Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Luke 1–24 (English → Korean)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by curriculum doctrine. Terms marked [Baseline TM] are already established in the Romans translation_memory.json and MUST be reused exactly with no deviation. Terms marked [NEW] are proposed for promotion into an updated translation memory during Phase 2 and require the risk-tier review routing indicated.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions: Critical (mandatory theologian review, every occurrence) / High (mandatory theologian review) / Medium (native speaker review recommended) / Low (automated review sufficient).
1. Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People (Jew and Gentile, Rich and Poor)
| Term | Greek (Translit.) | Korean Rendering (Translit.) | Status | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | 구주 (guju) | [NEW] | High | 1:47 | Personal title for God/Christ; distinguish from folk-eschatological deliverer figures (미륵, already flagged in baseline). Recommend TM addition alongside 구원. |
| Christ the Lord | Χριστὸς Κύριος (Christos Kyrios) | 그리스도 주 | [Baseline TM] (compound of 그리스도 + 주님) | Critical | 2:11 | Compounds two Critical/High baseline terms in one confession. |
| Gentiles | ἔθνη (ethnē) | 이방인 (ibangin) | [Baseline TM] | High | (implicit throughout; explicit 2:32, 24:47) | Reuse baseline note on 단일민족 ethnic-nationalist framing risk. |
| Neighbor | πλησίον (plēsion) | 이웃 (i-ut) | [NEW] | High | 10:27 | Good Samaritan radically expands the category beyond ethnic/religious insiders; parallels the baseline’s gentiles caution. |
| Samaritan | Σαμαρίτης (Samaritēs) | 사마리아인 (Samaria-in) | [NEW] | Medium | 9:52, 10:33 | Requires historical background teaching (Jewish-Samaritan enmity) absent from Korean cultural referents. |
| Poor / the poor | πτωχός (ptōchos) | 가난한 자 (ganan-han ja) | [NEW] | High | 4:18 | Central term for the “rich and poor” half of this doctrine; guard against 기복신앙 prosperity-inversion. |
| Rich | πλούσιος (plousios) | 부자 (buja) | [NEW] | High | 1:53, 12:16, 16:19 | Must not be read as evidence of divine favor; pairs with 가난한 자 in reversal narratives. |
| Today (salvation’s arrival) | σήμερον (sēmeron) | 오늘 (oneul) | [NEW] | Medium | 2:11, 4:21, 19:9, 23:43 | Marks historic, once-for-all inauguration; distinguish from daily-horoscope “오늘의 운세” folk association. |
| Seek and save the lost | ζητῆσαι καὶ σῶσαι τὸ ἀπολωλός | 잃어버린 자를 찾아 구원하다 | [NEW] | Critical | 19:10 | Thesis-statement verse for the Gospel; requires verbatim cross-document consistency (per baseline’s Romans 1:16-17 precedent). |
2. The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
| Term | Greek (Translit.) | Korean Rendering (Translit.) | Status | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον (pneuma hagion) | 성령 (seongnyeong) | [Baseline TM] | Critical | 1:15 | Never 신령/신 alone; never possession-language. |
| Spirit of the Lord | Πνεῦμα Κυρίου (Pneuma Kyriou) | 주의 성령 | [Baseline TM] (성령 + 주) | Critical | 4:18 | Commissioning/anointing agent of the Messiah. |
| Overshadow | ἐπισκιάζω (episkiazō) | 덮다 (deopda) | [NEW] | High | 1:35 | Non-possessive, unique incarnational act; must not echo 신내림 (shamanic possession-trance). |
| Anoint | χρίω (chriō) | 기름을 붓다 (gireum-eul butda) | [NEW] | Medium | 4:18 | Grounds Χριστός; tie explicitly to messianic office. |
| Power from on high | δύναμιν ἐξ ὕψους | 위로부터 오는 능력 | [NEW] (built on Baseline TM 능력) | Critical | 24:49 | Spirit-empowerment for mission witness; guard against 영력 shamanistic-power collision. |
| Spirit and fire | πνεῦμα ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί | 성령과 불 | [Baseline TM] (성령) + new phrase | Critical | 3:16 | Eschatological purifying/empowering register. |
| Spirit/ghost (corrected sense) | πνεῦμα (pneuma) | 영/혼 (yeong) | [NEW] | High | 24:37 | Distinguish resurrection-body reality from ghost-apparition (귀신/혼령) folk belief; Luke’s text itself corrects this. |
3. Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
| Term | Greek (Translit.) | Korean Rendering (Translit.) | Status | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor | πτωχός (ptōchos) | 가난한 자 | [NEW] | High | 4:18 | See Section 1. |
| Blessed | μακάριος (makarios) | 복이 있다 (bok-i itda) | [NEW] | Critical | 6:20 | Direct 기복신앙/복 collision; requires mandatory theologian review; cross-reference baseline “grace” Critical entry. |
| Captives | αἰχμάλωτος (aichmalōtos) | 포로(된 자) (poro-doen ja) | [NEW] | Medium | 4:18 | Literal-historical and spiritual senses both retained. |
| Release / Liberty (social-Jubilee) | ἄφεσις (aphesis) | 자유 (jayu) | [NEW] | Critical | 4:18 | Same Greek word rendered differently from forgiveness sense below — must be taught as one term, two Korean renderings. |
| Oppressed / bruised | τεθραυσμένος (tethrausmenos) | 눌린 자 (nullin ja) | [NEW] | Medium | 4:18 | Structural injustice, not fatalistic misfortune (액운). |
| Acceptable/Jubilee year of the Lord | ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός | 주의 은혜의 해 (Ju-ui eunhye-ui hae) | [NEW] | Critical | 4:19 | Directly imports 은혜; must not be read as an auspicious “lucky year” (사주/토정비결 folk-fortune framework). |
| Crippled / lame quartet (with poor, blind) | ἀνάπηροι, χωλοί (anapēroi, chōloi) | 몸 불편한 자, 다리 저는 자 | [NEW] | High | 14:13,21 | Non-reciprocal grace enacted in table invitation. |
