. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 3:16 (‘proclaimed among the nations,’ ἔθνεσιν) within the Christ-hymn.

Spiritual Gifts

Approved rendering: 은사
Transliteration: eunsa
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 무당의 능력
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Sanctification

Spirit-given enablements for building up the church, never a shaman’s spirit-power (영력) sought for display. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 4:14 (Timothy’s ordination gift, given through prophecy and the laying on of hands of the eldership).

Mercy

Approved rendering: 긍휼
Transliteration: geunghyul
Doctrine: Divine Mercy and Grace toward Sinners
Rejected alternatives: 자비
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation

NEW TERM. God’s compassionate response to human misery/guilt, distinguished from grace’s unmerited-favor emphasis. NEVER use 자비 (jabi), the standard Korean Buddhist compassion term strongly associated with the bodhisattva 관세음보살 (Avalokiteśvara). 긍휼 is the established Korean Protestant alternative, precisely chosen historically to avoid this collision. Occurs 1 Timothy 1:2,13,16.

Ransom

Approved rendering: 대속물
Transliteration: daesongmul
Doctrine: Christ’s Ransom for All
Original: ἀντίλυτρον
Category: Salvation

NEW TERM. A costly substitutionary payment (2:6, ἀντίλυτρον) GIVEN BY Christ, never an offering presented upward by a worshiper to secure a spiritual benefit — the same directional distinction the baseline’s grace entry makes against the 기복신앙 transactional pattern. Supply a one-line gloss (‘a price paid in place of another’) at first teaching occurrence.

Childbearing

Approved rendering: 해산함
Transliteration: haesanham
Doctrine: Women’s Conduct in Public Worship
Original: τεκνογονία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation

NEW TERM. σῴζω in 2:15 (‘saved/kept safe through childbearing’) must NOT be rendered with the full technical weight of the Critical 구원 doctrine; likely sense is preservation/being kept safe through the process, conditioned on continuing in faith, love, holiness, self-control. Flag every occurrence for mandatory human theologian review to avoid implying works-righteousness.

Quietness

Approved rendering: 조용함
Transliteration: joyonghan
Doctrine: Women’s Conduct in Public Worship
Original: ἡσυχία
Category: Faith

NEW TERM. A settled demeanor commended for the manner of women’s learning in worship (2:11-12; cf. 2:2). Korea’s Confucian patriarchal heritage (including the historic, rejected ‘three obediences’ norm already flagged in the baseline obedience_of_faith entry) risks this being received as blanket endorsement of women’s general public silence rather than Paul’s specific, debated worship-context instruction. Mandatory theologian review; preserve scope-limited framing.

Exercise Authority

Approved rendering: 주관하다
Transliteration: jugwanhada
Doctrine: Women’s Conduct in Public Worship
Original: αὐθεντέω
Category: Faith

NEW TERM. Renders αὐθεντέω (2:12), a rare verb with genuinely disputed range (neutral ‘exercise authority’ vs. negative ‘domineer’). The ambiguity itself must be preserved in teaching notes rather than resolved by a more strongly negative Korean alternative, which would silently settle a live exegetical debate. Mandatory theologian review.

Sound Doctrine

Approved rendering: 바른 교훈
Transliteration: bareun gyohun
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 가르침
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Sound Doctrine

NEW TERM. Renders ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (1:10; 4:6; 6:3), doctrine producing observable spiritual/moral health, not merely institutionally ‘approved’ or traditional teaching. Must contrast textually and consistently with 다른 교훈 (false_teaching) at every occurrence — never varied.

False Teaching

Approved rendering: 다른 교훈(을 가르치다)
Transliteration: dareun gyohun(eul gareuchida)
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: 이단 (too narrow/anachronistic institutional sense)
Original: ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω
Category: Sound Doctrine

NEW TERM. Renders ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω (1:3; 6:3), the named opposite of 바른 교훈 (sound_doctrine). Must be rendered so the paired contrast is textually visible and consistent throughout the book.

