Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Revelation (요한계시록) — English → Korean
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework (Critical / High / Medium / Low) and doctrine_risk_registry.json review routing conventions: Critical/High → Human theologian review; Medium → Native speaker review; Low → Automated review.
A. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (no new entry required, cited for completeness)
| English | Korean | Risk (baseline) | Revelation usage note |
|---|---|---|---|
| God | 하나님 | Critical | Frequent divine title use, incl. παντοκράτωρ combinations |
| Jesus | 예수 | Critical | ”the testimony of Jesus” recurring phrase |
| Christ | 그리스도 | Critical | ”his Christ” (11:15), messianic-royal contexts |
| Lord | 주님 | Critical | Intensifies to “Lord of lords” (19:16) |
| Holy Spirit | 성령 | Critical | Cf. “seven Spirits” (1:4) new risk note; 22:17 |
| Father | 아버지 | Critical | 21:7 sonship/inheritance context |
| Grace | 은혜 | Critical | 22:21 closing benediction |
| Faith | 믿음 | High | Contrasted with ἄπιστος (21:8) |
| Salvation | 구원 | Critical | 7:10; 12:10; 19:1 |
| Holy | 거룩한 | High | 4:8 Trisagion; holy city (21:2) |
| Saints | 성도 | High | 5:8; 8:3-4; 11:18; 13:7,10; 14:12; 17:6; 18:24; 19:8 |
| Church | 교회 | Medium | 1:4,11,20; 2–3 (seven churches); 22:16 |
| Kingdom of God | 하나님의 나라 | Low | Extended by 11:15’s “kingdom of the world … of our Lord” |
| Glory | 영광 | Medium | 4:9,11; 5:12-13; 21:23-24 |
| Resurrection | 부활 | Medium | 20:5-6 “first resurrection” |
| Gentiles/nations | 이방인 / (see 열방 note below) | High | Rev typically uses ἔθνη as “the nations” (열방/만민) rather than a Jew/Gentile binary; retain baseline 이방인 only where the Jew–Gentile contrast is explicit |
| Apostle | 사도 | Low | 18:20; 21:14 (foundations named for apostles) |
| Prophet | 선지자 | Medium | Contrasted with 거짓 선지자 (false prophet), new term below |
| Prophecy | 예언 | High | Book’s own self-designation (1:3; 22:7,10,18-19) |
| Sin | 죄 | High | 18:4-5 |
| Power (of God) | 능력 | Critical | 1:16 (God’s power for salvation) extends to judgment/reign contexts throughout |
| Covenant | 언약 | Low | Underlies “seed of David,” temple/tabernacle typology |
| David | 다윗 | Low | 3:7; 5:5; 22:16 |
| Israel | 이스라엘 | Medium | 7:4 (twelve tribes) |
B. New Terms Introduced by Revelation
| # | English term | Original | Transliteration | Korean rendering | Korean transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | First occurrence | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Revelation/Apocalypse | ἀποκάλυψις | apokalypsis | 계시 | gyesi | Medium | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 1:1 | Names the book’s genre; controls how every symbol in the book must be read |
| 2 | Testimony | μαρτυρία | martyria | 증언 | jeungeon | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 1:2 | Distinct from but closely tied to 순교자 (martyr) |
| 3 | Witness(es) | μάρτυς / μάρτυρες | martys / martyres | 증인 | jeungin | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 11:3 | ”Two witnesses”; do not collapse into 순교자 automatically |
| 4 | Martyr | (μάρτυς, contextual) | martys | 순교자 | sungyoja | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness / Judgment & Vindication | 6:9; 17:6 | Contextual rendering for those killed for testimony |
| 5 | Endurance/perseverance | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | 인내 | innae | Medium-High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 1:9 | Distinguish from Confucian 인고 (stoic quiet-suffering) detached from Christ |
| 6 | The One who was, is, and is to come | ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος | ho ōn kai ho ēn kai ho erchomenos | 전에도 계셨고 지금도 계시고 장차 오실 이 | jeone-do gyesigo jigeumdo gyesigo jangcha osil i | Low-Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 1:4 | Divine eternality title |
| 7 | Seven Spirits | τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα | ta hepta pneumata | 일곱 영 | ilgop yeong | High | Sovereignty of God over History / Holy Spirit | 1:4 | MUST be taught as the one Holy Spirit’s fullness, never multiple spirit-beings (shamanism collision) |
| 8 | Almighty | παντοκράτωρ | pantokratōr | 전능자 / 전능하신 이 | jeonneungja / jeonneunghasin i | Low-Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 1:8 | Absolute sovereignty title |
| 9 | Firstborn of the dead | πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν | prōtotokos tōn nekrōn | 죽은 자들의 먼저 나신 이 | jugeun jadeul-ui meonjeo nasin i | Low-Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 1:5 | Extends baseline 부활 caution |
| 10 | Kingdom and priests | βασιλεία, ἱερεῖς | basileia, hiereis | 나라와 제사장 | naragwa jesajang | High | Church as God’s People / Worship of the Lamb | 1:6 | 제사장 risks mudang/jesa collision; teach direct access through Christ |
| 11 | Son of Man | υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου | huios anthrōpou | 인자 | inja | Low | Return and Reign of Christ | 1:13 | Established Gospel-tradition term |
| 12 | Keys of Death and Hades | κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου | kleis tou thanatou kai tou hadou | 사망과 음부의 열쇠 | samanggwa eumbu-ui yeolsoe | Medium-High | Sovereignty of God over History | 1:18 | 음부 risks conflation with Buddhist/shamanistic 저승/명부 cosmology |
| 13 | Repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | 회개 | hoegae | Low | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 2:5 | Standard established term |
| 14 | Tree of life | ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς | xylon tēs zōēs | 생명나무 | saengmyeongnamu | Low-Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 2:7 | Minor risk of conflation with East Asian immortality-elixir folklore (불로초) |
| 15 | Crown of life | στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς | stephanos tēs zōēs | 생명의 면류관 | saengmyeong-ui myeollyugwan | Low-Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 2:10 | Victor’s wreath, not royal crown |
| 16 | Synagogue of Satan | συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ | synagōgē tou Satana | 사탄의 회당 | satan-ui hoedang | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 2:9 | Must not be read as anti-Jewish polemic; a specific historical false claim |
| 17 | Key of David | κλεὶς Δαυίδ | kleis Dauid | 다윗의 열쇠 | Dawit-ui yeolsoe | Low-Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 3:7 | Extends baseline Davidic covenant term |
| 18 | Rod of iron | ῥάβδος σιδηρᾶ | rhabdos sidēra | 철장 | cheoljang | Low-Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 2:27 | Messianic ruling authority |
| 19 | Morning star | ἀστὴρ πρωϊνός | astēr prōinos | 새벽 별 | saebyeok byeol | Low | Return and Reign of Christ | 2:28 | Messianic title, self-applied by Christ at 22:16 |
| 20 | Lukewarm | χλιαρός | chliaros | 미지근함 | mijigeunham | Low | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 3:16 | Half-hearted faith |
| 21 | Throne | θρόνος | thronos | 보좌 | bojwa | Low | Sovereignty of God over History | 4:2 | Reserved for God’s/Christ’s throne, distinct from 왕좌 |
| 22 | Four living creatures | τὰ τέσσαρα ζῷα | ta tessara zōa | 네 생물 | ne saengmul | Low-Medium | Worship of the Lamb | 4:6 | Not to be read as animal-spirits |
| 23 | Twenty-four elders | οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι | hoi eikosi tessares presbyteroi | 이십사 장로 | isipsa jangno | Low | Worship of the Lamb / Church as God’s People | 4:4 | Represent redeemed OT+NT people of God |
| 24 | Worthy | ἄξιος | axios | 합당하다 / 합당하신 | hapdanghada / hapdanghasin | Medium | Worship of the Lamb | 4:11 | Exclusive worthiness, not honor/achievement (출세/명예) |
| 25 | Scroll | βιβλίον | biblion | 두루마리 | duruma-ri | Low | Sovereignty of God over History | 5:1 | God’s redemptive plan/judgment record |
| 26 | Lion of the tribe of Judah / Root of David | λέων … φυλῆς Ἰούδα / ῥίζα Δαυίδ | leōn … phylēs Iouda / rhiza Dauid | 유다 지파의 사자 / 다윗의 뿌리 | Yuda jipa-ui saja / Dawit-ui ppuri | Low-Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 5:5 | Extends baseline Davidic terms |
| 27 | Lamb | ἀρνίον | arnion | 어린양 | eorin-yang | High | Worship of the Lamb | 5:6 | No baseline precedent; combines sacrifice + enthronement + rightful worship — full deity claim |
| 28 | New song | ᾠδὴ καινή | ōdē kainē | 새 노래 | sae norae | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 5:9 | Recurs at 14:3 |
| 29 | Seal (noun/verb) | σφραγίς / σφραγίζω | sphragis / sphragizō | 인 / 인치다 | in / inchida | Low-Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 5:1; 7:3 | Note bureaucratic-seal homonym; contrasts with beast’s mark (13:16) |
| 30 | Great day of wrath | ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ μεγάλη τῆς ὀργῆς | hē hēmera hē megalē tēs orgēs | 진노의 큰 날 | jinno-ui keun nal | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 6:17 | 진노 = righteous judicial wrath, not appeasable folk-deity anger |
| 31 | Souls under the altar | αἱ ψυχαὶ τῶν ἐσφαγμένων | hai psychai tōn esphagmenōn | 죽임을 당한 자들의 영혼 | jugim-eul danghan jadeul-ui yeonghon | High | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 6:9 | Martyrs’ vindication cry |
