Core Glossary
08 — Core Glossary: Jude (English–Greek–Korean)
A. Reused Terms (from Baseline Romans Translation Memory — render exactly as recorded)
| English | Greek | Korean (baseline) | Risk | Jude occurrences | Note for Jude context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grace | χάρις | 은혜 | Critical | 1:4 | Textbook case of the baseline’s warning: false teachers pervert grace into license (ἀσέλγεια). Teach as direct negative application of the Critical grace note. |
| Faith | πίστις | 믿음 | High | 1:3, 1:20 | Shifts here toward “the faith” as a body of apostolic content, not only subjective trust; flag this dual sense. |
| Salvation | σωτηρία / σῴζω | 구원 | Critical | 1:3, 1:5, 1:23 | ”Common salvation” (1:3); historical OT type (1:5); urgent rescue of the wavering (1:23). |
| Saints | ἅγιοι | 성도 | High | 1:3 | Recipients of the once-for-all faith, corporately. |
| Holy | ἅγιος | 거룩한 | High | 1:20 (πίστει ἁγιωτάτῃ), 1:14 (ἁγίαις μυριάσιν) | “Most holy faith”; “holy ones/myriads” (angelic hosts). |
| Called | κλητός | 부르심을 받은 | High | 1:1 | Salutation address to believers. |
| Lord | κύριος | 주님 | Critical | 1:4, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Consistently applied to Jesus Christ; paired with δεσπότης in 1:4 for emphatic double affirmation of deity. |
| God | θεός | 하나님 | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:21, 1:25 | Includes “God the Father” (1:1) and “the only God our Savior” (1:25). |
| Father | πατήρ | 아버지 | Critical | 1:1 | Apply baseline’s jesa/ancestor-rite awareness note. |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | 성령 | Critical | 1:19 (negated), 1:20 | v.19: false teachers explicitly lack the Spirit; v.20: believers pray “in the Holy Spirit.” |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | 예수 | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Standard KRV form throughout. |
| Christ/Messiah | Χριστός | 그리스도 | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Standard KRV form throughout. |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | 사도 | Low | 1:17 | ”Words spoken before by the apostles.” |
| Prophet / Prophecy | προφητεύω / cognates | 선지자 / 예언 | Medium | 1:14 | Enoch’s prophetic utterance — see canonical-citation note under Enoch (Part D). |
| Glory | δόξα | 영광 | Medium–High (context-dependent) | 1:8 (δόξαι, distinct plural sense — see Part B), 1:24, 1:25 | v.8’s plural “glorious ones” (angelic dignitaries) is a distinct referent from the abstract “glory” of 1:24-25; do not conflate. |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | 화평 | Medium | 1:2 | OPEN CONSISTENCY FLAG: standalone KRV epistolary convention would render this salutation-formula occurrence as 평강, not 화평. Baseline consistency mandates 화평; flagged for Phase 2 theologian/native-speaker decision. See semantic analysis Part B, v.2. |
| Fellowship | κοινωνία (conceptually, via ἀγάπαις) | 교제 | Low | 1:12 (conceptual background to “love feasts”) | Background concept for 애찬 (agapē/love feast, a NEW term — see Part B). |
| Sin / Sinners | ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός | 죄 / 죄인 | High | 1:15 | ”Ungodly sinners” who spoke harsh things against the Lord. |
| Power of God | δύναμις θεοῦ | 능력 | Critical | (not directly occurring in Jude’s Greek text, but conceptually adjacent to κράτος/ἐξουσία in 1:25 — see Part D for required lexical distinction) | Must remain lexically distinct from NEW terms κράτος (권능) and ἐξουσία (권세) introduced in 1:25; do not substitute 능력 for either. |
| Exhort | παρακαλέω | 권면하다 | Low | 1:3 | Jude’s pastoral appeal. |
| Amen | ἀμήν | 아멘 | (transliteration convention) | 1:25 | Standard form per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. |
B. New Terms Required (Jude-specific — not present in baseline Romans TM)
| English gloss | Greek | Transliteration | Korean | Korean translit. | Risk | Doctrine (from curriculum list) | Jude ref(s) | Rationale / Collision Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bondservant | δοῦλος | doulos | 종 | jong | Low | (Epistolary self-designation) | 1:1 | Established KRV self-designation convention (cf. Romans 1:1 “예수 그리스도의 종”); minor historical status-term sensitivity, resolved by long Christian usage. |
| Kept/keep (preserve) | τηρέω | tēreō | 지키다 / 지키심을 받다 | jikida / jikisim-eul batda | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:1, 1:6 (×2), 1:13, 1:21 | Central irony-verb of the whole epistle (angels who did not keep vs. angels/believers now kept). Must be distinguished from shamanistic protective talismans/charms (부적). |
| Contend earnestly | ἐπαγωνίζομαι | epagōnizomai | 힘써 싸우다 | himsseo ssauda | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | The letter’s thesis verb; avoid literal-combat or shamanistic power-contest framing. |
| Once for all | ἅπαξ | hapax | 단번에 | danbeone | Medium | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | Pairs with παραδίδωμι below. |
| Delivered/entrusted | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | 전해진 / 주신 | jeonhaejin / jusin | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | Must be distinguished from Buddhist dharma-lineage transmission (법통 전수) and Confucian master-disciple transmission (사사) — the faith was delivered complete to all the saints, not to an enlightened few. |