Genealogies

Approved rendering: 족보
Transliteration: jokbo
Doctrine: Myths and Speculative Genealogies
Rejected alternatives: 계보 (too neutral to carry the necessary teaching weight)
Original: γενεαλογία
Category: Sound Doctrine

NEW TERM. Speculative doctrinal systems built on ancestral descent (1:4). Korea maintains a strong living genealogy-culture (족보, clan genealogical registers) with deep Confucian ancestor-veneration roots; teaching must clarify Paul condemns speculative doctrinal USE of genealogical material, not genealogical record-keeping itself, so this verse is not heard as condemning a valued Korean family practice.

Falsely Called Knowledge

Approved rendering: 거짓된 지식
Transliteration: geojitdoen jisik
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις
Category: Sound Doctrine

NEW TERM. Renders ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις (6:20), a counterfeit ‘knowledge’ wrongly claiming the name γνῶσις. Cross-reference to mystery_of_faith/mystery_of_godliness entries: both guard against a counterfeit, esoteric special-knowledge religious pattern directly relevant to Korean new-religious-movement claims to secret or higher revelatory knowledge.

Godliness

Approved rendering: 경건
Transliteration: gyeonggeon
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: 수신, 도 닦기
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Godliness and Contentment

NEW TERM, most-repeated new term in the book (2:2; 3:16; 4:7-8; 6:3,5,6,11). NEVER equate with Confucian self-cultivation ethics (수신) or ascetic Buddhist/folk practice (도 닦기, already rejected under the baseline sanctification entry). Godward reverence flowing FROM grace-given faith, not self-achieved moral cultivation or ritual maintenance of divine favor.

Training Unto Godliness

Approved rendering: 경건에 이르도록 연단하다
Transliteration: gyeonggeon-e ireudorok yeondanhada
Doctrine: Godliness as Spiritual Training
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: γύμναζε σεαυτὸν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν
Category: Godliness and Contentment

NEW TERM. Renders γύμναζε σεαυτὸν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν (4:7-8). The athletic-training metaphor sounds similar to Korean ascetic self-cultivation but must be taught as grace-dependent discipleship reliant on ‘the living God’ (4:10), not self-powered spiritual achievement earning merit.

Contentment

Approved rendering: 자족
Transliteration: jajok
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: αὐτάρκεια
Category: Godliness and Contentment

NEW TERM. Renders αὐτάρκεια (6:6,8). Must be distinguished from Stoic or generalized secular self-sufficiency achieved by one’s own inner resolve; biblical contentment here flows from trust in God’s provision and an eternal perspective (6:7).

Overseer

Approved rendering: 감독
Transliteration: gamdok
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: ἐπίσκοπος / ἐπισκοπή
Category: Church

NEW TERM. Renders ἐπίσκοπος/ἐπισκοπή (3:1-7), the qualification-examined local-church office. Korean Methodist tradition uses 감독 for a denominational bishop over many churches, a different scale of office; teaching must clarify Paul’s 감독 is a local-congregation office overlapping with 장로 (elder, cf. Titus 1:5-7), not a hierarchical denominational rank.

Deacon

Approved rendering: 집사
Transliteration: jipsa
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church

NEW TERM. Renders διάκονος (3:8-13), a qualification-examined office of practical service. 집사 has drifted in contemporary Korean church culture into a customary, often tenure-based honorific membership title, rather than the character-examined office (δοκιμαζέσθωσαν πρῶτον, 3:10) Paul describes. Teaching must explicitly distinguish the two usages so the Qualifications doctrine is not read as already satisfied by ordinary title practice.

Elder Office Vs Age

Approved rendering: 연장자/노인 (age) vs. 장로 (office)
Transliteration: yeonjangja/noin vs. jangno
Doctrine: Elder Honor, Age Categories, and Church Order
Rejected alternatives: 장로 (used indiscriminately for both senses)
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church

NEW TERM PAIR. Renders πρεσβύτερος’s two senses: age/relational (5:1-2) vs. qualification-based office (5:17,19; ch. 3). Korea’s Confucian age-hierarchy culture (경로효친) makes it especially easy to blur these; reserve 장로 strictly for the office sense and render 5:1-2’s age sense with plain relational vocabulary (연장자/노인), so the qualification-based doctrine of church leadership is not collapsed into generic age-based deference.