| 32 | 144,000 | ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες | hekaton tesserakonta tessares chiliades | 십사만 사천 | sipsaman sacheon | High | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 7:4 | Symbolic completeness number, not a literal census |
| 33 | Every nation, tribe, people, language | πᾶν ἔθνος καὶ φυλὰς καὶ λαοὺς καὶ γλώσσας | pan ethnos kai phylas kai laous kai glōssas | 각 나라와 족속과 백성과 방언 | gak naragwa jokson-gwa baekseonggwa bang-eon | High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles (extended) | 7:9 | Resist 단일민족 (single-ethnicity) softening |
| 34 | Great tribulation | ἡ θλῖψις ἡ μεγάλη | hē thlipsis hē megalē | 큰 환난 | keun hwannan | Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 7:14 | |
| 35 | Washed white in the blood of the Lamb | ἔπλυναν … ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀρνίου | eplynan … en tō haimati tou arniou | 어린양의 피에 그 옷을 씻어 희게 함 | eorin-yang-ui pie geu os-eul ssiseo huige ham | Medium-High | Worship of the Lamb / Vindication of the Saints | 7:14 | Paradox of blood that cleanses; distinguish from ritual purification (부정을 씻음) |
| 36 | Trumpet | σάλπιγξ | salpinx | 나팔 | nappal | Low | Sovereignty of God over History | 8:2 | |
| 37 | The abyss | ἡ ἄβυσσος | hē abyssos | 무저갱 | mujeogaeng | Medium-High | Sovereignty of God over History | 9:1 | Risk of conflation with Buddhist/shamanistic underworld cosmology |
| 38 | Abaddon/Apollyon | Ἀβαδδὼν / Ἀπολλύων | Abaddōn / Apollyōn | 아바돈 / 아볼루온 | Abadon / Abolluon | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 9:11 | ”The Destroyer” |
| 39 | Little scroll | βιβλαρίδιον | biblaridion | 작은 두루마리 | jageun duruma-ri | Low | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 10:2 | Sweet/bitter prophetic commissioning |
| 40 | Two witnesses | οἱ δύο μάρτυρες | hoi dyo martyres | 두 증인 | du jeungin | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 11:3 | Testify, die, are vindicated by resurrection |
| 41 | Temple of God (measured) | ὁ ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ | ho naos tou theou | 성전 | seongjeon | Medium | Church as God’s People | 11:1 | Sets up Rev 21:22 “no temple” resolution |
| 42 | Kingdom of the world becomes kingdom of our Lord | ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου … τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν | egeneto hē basileia tou kosmou tou kyriou hēmōn | 세상 나라가 우리 주와 그의 그리스도의 나라가 되어 | sesang naraga uri jugwa geuui geuriseudo-ui naraga doeeo | High | Return and Reign of Christ / Sovereignty of God | 11:15 | Present/settled declaration, not merely future hope |
| 43 | The dragon | ὁ δράκων | ho drakōn | 용 | yong | CRITICAL | Judgment of the Wicked / Sovereignty of God over History | 12:3 | Direct collision with Korea’s overwhelmingly positive dragon symbolism (용왕, 용꿈, royal imagery) — MUST always be taught as the explicit symbolic identification with Satan (12:9), never assimilated to positive cultural dragon associations |
| 44 | Michael | Μιχαήλ | Michaēl | 미가엘 | Migael | Low | Sovereignty of God over History | 12:7 | Proper name |
| 45 | That ancient serpent | ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος | ho ophis ho archaios | 옛 뱀 | yet baem | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 12:9 | Ties to Genesis 3 |
| 46 | The accuser | ὁ κατήγωρ | ho katēgōr | 참소하던 자 | chamsohadeon ja | Medium | Assurance of God’s Final Victory | 12:10 | Now decisively defeated |
| 47 | They overcame by the blood of the Lamb and the word of their testimony | ἐνίκησαν … διὰ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀρνίου καὶ διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας | enikēsan dia to haima tou arniou kai dia ton logon tēs martyrias | 어린양의 피와 자기들이 증언하는 말씀으로 그를 이겼으니 | eorin-yang-ui piwa jagideul-i jeungeonhaneun malsseum-euro geureul igyeoss-euni | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 12:11 | Central formula; must not be fragmented in translation |
| 48 | The beast | τὸ θηρίον | to thērion | 짐승 | jimseung | High | Judgment of the Wicked / Return and Reign of Christ | 13:1 | Avoid demeaning-insult colloquial flattening; avoid animal-spirit veneration framing |
| 49 | Mark (of the beast) | χάραγμα | charagma | 표 | pyo | High | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 13:16 | Contrast with God’s seal; resist speculative modern-technology identification |
| 50 | Number of the beast, 666 | ὁ ἀριθμὸς τοῦ θηρίου | ho arithmos tou thēriou | 짐승의 수, 육백육십육 | jimseung-ui su, yukbaengyuksibyuk | Medium-High | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 13:18 | Model responsible symbolic reading; discourage number-hunting |
| 51 | Firstfruits | ἀπαρχή | aparchē | 첫 열매 | cheot yeolmae | Low | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 14:4 | |
| 52 | Eternal gospel | εὐαγγέλιον αἰώνιον | euangelion aiōnion | 영원한 복음 | yeongwonhan bogeum | Medium | Gospel (extends baseline) | 14:6 | Baseline 복음/기복신앙 caution reapplies |
| 53 | Babylon the great | Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη | Babylōn hē megalē | 큰 바벨론 | keun Babeullon | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 14:8 | Symbolic name requiring OT background |
| 54 | Winepress of God’s wrath | ἡ ληνὸς τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ | hē lēnos tou thymou tou theou | 하나님의 진노의 포도주 틀 | Hananim-ui jinno-ui podoju teul | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 14:19 | Harvest-judgment imagery |
| 55 | Rest from their labors | ἀναπαύσονται ἐκ τῶν κόπων | anapausontai ek tōn kopōn | 그 수고를 그치고 쉬리로다 | geu sugoreul geuchigo swiridoda | Low | Assurance of God’s Final Victory | 14:13 | |
| 56 | Song of Moses and song of the Lamb | ᾠδὴ Μωϋσέως καὶ ᾠδὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου | ōdē Mōuseōs kai ōdē tou arniou | 모세의 노래와 어린양의 노래 | Mosе-ui noraewa eorin-yang-ui norae | Low-Medium | Worship of the Lamb | 15:3 | Exodus-typology worship |
| 57 | Bowls of the wrath of God | αἱ φιάλαι τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ | hai phialai tou thymou tou theou | 하나님의 진노의 대접 | Hananim-ui jinno-ui daejeop | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 16:1 | |
| 58 | Armageddon | Ἁρμαγεδών | Harmagedōn | 아마겟돈 | Amagetdon | Low-Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 16:16 | Model symbolic (not literal-geographic) reading |
| 59 | The great prostitute | ἡ πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη | hē pornē hē megalē | 큰 음녀 | keun eumnyeo | Medium-High | Judgment of the Wicked | 17:1 | Symbolic; structural contrast with 신부 (Bride) |
| 60 | Sexual immorality (symbolic) | πορνεία | porneia | 음행 | eumhaeng | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 17:2 | Symbol for idolatrous political-economic entanglement |
| 61 | Kings of the earth | οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς | hoi basileis tēs gēs | 땅의 왕들 | ttang-ui wangdeul | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 17:2 | |
| 62 | Hallelujah | Ἁλληλουϊά | Hallēlouia | 할렐루야 | hallelluya | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 19:1 | Only NT occurrence, 4x in this chapter |
| 63 | Marriage supper of the Lamb | ὁ γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου | ho gamos tou arniou | 어린양의 혼인 잔치 | eorin-yang-ui honin janchi | High | Church as Bride of Christ | 19:9 | Combines Critical 어린양 term with bride/wedding imagery |
| 64 | King of kings and Lord of lords | βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων | basileus basileōn kai kyrios kyriōn | 만왕의 왕이요 만주의 주 | manwang-ui wangiyo manju-ui ju | CRITICAL | Return and Reign of Christ | 19:16 | Superlative extension of baseline Critical 주님 term; absolute exclusivity |
| 65 | The false prophet | ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης | ho pseudoprophētēs | 거짓 선지자 | geojit seonjija | Medium-High | Judgment of the Wicked | 19:20 | Contrast with baseline 선지자 and folk-diviner figures |
| 66 | A thousand years / millennium | χίλια ἔτη | chilia etē | 천 년 / 천년왕국 | cheon nyeon / cheonnyeon-wangguk | HIGH | Return and Reign of Christ | 20:2-7 | Risk of assimilation to 정감록 folk-prophecy and 미륵신앙/용화세계 Buddhist golden-age expectation |
| 67 | The first resurrection | ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη | hē anastasis hē prōtē | 첫째 부활 | cheotjjae buhwal | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 20:5-6 | Extends baseline 부활 caution |
| 68 | Gog and Magog | Γὼγ καὶ Μαγώγ | Gōg kai Magōg | 곡과 마곡 | Gokgwa Magok | Low-Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 20:8 | OT-derived symbolic names |
| 69 | The great white throne | ὁ θρόνος ὁ μέγας ὁ λευκός | ho thronos ho megas ho leukos | 크고 흰 보좌 | keugo huin bojwa | CRITICAL | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 20:11 | Direct collision with Korean Buddhist folk-cosmology’s 염라대왕/시왕 karmic judgment tradition |
| 70 | The book of life | τὸ βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς | to biblion tēs zōēs | 생명책 | saengmyeongchaek | High | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 20:12 | Records those united to Christ by faith, not karmic ledger |