| Widow | χήρα (chēra) | 과부 (gwabu) | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 2:37, 7:12 | Paradigm vulnerable figure. |
| Tax collector | τελώνης (telōnēs) | 세리 (seri) | [NEW] | Medium | 3:12, 5:27 | Requires social-stigma background teaching; modern Korean tax officials carry no equivalent stigma. |
| Shepherd | ποιμήν (poimēn) | 목자 (mokja) | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 2:8 | Social lowliness must be taught explicitly against Korean pastoral-title connotation. |
| Samaritan leper | Σαμαρίτης λεπρός | 사마리아인 나병환자 | [NEW] | Medium | 17:16 | Doubly marginalized: ethnic + ritual/social exclusion. |
4. Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
| Term | Greek (Translit.) | Korean Rendering (Translit.) | Status | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repentance / repent | μετάνοια / μετανοέω (metanoia/metanoeō) | 회개 (hoegae) | [NEW] | High | 3:3 | Distinguish from Confucian self-correction (개과천선), Buddhist ritual confession (참회), and mere regret (후회). |
| Forgiveness of sins | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν (aphesis hamartiōn) | 죄 사함 (joe saham) | [NEW] | Critical | 1:77 | Forensic/relational cancellation of guilt; never ritual-pollution-washing (부정을 씻음, forbidden under baseline “holy”). |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | 죄 (joe) | [Baseline TM] | High | 1:77 | Reuse exactly. |
| Sinner | ἁμαρτωλός (hamartōlos) | 죄인 (joein) | [NEW] | Medium | 5:8 | Distinguish from social loss-of-face (체면 손상). |
| Baptism | βάπτισμα (baptisma) | 세례 (serye) | [NEW] | Medium | 3:3 | Sign of repentance before a personal God, not ritual-pollution removal. |
| Fruit (of repentance) | καρπός (karpos) | 열매 (yeolmae) | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 3:8 | Observable ethical transformation. |
| The lost | τὸ ἀπολωλός (to apolōlos) | 잃은 자/것 (ireun ja/geot) | [NEW] | Medium-High | 15:4 | God’s seeking initiative precedes the sinner’s return — guards against merit-based reading. |
| God be merciful to me, a sinner (propitiation-adjacent) | ἱλάσθητί μοι (hilasthēti moi) | 불쌍히 여기소서 (bulsanghi yeogisoseo) | [NEW] | High/Critical | 18:13 | Shares the ἱλασ- root with Romans 3:25’s ἱλαστήριον, already flagged for mandatory theologian review in the baseline; treat with equal rigor. |
| Father, forgive them | Πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς | 아버지, 사하여 주옵소서 | [Baseline TM] (아버지) + new phrase | Critical | 23:34 | Climactic enactment of the doctrine; combines two Critical-tier terms. |
| Your redemption | ἡ ἀπολύτρωσις ὑμῶν | 속량/구속 (soklyang/gusok) | [NEW] | High | 21:28 | Ransom-metaphor deliverance; distinguish from shamanistic grudge-resolution ritual (해원굿). |
5. Prayer and Dependence on God
| Term | Greek (Translit.) | Korean Rendering (Translit.) | Status | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prayer / to pray | προσευχή / προσεύχομαι (proseuchē/proseuchomai) | 기도 / 기도하다 (gido/gidohada) | [NEW] | High | 3:21, 11:1 | Distinguish from folk/shamanistic petitionary ritual (치성, mountain-spirit prayer 산신령, already forbidden under baseline “god”). |
| Father (prayer address) | Πάτερ (Pater) | 아버지 (abeoji) | [Baseline TM] | Critical | 11:2 | Reuse exactly; jesa/ancestor-rite history awareness required. |
| Daily bread | ἐπιούσιος ἄρτος (epiousios artos) | 일용할 양식 (ilyonghal yangsik) | [NEW] | Medium | 11:3 | Sufficiency, not accumulated fortune — tension with 기복신앙 caution. |
| Temptation / trial | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | 시험 (siheom) | [NEW] | Medium | 4:2 (verb), 11:4 (noun) | 시험 also means academic “exam” in modern Korean — clarify spiritual sense. |
| Anxious / worry | μεριμνάω (merimnaō) | 염려하다 (yeomryeohada) | [NEW] | Medium | 12:22 | Positive counterpart to daily-bread dependence. |
| Intercession | ὑπερεντυγχάνω-family | 중보기도 (jungbo gido) | [Baseline TM] | Medium | (Lukan parallel: Jesus’ intercessory prayer pattern, e.g., 22:32, 23:34) | Reuse exactly. |
6. The Kingdom of God Present and Future
| Term | Greek (Translit.) | Korean Rendering (Translit.) | Status | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ (basileia tou theou) | 하나님의 나라 (Hananim-ui nara) | [Baseline TM] | Low | 4:43 | Reuse exactly; Korea has no live competing “divine kingdom” ideology per baseline. |
| Kingdom is within/among you | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν (entos hymōn) | 너희 안에/가운데 있느니라 | [NEW] | High | 17:21 | Guard against individualistic-mystical misreading resembling inner-cultivation (수행/도 닦기, forbidden under baseline sanctification). Present corporate in-breaking through Christ is primary sense. |
| Today (immediacy of kingdom) | σήμερον (sēmeron) | 오늘 (oneul) | [NEW] | Medium | 4:21 | See Section 1. |
| Fulfilled | πληρόω / πεπλήρωται (plēroō) | 응하다/이루다 (eunghada/irida) | [NEW] | High | 4:21 | KRV uses 응하다 specifically at 4:21; distinguish from divination “coming true” (점이 맞다). |
| Word of God | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ | 하나님의 말씀 | [NEW] | Medium | 8:11 | Kingdom’s hidden organic growth (Sower parable). |
| Your redemption draws near | ἡ ἀπολύτρωσις ὑμῶν | 속량이 가까웠느니라 | [NEW] | High | 21:28 | Eschatological consummation; see Section 4. |
7. The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