| Crept in unnoticed | παρεισδύνω | pareisdynō | 가만히 들어오다 | gamanhi deureoda | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Covert infiltration from within the community. |
| Marked out beforehand | προγράφω | prographō | 미리 정해진 | miri jeonghaejin | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Must be distinguished from the baseline’s “election” (선택, gracious choice unto salvation) and from Korean birth-chart fatalism (팔자). This is a foreknown judicial verdict against culpable ungodliness. |
| Judgment/condemnation | κρίμα / κρίσις | krima / krisis | 심판 | simpan | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:15 | Distinguish from impersonal misfortune (액운) and Buddhist karmic retribution (업보); this is a personal God’s forensic verdict. |
| Ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια | asebēs / asebeia | 경건하지 아니한 (자) / 경건하지 않음 | gyeongkeonhaji anihan (ja) | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:15 (×4), 1:18 | The epistle’s single most repeated key term (7 occurrences); must render with total consistency throughout. |
| Sovereign Master | δεσπότης | despotēs | 주재 | juje | Critical | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (tied to Lordship/Deity of Christ) | 1:4 | Must remain distinct from κύριος/주님 in the same verse; double title affirms Christ’s full deity and absolute authority. |
| Sensuality/lewdness | ἀσέλγεια | aselgeia | 방탕 | bangtang | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Grace perverted into license for this vice. |
| Angels | ἄγγελος | angelos | 천사 | cheonsa | Low | OT Warnings as Types | 1:6 | Second of Jude’s three collective OT-type warnings. |
| Domain/position | ἀρχή | archē | 본래의 지위 | bollae-ui jiwi | Low–Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:6 | Angels’ original God-assigned rank/place. |
| Proper dwelling | οἰκητήριον | oikētērion | 처소 | cheoso | Low | OT Warnings as Types | 1:6 | |
| Eternal chains | δεσμοὶ ἀΐδιοι | desmoi aidioi | 영원한 결박 | yeongwonhan gyeolbak | Low–Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:6 | |
| Deep darkness/gloom | ζόφος | zophos | 흑암 | heugam | Low–Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:6, 1:13 | |
| Sodom and Gomorrah | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα | Sodoma kai Gomorra | 소돔과 고모라 | Sodomgwa Gomora | Low | OT Warnings as Types | 1:7 | Third collective OT-type warning; established proper names. |
| Given to sexual immorality | ἐκπορνεύω | ekporneuō | 음행하다 | eumhaengada | Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:7 | |
| Strange flesh | σὰρξ ἑτέρα | sarx hetera | 다른 육체 | dareun yukche | Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:7 | |
| Example | δεῖγμα | deigma | 본보기 | bonbogi | Low | OT Warnings as Types | 1:7 | |
| Eternal fire | πῦρ αἰώνιον | pyr aiōnion | 영원한 불 | yeongwonhan bul | Medium | OT Warnings as Types / Judgment | 1:7 | Distinguish from Buddhist cyclical/purifying hell-fire cosmology; this is fixed, final judgment. |
| Punishment/penalty | δίκη | dikē | 형벌 | hyeongbeol | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:7 | Shares Greek root with δικαιοσύνη (baseline’s 의, “righteousness”) but means “penalty” here — must not bleed into the established 의 rendering. |
| Dreaming/visionaries | ἐνυπνιάζομαι | enypniazomai | 꿈꾸는 자들처럼 | kkumkkuneun jadeulcheoreom | Low–Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8 | False visionary claims. |
| Defile | μιαίνω | miainō | 더럽히다 | deoreopida | Low–Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8 | |
| Authority/dominion (angelic order) | κυριότης | kyriotēs | 주권 | jugwon | Medium–High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8 | Distinct from κύριος/주님 (Christ’s title) — refers to an order of governing authority the false teachers reject. |
| Reject/set aside | ἀθετέω | atheteō | 업신여기다 | eopsinyeogida | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8 | |
| Glorious ones (angelic dignitaries) | δόξαι | doxai | 영광의 존재들 | yeonggwang-ui jonjaedeul | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8 | Distinct concrete-plural referent from abstract δόξα (“glory,” 영광 in baseline); do not conflate. |
| Devil | διάβολος | diabolos | 마귀 | magwi | Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:9 | Distinguish from Korea’s plural, ambiguous folk-spirit world (귀신/잡신/도깨비); a singular, personal, malevolent being. |
| Michael the archangel | Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος | Michaēl ho archangelos | 미가엘 천사장 | Migael cheonsajang | Low | OT Warnings as Types | 1:9 | Established proper name/title. |
| Blaspheme/revile/slander | βλασφημέω / βλασφημία | blasphēmeō / blasphēmia | 비방하다 / 훼방하다 | bibanghada | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8, 1:9, 1:10 | |
| Rebuke | ἐπιτιμάω | epitimaō | 책망하다 | chaengmanghada | Low | (Contending for the Faith / Judgment) | 1:9 | Michael’s restrained rebuke, appealing to the Lord’s authority. |
| Corrupt/destroy (self) | φθείρω | phtheirō | 멸망하다 | myeolmanghada | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:10 | Rendered consistently with ἀπόλλυμι’s Korean equivalent within Jude’s judgment-vocabulary field. |