| 71 | New heaven and new earth | καινὸς οὐρανὸς καὶ καινὴ γῆ | kainos ouranos kai kainē gē | 새 하늘과 새 땅 | sae haneulgwa sae ttang | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 21:1 | Distinguish from Buddhist 극락 (Pure Land) disembodied-paradise concept; bodily, physical re-creation |
| 72 | New Jerusalem | Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή | Ierousalēm kainē | 새 예루살렘 | sae Yerusallem | Low-Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 21:2 | Proper noun; God’s descending gift, not humanly attained |
| 73 | Bride | νύμφη | nymphē | 신부 | sinbu | Medium | Church as Bride of Christ | 21:2 | Distinguish from Confucian hierarchical/arranged-marriage connotations |
| 74 | Tabernacle/dwell | σκηνή / σκηνόω | skēnē / skēnoō | 장막 / 함께 거하시리니 | jangmak / hamkke geohasirini | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 21:3 | Permanent unmediated presence, not a shrine one visits |
| 75 | Twelve gates / twelve foundations | δώδεκα πυλῶνες / δώδεκα θεμέλιοι | dōdeka pylōnes / dōdeka themelioi | 열두 문 / 열두 기초석 | yeoldu mun / yeoldu gichoseok | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 21:12-14 | OT/NT unity symbol |
| 76 | No temple — God/Lamb are its temple | ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον … ναὸς αὐτῆς | naon ouk eidon … naos autēs | 성전을 보지 못하였으니 … 그 성전이심이라 | seongjeon-eul boji mothayeoss-euni … geu seongjeonisim-ira | High | Worship of the Lamb / New Heaven and New Earth | 21:22 | Climactic resolution of the temple motif |
| 77 | Nothing unclean shall enter | οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ … πᾶν κοινόν | ou mē eiselthē … pan koinon | 속된 것은 결코 들어가지 못하되 | sokdoen geoseun gyeolko deuleogaji mothadoe | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked / New Heaven and New Earth | 21:27 | Moral, not ritual, purity |
| 78 | River of the water of life | ὁ ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς | ho potamos hydatos zōēs | 생명수의 강 | saengmyeongsu-ui gang | Low-Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 22:1 | Minor immortality-elixir folklore risk |
| 79 | No more curse | οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι κατάθεμα | ouk estai eti katathema | 다시 저주가 없으며 | dasi jeojuga eopseumyeo | Low | Assurance of God’s Final Victory | 22:3 | Genesis 3 curse reversed |
| 80 | They will see his face | ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ | opsontai to prosōpon autou | 그의 얼굴을 볼 것이요 | geuui eolgul-eul bol geosiyo | Low | New Heaven and New Earth | 22:4 | Beatific vision |
| 81 | I am coming soon | ἔρχομαι ταχύ | erchomai tachy | 내가 속히 오리니 | naega soki orini | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 22:7,12,20 | Certain/imminent, not divinatory-calculable |
| 82 | Blessed are those who wash their robes | μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν | makarioi hoi plynontes tas stolas autōn | 자기 두루마기를 빠는 자들은 복이 있으니 | jagi durumagireul ppaneun jadeul-eun bogi issneuni | Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 22:14 | Ties to ch.7 blood-washing paradox |
| 83 | The Spirit and the Bride say, Come | τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ νύμφη λέγουσιν ἔρχου | to pneuma kai hē nymphē legousin erchou | 성령과 신부가 말씀하시기를 오라 하시는도다 | seongnyeong-gwa sinbuga malsseumhasigi-reul oralaneun doda | High | Church as Bride of Christ / Holy Spirit | 22:17 | Spirit remains fully personal, never shamanistic-spirit-invocation framing |
| 84 | Do not add to or take away (canon warning) | μὴ ἐπιθῇ … μὴ ἀφέλῃ | mē epithē … mē aphelē | 이 예언의 말씀에 더하거나 제하여 버리면 | i yeeon-ui malsseume deohageona jehayeo beorimyeon | Medium | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 22:18-19 | Guards the book’s closed, authoritative prophetic status |
C. Terms Requiring Explicit Pastoral/Cultural Caution (Cross-Reference Summary)
| Term | Korean | Risk | Korean cultural collision | Doctrine affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sorcerers | 술객 | CRITICAL | 무속신앙 (shamanism): mudang consultation, fortune-telling, folk magic — a live, named, pastorally sensitive practice for many Korean families | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints |
| Dragon | 용 | CRITICAL | Korea’s overwhelmingly positive dragon symbolism (용왕, 용꿈, royal imagery) directly inverted by Revelation’s use | Sovereignty of God over History / Judgment of the Wicked |
| Great white throne / judgment | 크고 흰 보좌 / 심판 | CRITICAL | Korean Buddhist folk-cosmology’s 염라대왕 and 시왕 karmic judgment tradition | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints |
| Seven Spirits | 일곱 영 | High | Shamanism’s populated spirit-world (다수의 신령) | Sovereignty of God over History / Holy Spirit |
| Millennium | 천 년 / 천년왕국 | High | Korean folk-prophecy (정감록) and Buddhist Maitreya golden-age expectation (미륵신앙/용화세계) | Return and Reign of Christ |
| Priests (of believers) | 제사장 | High | Mudang ritual-intermediary role; Confucian jesa ancestor-rite officiants | Church as God’s People / Worship of the Lamb |
| Abyss | 무저갱 | Medium-High | Buddhist/shamanistic underworld cosmology (지옥/명부/저승) | Sovereignty of God over History |
| New heaven and new earth | 새 하늘과 새 땅 | Medium | Buddhist 극락 (Pure Land) disembodied-paradise concept | New Heaven and New Earth |
| Tree/water of life | 생명나무 / 생명수 | Medium | East Asian immortality-elixir folklore (불로초) | New Heaven and New Earth |
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json as version 2 before any Phase 2 segment translation of Revelation begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: central Korean risk term; never a reciprocal exchange for ritual offering or performance. Revelation reuses this term at its own climax and closing benediction (21:6’s ‘값없이,’ 22:17, 22:21) — the book of judgment ends on unmerited grace, and this closing use is exactly where 기복신앙 (fortune-seeking) drift is most tempting and must be most explicitly guarded against.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER 해탈 or 윤회에서 벗어남. Revelation celebrates 구원 in heavenly worship (7:10; 12:10; 19:1) as reconciliation with a personal God through Christ, achieved and certain — never escape from an impersonal suffering-cycle, a caution now directly adjacent to Revelation’s own judgment-scene imagery (ch. 20) which risks separate collision with Buddhist karmic cosmology (see great_white_throne, lake_of_fire below).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER 영력 (a mudang’s spirit-power). Recurs throughout Revelation’s judgment and reign contexts (11:17; 12:10; 19:1); must remain tied to God’s sovereign might for salvation and righteous judgment, never generalized this-worldly power-seeking.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard KRV transliteration; recurs in the repeated phrase ‘the testimony of Jesus’ (1:2,9; 12:17; 19:10; 20:4), a core Revelation formula for Perseverance and Faithful Witness.
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never 하느님/천주/산신령. Revelation intensifies this term through combination titles (전능자/παντοκράτωρ; 전에도 계셨고 지금도 계시고 장차 오실 이) that must retain 하나님’s monotheistic force even at maximal doxological intensity (4:8; 21:22).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never 신령/신 alone. Revelation’s ‘seven Spirits’ (1:4; 4:5; 5:6, see seven_spirits below) is the sharpest new collision point with Korean shamanism’s populated spirit-world and must always be taught as the one 성령’s complete fullness, never multiple spirit-beings; the Spirit remains fully personal even when joined with the Bride’s voice at 22:17.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: the jesa/ancestor-rite history caution applies unchanged. Revelation 21:7 (‘I will be his God and he will be my son’) is the climactic Father-child declaration of the whole book — God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring ongoing ritual offerings, but a Father who receives overcomers into relational belonging.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Christ’s unique, eternal, co-equal Sonship. Revelation 21:7 grants believers derivative adoptive sonship (‘아들’) as overcomers — this must be explicitly and repeatedly distinguished from 하나님의 아들 as applied to Christ, to prevent any blurring of Christ’s unique deity-claim with believers’ adoptive status.
Dragon
Approved rendering: 용
Transliteration: yong
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare against the Dragon (Satan)
Original: ὁ δράκων
Category: Judgment
CRITICAL: explicitly identified as ‘that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan’ (12:9); the ultimate symbol of cosmic evil opposing God and his people (ch. 12, 13, 16, 20). In Korean tradition 용 is an overwhelmingly auspicious, positive symbol — royal dragon-robe imagery, the venerated 용왕 (Dragon King of the sea, honored in coastal 용왕제 rituals), and 용꿈 (a dragon-dream, popularly considered a fortune-omen). No lexical alternative exists or should be sought; the collision must be closed by repeated, explicit teaching at every occurrence, never by word substitution — this identification must never be softened, left ambiguous, or allowed to read positively in context.