| Term | Greek (Translit.) | Korean Rendering (Translit.) | Status | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disciple | μαθητής (mathētēs) | 제자 (jeja) | [NEW] | Medium | 5:30, 6:13 | Also a Buddhist/Confucian master-disciple term; clarify Christ-specific allegiance. |
| Follow | ἀκολουθέω (akoloutheō) | 따르다 (ttareuda) | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 5:11, 9:23 | |
| Deny himself | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν (aparneomai heauton) | 자기를 부인하다 (jagi-reul buinhada) | [NEW] | Medium | 9:23 | Not Buddhist no-self (무아) metaphysics; presupposes a real self submitted to Christ. |
| Cross (daily) | σταυρός (stauros) | 십자가 (sipjiga) | [NEW] | Low | 9:23 | Ongoing, not one-time, cost. |
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (huios tou anthrōpou) | 인자 (inja) | [NEW] | High | 5:24 | Combines humility and apocalyptic authority; do not flatten to generic “a human.” |
| Joy | χαρά (chara) | 기쁨 (gippeum) | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 10:17, 15:7 | Rooted in salvation/identity, not ministry-success metrics (cf. baseline mission caution). |
| Endurance | ὑπομονή (hypomonē) | 인내 (innae) | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 21:19 | |
| Humble / exalt (reversal) | ταπεινόω / ὑψόω (tapeinoō/hypsoō) | 낮추다 / 높이다 (najchuda/nopida) | [NEW] | Medium | 14:11, 18:14 | Guard against Korean status/체면/출세 culture reframing this as strategic humility. |
8. Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
| Term | Greek (Translit.) | Korean Rendering (Translit.) | Status | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compassion (moved with pity) | σπλαγχνίζομαι (splanchnizomai) | 불쌍히 여기다 (bulsanghi yeogida) | [NEW] | Medium | 7:13, 10:33, 15:20 | Recurring motif across widow of Nain, Good Samaritan, Prodigal’s father; track as single theme. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | 긍휼/자비 (geungyul/jabi) | [NEW] | Medium | 1:50 | Distinguish from Confucian reciprocal-obligation benevolence (은덕, already forbidden under baseline “grace”). |
| Sinner | ἁμαρτωλός (hamartōlos) | 죄인 (joein) | [NEW] | Medium | 5:8, 15:1-2 | See Section 4. |
| Physician | ἰατρός (iatros) | 의사 (uisa) | [NEW] | Low | 5:31 | Metaphor for Jesus’ mission to sinners. |
| Tax collector | τελώνης (telōnēs) | 세리 (seri) | [NEW] | Medium | 5:27 | See Section 3. |
| Banquet | δεῖπνον (deipnon) | 잔치 (janchi) | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 14:16 | Present table fellowship anticipates eschatological messianic banquet. |
| Demon | δαιμόνιον (daimonion) | 귀신 (gwisin) | [NEW] | High | 4:33 | Exact term for mudang-channeled/exorcised spirits; requires explicit distinction from shamanistic spirit-negotiation. |
| Devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | 마귀 (magwi) | [NEW] | High | 4:2 | Distinguish from diffuse folk evil-spirits (악귀, 도깨비). |
Cross-Cutting / Christological and Proper-Name Terms (Reused from Baseline, Confirmed Applicable to Luke)
| Term | Korean Rendering | Status | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | 하나님 | [Baseline TM] | Critical | Reuse exactly; never 하느님/천주/산신령. |
| Jesus | 예수 | [Baseline TM] | Critical | |
| Christ/Messiah | 그리스도 | [Baseline TM] | Critical (elevated in Luke curriculum from baseline’s Medium, given messianic-identity centrality of Luke 4:16-21) | Never 미륵. |
| Lord | 주님 | [Baseline TM] | Critical | |
| Holy Spirit | 성령 | [Baseline TM] | Critical | |
| Father | 아버지 | [Baseline TM] | Critical | |
| Grace | 은혜 | [Baseline TM] | Critical | Directly implicated in new Luke term ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός (4:19) and εὐδοκία (2:14). |
| Faith | 믿음 | [Baseline TM] | High | |
| Salvation | 구원 | [Baseline TM] | Critical | |
| Righteousness | 의 | [Baseline TM] | High | New Luke nuance: distinguish technical justification sense from Luke 23:47’s legal-innocence sense (δίκαιος). |
| Justification | 의롭다 하심 | [Baseline TM] | Critical | Enacted narratively at Luke 18:14. |
| Resurrection | 부활 | [Baseline TM] | Critical | Never 환생/윤회; reinforced by Luke 24:37’s explicit ghost-correction. |
| Covenant | 언약 | [Baseline TM] | Low (elevated to Critical when combined with “new… in my blood,” Luke 22:20) | |
| Kingdom of God | 하나님의 나라 | [Baseline TM] | Low (elevated to High for the ἐντὸς ὑμῶν phrase, 17:21) | |
| Gentiles | 이방인 | [Baseline TM] | High | |
| Apostle | 사도 | [Baseline TM] | Low | |
| Prophet | 선지자 | [Baseline TM] | Medium | |
| Thanksgiving | 감사 | [Baseline TM] | Low | |
| Power of God | 능력 | [Baseline TM] | Critical | Reinforced by Luke 24:49’s “power from on high.” |
| David | 다윗 | [Baseline TM] | Low | |
| Israel | 이스라엘 | [Baseline TM] | Medium | |
| Sanctification | 성화 | [Baseline TM] | High | Contrast term for new Luke item 디ανοίγω (Emmaus “opening,” 24:31-45) — not self-cultivation (도 닦기). |
Glossary Governance Notes
- All [NEW] terms above must be formally added to an updated
translation_memory.json(version increment) before Phase 2 segment translation of Luke begins, per the AI Translation Requirements’ Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions. - Terms marked Critical or High require identical routing to the baseline’s escalation rules: automatic flag for mandatory human theologian review, with no segment marked “approved” until reviewed.