| Destroy/perish | ἀπόλλυμι | apollymi | 멸망시키다 / 멸망하다 | myeolmangsikida / myeolmanghada | Medium–High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers / OT Warnings as Types | 1:5, 1:11 | Core judgment-destruction term; first OT type (Israel in the wilderness). |
| Woe | οὐαί | ouai | 화 있을진저 | hwa itjinjeo | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:11 | Established KRV prophetic idiom. |
| Cain, Balaam, Korah | Κάϊν, Βαλαάμ, Κόρε | Kain, Balaam, Kore | 가인, 발람, 고라 | Gain, Ballam, Gora | Low | OT Warnings as Types | 1:11 | Three named OT individual-types. |
| Error/deception | πλάνη | planē | 미혹 | mihok | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:11 | Balaam’s doctrinal/mercenary error; root shared with “wandering stars” (v.13). |
| Wages/profit | μισθός | misthos | 삯 / 이익 | sak / iik | Low–Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:11, 1:16 | Mercenary motive theme. |
| Love feast | ἀγάπη (pl. ἀγάπαις) | agapē (agapais) | 애찬 | aechan | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers / Christian Fellowship | 1:12 | Distinguish from ritual sacrificial-feast or shamanistic feast-offerings (고사/굿); an ordinary shared fellowship meal. |
| Spots / hidden reefs | σπιλάς | spilas | 암초 / 티(흠) | amcho / ti(heum) | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:12 | Genuine text-critical/lexical crux; flag for native-speaker/theologian review to fix preferred sense. |
| Wandering stars | ἀστέρες πλανῆται | asteres planētai | 유리하는 별 | yurihaneun byeol | Low–Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:13 | Note potential unwanted resonance with Korean folk-astrology (사주팔자); clarify moral-instability metaphor, not fate-comment. |
| Enoch | Ἑνώχ | Henōch | 에녹 | Enok | Medium–High | Inspiration of Scripture (background doctrine) | 1:14 | CANONICAL NOTE: citation drawn from non-canonical 1 Enoch; Jude affirms this specific prophetic statement’s truth under inspiration without canonizing the source book (cf. Acts 17:28; Titus 1:12 pattern). Requires Phase 2/3 footnote for Korea’s canon-literate audience. |
| Convict/expose | ἐλέγχω | elenchō | 정죄하다 / 책망하다 | jeongjoehada | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:15 | |
| Harsh (words) | σκληρός | sklēros | 거친 말 | geochin mal | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:15 | |
| Grumbler | γογγυστής | gongystēs | 원망하는 자 | wonmanghaneun ja | Low | OT Warnings as Types (echo) / Judgment | 1:16 | Echoes wilderness-generation “grumbling” typology (v.5). |
| Complainer/malcontent | μεμψίμοιρος | mempsimoiros | 불평하는 자 | bulpyeonghaneun ja | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | |
| Lust/desire (sinful) | ἐπιθυμία | epithymia | 정욕 | jeongyok | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16, 1:18 | Must be marked as sinful self-serving craving, not neutral desire. |
| Great swelling words | ὑπέρογκος | hyperonkos | 거만한 말 | geomanhan mal | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | |
| Flatter/show favoritism | θαυμάζω πρόσωπα | thaumazō prosōpa | 아첨하다 | acheomhada | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | |
| Advantage/gain | ὠφέλεια | ōpheleia | 이익 | iik | Low–Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | Echoes Balaam’s mercenary motive. |
| Last time | ἔσχατος χρόνος | eschatos chronos | 마지막 때 | majimak ttae | Low–Medium | (Eschatology background) | 1:18 | |
| Mocker/scoffer | ἐμπαίκτης | empaiktēs | 조롱하는 자 | jorongha-neun ja | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:18 | |
| Cause divisions | ἀποδιορίζω | apodiorizō | 분열을 일으키는 자 | bunyeoreul ireukineun ja | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:19 | |
| Sensual/worldly/natural | ψυχικός | psychikos | 육에 속한 (자) | yuge sokan (ja) | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:19 | Must be distinguished from the Confucian innate-nature concept (性, seong); this is a strictly negative category — lacking the Spirit entirely. |
| Build up | ἐποικοδομέω | epoikodomeō | 덕을 세우다 | deogeul seuda | Low–Medium | Kept by God (believer’s responsibility) | 1:20 | Consistent with existing baseline “Mutual Edification” doctrine phrase. |
| Awaiting/looking for | προσδέχομαι | prosdechomai | 기다리다 | gidarida | Low | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:21 | |
| Mercy | ἔλεος / ἐλεέω | eleos / eleeō | 긍휼 | geungyul | Critical | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:2, 1:21, 1:22–23 | NEW CRITICAL TERM — not present in baseline Romans TM. Must be distinguished from 은혜 (charis/grace, unmerited legal favor) and from Buddhist universal compassion (자비, jabi, an impersonal principle extended without moral distinction); biblical 긍휼 flows from a personal covenant God and is paired with moral discernment (v.23), not indiscriminate acceptance of sin. |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | 영생 | yeongsaeng | Medium | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:21 | Distinguish from Buddhist rebirth-cycle (윤회); unending personal life with God. |
| Wavering/doubting | διακρίνω | diakrinō | 의심하는 자 | uisimhaneun ja | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:22 | Distinguish from settled apostasy/unbelief of the false teachers; struggling believers, objects of compassion. |
| Snatch/pull out | ἁρπάζω | harpazō | 건져내다 | geonjyeonaeda | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | |
| Fear (reverent caution) | φόβος | phobos | 두려움 | duryeoum | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Must not be conflated with folk-religious fear of spirits/misfortune (액운). |
| Defiled garment | χιτὼν ἐσπιλωμένος | chitōn espilōmenos | 육체로 더러워진 옷 | yukchero deoreowojin ot | Low–Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | |
| Guard/keep (doxology) | φυλάσσω | phylassō | 지키다 / 보호하다 | jikida / bohohada | Critical | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Doctrinal climax of the epistle; render consistently with τηρέω’s Korean equivalent to preserve the “keeping” theme; must be distinguished from talismanic/magical protection. |
| Without stumbling | ἄπταιστος | aptaistos | 실족하지 않게 | silchokhaji anke | Medium–High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | |
| Present (before glory) | ἵστημι (στῆσαι κατενώπιον) | histēmi | 그 영광 앞에 세우다 | geu yeonggwang ape seuda | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | |
| Blameless/faultless | ἄμωμος | amōmos | 흠 없이 / 흠 없는 | heum eopsi | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Distinguish from OT ritual-sacrifice unblemished-animal framing and from Confucian self-cultivated moral perfection (수신/수양); this is God-granted, future perfection. |
| Exceeding/exultant joy | ἀγαλλίασις | agalliasis | 큰 기쁨 | keun gippeum | Low | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | |
| Savior | σωτήρ | sōtēr | 구주 | guju | Critical | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Tied directly to 구원 (salvation) word family; must preserve “the only God our Savior” exclusive monotheistic force against Korea’s religiously plural landscape. |
| Only/alone | μόνος | monos | 홀로 / 오직 | hollo / ojik | High (doctrinal weight) | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Reinforces exclusive monotheism; must not be softened or dropped. |
| Wise (alone wise) | σοφός | sophos | 홀로 지혜로우신 | hollo jihyeroushin | Low–Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | |
| Majesty | μεγαλωσύνη | megalōsynē | 위엄 | wieom | Low | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | |
| Dominion/might (doxology) | κράτος | kratos | 권능 | gwonneung | Medium–High | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Must remain lexically distinct from baseline’s 능력 (dynamis, “Power of God for Salvation,” Critical) — preserves a three-way distinction with ἐξουσία (below). |
| Authority/dominion (doxology) | ἐξουσία | exousia | 권세 | gwonse | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Distinct from 권능 (kratos) and 능력 (dynamis); document this three-way distinction for Phase 2 translators. |
| Age/eternity (forever) | αἰών | aiōn | 영원 | yeongwon | Low–Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | ”Before all time… forever.” |
C. Verses Contributing No New Terms
None. Every verse of Jude’s single chapter (1:1–25) contributes at least one load-bearing term requiring glossary treatment, as documented in Part A/B above and in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md. This is explicitly noted per the full-book-coverage mandate: there is no verse or section of Jude that may be silently skipped as contributing no new vocabulary.
D. Cross-Curriculum Consistency Notes for Phase 2
- Three-way power/authority distinction: δύναμις (baseline: 능력, “Power of God for Salvation,” Critical) vs. κράτος (NEW: 권능) vs. ἐξουσία (NEW: 권세) — all three occur in close doctrinal proximity across Romans + Jude. Translators must not collapse these into a single Korean word; each has a distinct lexical assignment as recorded above.
- “Keeping” word family: τηρέω (used repeatedly through Jude 1:1–21) and φυλάσσω (Jude 1:24) are both rendered with the 지키다/보호하다 word family in Korean by deliberate design, to preserve the visible thematic unity of Jude’s “kept by God” doctrine, even though they are distinct Greek lexemes. This is a documented exception to strict one-Greek-word-to-one-Korean-word mapping, made explicitly for thematic clarity.
- Mercy vs. Grace: 긍휼 (eleos, NEW, Critical) must never be used interchangeably with 은혜 (charis, baseline, Critical). Both are Critical-risk but denote distinct, complementary theological concepts (compassionate response to weakness/misery vs. unmerited legal favor/salvific status).
- Peace salutation flag: Jude 1:2’s εἰρήνη occurs in a salutation formula where standalone KRV convention prefers 평강 over the baseline’s 화평. This is flagged as an open item for Phase 2 theologian/native-speaker review rather than silently resolved (see semantic analysis Part B, v.2, and Part A table above).
- Enoch citation: Jude 1:14–15’s quotation of non-canonical 1 Enoch requires a Phase 2/3 footnote addressing canonicity for Korea’s high-Bible-literacy Protestant audience.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:4 is a textbook illustration of this Critical warning: false teachers ‘turn the grace of our God into lewdness (ἀσέλγεια, 방탕)’ — a direct, in-text example of grace weaponized into moral license rather than a transactional exchange. Teach Jude 1:4 as the negative-case application of this baseline note.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Occurs Jude 1:3 (our common salvation), 1:5 (historical OT type: Israel saved from Egypt then destroyed in unbelief), 1:23 (urgent present rescue of the wavering). NEVER 해탈.