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: 만왕의 왕이요 만주의 주
Transliteration: manwang-ui wangiyo manju-ui ju
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: the climactic supreme title of the returning Christ (19:16); superlative extension of baseline’s Critical 주님 term. Must retain full honorific grammar and absolute exclusivity — no rival king or lord, human or spiritual, shares this title. The single highest-stakes Christological title in the book.
Great White Throne
Approved rendering: 크고 흰 보좌
Transliteration: keugo huin bojwa
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ὁ θρόνος ὁ μέγας ὁ λευκός
Category: Judgment
CRITICAL: final judgment scene of all the unrighteous dead (20:11-15). Direct point of contact with Korean Buddhist folk-cosmology’s judgment imagery — 염라대왕 (King Yama) and the Ten Kings (시왕) who judge the dead’s accumulated karma, familiar to Korean readers through temple art, folk tales, and popular media. Must clearly distinguish: one throne, one Judge (God/Christ), judgment based on response to Christ recorded in the Book of Life — not accumulated karmic merit/demerit — within a resurrection-body context, not a disembodied intermediate-state judgment.
Sorcerers
Approved rendering: 술객
Transliteration: sulgaek
Doctrine: Judgment on Idolatry and Occult Practice
Rejected alternatives: 마법사
Original: φαρμάκοι
Category: Judgment
CRITICAL: practitioners of magic/occult arts, named among those excluded from the New Jerusalem (21:8; cf. 9:21; 22:15). 술객 directly names practices continuous with 무속신앙 (mudang consultation, fortune-telling, folk magic), practices some Korean believers’ own families still engage in. This is pastorally sensitive, live material, not a distant historical category; must be taught pastorally as a call to repentance and exclusive allegiance to Christ, never softened, generalized, or silently omitted. Rejected 마법사 as too weak/fictional-sounding, losing the term’s direct connection to still-practiced folk-shamanistic ritual.
Lake Of Fire
Approved rendering: 불과 유황으로 타는 못
Transliteration: bulgwa yuhwang-euro taneun mot
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἡ λίμνη ἡ καιομένη πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ
Category: Judgment
CRITICAL: place of final, conscious judgment for the unrepentant (19:20; 20:10,14-15; 21:8). Must be clearly distinguished from Korean Buddhist folk cosmology’s multi-tiered hell realms administered by 염라대왕 and the Ten Kings (시왕) based on karmic accounting; biblical final judgment is the verdict of the one true God/Christ on a person’s response to him, not a karma-based multi-judge tribunal with the possibility of eventual release through accumulated merit.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation contrasts 믿음 with its direct antonym ἄπιστοι (‘the unbelieving,’ 21:8), excluded from the New Jerusalem; reinforce that this is trust in Christ specifically, not generic religious sincerity, superstition (미신), or fortune-telling confidence (사주팔자).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Inherited from Romans package. The 의리 (loyalty-ethics) collision caution extends directly to Revelation 21:5’s divine self-description 신실하고 참되도다 (‘faithful and true’) — God’s faithfulness must be taught as unilateral, self-grounded covenant reliability, not reciprocal honor-code fidelity.
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Reused for the Trisagion (‘Holy, holy, holy,’ 4:8) and the ‘holy city’ (21:2); moral, relational set-apartness, distinguished from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻음), a distinction that recurs at 21:27’s ‘nothing unclean shall enter.‘
Saints
Approved rendering: 성도
Transliteration: seongdo
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 신선, 도인
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Applies corporately to all believers throughout Revelation, including the persecuted and martyred faithful (5:8; 8:3-4; 11:18; 13:7,10; 14:12; 17:6; 18:24; 19:8) — never an ascetic elite (신선/도인).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 이방인
Transliteration: ibangin
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: 외국인 (단일민족 의미로)
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation typically renders ἔθνη as ‘the nations’ (열방/만민, see every_nation_tribe_people_language and peoples below) rather than in an explicit Jew/Gentile binary; reserve 이방인 for passages where that specific contrast is active, and resist any 단일민족 (single-ethnicity) softening throughout.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측
Original: προφητεία
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Inherited from Romans package. Elevated significance here: Revelation is the book’s own self-designation (1:3) and the subject of its closing canon-integrity warning (22:7,10,18-19); must be distinguished from Korean folk-prophetic literature (정감록), which remains open to ongoing reinterpretation, whereas Revelation identifies itself as closed, authoritative, God-inspired prophecy.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Named among Babylon’s sins requiring judgment (18:4-5); moral offense before a personal God, not bad luck (액운) or loss of face (체면 손상).
Abba
Approved rendering: 아빠
Transliteration: appa
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly quoted in Revelation’s Greek text, but retained here as the intimacy-register anchor underlying 21:7’s Father/son declaration and the adoption doctrine’s relational (not instrumental/jesa-continuation) framing.
Adoption
Approved rendering: 양자
Transliteration: yangja
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 위한 양자
Inherited from Romans package. Extended by Revelation 21:7’s inheritance declaration to overcomers (see inherit and adoptive_son below); traditional Korean heir-adoption’s instrumental, rite-continuation purpose (jesa) must be distinguished from this relational, inheritance-granting gift.
Providence
Approved rendering: 섭리
Transliteration: seomni
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운명
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 팔자/운명. Revelation’s seal-and-scroll imagery (ch. 5-8) depicts history unrolling under God’s personal governance and can visually resemble a fortune-teller’s already-written scroll of fate unless explicitly taught as the response-receiving, relational governance of a personal God who hears his people’s prayers (8:3-4), not a scripted, unreadable fatalism.
Hundred Forty Four Thousand
Approved rendering: 십사만 사천
Transliteration: sipsaman sacheon
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Rejected alternatives: 문자적 인구 조사 숫자
Original: ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Symbolic number (12x12x1000) representing the complete, full number of God’s sealed people (7:4-8) — must be explicitly taught as symbolic completeness, not a literal census-count, modeling the whole book’s symbolic-reading method and forestalling speculative sect-identification.
Testimony
Approved rendering: 증언
Transliteration: jeungeon
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: μαρτυρία
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Recurs as ‘the testimony of Jesus’ (1:2,9; 12:17; 19:10; 20:4). Distinct from but closely tied to 순교자 (martyr); not all who bear 증언 are killed, though the book repeatedly links faithful testimony with willingness to suffer death for it.
Witnesses
Approved rendering: 증인
Transliteration: jeungin
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: μάρτυρες
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Specifically ‘the two witnesses’ (11:3-13), who testify, are killed, and are vindicated by resurrection. Do not automatically collapse into 순교자 (martyr).
Martyr
Approved rendering: 순교자
Transliteration: sungyoja
Doctrine: Martyrdom and Vindication of the Persecuted
Original: μάρτυς (contextual)
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Contextual rendering for those killed for faithful testimony to Christ (6:9; 17:6). Grounds the vindication doctrine of 6:9-11.
Endurance
Approved rendering: 인내
Transliteration: innae
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: 인고, 한
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Introduced at 1:9, recurring through the seven letters and beyond (2:2-3,19; 3:10; 13:10; 14:12). Must be distinguished from Confucian-inflected culturally prized quiet-suffering endurance (인고) or the culturally loaded 한 (han, accumulated unresolved grief); this is Spirit-sustained, hope-filled perseverance grounded in Christ’s promised return, always taught paired with its object (testimony of Jesus) and horizon (his return).
Seven Spirits
Approved rendering: 일곱 영
Transliteration: ilgop yeong
Doctrine: Fullness of the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 일곱 신령들, 일곱 영들
Original: τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα
Category: God
Symbolic representation (seven = fullness/completeness) of the one Holy Spirit’s complete ministry before God’s throne (1:4; 4:5; 5:6). Given Korean shamanism’s populated spirit-world (다수의 신령 addressed individually by a mudang), this MUST always be taught explicitly as the one 성령 in his complete fullness, never as multiple discrete spirit-beings — treat as an obligatory-footnote term at every occurrence.
Kingdom And Priests
Approved rendering: 나라와 제사장
Transliteration: naragwa jesajang
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: βασιλεία, ἱερεῖς
Category: Church
Corporate identity of believers as a kingdom under Christ and priests with direct access to God (1:6; 5:10). 제사장 risks a shamanistic ritual-intermediary (mudang) reading or a Confucian jesa-officiant reading; must be taught as direct, unmediated access to God through Christ alone — no human ritual mediator required, resolved climactically at 21:22.
Keys Of Death And Hades
Approved rendering: 사망과 음부의 열쇠
Transliteration: samanggwa eumbu-ui yeolsoe
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου
Category: Christology
Christ’s sovereign authority over death and the realm of the dead, secured by his resurrection (1:18). 음부 risks conflation with the Korean shamanistic/Buddhist folk concept of 저승 or the multi-tiered underworld 명부; must be taught as wholly under Christ’s own authority, not an independent cosmology with its own judges.
Synagogue Of Satan
Approved rendering: 사탄의 회당
Transliteration: satan-ui hoedang
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel
Original: συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ
Category: Judgment
A specific first-century false claim to covenant-people identity rejected by Christ (2:9; 3:9). Must never be read as blanket anti-Jewish polemic; names a specific local claim being rejected, not an ethnic group, consistent with baseline’s Unity of Jews and Gentiles caution.