- Two terms deserve special editorial flagging beyond standard risk-tier routing because they represent newly surfaced collision points not previously documented anywhere in the baseline Romans package: μακάριος (복이 있다, “blessed”) and ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός (주의 은혜의 해, “the Lord’s favorable/Jubilee year”). Both directly extend the baseline’s single most sensitive collision term (은혜/복, grace/fortune, tied to 기복신앙) into new textual territory (the Beatitudes and the Nazareth Sermon) and should be surfaced explicitly to the human theologian review team as a standing watch-item across the entire Luke curriculum.
- Luke 4:16-21 (core passage) and Luke 19:10 (thesis-statement verse) should receive the same cross-document verbatim-consistency enforcement the baseline mandates for Romans 1:16-17, Romans 8:28, and Romans 10:9-10.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: The Jubilee Year of the Lord’s Favor
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Luke 4:19’s ‘주의 은혜의 해’ (year of the Lord’s favor) imports this Critical term into a NEW collision context inside the curriculum’s own core passage: risk of being heard as an auspicious ‘lucky year’ (사주/토정비결 New Year fortune-telling tradition) rather than the in-breaking of God’s unearned saving reign in Christ. Also underlies 2:14’s εὐδοκία (goodwill/favor).
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. NEVER 해탈. Luke’s thesis verb, culminating at 19:10 (‘to seek and to save the lost’) and 24:47; requires the same verbatim cross-document consistency the baseline mandates for Romans 1:16-17.
Justification
Approved rendering: 의롭다 하심
Transliteration: uiropda hasim
Doctrine: Justification by Faith, Enacted Narratively
Rejected alternatives: 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Original: δικαιόω / δεδικαιωμένος
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Narratively enacted at Luke 18:14 (the tax collector, not the self-exalting Pharisee, ‘went down to his house justified’) — directly reinforces the baseline’s forensic, grace-received (not earned) framing.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. NEVER 환생 or 윤회. Chapter 24’s extended bodily-appearance narrative, including the explicit denial that the risen Christ is a πνεῦμα/ghost (24:37-39), makes this the fullest resurrection treatment in either curriculum and a valuable built-in corrective to Korean ancestor-ghost (귀신/혼령) folk categories.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly, elevated from Romans’ Medium to Critical for this curriculum given the density and narrative centrality of κύριος-Christology across the whole Gospel, especially the compound confession at 2:11 (구주…그리스도 주).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Conception
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Announced at the annunciation (1:32,35), tested in the temptation (4:3,9), and affirmed before the Sanhedrin (22:70). Avoid any framing assimilating Christ’s Sonship to the Dangun/Hwanung founding-myth pattern of a heaven-descended founder-son, per baseline note.
Messiah
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly, elevated from Romans’ Medium to Critical for this curriculum given the messianic-identity centrality of the core passage (Luke 4:18, citing Isaiah 61). Never 미륵 (Maitreya).
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Christology
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly.
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / God the Father
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Never 하느님 (Catholic/general term), 천주, or 산신령 (folk mountain spirit).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Unusually prominent across Luke’s infancy narrative (1:15,35,41,67), Jesus’ ministry (4:1,14,18), and the promise of ch.24 (24:49) — never 신령/신 alone, never framed with shamanistic spirit-possession language.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Addressed directly in the Lord’s Prayer (11:2) and from the cross (23:34,46). Continue teaching with awareness of Korea’s jesa (제사) ancestor-rite history: God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring ritual offerings, but a Father who initiates forgiveness and hears prayer.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Empowerment of Christ’s Ministry
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Present at the incarnation (1:35), throughout Jesus’ ministry (4:14; 5:17; 6:19; 8:46), and in the promised ‘power from on high’ for the church’s mission (24:49). Never 영력 (a shaman’s spirit-power).
Seek And Save The Lost
Approved rendering: 잃어버린 자를 찾아 구원하다
Transliteration: ireobeorin jareul chaja guwonhada
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: ζητῆσαι καὶ σῶσαι τὸ ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
NEW thesis-statement formula (19:10), combining 인자 (Son of Man), active divine seeking, and 구원 (baseline). Treated as a thesis verse for the whole curriculum, requiring the same verbatim cross-document consistency enforcement the baseline mandates for Romans 1:16-17.
Blessed
Approved rendering: 복이 있다
Transliteration: bok-i itda
Doctrine: Beatitudes and Eschatological Reversal of Status
Rejected alternatives: 운이 좋다, 재수가 좋다
Original: μακάριος
Category: Poverty
NEW and especially acute Korean collision term, a standing watch-item across the whole curriculum. 복 (bok, fortune/blessing) is the exact character targeted by the baseline’s central 기복신앙 critique; ‘blessed are the poor’ (6:20-22) risks being heard as a promise of coming material fortune rather than Luke’s actual eschatological-reversal claim. Cross-reference the baseline’s Critical grace entry; mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Release Liberty
Approved rendering: 자유
Transliteration: jayu
Doctrine: The Jubilee Year of the Lord’s Favor
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Poverty
NEW term. The single Greek ἄφεσις is rendered 자유 here (4:18, social-Jubilee sense) but 죄 사함 in forgiveness contexts (1:77; 3:3; 24:47). Teaching materials must make explicit these are the SAME underlying term, so learners see Jesus’ ‘release’ as simultaneously social/economic liberation and forgiveness-of-sin, not two unrelated ministries. A standing watch-item for this curriculum.
Jubilee Year Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 주의 은혜의 해
Transliteration: Ju-ui eunhye-ui hae
Doctrine: The Jubilee Year of the Lord’s Favor
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 해, 운수 대통의 해, 희년 (본문 표현 아님, 배경 설명용으로만 사용)
Original: ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός
Category: Salvation
NEW phrase built on the Critical baseline grace term, located inside the curriculum’s own core passage (4:19). Directly imports 은혜 into a NEW collision context: must never be read as an auspicious ‘lucky year’ (사주/토정비결 New Year fortune-telling tradition) but as the eschatological Jubilee (Lev 25 background, 희년) inaugurated in Christ’s person. Standing watch-item; mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: 죄 사함
Transliteration: joe saham
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻음
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Repentance
NEW compound phrase anchoring Luke’s soteriology (1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 24:47). Must remain forensic/relational and never be reframed as ritual purification from misfortune (부정을 씻음, forbidden under the baseline’s holy entry) or social face-restoration.