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:1 (‘God the Father’), 1:4, 1:21, 1:25 (‘the only God our Savior’ — pairs with NEW term ‘only_alone’ and NEW term ‘savior’ to make an exclusive monotheistic claim). NEVER 하느님, 천주, 산신령.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:1: believers are ‘ἐν θεῷ πατρὶ ἠγαπημένοις’ (beloved in God the Father). Apply the baseline’s jesa (제사) ancestor-rite martyrdom-history awareness note in full — God the Father here loves and preserves his people relationally; he is not a venerated ancestor requiring ongoing ritual offerings.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:19 (negated: false teachers ‘πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες,’ 성령이 없는 — see NEW term ‘sensual_worldly’/psychikos, the diagnostic mark of the false teachers); Jude 1:20 (believers ‘praying in the Holy Spirit,’ 성령 안에서 기도함). NEVER frame as shamanistic spirit-channeling or possession language in either occurrence.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Does not occur directly in Jude’s Greek text, but is registered here to document a REQUIRED cross-curriculum lexical boundary: Jude 1:25 introduces the NEW terms ‘dominion_might’ (κράτος, 권능) and ‘authority_dominion_doxology’ (ἐξουσία, 권세) in close doxological proximity to this concept. All three Korean words (능력/권능/권세) must remain lexically distinct so the Critical, Romans-1:16-specific distinction of 능력 from shamanistic 영력 is never diluted.
Sovereign Master
Approved rendering: 주재
Transliteration: juje
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ (Sovereign Master and Lord)
Rejected alternatives: 주님과 동일한 단어로 축약 (collapsing into the same word as kyrios), 주인님 (mere employer/property-owner framing)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
NEW. δεσπότης, Jude 1:4. Paired with ‘lord’ (κύριος, 주님) in the same verse for an emphatic double affirmation of Christ’s absolute ownership-authority and relational lordship. Must remain lexically distinct from 주님 so the rhetorical doubling is not flattened. 주재 is a comparatively rare, formal/literary Korean word; requires an explicit translator’s note at first occurrence unpacking the double title’s force.
Mercy
Approved rendering: 긍휼
Transliteration: geungyul
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 자비 (Buddhist universal compassion, an impersonal principle extended without moral distinction), 복 (fortune/blessing), 은혜와의 혼용 (interchangeable use with charis/grace)
Original: ἔλεος / ἐλεέω
Category: Mercy
NEW CRITICAL TERM — formally inducted into translation memory for the first time via this curriculum; Romans’s own occurrences of ἔλεος (e.g. Romans 9:15-18, 11:30-32) were not flagged in the baseline TM, so this entry now governs BOTH curricula going forward. Jude 1:2, 1:21, 1:22-23 (verb form ἐλεέω in 1:22-23). Must be clearly distinguished from 은혜 (charis/grace, baseline Critical — unearned LEGAL/salvific favor establishing right standing) and from Buddhist universal compassion 자비 (jabi) — biblical 긍휼 flows from a personal, covenant-keeping God responding to weakness/misery, and per Jude 1:23 is paired with moral discernment (‘hating even the garment defiled by the flesh’), never indiscriminate acceptance of sin. HIGHEST-RANKED translation risk in the whole curriculum; mandatory theologian sign-off at every occurrence.
Guard Keep Doxology
Approved rendering: 지키다 / 보호하다
Transliteration: jikida / bohohada
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: 부적/굿을 통한 무속적 보호 (talismanic/shamanistic ritual protection)
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Preservation
NEW. φυλάσσω, Jude 1:24 — the doxology’s doctrinal climax: God is ABLE to keep believers from stumbling, the positive fulfillment of the ‘Kept by God’ theme (contrasted with the angels who did NOT ‘keep,’ τηρέω, v.6). Rendered consistently with ‘kept_preserved’s Korean equivalent (지키다) by deliberate design, to preserve the thematic unity of ‘keeping’ across the whole epistle, despite being a distinct Greek lexeme — a documented, intentional exception to strict lexical mapping. Must never carry talismanic/magical-charm connotations; this is a personal God’s relational, powerful preserving grace.
Savior
Approved rendering: 구주
Transliteration: guju
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 여러 구원자/메시아 중 하나로 오독 (one savior-figure among several, a live concern given Korea’s religiously plural landscape and new religious movements claiming savior/messiah figures)
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW. σωτήρ, Jude 1:25 — ‘the only God our Savior’ (μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι) makes an exclusive monotheistic claim. Tied directly to the baseline’s Critical ‘salvation’ (구원) word family. The force of ‘only_alone’ (μόνος) must never be dropped or softened; resist any rendering that would allow 구주 to be read as one savior-figure among several.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:3, 1:20: shifts toward ‘the faith’ as the objective, once-for-all-delivered apostolic deposit (see new term ‘delivered_entrusted’), not only subjective trust. Flag this dual sense for Phase 2 translators — the definite article’s content-sense must be carried by clause structure, e.g. ‘성도에게 단번에 주신 믿음.‘
Saints
Approved rendering: 성도
Transliteration: seongdo
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 신선, 도인
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:3: the faith was delivered to 성도 corporately — reinforces the distinction from Buddhist dharma-lineage/Confucian scholarly-transmission elite-recipient concepts flagged under ‘delivered_entrusted’ below.