Lamb
Approved rendering: 어린양
Transliteration: eorin-yang
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: 어린 양 (분리 표기), 양 (성체적 함의 없이)
Original: ἀρνίον
Category: Worship
The book’s dominant Christological title (~28 uses), combining sacrificial death, enthronement, and rightful worship due to God alone (5:13-14). No baseline precedent (Romans does not use this title). Must never be softened toward ‘an especially honored spiritual figure’ — the ordinary, endearing literal meaning (‘baby sheep’) must never be allowed to flatten the triple theological load; every first occurrence in a teaching unit should unpack all three loads together.
Souls Under The Altar
Approved rendering: 죽임을 당한 자들의 영혼
Transliteration: jugim-eul danghan jadeul-ui yeonghon
Doctrine: Martyrdom and Vindication of the Persecuted
Original: αἱ ψυχαὶ τῶν ἐσφαγμένων
Category: Judgment
Faithful believers killed for their testimony, crying for justice (6:9-11). Grounds vindication of the persecuted; must be taught as God’s attentive care, not abandonment.
Every Nation Tribe People Language
Approved rendering: 각 나라와 족속과 백성과 방언
Transliteration: gak naragwa jokson-gwa baekseonggwa bang-eon
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel
Original: πᾶν ἔθνος καὶ φυλὰς καὶ λαοὺς καὶ γλώσσας
Category: Church
The great multitude’s universal ethnic scope (7:9). Must resist any softening toward 단일민족 (single-ethnic-nation) framing; this is Revelation’s climactic vision of full ethnic inclusivity.
Washed White In Blood Of Lamb
Approved rendering: 어린양의 피에 그 옷을 씻어 희게 함
Transliteration: eorin-yang-ui pie geu os-eul ssiseo huige ham
Doctrine: Martyrdom and Vindication of the Persecuted
Original: ἔπλυναν τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Worship
Paradoxical cleansing image: purity achieved through the Lamb’s atoning blood (7:14). Must retain the paradox (blood that cleanses rather than stains); avoid drift toward a ritual-purification reading disconnected from Christ’s substitutionary atonement (부정을 씻음).
Abyss
Approved rendering: 무저갱
Transliteration: mujeogaeng
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: 지옥, 저승
Original: ἡ ἄβυσσος
Category: Sovereignty
The prison-realm of demonic forces, opened and shut under God’s sovereign control (9:1-2; 20:1-3). Risk of conflation with the Korean Buddhist/folk-shamanistic multi-layered underworld (지옥/명부/저승); must be taught as wholly under the one true God’s authority, not a parallel independent spirit-realm.
Two Witnesses
Approved rendering: 두 증인
Transliteration: du jeungin
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: οἱ δύο μάρτυρες
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Faithful prophetic witnesses who testify, are killed, and are vindicated by resurrection (11:3-13); a compressed picture of the whole book’s perseverance-and-vindication pattern.
Kingdom Of World Becomes Kingdom Of Lord
Approved rendering: 세상 나라가 우리 주와 그의 그리스도의 나라가 되어
Transliteration: sesang naraga uri jugwa geuui geuriseudo-ui naraga doeeo
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ
Category: Return and Reign
The seventh trumpet’s climactic proclamation of Christ’s coming universal reign (11:15). Must retain full force as a present/settled declaration, not softened into a merely future hope or a private/spiritual-only kingdom.
Overcame By Blood Of Lamb And Testimony
Approved rendering: 어린양의 피와 자기들이 증언하는 말씀으로 그를 이겼으니
Transliteration: eorin-yang-ui piwa jagideul-i jeungeonhaneun malsseum-euro geureul igyeoss-euni
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ἐνίκησαν αὐτὸν διὰ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀρνίου καὶ διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν
Category: Perseverance and Witness
The book’s central formula for how believers overcome Satan (12:11), including ‘not loving their lives even unto death.’ Directly combines 어린양 (High), 증언 (High), and 이기다 (High); must be preserved as an integrated formula, not fragmented.
Beast
Approved rendering: 짐승
Transliteration: jimseung
Doctrine: The Mark of the Beast and False Worship
Original: τὸ θηρίον
Category: Judgment
The dragon’s persecuting political-religious agent(s) demanding worship (13:1-18). Modern colloquial Korean 짐승 can carry a demeaning ‘brutish person’ connotation that risks flattening the cosmic-political weight of the term; also keep distinct from shamanistic animal-spirit veneration (e.g. 산신령 tiger-spirit imagery) — the beast is a power to be resisted, not an animal-spirit to placate.
Mark Of The Beast
Approved rendering: 표
Transliteration: pyo
Doctrine: The Mark of the Beast and False Worship
Original: χάραγμα
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
The beast’s mark of allegiance required for economic participation, the direct counterpart to God’s sealing of his people (13:16-17). Must be taught strictly as a symbolic ultimate-allegiance marker; resist speculative identification with contemporary technology or national ID systems.
Number Of The Beast
Approved rendering: 짐승의 수, 육백육십육
Transliteration: jimseung-ui su, yukbaengyuksibyuk
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ὁ ἀριθμὸς τοῦ θηρίου, χξς
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Symbolic (gematria-based) number falling short of divine perfection, set against God’s number seven (13:18). Major locus for modeling responsible symbolic reading; must explicitly discourage speculative modern number-hunting.
Great Prostitute
Approved rendering: 큰 음녀
Transliteration: keun eumnyeo
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἡ πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Judgment
Symbolic personification of the corrupt world-system’s idolatrous seduction of the nations (17:1-6). Must be kept clearly symbolic (a corrupt system, not a literal woman) and taught in direct structural contrast with 신부 (the Bride) as the book’s two competing feminine symbols.
Marriage Supper Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: 어린양의 혼인 잔치
Transliteration: eorin-yang-ui honin janchi
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: ὁ γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Church as Bride of Christ
Consummation of Christ’s covenant union with his Church (19:6-9); combines Critical/High 어린양 term with bride/wedding imagery, the central positive doctrinal image of the whole book.
False Prophet
Approved rendering: 거짓 선지자
Transliteration: geojit seonjija
Doctrine: The Mark of the Beast and False Worship
Original: ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: Judgment
The beast’s religious enforcer, named explicitly at 19:20 and 20:10; must be clearly distinguished from baseline 선지자 (true prophet) and from Korean 점쟁이/무당 folk-diviner figures.
Millennium
Approved rendering: 천 년 / 천년왕국
Transliteration: cheon nyeon / cheonnyeon-wangguk
Doctrine: The Millennial Reign of Christ
Original: χίλια ἔτη
Category: Return and Reign
Christ’s bounded reign following his return, before the final judgment (20:2-7). Risks assimilation into Korean folk-prophetic literature (정감록, anticipating a coming golden-age dynasty) and Korean Buddhism’s Maitreya expectation (미륵신앙/용화세계, a coming golden age inaugurated by a future Buddha); must clearly ground this hope in Christ’s own historical return and reign while respecting the passage’s genuine interpretive range among faithful readers.
Book Of Life
Approved rendering: 생명책
Transliteration: saengmyeongchaek
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: 업보 장부, 선악부
Original: τὸ βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Judgment
The record of those who belong to God through faith in Christ, determining final destiny at judgment (20:12,15; 21:27). Must be taught as recording those united to Christ by faith, not a karmic ledger of accumulated good and bad deeds (업보).
No Temple God Lamb Are Temple
Approved rendering: 성전을 내가 보지 못하였으니 이는 주 하나님 곧 전능하신 이와 어린양이 그 성전이심이라
Transliteration: seongjeon-eul naega boji mothayeoss-euni ineun ju Hananim gok jeonneunghasin iwa eorin-yang-i geu seongjeonisim-ira
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον ἐν αὐτῇ, ὁ γὰρ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν καὶ τὸ ἀρνίον
Category: Worship
Climactic resolution of the whole book’s temple motif (21:22): God’s and the Lamb’s direct, unmediated presence replaces every structure of mediated worship. Extends baseline 교회/성전 cautions (avoid 당집/절 framing) toward its resolution — the final abolition of any need for ritual-mediating structures, fulfilling rather than merely echoing the OT tabernacle/temple pattern.
Freely Without Cost
Approved rendering: 값없이
Transliteration: gapseobsi
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace, Freely Given
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
Given gratuitously, with no price exacted (21:6). Direct doctrinal echo of baseline’s Critical 은혜 entry; must be taught with the same explicit anti-기복신앙 safeguard — the water of life is never a reward purchased through ritual offering or performance.
Overcomer
Approved rendering: 이기는 자
Transliteration: igineun ja
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ὁ νικῶν
Category: Perseverance and Witness
The believer who perseveres in faith to the end, recurring refrain closing each of the seven letters and throughout the book (21:7; cf. 5:5). Must not be moralized into self-achieved victory (colliding with baseline’s forbidden 도를 닦아 얻은 의) nor into Confucian honor-code endurance detached from Christ; always trace back to 12:11’s formula so overcoming is never presented as a self-generated moral achievement.
Adoptive Son
Approved rendering: 아들
Transliteration: adeul
Doctrine: Adoption and Inheritance
Original: υἱός (contextual)
Category: Salvation
Believers as God’s own adopted children (21:7), echoing ‘Adoption into God’s Family.’ Must be clearly distinguished from baseline’s Critical 하나님의 아들 (Christ’s unique co-equal deity) — this is derivative, adoptive sonship granted to overcomers by grace, not equality with Christ’s eternal Sonship.