Father Forgive Them
Approved rendering: 아버지, 사하여 주옵소서
Transliteration: abeoji, sahayeo juopsoseo
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: Πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς
Category: Repentance
NEW phrase combining two Critical baseline-family terms (아버지/Father and 사함/forgiveness). Jesus’ own prayer of forgiveness from the cross (23:34) — the theological climax of Luke’s forgiveness doctrine, extended even to his executioners.
Power From On High
Approved rendering: 위로부터 오는 능력
Transliteration: wirobuteo oneun neungnyeok
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Promised Empowerment for the Church’s Mission
Original: δύναμιν ἐξ ὕψους
Category: God
NEW phrase built on the baseline’s Critical 능력 term (24:49), anticipating Pentecost. The same shamanistic 영력 collision documented in the baseline must be guarded against here specifically in a Spirit-empowerment-for-witness context.
New Covenant In Blood
Approved rendering: 내 피로 세우는 새 언약
Transliteration: nae piro seuneun sae eonyak
Doctrine: Atonement and the New Covenant
Original: ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη ἐν τῷ αἵματί μου
Category: Covenant
NEW compound phrase built on the baseline’s Low-risk 언약 term (22:20), elevated to Critical because this specific occurrence directly names Christ’s atoning blood — treated with the same rigor as the baseline’s atonement/propitiation escalation rule for Romans 3:25.
Body And Blood
Approved rendering: 내 몸/내 피
Transliteration: nae mom/nae pi
Doctrine: Atonement and the New Covenant
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου
Category: Covenant
NEW term (22:19-20), institution of the Lord’s Supper. Requires theologian review for sacramental-theology precision, avoiding both a magical/ritual-transaction reading akin to shamanistic ritual offering and an over-symbolic reading that empties the sacrament of covenantal seriousness.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (rendering, transliteration, and alternatives_rejected unchanged). Risk elevated from Romans’ Medium to High for this curriculum: Luke opens the whole Gospel with this term at 1:19, before Jesus’ birth, and its root 복 (fortune/blessing) collides directly with 기복신앙 across the Beatitudes and ‘good news to the poor’ material, not only isolated passages as in Romans.
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Justification by Faith, Enacted Narratively
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Luke’s recurring healing/salvation formula ‘네 믿음이 너를 구원하였느니라’ (7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42) must be distinguished from confidence placed in fortune-telling/astrology (사주팔자), per baseline note.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Justification by Faith, Enacted Narratively
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη / δίκαιος
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Luke introduces a THIRD crowded neighbor beyond the baseline’s 의리 caution: Luke 23:47’s δίκαιος (‘a righteous/innocent man,’ the centurion’s verdict) is a narrower legal-innocence sense, not the full soteriological justification sense. Teaching materials must flag all three senses (forensic justification / 의리 loyalty-ethics / legal-innocence) as distinct.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Distinguish from 액운 (fate-based misfortune) and 체면 손상 (loss of face).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 이방인
Transliteration: ibangin
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: 외국인 (단일민족 의미로)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Named explicitly as recipients of salvation’s light at 2:32 and in the Great Commission at 24:47. Avoid Korea’s ethnic-nationalist 단일민족 (‘single ethnic nation’) framing.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιάζω / ἁγιασμός (conceptual; cf. διανοίγω, 24:31,45)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Conceptually present where the risen Christ ‘opens’ (διανοίγω) minds to understand Scripture (24:31,45); distinguish from Buddhist self-attained enlightenment (깨달음) achieved through meditative practice.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package exactly, elevated from Romans’ Low to High for this curriculum given the sheer density of present/future Kingdom material across Luke (4:43; 8:1,10; 9:2,11,27,60,62; 10:9,11; 11:20; 13:18-21; 17:20-21; 21:31; 22:16,18,29-30) and the added complexity of 17:20-21’s ‘within/among you.‘
Savior
Approved rendering: 구주
Transliteration: guju
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: 미륵식 구원자
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW term for Luke, companion to the baseline’s 구원. A personal title naming God/Christ as the one who rescues; Mary names God ‘my Savior’ (1:47), and angels announce a Savior born in David’s city (2:11). Distinguish from folk-eschatological deliverer figures such as 미륵 (Maitreya, already flagged under baseline messiah).
Neighbor
Approved rendering: 이웃
Transliteration: i-ut
Doctrine: Unity of Jew and Gentile; Redefinition of Neighbor
Rejected alternatives: 동포 (단일민족 의미로)
Original: πλησίον
Category: Ethics
NEW term. Radically redefined in the Good Samaritan parable (10:25-37) to include the ethnic/religious outsider. Parallels the baseline’s 이방인/단일민족 caution; teaching must resist any reading that quietly reintroduces an ethnic-insider boundary around who counts as 이웃.
Poor
Approved rendering: 가난한 자
Transliteration: ganan-han ja
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Poverty
NEW term, core to this curriculum. The primary addressee of Jesus’ gospel proclamation (4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21; 16:20). Must guard against both a prosperity-gospel inversion (기복신앙) and an over-spiritualized reading that erases Luke’s real economic concern. Always teach paired with 부자, never singly.
Rich
Approved rendering: 부자
Transliteration: buja
Doctrine: Wealth, Poverty, and Stewardship
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Poverty
NEW term. Repeated character-type warned against trusting wealth (1:53; 6:24; 12:16-21; 16:19-31; 18:23-25; 19:2). Given Korean church culture’s documented susceptibility to 기복신앙-adjacent prosperity emphases, must not be read as evidence of divine favor.