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:20 (‘가장 거룩한 믿음,’ most holy faith); Jude 1:14 (‘거룩한 자들 수만 명,’ holy myriads — angelic hosts accompanying the Lord’s judgment-coming, not human saints; flag this referent distinction).
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:1 salutation address to believers. Must be kept distinct from the new Jude term ‘marked_out_beforehand’ (προγράφω, judicial foreknowledge against the ungodly) — ‘called’ is a gracious summons, the opposite valence.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:15: ‘ungodly sinners’ (ἁμαρτωλοί, 죄인들) who spoke harsh things against the Lord. Distinguish from 액운/체면 손상.
Kept Preserved
Approved rendering: 지키다 / 지키심을 받다
Transliteration: jikida / jikisim-eul batda
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: 부적을 지니듯 지키다 (talismanic protective-charm framing)
Original: τηρέω
Category: Preservation
NEW. τηρέω. The single most load-bearing verb of Jude, occurring Jude 1:1, 1:6 (×2, ironically — of angels who did NOT keep their position and are now themselves kept for judgment), 1:13, 1:21. Must be distinguished from Korean shamanistic protective talismans/charms (부적); this describes a personal God’s relational preserving action, or a rational creature’s own faithful stewardship of an assigned position — never an impersonal charm’s magical efficacy. Deliberately rendered with the same word family as the NEW term ‘guard_keep_doxology’ (φυλάσσω, Jude 1:24) to preserve the epistle’s thematic envelope structure; this is a documented exception to strict one-Greek-word-to-one-Korean-word mapping.
Contend Earnestly
Approved rendering: 힘써 싸우다
Transliteration: himsseo ssauda
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 문자적 육체적 싸움 (literal physical combat), 영적 능력 대결 (shamanistic power-contest framing)
Original: ἐπαγωνίζομαι
Category: Faith
NEW. ἐπαγωνίζομαι, Jude 1:3, the letter’s thesis verb. Must not be rendered as literal physical violence, nor framed as a shamanistic power-contest between spiritual forces (cf. baseline’s 영력/능력 caution) — this is contending through sound doctrine and holy living, not ritual or occult combat.
Delivered Entrusted
Approved rendering: 전해진 / 주신
Transliteration: jeonhaejin / jusin
Doctrine: The Faith Delivered to All the Saints, Not an Elite Transmission
Rejected alternatives: 법통 전수 (Buddhist dharma-lineage transmission), 사사 (Confucian master-disciple transmission)
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Faith
NEW. παραδίδωμι, Jude 1:3. Must be sharply distinguished from Korea’s living traditions of prestige-teaching transmission, both of which imply a special, progressive, or secret teaching passed to a qualified inner circle. Jude’s usage is the opposite: a complete deposit given openly to all ‘the saints’ (성도), not a secret transmission to spiritual elites. Always pair with ‘once_for_all’ (단번에) in doctrinal exposition.
Marked Out Beforehand
Approved rendering: 미리 정해진
Transliteration: miri jeonghaejin
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 선택 (election, gracious salvific choice), 팔자 (birth-chart fatalism, saju-paljja)
Original: προγράφω
Category: Judgment
NEW. προγράφω, Jude 1:4. Must be sharply distinguished from the baseline’s gracious ‘election’ (선택) AND from Korean birth-chart fatalism (팔자). This is a foreknown JUDICIAL verdict against specific persons’ persistent, culpable ungodliness — not gracious election unto salvation, and not an impersonal fixed astrological fate. Ranked the highest Critical-adjacent doctrinal risk in the letter’s opening verses; mandatory footnote required at first occurrence.
Judgment Condemnation
Approved rendering: 심판
Transliteration: simpan
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 액운 (impersonal misfortune), 업보 (Buddhist karmic retribution)
Original: κρίμα / κρίσις
Category: Judgment
NEW. κρίμα (1:4), κρίσις (1:6, 1:9, 1:15). Must be distinguished from impersonal misfortune and mechanically-operating karmic retribution; this is a personal God’s forensic verdict against particular sin. Always anchor to an explicit divine agent in surrounding text (‘하나님의 심판’) rather than letting it stand as an agentless abstraction. Render identically at every occurrence.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: 경건하지 아니한 (자) / 경건하지 않음
Transliteration: gyeongkeonhaji anihan (ja)
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Sin
NEW. ἀσεβής/ἀσέβεια. Jude’s single most-repeated key term: 1:4, 1:15 (×4, the highest concentration of this word anywhere in the NT), 1:18 — seven occurrences total. MUST be rendered with total consistency at every occurrence; resist stylistic variation for readability, since Jude’s rhetorical structure specifically depends on the felt repetition.
Authority Dominion Angelic
Approved rendering: 주권
Transliteration: jugwon
Doctrine: Respect for Spiritual Authority (Michael and the Angelic Dignitaries)
Rejected alternatives: 주님/주재의 칭호와 혼동, 현대 정치적 ‘국가 주권’ 의미로 오독
Original: κυριότης
Category: Angelology
NEW. κυριότης, Jude 1:8. Must be kept lexically distinct from κύριος/주님 (Christ’s title) — refers to an angelic/governing authority-order the false teachers arrogantly reject, not a direct rejection of Christ’s own title. Korean 주권 also carries a strong modern political-sovereignty connotation (e.g. ‘국가 주권’); native-speaker review required to ensure the angelic-authority sense reads clearly from context.