Idolaters
Approved rendering: 우상 숭배자들
Transliteration: usang sungbaejadeul
Doctrine: Judgment on Idolatry and Occult Practice
Original: εἰδωλολάτραι
Category: Judgment
Idol-worshippers, direct violation of exclusive worship of God/the Lamb (21:8). Must be taught in connection with the whole book’s beast-worship/Lamb-worship contrast; in the Korean context this also connects to the historical jesa/ancestor-rite controversy already flagged Critical in baseline under ‘father.‘
Second Death
Approved rendering: 둘째 사망
Transliteration: duljjae samang
Doctrine: Resurrection and the Second Death
Original: ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος
Category: Judgment
Final, eternal separation from God following bodily death and judgment, distinct from ordinary physical death (20:14; 21:8). Risk of conflating with 21:4’s ‘death shall be no more’ if not carefully distinguished; teaching must clarify these describe two different groups’ two different destinies.
Spirit And Bride Say Come
Approved rendering: 성령과 신부가 말씀하시기를 오라 하시는도다
Transliteration: seongnyeong-gwa sinbuga malsseumhasigi-reul oralaneun doda
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ νύμφη λέγουσιν, ἔρχου
Category: Church as Bride of Christ
The Church’s Spirit-empowered longing invitation, joining the Holy Spirit’s own voice (22:17). Combines baseline’s Critical 성령 term with 신부; must retain the Spirit as fully personal, never assimilated to shamanistic spirit-invocation, even while depicting the Spirit’s and Church’s shared longing for Christ’s return.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Inherited from Romans package. Established KRV term; the 기복신앙 (fortune-seeking faith) root-character caution applies unchanged. Revelation extends this term as 영원한 복음 (‘eternal gospel,’ 14:6), the universal proclamation call to worship the Creator addressed to every nation, tribe, people, and language — reinforce that the gospel announces salvation and coming judgment, not a forecast of material fortune.
Church
Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed seven times by name in ch. 2-3 and again at 22:16; never 당집 or 절. Revelation’s temple motif (11:1-2; 21:22) extends, rather than replaces, this ecclesiology.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Ascribed jointly to God and the Lamb in worship (4:9,11; 5:12-13) and fills the New Jerusalem (21:23-24); avoid collapse into 명예/출세 (secular honor/career success).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 환생/윤회. Revelation specifies ‘the first resurrection’ (20:5-6, see first_resurrection below), requiring careful distinction from a second, final resurrection unto judgment — a distinction absent from the baseline Romans context.
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation contrasts true 선지자 with the beast’s counterfeit 거짓 선지자 (false prophet, 19:20; see false_prophet below); distinguish from 점쟁이/무당 folk-diviner figures.
Israel
Approved rendering: 이스라엘
Transliteration: Iseurael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. The twelve tribes are sealed at 7:4-8; established proper-name form, no change.
Revelation Apocalypse
Approved rendering: 계시
Transliteration: gyesi
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Rejected alternatives: 암호 문서, 점술서
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
The book’s own genre-naming self-designation (1:1). Must be taught up front as controlling a careful, non-literalistic symbolic-theological reading method for the whole book — not a coded fortune-text to be decoded like folk divination (점, 사주팔자 예측) or Korean folk-prophetic literature (정감록).
One Who Was Is To Come
Approved rendering: 전에도 계셨고 지금도 계시고 장차 오실 이
Transliteration: jeone-do gyesigo jigeumdo gyesigo jangcha osil i
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος
Category: God
Divine title of eternal self-existence (1:4,8; 4:8). Theologically rich but linguistically transparent; ensure eternality, not mere longevity, is communicated in teaching.
Almighty
Approved rendering: 전능자 / 전능하신 이
Transliteration: jeonneungja / jeonneunghasin i
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: παντοκράτωρ
Category: God
Central divine title for absolute sovereignty (1:8; 4:8; 19:6; 21:22).
Firstborn Of The Dead
Approved rendering: 죽은 자들의 먼저 나신 이
Transliteration: jugeun jadeul-ui meonjeo nasin i
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν
Category: Christology
Christ as first in rank among the raised, guaranteeing believers’ resurrection (1:5). Extends the 부활 caution against 환생/윤회.
Tree Of Life
Approved rendering: 생명나무
Transliteration: saengmyeongnamu
Doctrine: Edenic Restoration and New Creation Imagery
Original: ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: New Creation
Edenic-restoration image, promised to overcomers (2:7) and standing in the New Jerusalem (22:2,14,19). Minor risk of conflation with East Asian immortality-elixir folklore (불로초); must be taught as covenantal eternal life through Christ, received relationally, not a magical substance obtained by quest.
Crown Of Life
Approved rendering: 생명의 면류관
Transliteration: saengmyeong-ui myeollyugwan
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: 왕관
Original: στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Victor’s wreath promised for faithfulness unto death (2:10). Distinguish from royal 왕관; this is an athletic/victory wreath tied to faithful endurance, not political kingship.
Key Of David
Approved rendering: 다윗의 열쇠
Transliteration: Dawit-ui yeolsoe
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: κλεὶς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
Christ’s messianic authority as heir of the Davidic covenant (3:7). Extends baseline Davidic covenant terms.
Rod Of Iron
Approved rendering: 철장
Transliteration: cheoljang
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ῥάβδος σιδηρᾶ
Category: Christology
Messianic authority to rule/judge the nations (2:27; 12:5; 19:15), ties Christ’s reign to Psalm 2’s messianic kingship.
Four Living Creatures
Approved rendering: 네 생물
Transliteration: ne saengmul
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: 신수, 동물신
Original: τὰ τέσσαρα ζῷα
Category: Worship
Worshiping beings surrounding God’s throne (4:6-9; cf. Ezekiel 1; Isaiah 6). Avoid any term suggesting ordinary animals or shamanistic animal-spirit guardians (cf. 산신령 tiger-spirit imagery); these are heavenly worship-beings.
Worthy
Approved rendering: 합당하다 / 합당하신
Transliteration: hapdanghada / hapdanghasin
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἄξιος
Category: Worship
Repeated worship-refrain declaring God’s/the Lamb’s sole worthiness to receive worship (4:11; 5:9,12). Must convey exclusive worthiness, not merit gained; resist collapse into achievement/honor framing (출세/명예).
Lion Of Judah Root Of David
Approved rendering: 유다 지파의 사자 / 다윗의 뿌리
Transliteration: Yuda jipa-ui saja / Dawit-ui ppuri
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: λέων ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς Ἰούδα, ῥίζα Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
Messianic royal-Davidic titles anticipating a conquering king, intentionally subverted by the following slain-Lamb image (5:5-6); teach the deliberate reversal of triumphalist expectation.
Seal Noun Verb
Approved rendering: 인 / 인치다
Transliteration: in / inchida
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: σφραγίς / σφραγίζω
Category: Sovereignty
Divine authorization/authentication (5:1) and God’s protective ownership-mark on his servants (7:3-4). Note the bureaucratic personal-name-stamp homonym in daily Korean use; clarify this is God’s own sovereign authorization, contrasted with the beast’s mark (13:16).
Great Day Of Wrath
Approved rendering: 진노의 큰 날
Transliteration: jinno-ui keun nal
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ μεγάλη τῆς ὀργῆς
Category: Judgment
God’s/the Lamb’s righteous judgment day on unrepentant evil (6:17). 진노 must be taught as righteous judicial response to sin, not the capricious anger of a folk deity requiring ritual appeasement.
Great Tribulation
Approved rendering: 큰 환난
Transliteration: keun hwannan
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ἡ θλῖψις ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Perseverance and Witness
The intense period of suffering the redeemed multitude has passed through (7:14).
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: 성전
Transliteration: seongjeon
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ὁ ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Church
The measured temple representing the protected true worshiping community (11:1-2). Extends baseline 교회 caution against 당집/절; sets up the Rev 21:22 climax where God/Lamb are themselves the temple.
Ancient Serpent
Approved rendering: 옛 뱀
Transliteration: yet baem
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare against the Dragon (Satan)
Original: ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος
Category: Judgment
Identifies the dragon/Satan with the Genesis 3 serpent (12:9), tying Revelation’s cosmic conflict to the beginning of the biblical storyline; extends the dragon Critical caution.
Accuser
Approved rendering: 참소하던 자
Transliteration: chamsohadeon ja
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: ὁ κατήγωρ
Category: Assurance
Satan’s role accusing believers before God, decisively defeated (12:10); grounds the assurance doctrine of final victory.
Eternal Gospel
Approved rendering: 영원한 복음
Transliteration: yeongwonhan bogeum
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον αἰώνιον
Category: Gospel
Universal proclamation call to worship the Creator (14:6-7); baseline 복음/기복신앙 root caution reapplies.
Babylon The Great
Approved rendering: 큰 바벨론
Transliteration: keun Babeullon
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Judgment
Symbolic name for the corrupt world-system/empire opposing God, fully developed in ch. 17-18 (introduced 14:8); proper-name symbol requiring OT exile-background explanation.
Winepress Of Gods Wrath
Approved rendering: 하나님의 진노의 포도주 틀
Transliteration: Hananim-ui jinno-ui podoju teul
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἡ ληνὸς τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Judgment
Harvest-judgment imagery for God’s final judgment of the unrepentant (14:19-20).
Song Of Moses And Lamb
Approved rendering: 모세의 노래와 어린양의 노래
Transliteration: Mose-ui noraewa eorin-yang-ui norae
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ᾠδὴ Μωϋσέως καὶ ᾠδὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Worship
Ties Exodus deliverance typologically to the Lamb’s final deliverance (15:3-4); worship response to God’s righteous judgments.