Crippled Lame
Approved rendering: 몸 불편한 자, 다리 저는 자
Transliteration: mom bulpyeonhan ja, dari jeoneun ja
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἀνάπηροι, χωλοί
Category: Poverty
NEW term set (14:13,21), same collision family as 가난한 자. Great Banquet invitees who cannot reciprocate; must avoid any reading in which inclusion of the marginalized is framed as a strategy for receiving blessing in return — the point is precisely non-reciprocal grace.
Repentance
Approved rendering: 회개
Transliteration: hoegae
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: 참회 (불교식 참회), 개과천선, 후회
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Repentance
NEW term, central verb of John’s ministry (3:3,8) and Jesus’ call (5:32; 13:3,5; 15:7,10; 24:47). Must be distinguished from Confucian moral self-cultivation/self-correction (개과천선), Buddhist ritual confession (참회), and mere emotional regret (후회) without God-ward reorientation.
The Lost
Approved rendering: 잃은 자
Transliteration: ireun ja
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: τὸ ἀπολωλός
Category: Repentance
NEW term, organizing motif of Luke 15 and summarized at 19:10. Must retain the sense of God’s PRIOR seeking initiative — guards against a merit-framework reading where the sinner’s own return, not the Father’s seeking love, causes restoration.
Propitiation Prayer
Approved rendering: 불쌍히 여기소서
Transliteration: bulsanghi yeogisoseo
Doctrine: Justification by Faith, Enacted Narratively
Original: ἱλάσθητί μοι
Category: Repentance
NEW term (18:13, ἱλάσθητί μοι), sharing the ἱλασ- root used of atoning propitiation (cf. Romans 3:25’s ἱλαστήριον, already flagged for mandatory theologian review in the baseline). KRV smooths this into general mercy-language; teaching should note the underlying ‘appease/atone’ sense so learners see the connection to the objective atonement accomplished at the cross.
Redemption
Approved rendering: 속량
Transliteration: soklyang
Doctrine: Eschatological Redemption and the Second Coming
Rejected alternatives: 구속 (동의어, 대체 가능)
Original: ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Eschatology
NEW term (21:28, ἀπολύτρωσις). A ransom-payment metaphor applied eschatologically to the final consummation. Must be tied to Christ’s redemptive, ransom-paying work, not to shamanistic ritual deliverance-from-grudge practices (해원굿), which could otherwise seem a superficially similar ‘release from bondage’ framework.
Prayer
Approved rendering: 기도
Transliteration: gido
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Rejected alternatives: 치성, 굿을 통한 기원
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Prayer
NEW term. Jesus’ own pattern of withdrawal to pray (3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18,28-29; 22:39-46) and his teaching on prayer (11:1-13; 18:1-14). 기도 is also the generic Korean word for petitionary ritual address to spirits, ancestors, or fortune (치성, mountain-spirit prayer to 산신령, already forbidden under the baseline’s god entry). Christian prayer must be taught as trusting address to a personal Father through Christ alone.
Kingdom Within Among
Approved rendering: 너희 안에/가운데 있느니라
Transliteration: neohui ane/gaunde itneunira
Doctrine: The Kingdom “Within/Among You”
Original: ἐντὸς ὑμῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW phrase (17:21, ἐντὸς ὑμῶν), the single most theologically pivotal Kingdom verse in this curriculum. KRV’s ‘너희 안에 있느니라’ (‘within you’) risks an individualistic-mystical misreading resembling Korean inner-cultivation frameworks (수행/도 닦기, forbidden under the baseline’s sanctification entry). The corporate, Christ-centered ‘already breaking in among you’ sense must be presented as primary.
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: 응하다
Transliteration: eunghada
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 이루다 (다른 성취 문맥에서 사용, 4:21에는 미사용)
Original: πληρόω / πεπλήρωται
Category: Covenant
NEW term. KRV renders Luke 4:21 specifically as 응하였느니라 rather than the more common 이루다 used elsewhere; must be distinguished from a fortune-teller’s or shaman’s prediction ‘coming true’ (점/예언이 맞다) — this is one-time, historical, Christ-centered covenant fulfillment. Core-passage term.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: 인자
Transliteration: inja
Doctrine: Son of Man: Authority and Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 사람의 아들 (문자적 직역, 사용 안 함)
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW term, Jesus’ primary self-designation, combining Danielic apocalyptic authority with genuine humanity (5:24; 6:5,22; 7:34; 9:22,26,44,58; 19:10; 22:69; 24:7). Must not be flattened to a generic phrase meaning merely ‘a human being’; both apocalyptic authority and humble-solidarity senses must be retained.
Demon
Approved rendering: 귀신
Transliteration: gwisin
Doctrine: Demonic Powers and Christ’s Authority Over Them
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Powers
NEW term, one of the sharpest live collision terms in the entire Luke curriculum. 귀신 is the exact term used for spirits a Korean mudang claims to channel, exorcise, or negotiate with in a gut ritual (4:33-41; 8:26-39; 9:1,42; 10:17-20; 11:14-22). Teaching must be explicit that Luke’s demons are defeated, personal, evil beings under Christ’s unique authority — never spirits to be feared, placated, consulted, or ritually manipulated. Theologian-review parity with the baseline’s Critical-tier holy_spirit/power_of_god entries.
Devil
Approved rendering: 마귀
Transliteration: magwi
Doctrine: Demonic Powers and Christ’s Authority Over Them
Original: διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Powers
NEW term (διάβολος, 4:2-13), the personal adversary who tempts Jesus. Must be distinguished from Korea’s diffuse folk-belief malevolent spirits/goblins (악귀, 도깨비) or ancestor-grudge ghosts; the devil is a specific, personal, ultimately defeated adversary.
Virgin
Approved rendering: 처녀
Transliteration: cheonyeo
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Conception
Rejected alternatives: 소녀, 젊은 여자
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
NEW term (παρθένος, 1:27), core to the incarnation doctrine. Must be rendered with unambiguous biological specificity, not softened to a generic ‘young woman,’ which would blunt the miraculous claim.