Pillar And Foundation Of Truth

Approved rendering: 진리의 기둥과 터
Transliteration: jilli-ui gidung-gwa teo
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Church

NEW TERM. Renders στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας (3:15), the church’s God-given role of upholding and publicly displaying revealed truth. The church does not generate or privately possess truth (a guru-like or esoteric-society framing) but publicly holds up a truth revealed by God for the whole world to see — relevant to guarding against closed, secret-knowledge community models found among some new religious movements active in Korea.

Mystery Of Faith

Approved rendering: 믿음의 비밀
Transliteration: mideum-ui bimil
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership

NEW TERM. Renders τὸ μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως (3:9), sound doctrine deacons must hold with a clear conscience. μυστήριον here is a truth once hidden, now OPENLY revealed to all — the opposite of esoteric secret-knowledge patterns in Korean shamanism and new religious movements; must not be taught as privileged insider information.

Mystery Of Godliness

Approved rendering: 경건의 비밀
Transliteration: gyeonggeon-ui bimil
Doctrine: The Mystery of Godliness (Christ-Hymn)
Original: τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας μυστήριον
Category: Christology

NEW TERM. Renders τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας μυστήριον (3:16), immediately defined by the Christ-hymn that follows. Ties true godliness inseparably to the person and work of Christ, not independently achievable moral cultivation; must retain the same anti-esoteric framing as mystery_of_faith above.

Incarnation Manifested In Flesh

Approved rendering: 육신으로 나타나신 바 되심
Transliteration: yuksin-euro natanasin ba doesim
Doctrine: The Mystery of Godliness (Christ-Hymn)
Rejected alternatives: 화신
Original: ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί
Category: Christology

NEW TERM, reuses the baseline 성육신/incarnation concept. Renders ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί (3:16), the Son’s historical, bodily manifestation. Must never be rendered with language suggesting a temporary or repeatable manifestation (cf. baseline’s rejection of 화신, the Buddhist avatar concept).

Widow

Approved rendering: 과부
Transliteration: gwabu
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: χήρα
Category: Church

NEW TERM, central to this doctrine. Renders χήρα (5:3-16). Traditional Korean Confucian society historically discouraged widow remarriage and publicly honored chastely-widowed women (열녀, commemorated by 열녀문 memorial gates) — an honor-shame framework distinct from 1 Timothy’s practical, relational concern for widows’ material and spiritual welfare. Teach with awareness of this background so the passage is received as a call to concrete provision, not filtered through an unrelated lens.

Widow Indeed

Approved rendering: 참 과부
Transliteration: cham gwabu
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: ὄντως χήρα
Category: Church

NEW TERM. Renders ὄντως χήρα (5:3,5,16), a widow genuinely without family recourse, qualifying for the church’s own material support. The modifier 참 (‘true/genuine’) must never be dropped — the whole practical distinction of 5:3-16 (church support vs. family support) depends on it.

Medium Risk Terms

Gospel

Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation

Established KRV term, literally ‘blessing-news’ (福音). Because 복 (bok, fortune/blessing) is the same root at the center of Korean shamanistic fortune-seeking faith (기복신앙), teaching must make explicit the gospel announces salvation through Christ, not a forecast of material fortune. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 1:11.

Lord

Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

Required honorific suffix 님; never 주인님 (master/owner). Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused throughout 1 Timothy (‘Christ Jesus our Lord,’ 1:2,12,14; 6:3,14) and extended by this book’s new ‘King of kings, Lord of lords’ title (6:15) and the human-master contrast term 상전 (despotēs, 6:1-2), which must never be applied to Christ.

Glory

Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα / τιμή (conceptual, βαθμός “standing”)
Category: Sanctification

Avoid collapsing into secular honor (명예) or career/status success (출세). Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 1:17 (doxology) and conceptually at 3:13 (‘good standing,’ βαθμός), which must not be taught as status-climbing.

Election

Approved rendering: 선택
Transliteration: seontaek
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운
Original: ἐκλεκτός (cf. ἐκλογή)
Category: Salvation

Sovereign, gracious, unmerited choice, not fate or competitive selection. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused conceptually at 1 Timothy 5:21 (‘elect angels’) and must be held together with the new 구주/savior_title entry’s universal-scope teaching in 2:3-4 without softening either doctrine.