Bowls Of Wrath
Approved rendering: 하나님의 진노의 대접
Transliteration: Hananim-ui jinno-ui daejeop
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: αἱ φιάλαι τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Judgment
Final series of comprehensive judgments (ch. 16); see 진노 caution against capricious-folk-deity-appeasement framing.
Armageddon
Approved rendering: 아마겟돈
Transliteration: Amagetdon
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: Ἁρμαγεδών
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Symbolic site of the final gathering of hostile powers against God (16:16); model the book’s own symbolic-reading method rather than encouraging literal-geographic speculation.
Sexual Immorality Symbolic
Approved rendering: 음행
Transliteration: eumhaeng
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: πορνεία
Category: Judgment
Applied symbolically throughout ch. 17-18 to the nations’ idolatrous entanglement with Babylon; must be read alongside its literal moral sense (21:8) so the covenant-unfaithfulness/idolatry dimension is not missed.
First Resurrection
Approved rendering: 첫째 부활
Transliteration: cheotjjae buhwal
Doctrine: Resurrection and the Second Death
Original: ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη
Category: Eschatology
The resurrection of the redeemed, distinguished from a final resurrection of the unrighteous for judgment (20:5-6); extends baseline 부활 caution against 환생/윤회.
Gog And Magog
Approved rendering: 곡과 마곡
Transliteration: Gokgwa Magok
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: Γὼγ καὶ Μαγώγ
Category: Judgment
Symbolic OT-derived names for the final, futile rebellion of the nations against God (20:8; cf. Ezekiel 38-39); chiefly a comprehension risk requiring OT background.
New Heaven And New Earth
Approved rendering: 새 하늘과 새 땅
Transliteration: sae haneulgwa sae ttang
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: καινὸς οὐρανὸς καὶ καινὴ γῆ
Category: New Creation
The re-created, physical order replacing the first, corrupted creation (21:1). Distinguish from Buddhist 극락 (Pure Land) disembodied-paradise concept; this is bodily, physical re-creation, not escapist immaterial existence — must be read together with 부활 (resurrection) doctrine.
New Qualitative
Approved rendering: 새
Transliteration: sae
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: καινός
Category: New Creation
New in kind/quality (καινός), not merely new in time (21:1,5). Korean 새 is a plain adjective lacking this nuance by itself; must always be paired with 새 창조 (new creation) language in surrounding teaching text so the qualitative-renewal sense is taught explicitly, not assumed from the adjective alone.
Sea Symbolic
Approved rendering: 바다
Transliteration: bada
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: θάλασσα
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Apocalyptic symbol of chaos and the origin of evil (cf. 13:1, the beast from the sea); its final absence (21:1) signals removal of the source of chaos, not a literal geographic claim. Without this note, readers may take ‘21:1’s no more sea’ as an arbitrary detail rather than the resolution of the dragon/beast-from-the-sea motif.
Holy City New Jerusalem
Approved rendering: 거룩한 성 새 예루살렘
Transliteration: georokan seong sae Yerusallem
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ἡ πόλις ἡ ἁγία Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή
Category: New Creation
The consummated people of God pictured as a city, descending from God (21:2). Must reuse baseline 거룩한 exactly; clarify ‘descending’ (not humanly built or attained) against any works-righteousness or self-cultivation reading (cf. baseline’s forbidden 도를 닦아 얻은 의).
Bride
Approved rendering: 신부
Transliteration: sinbu
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: νύμφη
Category: Church as Bride of Christ
Central image for the Church in covenant union with Christ (19:7; 21:2,9; 22:17). Korean traditional wedding customs are highly formal and hierarchy-conscious (Confucian family-alliance framing); teaching must emphasize covenantal intimacy, mutual love, and the Bride’s own glad self-preparation (19:7), not a family-arranged, duty-bound match.
Peoples
Approved rendering: 백성
Transliteration: baekseong
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel
Original: λαοί
Category: Church
God’s covenant people, plural, drawn from every nation (21:3). Plural λαοί should not be flattened to a single-ethnicity reading; avoid 단일민족 resonance.
Tabernacle Dwell
Approved rendering: 장막 / 함께 거하시리니
Transliteration: jangmak / hamkke geohasirini
Doctrine: Covenant Presence of God with His People
Original: σκηνή / σκηνόω
Category: New Creation
God’s permanent dwelling with his people, fulfilling the OT tabernacle pattern (21:3). Must be taught as intimate, permanent, unmediated presence, not a shrine one visits, and not merely a return to jesa-style ritual approach to the divine.
Twelve Gates Foundations
Approved rendering: 열두 문 / 열두 기초석
Transliteration: yeoldu mun / yeoldu gichoseok
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: δώδεκα πυλῶνες / δώδεκα θεμέλιοι
Category: Church
Named respectively for the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles (21:12-14); architectural symbol uniting OT and NT people of God, extending baseline’s Unity of Jews and Gentiles doctrine and reusing 사도 (apostle) for the foundations.
Nothing Unclean Shall Enter
Approved rendering: 속된 것은 결코 그 성에 들어가지 못하되
Transliteration: sokdoen geoseun gyeolko geu seong-e deuleogaji mothadoe
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰς αὐτὴν πᾶν κοινόν
Category: Judgment
Moral, not ritual, purity requirement for entry into the consummated city (21:27); reuses baseline’s distinction between moral holiness and shamanistic ritual-purity concepts, not a ritual-cleanliness checkpoint.
River Of Water Of Life
Approved rendering: 생명수의 강
Transliteration: saengmyeongsu-ui gang
Doctrine: Edenic Restoration and New Creation Imagery
Original: ὁ ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς
Category: New Creation
Edenic-restoration imagery flowing from God’s/the Lamb’s throne (22:1), fulfilling the water-of-life offer of 21:6 and 22:17; minor immortality-elixir folklore risk (불로초), teach as covenantal, Christ-centered eternal life.
Death No More
Approved rendering: 사망이 없고
Transliteration: samang-i eopgo
Doctrine: Resurrection and the Second Death
Original: ὁ θάνατος οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι
Category: Assurance
The final, decisive end of ordinary death for God’s redeemed people (21:4). Must be distinguished from ‘second death’ (20:14; 21:8), which describes the unrepentant’s ongoing judgment; collapsing the two blurs the judgment doctrine.
Faithful And True
Approved rendering: 신실하고 참되도다
Transliteration: sinsilhago chamdoedoda
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί
Category: God
God’s own self-description of his words’ reliability and genuineness (21:5; cf. Christ, 19:11). 신실하다 must be kept distinct from Korean 의리 (loyalty-ethics fidelity); God’s faithfulness is covenantal, self-grounded reliability, not reciprocal honor-code loyalty.
Alpha And Omega
Approved rendering: 알파와 오메가
Transliteration: alpawa omega
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ
Category: God
Divine title of eternal self-existence and sovereignty over all history (21:6; 1:8; 22:13). Transliterated Greek letters carry no inherent meaning in Hangul; must always be paired with its own gloss (처음과 마지막) so meaning is not lost — never rendered as a bare, unglossed title.
Spring Of Water Of Life
Approved rendering: 생명수 샘물
Transliteration: saengmyeongsu saemmul
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace, Freely Given
Original: ἡ πηγὴ τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Salvation
The source of eternal, life-giving sustenance freely given by God (21:6; cf. John 4:14; Rev 22:1,17); minor risk of conflation with East Asian immortality-elixir folklore (불로초), teach as covenantal eternal life through Christ, received by faith.
Inherit
Approved rendering: 상속으로 받으리라
Transliteration: sangsok-euro badeuriroda
Doctrine: Adoption and Inheritance
Original: κληρονομήσει
Category: Salvation
Receiving what belongs to one by virtue of family membership, not purchase or merit (21:7). Should be read together with baseline’s 양자/adoption note — inheritance flows from being God’s own child in relational belonging, not earned as a wage.
Cowardly
Approved rendering: 두려워하는 자들
Transliteration: duryeowohaneun jadeul
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: δειλοί
Category: Judgment
Fear that leads to denying/abandoning faith under pressure, named among those excluded from the New Jerusalem (21:8). Must be distinguished from ordinary timidity as a personality trait; names apostatizing fear tied to the persecution context of the whole book.
Unbelieving
Approved rendering: 믿지 아니하는 자들
Transliteration: mitji anihaneun jadeul
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἄπιστοι
Category: Salvation
Those lacking saving trust in Christ, excluded from the New Jerusalem (21:8); direct antonym of baseline’s High-risk 믿음, reinforces distinction from superstition (미신) or fortune-telling confidence.
Detestable
Approved rendering: 흉악한 자들
Transliteration: hyung-akhan jadeul
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἐβδελυγμένοι
Category: Judgment
Those morally corrupted especially through persistent idolatry (21:8).
Sexually Immoral Persons
Approved rendering: 음행하는 자들
Transliteration: eumhaenghaneun jadeul
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: πόρνοι
Category: Judgment
Those who engage in sexual immorality, both literal and symbolic of covenant unfaithfulness/idolatry (21:8; cf. ch. 17-18); should be read alongside the book’s frequent symbolic use of 음행 for idolatry.
Coming Soon
Approved rendering: 내가 속히 오리니
Transliteration: naega soki orini
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἔρχομαι ταχύ
Category: Return and Reign
Repeated closing promise of Christ’s imminent return (22:7,12,20). ‘Soon/quickly’ must be taught as certain and imminent in redemptive-historical terms, not calculable like a fortune-teller’s timetable (cf. baseline’s caution against 사주팔자/예언 divinatory-prediction framing); the point is confident hope and readiness, not date-setting.