Overshadow
Approved rendering: 덮다
Transliteration: deopda
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Conception
Original: ἐπισκιάζω
Category: God
NEW term (ἐπισκιάζω, 1:35). The Holy Spirit’s creative, enveloping presence in the incarnation, echoing the Sinai/Shekinah cloud. Must not be framed using language resembling shamanistic spirit-descent/possession (신내림, a mudang’s trance-possession event); a unique, non-repeatable, non-possessive divine act.
Spirit Ghost
Approved rendering: 영/혼
Transliteration: yeong/hon
Doctrine: The Resurrection Body Distinguished from a Ghost/Spirit
Original: πνεῦμα (in the sense of ‘ghost/apparition’)
Category: Eschatology
NEW term (πνεῦμα in the ‘ghost/apparition’ sense, distinct from πνεῦμα ἅγιον), 24:37,39. The risen Jesus explicitly denies being this: ‘a spirit does not have flesh and bones as you see I have.’ Directly relevant to Korean ancestor-spirit and ghost belief (귀신, 혼령) still culturally live through shamanistic practice and folk memorial custom; Scripture’s own built-in corrective.
Medium Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Isaiah named explicitly at 4:17; Jesus himself popularly identified as a prophet (7:16; 9:8,19; 24:19). Distinguish from 점쟁이 (fortune-teller) and a mudang.
Israel
Approved rendering: 이스라엘
Transliteration: Iseurael
Doctrine: Unity of Jew and Gentile; Redefinition of Neighbor
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Object of consolation and redemption hope throughout Luke’s infancy narrative (1:54,68; 2:25,32,34; 24:21).
Intercession
Approved rendering: 중보기도
Transliteration: jungbo gido
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Rejected alternatives: 굿을 통한 중재
Original: δέομαι / ἐντυγχάνω (pattern)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Jesus intercedes for Peter (22:32) and for his executioners (23:34); distinguish from a mudang’s ritual mediation between the living and spirits during a gut ceremony.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: 사마리아인
Transliteration: Samaria-in
Doctrine: Unity of Jew and Gentile; Redefinition of Neighbor
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Ethics
NEW term. Hero of the Good Samaritan parable (10:33) and the grateful leper (17:16). Requires explicit historical background teaching (Jewish-Samaritan enmity) absent from Korean cultural referents; without it the ethnic-reconciliation edge is easily flattened to generic kindness.
Today
Approved rendering: 오늘
Transliteration: oneul
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: σήμερον
Category: Kingdom
NEW term marking the immediate, historic, once-for-all arrival of salvation (2:11; 4:21; 19:9; 23:43). Distinguish from the recurring auspicious ‘today’ of daily horoscope readings (오늘의 운세) still popular in Korean media.
Captives
Approved rendering: 포로 된 자
Transliteration: poro-doen ja
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: αἰχμάλωτος
Category: Poverty
NEW term (4:18). Retains both literal-historical (exile) and spiritual (sin/bondage) senses; established KRV vocabulary.
Oppressed
Approved rendering: 눌린 자
Transliteration: nullin ja
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τεθραυσμένος (θραύω)
Category: Poverty
NEW term (4:18, τεθραυσμένος). Must be distinguished from generic bad luck/misfortune (액운, flagged under the baseline’s sin entry) — this is oppression inflicted by injustice, addressed by God’s justice, not fatalistically endured fate.
Widow
Approved rendering: 과부
Transliteration: gwabu
Doctrine: Wealth, Poverty, and Stewardship
Original: χήρα
Category: Poverty
NEW term. Paradigm vulnerable figure (2:37; 4:25-26; 7:12; 18:1-8; 20:47; 21:1-4); ensure social vulnerability, not merely marital status, is taught.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: 세리
Transliteration: seri
Doctrine: Jesus’ Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: τελώνης
Category: Compassion
NEW term. Socially despised Roman-collaborating revenue agent, called and welcomed by Jesus (3:12; 5:27-29; 7:29,34; 15:1; 18:10-13; 19:2). Modern Korean tax officials carry no comparable stigma, so teaching must supply first-century social/religious background.
Shepherd
Approved rendering: 목자
Transliteration: mokja
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ποιμήν
Category: Poverty
NEW term. First witnesses of Christ’s birth (2:8-20), socially marginal in the first century. The Korean pastoral connotation (목자 = respected pastor title) could obscure the original social lowliness; must be taught explicitly.
Samaritan Leper
Approved rendering: 사마리아인 나병환자
Transliteration: Samaria-in nabyeong hwanja
Doctrine: Unity of Jew and Gentile; Redefinition of Neighbor
Original: Σαμαρίτης λεπρός
Category: Poverty
NEW compound term (17:16). Doubly marginalized as ethnic outsider and disease-excluded; reinforces both marginalization and universal-scope doctrines together.
Sinner
Approved rendering: 죄인
Transliteration: joein
Doctrine: Jesus’ Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Repentance
NEW term (5:8, 5:30-32; 7:37-39; 15:1-2). Distinguish from mere social loss-of-face (체면 손상, flagged under the baseline’s sin entry) — genuine moral culpability that Jesus receives with compassion and forgives.
Baptism
Approved rendering: 세례
Transliteration: serye
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Repentance
NEW term. John’s baptism (3:3) prefigures the ongoing sacrament; distinguish from shamanistic ritual purification/misfortune-washing (부정을 씻음).
Fruit Of Repentance
Approved rendering: 열매
Transliteration: yeolmae
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: καρπός
Category: Repentance
NEW term (3:8-9). Repentance must produce observable ethical transformation, tied to concrete social/economic ethics (3:10-14).
Daily Bread
Approved rendering: 일용할 양식
Transliteration: ilyonghal yangsik
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: ὁ ἄρτος ὁ ἐπιούσιος
Category: Prayer
NEW term (11:3). A prayer for sufficiency, not accumulated fortune — must be taught in tension with, not confused for, the baseline’s 기복신앙 caution against material-blessing-seeking.
Temptation Trial
Approved rendering: 시험
Transliteration: siheom
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Prayer
NEW term (4:2,13; 11:4; 22:40,46). In contemporary Korean, 시험 primarily denotes an academic/qualifying ‘exam’ (a live cultural association given Korea’s intense exam culture); must clarify this is a spiritual trial, not an exam passed through merit.