Intercession

Approved rendering: 중보기도
Transliteration: jungbo gido
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: 굿을 통한 중재
Original: ἔντευξις
Category: Faith

Prayer addressed directly to God through Christ, not a mudang’s ritual mediation. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 2:1 (ἔντευξις, one of four overlapping prayer-terms opening the Public Worship and Prayer doctrine).

Prophecy

Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant

God-inspired declaration, not divination or astrological prediction. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 1:18 and 4:14 (the means by which Timothy’s ordination gift was given).

Church

Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church

Never 당집 (shamanistic shrine) or 절 (Buddhist temple). Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 3:5,15 (‘the church of the living God’), intensified in this book by the new pillar_and_foundation_of_truth and household_of_god entries below.

Messiah

Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵

KRV standard transliteration; avoid conflating with 미륵 (Maitreya). Inherited from Romans package, no change. Used throughout 1 Timothy in the fixed title ‘Christ Jesus.‘

Hope

Approved rendering: 소망
Transliteration: somang
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: 복을 비는 소망
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Salvation

NEW TERM. Confident expectation grounded in Christ himself (‘Christ Jesus our hope,’ 1:1). Must be distinguished from fortune-seeking hope for material blessing (기복신앙 pattern, already Critical in the baseline grace entry); also set explicitly against reliance on riches at 6:17.

Savior Title

Approved rendering: 구주
Transliteration: guju
Doctrine: God’s Universal Saving Will
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation

NEW TERM. Title for God/Christ emphasizing saving initiative and the will that all be saved (1:1; 2:3; 4:10). Teach 2:3-4’s universal scope together with the baseline’s 선택 (election) doctrine, holding both without softening either.

Modesty And Dignity

Approved rendering: 단정함, 정숙함, 조심함
Transliteration: danjeonghan, jeongsukhan, josimhan
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: κόσμιος, αἰδώς, σωφροσύνη
Category: Faith

NEW TERM CLUSTER. Renders κόσμιος, αἰδώς, σωφροσύνη (2:9-10), worship-conduct virtues for dress/demeanor. Teach in connection with 2:10’s positive alternative — ‘good works’ as the true adornment — not as mere external dress-code enforcement.

Myths

Approved rendering: 신화
Transliteration: sinhwa
Doctrine: Myths and Speculative Genealogies
Original: μῦθος
Category: Sound Doctrine

NEW TERM. Speculative, non-revelatory tales distracting from gospel stewardship (1:4). Echo-risk with Korea’s own Dangun/Hwanung founding narrative, itself commonly termed 신화; teach as a negative textual example without implying equivalence to any specific Korean legend.

Conscience

Approved rendering: 양심
Transliteration: yangsim
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: 체면
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sound Doctrine

NEW TERM. Renders συνείδησις (1:5,19; 3:9; 4:2), the moral faculty registering guilt/innocence, describable as good, seared, or shipwrecked. Must be a God-oriented moral faculty answerable to revealed truth, not social face-consciousness (체면, cf. baseline sin entry’s caution).

Trustworthy Saying

Approved rendering: 미쁘다 이 말이여
Transliteration: mippeuda i mari-yeo
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: 확실한 말입니다 (modernized paraphrase, breaks cross-Pastoral consistency)
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Sound Doctrine

NEW TERM. A fixed formulaic marker unique to the Pastoral Epistles (1:15; 3:1; 4:9) flagging the following clause as reliable, authoritative teaching. Established archaic-register KRV formula built on 미쁘다; must be rendered IDENTICALLY at every occurrence, since recognizability across occurrences is the formula’s functional purpose.

Love Of Money

Approved rendering: 돈을 사랑함
Transliteration: don-eul saranghan
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: 돈이 만악의 근원 (common misquotation)
Original: φιλαργυρία
Category: Godliness and Contentment

NEW TERM. Renders φιλαργυρία (6:10). Clarify the common misquotation: it is the LOVE of money, and it is A root (among possible others) of ALL KINDS of evil, not money itself as the singular source of every evil.

Good Confession

Approved rendering: 선한 증언을 증거함
Transliteration: seonhan jeung-eon-eul jeunggeoham
Doctrine: The Good Confession and Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: 고백 (too generic; KRV renders contextually as 증언/증거)
Original: ἡ καλὴ ὁμολογία
Category: Christology

NEW TERM. Renders ἡ καλὴ ὁμολογία (6:12-13), Timothy’s solemn public faith-declaration paralleling Christ’s own confession before Pilate. Cross-reference to the baseline’s Romans 10:9 salvation-confession consistency rule (예수는 주님이시다) as a related but textually distinct confession context; do not conflate vocabulary between the two passages.