Destroy Perish
Approved rendering: 멸망시키다 / 멸망하다
Transliteration: myeolmangsikida / myeolmanghada
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Israel in the Wilderness
Original: ἀπόλλυμι
Category: Judgment
NEW. ἀπόλλυμι, Jude 1:5 (the unbelieving wilderness generation) and 1:11 (Korah’s rebellion). Core judgment-destruction term of the epistle’s OT-type warnings. Curriculum writers must always retain the concrete referent noun (이스라엘 백성, 천사들, 소돔과 고모라, 고라) adjacent to this verb — never let it stand as a floating abstraction.
Enoch
Approved rendering: 에녹
Transliteration: Enok
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and the Enoch Citation
Original: Ἑνώχ
Category: Scripture
NEW. Ἑνώχ, Jude 1:14. IMPORTANT CANONICAL NOTE: this citation is drawn from the non-canonical Jewish apocalyptic work 1 Enoch. Jude’s use does not canonize 1 Enoch as inspired Scripture; under the Spirit’s inspiration Jude affirms the truthfulness of this specific prophetic statement, a pattern comparable to Paul’s citations of pagan poets (Acts 17:28; Titus 1:12). MANDATORY Phase 2/3 footnote required, given Korea’s high-Bible-literacy, settled-66-book-canon Protestant readership.
Sensual Worldly
Approved rendering: 육에 속한 (자)
Transliteration: yuge sokan (ja)
Doctrine: False Teachers Lack the Holy Spirit (ψυχικός)
Rejected alternatives: 性 (Confucian innate, morally neutral or inherently good human nature, seong)
Original: ψυχικός
Category: Sanctification
NEW. ψυχικός, Jude 1:19 — the decisive diagnostic mark of the false teachers: they lack the Holy Spirit entirely. Must not be assimilated to the Confucian concept of innate human nature; this is a strictly negative, contrastive category (opposed to Spirit-indwelt believers), describing total spiritual deadness, not a neutral philosophical anthropology or merely a lower spiritual tier. Directly bears on the Critical-risk baseline Holy Spirit doctrine.
Wavering Doubting
Approved rendering: 의심하는 자
Transliteration: uisimhaneun ja
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 철학적 회의주의 (abstract philosophical skepticism), 거짓 교사의 확정적 배교와 동일시 (conflation with the false teachers’ settled apostasy)
Original: διακρίνω
Category: Faith
NEW. διακρίνω, Jude 1:22. Identifies struggling believers wavering in doubt under pressure from false teachers — NOT those who have fully apostatized. This is a sympathetic pastoral category, an object of compassion, not condemnation; must be carefully distinguished in teaching from ἀσεβής (ungodly, the false teachers’ settled character).
Without Stumbling
Approved rendering: 실족하지 않게
Transliteration: silchokhaji anke
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἄπταιστος
Category: Preservation
NEW. ἄπταιστος, Jude 1:24.
Present Before Glory
Approved rendering: 그 영광 앞에 세우다
Transliteration: geu yeonggwang ape seuda
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἵστημι (στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης)
Category: Preservation
NEW. ἵστημι (στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης), Jude 1:24 — ties directly to the ‘Presented Blameless’ doctrine: believers will be set/presented before God’s own glorious presence.
Blameless
Approved rendering: 흠 없이
Transliteration: heum eopsi
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: OT 제사 동물의 외적 흠 없음으로 축소 (reduction to external ritual-sacrifice inspection), 수신/수양을 통한 자기수양적 도덕 완성 (Confucian self-cultivated moral perfection)
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Sanctification
NEW. ἄμωμος, Jude 1:24. Core to ‘Presented Blameless.’ Must be distinguished from OT ritual unblemished-sacrifice imagery (external inspection) and from Confucian self-cultivated moral perfection — this blamelessness is a FUTURE, God-granted state achieved through Christ’s preserving work, presented at his return, paralleling the baseline’s existing 성화 (sanctification) framing that resists self-cultivation readings.
Only Alone
Approved rendering: 홀로 / 오직
Transliteration: hollo / ojik
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μόνος
Category: God
NEW. μόνος, Jude 1:25. Standard lexical term but high doctrinal weight — reinforces exclusive monotheism against Korea’s religiously plural landscape. Must never be trimmed for stylistic economy in Phase 2 output; theologically load-bearing, not decorative.
Dominion Might
Approved rendering: 권능
Transliteration: gwonneung
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 능력(dynamis)과 혼용 (conflation with the baseline’s Power of God for Salvation term)
Original: κράτος
Category: Doxology
NEW. κράτος, Jude 1:25. Must be kept lexically distinct from the baseline’s 능력 (δύναμις, ‘Power of God for Salvation,’ Critical, tied specifically to Romans 1:16) — using 권능 for κράτος preserves both the Greek-word distinction and avoids overloading 능력 with an additional doxological sense that could blur its careful shamanistic-영력 distinction. Part of a mandatory, documented three-way lexical boundary with 능력 and ‘authority_dominion_doxology’ (권세).
Medium Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly (baseline doctrine_risk recorded as Medium; correct honorific-grammar application is the primary risk per baseline). Jude 1:4, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25. In 1:4 paired with the NEW term ‘sovereign_master’ (δεσπότης, 주재) for an emphatic double affirmation of Christ’s deity — the two Korean words must remain lexically distinct in that verse; do not collapse into a single repeated word.