Anxiety
Approved rendering: 염려하다
Transliteration: yeomryeohada
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: μεριμνάω
Category: Prayer
NEW term (12:22-30). Forbidden, faith-undermining worry about material provision; the positive counterpart to the daily-bread petition, modeling dependence rather than self-secured provision.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 말씀
Transliteration: Hananim-ui malsseum
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
NEW term (8:11, Parable of the Sower). Ties proclamation to the Kingdom’s hidden, organic growth.
Disciple
Approved rendering: 제자
Transliteration: jeja
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
NEW term. 제자 is also the standard term for a Buddhist monk’s or Confucian master’s student; teaching must clarify Christian discipleship is allegiance to the risen, living Lord Jesus specifically, not a generic transferable master-disciple relationship.
Deny Himself
Approved rendering: 자기를 부인하다
Transliteration: jagireul buinhada
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Original: ἀπαρνησάσθω ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
NEW term (9:23). Must be distinguished from the Buddhist doctrine of no-self (무아) — a metaphysical claim that the self does not ultimately exist; biblical self-denial presupposes a real self that willingly submits its will to Christ’s lordship.
Joy
Approved rendering: 기쁨
Transliteration: gippeum
Doctrine: The Joy of Discipleship
Original: χαρά
Category: Discipleship
NEW term. The Seventy’s proper joy (10:17,20) and heaven’s joy over repentance (15:7,10). Must be rooted in salvation/identity, not ministry-success or power display — echoing the baseline’s caution on Korea’s achievement-oriented church/mission culture.
Humble Exalt
Approved rendering: 낮추다/높이다
Transliteration: najchuda/nopida
Doctrine: Beatitudes and Eschatological Reversal of Status
Original: ταπεινόω / ὑψόω
Category: Discipleship
NEW term, Luke’s reversal theme (14:11, 18:14, echoing the Magnificat 1:48-53). Must be taught against Korea’s strong status- and face-consciousness culture (체면, 출세) as God’s own eschatological reversal, not a strategic humility performed to gain social credit.
Compassion
Approved rendering: 불쌍히 여기다
Transliteration: bulsanghi yeogida
Doctrine: God’s Compassion and Mercy Toward the Lowly
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion
NEW term (σπλαγχνίζομαι), a single recurring motif across the widow of Nain (7:13), the Good Samaritan (10:33), and the Prodigal’s father (15:20). Compassion here is the engine of saving action, not mere sentiment; track as one theme across all three passages.
Mercy
Approved rendering: 긍휼
Transliteration: geungyul
Doctrine: God’s Compassion and Mercy Toward the Lowly
Rejected alternatives: 은덕
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Compassion
NEW term (ἔλεος), saturating the Magnificat and Benedictus (1:50,54,58,72,78) and Jesus’ ethical command (6:36). Must not collapse into the reciprocal-obligation ‘benevolent favor from a superior’ reading (the same collision the baseline flags for 은덕 under grace).
Banquet
Approved rendering: 잔치
Transliteration: janchi
Doctrine: Jesus’ Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: δεῖπνον
Category: Compassion
NEW term (δεῖπνον, 14:16-24). Present table fellowship anticipates the future messianic banquet, linking compassion, marginalization, and Kingdom doctrines together.
Anoint
Approved rendering: 기름을 붓다
Transliteration: gireumeul butda
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Empowerment of Christ’s Ministry
Original: χρίω
Category: Christology
NEW term (χρίω, 4:18, citing Isaiah 61). Grounds Χριστός; must be tied explicitly to messianic identity, not read as a generic ritual anointing/blessing rite.
Paradise
Approved rendering: 낙원
Transliteration: nagwon
Doctrine: Eschatological Redemption and the Second Coming
Rejected alternatives: 파라다이스 (현대 세속적/상업적 함의로 인해 사용 안 함)
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
NEW term (παράδεισος, 23:43), promised to the repentant criminal. Must be distinguished from the Buddhist Pure Land (극락) and generic folk ancestral-afterlife notions; biblical paradise is granted by grace to a repentant sinner, not karmically attained. Never the secular loanword 파라다이스 (resort/casino connotations).
Witnesses
Approved rendering: 증인
Transliteration: jeungin
Doctrine: The Ascension and Mission to the Nations
Original: μάρτυρες
Category: Church
NEW term (24:48), commissioning the disciples for mission (ties to baseline 선교). Standard vocabulary with low collision risk beyond the baseline’s achievement-culture mission caution.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. The Twelve are named apostles at 6:13; no significant collision beyond avoiding a shamanistic-intermediary (무당) framing.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Modeled by the returning Samaritan leper (17:16).
David
Approved rendering: 다윗
Transliteration: Dawit
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Recurs across the royal-line promise material (1:27,32,69; 2:4,11; 3:31; 18:38-39; 20:41-44).
Covenant
Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Atonement and the New Covenant
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly (base term remains Low risk). Elevated to Critical specifically in the compound phrase ‘the new covenant in my blood’ (22:20) — see the new_covenant_in_blood entry below. Korean already cleanly distinguishes 언약 from the commercial-contract term 계약.
Cross Daily
Approved rendering: 십자가
Transliteration: sipjiga
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Original: σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
NEW term in the discipleship sense (9:23), well-established and unambiguous in Korean Christian usage. Principal teaching risk is ensuring the ongoing, ‘daily’ cost is not flattened into a one-time past event.
Physician
Approved rendering: 의사
Transliteration: uisa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἰατρός
Category: Compassion
NEW term, metaphor for Jesus’ mission to sinners: ‘those who are well have no need of a physician’ (5:31).
Synagogue
Approved rendering: 회당
Transliteration: hoedang
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church
NEW term (συναγωγή), the local Jewish assembly and worship venue where Jesus habitually taught (4:16-20; 4:44; 6:6; 13:10) — the core passage’s own setting. Historical/cultural background term, distinct from 교회; no doctrinal collision.
Referenced passages