King Of The Ages

Approved rendering: 영원하신 왕
Transliteration: yeongwonhasin wang
Doctrine: The Good Confession and Christ’s Return
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν αἰώνων
Category: Kingdom

NEW TERM. Renders βασιλεὺς τῶν αἰώνων (1:17), God’s eternal sovereignty, closing Paul’s testimony of grace. Cross-reference to 6:15’s fuller royal title (king_of_kings) for consistent royal-title vocabulary across the book.

Deliver To Satan

Approved rendering: 사탄에게 내어 주다
Transliteration: satan-ege naeeo juda
Doctrine: Church Discipline
Original: παραδίδωμι τῷ Σατανᾷ
Category: Sin

NEW TERM. A formal act of church discipline (1:20) removing someone from the community’s protective fellowship for corrective purposes. Not to be confused with shamanistic exorcism/spirit-transfer ritual performed by a ritual specialist; this is a disciplinary act of the gathered church under apostolic authority.

Household Of God

Approved rendering: 하나님의 집
Transliteration: Hananim-ui jip
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: οἶκος θεοῦ
Category: Church

NEW TERM. Renders οἶκος θεοῦ (3:15), the congregation as God’s family/household. Korea’s strong patrilineal Confucian household/lineage concept (가문, 가족) is ancestor-rite centered (제사); teaching should clarify God’s household is constituted by faith and adoption (cf. baseline 양자 entry), not blood lineage or ancestor veneration.

Laying On Of Hands

Approved rendering: 안수
Transliteration: ansu
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Church

NEW TERM. Renders ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν (4:14; 5:22), the formal commissioning/ordination act. Established Korean church practice-term also used for healing prayer and blessing; here it must be taught specifically in its ordination/commissioning sense, distinguished from popular charismatic-healing usages of the same word.

Council Of Elders

Approved rendering: 장로회
Transliteration: jangnohoe
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: πρεσβυτέριον
Category: Church

NEW TERM. Renders πρεσβυτέριον (4:14), the corporate body of elders who together commissioned Timothy. Emphasize the corporate, plural nature of this body exercising the ordination charge together, not an individual elder’s unilateral authority.

Double Honor

Approved rendering: 배나 존경
Transliteration: baena jon-gyeong
Doctrine: Elder Honor, Age Categories, and Church Order
Original: διπλῆς τιμῆς
Category: Church

NEW TERM. Renders διπλῆς τιμῆς (5:17-18), material and respect-based recognition, including financial support, for elders who lead and teach well. Guard against status-competition dynamics in Korea’s achievement-conscious church culture (cf. baseline 영광 entry); honor is earned through faithful, examined service, not automatic rank.

Bondservant

Approved rendering: 종
Transliteration: jong
Doctrine: Masters and Servants (Christian Social Ethics)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Household Ethics

NEW TERM. Renders δοῦλος (6:1-2). Requires a clear historical-context note distinguishing the first-century slave institution from modern employment relationships, so the passage is not read either as endorsing slavery or as a simple direct analogy to a modern Korean workplace hierarchy.

Master Human

Approved rendering: 상전
Transliteration: sangjeon
Doctrine: Masters and Servants (Christian Social Ethics)
Rejected alternatives: 주인님 (reserved only for this human context; never for God/Christ)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Household Ethics

NEW TERM. Renders δεσπότης (6:1-2), a human slaveholder’s authority, distinct from κύριος. 상전 is correctly retained here for a human master, reinforcing by contrast the baseline’s exclusion of master/owner-type language (주인님) from God/Christ reference (see the baseline lord entry).

Household Management

Approved rendering: 자기 집을 잘 다스리는 자
Transliteration: jagi jibeul jal daseurineun ja
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: τοῦ ἰδίου οἴκου καλῶς προϊστάμενος
Category: Household Ethics

NEW TERM. Renders τοῦ ἰδίου οἴκου καλῶς προϊστάμενος (3:4-5,12). Korea’s strong Confucian household-order tradition (가장권) can make this feel like a natural cultural fit, but teaching must clarify the goal is gospel-shaped, loving household leadership evidenced in godly formation, not mere authoritarian control or preservation of family honor/lineage (가문) for its own sake.