Blessed Wash Robes
Approved rendering: 자기 두루마기를 빠는 자들은 복이 있으니
Transliteration: jagi durumagireul ppaneun jadeul-eun bogi issneuni
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Final beatitude tying back to 7:14’s blood-washed robes (22:14); perseverance in reliance on Christ’s atonement, not self-purification.
Canon Warning Add Take Away
Approved rendering: 이 예언의 말씀에 더하거나 제하여 버리면
Transliteration: i yeeon-ui malsseume deohageona jehayeo beorimyeon
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Scripture
Original: μὴ ἐπιθῇ … μὴ ἀφέλῃ
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Canon-integrity warning guarding the book’s closed, authoritative prophetic status (22:18-19); reinforces the book’s self-identification as authoritative, closed prophecy, not an open-ended divinatory text subject to ongoing reinterpretation like 정감록.
Second Coming
Approved rendering: 재림
Transliteration: jaerim
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 화신의 재출현
NEW TERM not present in the baseline Romans package (Romans has no occasion to use it); standard KRV/Protestant term for Christ’s personal, visible, bodily Second Coming, underlying 22:7,12,20’s ‘I am coming soon’ and the whole ‘Return and Reign of Christ’ doctrine. Must never be framed as a repeatable avatar-descent (화신, already forbidden under baseline’s incarnation entry) nor as a folk-prophetic dynastic-restoration event (정감록); this is Christ’s own unique, personal, historical return.
Low Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation elevates this term’s political-cosmic scope at 11:15 (‘the kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ’), which must be rendered as a present, settled declaration — see kingdom_of_world_becomes_kingdom_of_lord below for the full-clause entry.
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Named on the twelve foundations of the New Jerusalem (21:14) and invoked at 18:20; no significant new collision.
Covenant
Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the Davidic and new-covenant typology running through Revelation’s messianic titles (5:5; 3:7) and the New Jerusalem’s twelve-gates/twelve-foundations imagery (21:12-14); kept cleanly distinct from 계약 (commercial contract) as in baseline.
David
Approved rendering: 다윗
Transliteration: Dawit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Source of messianic titles applied to Christ throughout Revelation (‘Root of David’ 5:5, ‘key of David’ 3:7, ‘bright morning star’ 22:16).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: 인자
Transliteration: inja
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
Danielic/messianic self-designation affirming Christ’s full humanity together with divine authority (1:13; 14:14). Well-established KRV Gospel term; no significant new collision.
Repentance
Approved rendering: 회개
Transliteration: hoegae
Doctrine: Call to Repentance in the Seven Churches
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Standard, well-established KRV term, repeatedly called for in the seven letters (2:5,16,21-22; 3:3,19).
Morning Star
Approved rendering: 새벽 별
Transliteration: saebyeok byeol
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἀστὴρ πρωϊνός
Category: Christology
Messianic title (2:28; self-applied by Christ at 22:16); no significant collision risk.
Lukewarm
Approved rendering: 미지근함
Transliteration: mijigeunham
Doctrine: Call to Repentance in the Seven Churches
Original: χλιαρός
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Half-hearted faith provoking God’s rejection (Laodicea, 3:16).
Throne
Approved rendering: 보좌
Transliteration: bojwa
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: 왕좌
Original: θρόνος
Category: Sovereignty
God’s/Christ’s sovereign seat of rule, the book’s central governing image (ch. 4-5; 20; 21-22); reserved for God’s/Christ’s throne, distinct from generic 왕좌.
Twenty Four Elders
Approved rendering: 이십사 장로
Transliteration: isipsa jangno
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Worship
Represent the redeemed people of God (OT+NT) in heavenly worship (4:4,10; 5:8-14).
Scroll
Approved rendering: 두루마리
Transliteration: duruma-ri
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: βιβλίον
Category: Sovereignty
The sealed scroll of God’s redemptive plan/judgment, openable only by the Lamb (5:1-9).
New Song
Approved rendering: 새 노래
Transliteration: sae norae
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ᾠδὴ καινή
Category: Worship
Worship-song celebrating the Lamb’s redemptive work (5:9; 14:3).
Trumpet
Approved rendering: 나팔
Transliteration: nappal
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: σάλπιγξ
Category: Sovereignty
Instrument announcing successive divine judgments (ch. 8-9).
Abaddon Apollyon
Approved rendering: 아바돈 / 아볼루온
Transliteration: Abadon / Abolluon
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: Ἀβαδδὼν / Ἀπολλύων
Category: Judgment
Named ruler (‘the Destroyer’) of the demonic locust-army from the abyss (9:11); gloss the meaning alongside the transliterated name.
Little Scroll
Approved rendering: 작은 두루마리
Transliteration: jageun duruma-ri
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: βιβλαρίδιον
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Prophetic commissioning symbol, sweet in the mouth yet bitter in the stomach (10:2,9-10).
Michael
Approved rendering: 미가엘
Transliteration: Migael
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: Μιχαήλ
Category: Sovereignty
The archangel who leads heaven’s forces against the dragon (12:7); proper name.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: 첫 열매
Transliteration: cheot yeolmae
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Perseverance and Witness
The redeemed 144,000 as the first, guaranteeing portion of the full harvest of God’s people (14:4).
Rest From Labors
Approved rendering: 그 수고를 그치고 쉬리로다
Transliteration: geu sugoreul geuchigo swiridoda
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: ἀναπαύσονται ἐκ τῶν κόπων αὐτῶν
Category: Assurance
Promised blessing for those who die ‘in the Lord’ (14:13).
Kings Of The Earth
Approved rendering: 땅의 왕들
Transliteration: ttang-ui wangdeul
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς
Category: Judgment
Earthly political powers complicit with Babylon, later contrasted with those bringing glory into the New Jerusalem (17:2; 21:24).
Hallelujah
Approved rendering: 할렐루야
Transliteration: hallelluya
Doctrine: Worship Refrains and Doxology
Original: Ἁλληλουϊά
Category: Worship
Hebrew worship-exclamation, the NT’s only four occurrences, all in ch. 19; established transliteration.
Descending
Approved rendering: 하늘에서 내려오는 것
Transliteration: haneul-eseo naeryeooneun geot
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: καταβαίνουσα
Category: New Creation
The city’s coming down from heaven, signaling God’s initiative (21:2,10); salvation and consummation are God’s gift, received not achieved.
Adorned
Approved rendering: 단장한
Transliteration: danjanghan
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: κεκοσμημένην
Category: Church as Bride of Christ
The Church prepared and beautified by God for consummation with Christ (21:2); not self-adornment/self-merit.
Wipe Away Tears
Approved rendering: 눈물을 닦아 주시니
Transliteration: nunmul-eul dakka jusini
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: ἐξαλείψει … δάκρυον
Category: Assurance
God’s own tender, personal removal of every tear (21:4); extends baseline 아버지 doctrine of personal fatherly comfort.
Mourning Crying Pain
Approved rendering: 애통하는 것 / 곡하는 것 / 아픈 것
Transliteration: aetonghaneun geot / gokhaneun geot / apeun geot
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: πένθος / κραυγή / πόνος
Category: Assurance
Comprehensive removal of every consequence of the Fall (21:4); grounds assurance of final victory over evil.
It Is Done
Approved rendering: 이루었도다
Transliteration: iru-eotdoda
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: γέγονεν
Category: Sovereignty
The consummation announced as an accomplished, settled certainty (21:6); grounds assurance of God’s final victory.
Beginning And End
Approved rendering: 처음과 마지막
Transliteration: cheoeumgwa majimak
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος
Category: God
God as origin and consummator of history, paralleling Alpha/Omega (21:6).
Murderers
Approved rendering: 살인자들
Transliteration: sarinjadeul
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: φονεῖς
Category: Judgment
Those who unlawfully kill, named among those excluded from the New Jerusalem (21:8); standard moral category.
Liars
Approved rendering: 거짓말하는 자들
Transliteration: geojinmalhaneun jadeul
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ψευδεῖς
Category: Judgment
Those who speak falsehood, contrasted with God’s own ‘faithful and true’ words (21:8; cf. 21:5).
No More Curse
Approved rendering: 다시 저주가 없으며
Transliteration: dasi jeojuga eopseumyeo
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι κατάθεμα
Category: Assurance
The Genesis 3 curse fully and finally reversed (22:3).
See His Face
Approved rendering: 그의 얼굴을 볼 것이요
Transliteration: geuui eolgul-eul bol geosiyo
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ
Category: New Creation
The beatific vision, direct unmediated relational access to God (22:4); ultimate fulfillment of covenant intimacy.
Angel Of The Church
Approved rendering: 교회의 사자
Transliteration: gyohoe-ui saja
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 천사
Original: ἄγγελος τῆς ἐκκλησίας
Category: Church
Address formula for each of the seven churches (2:1 etc.), rendered as ‘사자’ (messenger) in KRV tradition rather than ‘천사’; note only for translator consistency, not doctrinal collision.
I Stand At Door And Knock
Approved rendering: 문 밖에 서서 두드리노니
Transliteration: mun bakke seoseo dudeurinoni
Doctrine: Covenant Presence of God with His People
Original: ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν καὶ κρούω
Category: Church
Christ’s patient, relational invitation to renewed fellowship (3:20).
Referenced passages