Husband Of One Wife

Approved rendering: 한 아내의 남편
Transliteration: han anae-ui nampyeon
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα
Category: Household Ethics

NEW TERM. Renders μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα (3:2,12). Korea’s Confucian-era elite historically practiced concubinage (첩) alongside a principal wife; teaching should note the phrase excludes any pattern of marital plurality or unfaithfulness without overreading it as a blanket prohibition on a widowed elder’s remarriage.

Above Reproach

Approved rendering: 책망할 것이 없어야 함
Transliteration: chaengmanghal geosi eopseoya ham
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: ἀνεπίλημπτος / ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Household Ethics

NEW TERM. Renders ἀνεπίλημπτος/ἀνέγκλητος (3:2,10). Must be taught as observable Christian character consistently examined over time, not sinless perfection nor mere absence of public scandal.

New Convert

Approved rendering: 새로 입교한 자
Transliteration: saero ipgyohan ja
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: νεόφυτος
Category: Household Ethics

NEW TERM. Renders νεόφυτος (3:6), spiritual immaturity in standing regardless of chronological age. Korean church culture’s Confucian emphasis on age-based seniority (연공서열) could wrongly reduce this to chronological age alone; conversely, rapid promotion of gifted new converts in fast-growing congregations is a live pastoral risk this term directly addresses.

Good Testimony From Outsiders

Approved rendering: 외인에게서도 선한 증거를 얻은 자
Transliteration: oe-in-egeseodo seonhan jeunggeoreul eodeun ja
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: μαρτυρίαν καλὴν ἔχειν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔξωθεν
Category: Household Ethics

NEW TERM. Renders μαρτυρίαν καλὴν ἔχειν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔξωθεν (3:7). Public scandals involving prominent Korean pastors have significantly damaged the Protestant church’s credibility with the wider non-Christian public in recent decades; this qualification carries acute contemporary pastoral weight in the Korean context, not merely abstract ancient relevance.

Low Risk Terms

Apostle

Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

No significant collision; avoid shamanistic-intermediary or Daoist-master framing. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 1:1, 2:7.

Thanksgiving

Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith

Standard term, no significant risk. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Reused in 1 Timothy 2:1 (one of the four prayer-terms).

Kingdom Of God

Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία (thematic background)
Category: Kingdom

God’s sovereign spiritual reign; low political-collision risk in Korea. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Not directly named in 1 Timothy but thematic background to the new king_of_the_ages and king_of_kings doxological titles.

Exhort

Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith

Standard term, no significant risk. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Conceptually reused in 1 Timothy 5:1 (appeal to older/younger members as family).

Covenant

Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: διαθήκη (conceptual background)
Category: Covenant

Kept cleanly distinct from 계약 (commercial contract), a genuine strength of Korean Bible tradition. Inherited from Romans package, no change. Conceptual background to the ch. 2 Mediator doctrine (μεσίτης elsewhere describes covenant mediators).

Prayer Petition

Approved rendering: 간구/기도
Transliteration: gan-gu/gido
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: δέησις / προσευχή
Category: Faith

NEW TERM. Renders δέησις/προσευχή, the first two of the four overlapping prayer-terms in 2:1 (with 중보기도 and 감사 completing the set). Ensure the four-term list is not flattened into a single generic word.

Man Of God

Approved rendering: 하나님의 사람
Transliteration: Hananim-ui saram
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: ἄνθρωπε θεοῦ
Category: Godliness and Contentment

NEW TERM. Renders ἄνθρωπε θεοῦ (6:11), a solemn vocative address recalling OT prophetic address (Moses, Elijah, Elisha). Low collision risk; standard established rendering.

Good Warfare

Approved rendering: 선한 싸움을 싸우다
Transliteration: seonhan ssaumeul ssauda
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: στρατεύῃ τὴν καλὴν στρατείαν
Category: Kingdom

NEW TERM. The military metaphor for persevering, doctrinally faithful ministry (1:18; cf. 6:12). Should be rendered consistently across both occurrences as the same recurring metaphor.

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