Messiah
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly (registered there under ‘messiah’; applies to Jude’s use of Χριστός). Jude 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25.
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Contextually relevant background to Jude 1:14’s citation of Enoch (see NEW term ‘enoch’ for the canonicity issue this raises).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:14: ‘Enoch… prophesied about these men also’ (Προεφήτευσεν). Distinguish from 점 (divination) and 사주팔자 (astrological prediction).
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly, for the ABSTRACT sense only (Jude 1:24, 1:25: believers presented before God’s glory; doxology’s closing ‘glory’). Jude 1:8 uses a DISTINCT concrete-plural sense (δόξαι, ‘glorious ones’ = angelic dignitaries) — see NEW term ‘glorious_ones’; do not conflate the two senses under this entry.
Peace
Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. OPEN FLAG for Jude 1:2: standalone KRV epistolary-salutation convention (‘mercy, peace, and love be multiplied’) would customarily render this occurrence as 평강, distinct from both 화평 (Romans 5:1 relational sense) and 평안 (general well-being). Baseline cross-curriculum consistency mandates retaining 화평 here; this tension is an UNRESOLVED Phase 2 review item, not silently resolved — a theologian/native-speaker ruling is required before Jude 1:2 is finalized in Phase 2.
Once For All
Approved rendering: 단번에
Transliteration: danbeone
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἅπαξ
Category: Faith
NEW. ἅπαξ, Jude 1:3. Must always be paired in the same clause with ‘delivered_entrusted’ (전해진/주신) to convey ‘delivered once, completely, and finally’ — the faith is not an evolving revelation.
Crept In Unnoticed
Approved rendering: 가만히 들어오다
Transliteration: gamanhi deureoda
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: παρεισδύνω
Category: Judgment
NEW. παρεισδύνω, Jude 1:4. Emphasize covert infiltration from within the church community, not an external threat.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: 방탕
Transliteration: bangtang
Doctrine: Grace Perverted into License by False Teachers
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
NEW. ἀσέλγεια, Jude 1:4 — grace perverted into license for this vice. Teaching note should tie 방탕 explicitly back to 은혜 (grace) so it reads as a theological perversion of unmerited favor, not a bare Confucian-style loss-of-self-discipline ethics violation.
Domain Position
Approved rendering: 본래의 지위
Transliteration: bollae-ui jiwi
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: The Fallen Angels
Original: ἀρχή
Category: Angelology
NEW. ἀρχή, Jude 1:6 — the angels’ original God-assigned rank/place, which they abandoned.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: 음행하다
Transliteration: eumhaengada
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Original: ἐκπορνεύω
Category: Sin
NEW. ἐκπορνεύω, Jude 1:7. Preserve the text’s own level of directness — neither more explicit nor more euphemistic than the Greek; this is OT-typological exposition, not contemporary polemic.
Strange Flesh
Approved rendering: 다른 육체
Transliteration: dareun yukche
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Original: σὰρξ ἑτέρα
Category: Sin
NEW. σὰρξ ἑτέρα, Jude 1:7 — refers to Sodom’s unnatural sexual transgression.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: 영원한 불
Transliteration: yeongwonhan bul
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Rejected alternatives: 불교의 윤회적·정화적 지옥불 개념 (cyclical/purificatory Buddhist hell-fire cosmology)
Original: πῦρ αἰώνιον
Category: Judgment
NEW. πῦρ αἰώνιον, Jude 1:7. Must be distinguished from Buddhist cosmological hell-fire understood within an impermanent, cyclical rebirth framework — Jude’s eternal fire is fixed, final judgment upon unrepented sin, not a transitional or purifying stage.
Punishment
Approved rendering: 형벌
Transliteration: hyeongbeol
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Rejected alternatives: 의 (righteousness — shares Greek root but is a different meaning entirely)
Original: δίκη
Category: Judgment
NEW. δίκη, Jude 1:7. Shares a Greek root with δικαιοσύνη (baseline’s 의, ‘righteousness’) but means ‘penalty’ here — must not bleed into or be confused with the established 의 rendering elsewhere in the curriculum.
Dreaming Visionaries
Approved rendering: 꿈꾸는 자들처럼
Transliteration: kkumkkuneun jadeulcheoreom
Doctrine: Respect for Spiritual Authority (Michael and the Angelic Dignitaries)
Original: ἐνυπνιάζομαι
Category: False Teaching
NEW. ἐνυπνιάζομαι, Jude 1:8 — false teachers claiming visionary authority for self-serving teaching.
Defile
Approved rendering: 더럽히다
Transliteration: deoreopida
Doctrine: Respect for Spiritual Authority (Michael and the Angelic Dignitaries)
Original: μιαίνω
Category: Sin
NEW. μιαίνω, Jude 1:8.
Glorious Ones
Approved rendering: 영광의 존재들
Transliteration: yeonggwang-ui jonjaedeul
Doctrine: Respect for Spiritual Authority (Michael and the Angelic Dignitaries)
Rejected alternatives: 단순 ‘영광’ (bare abstract-glory rendering, erasing the concrete referent)
Original: δόξαι
Category: Angelology
NEW. δόξαι, Jude 1:8, a concrete-plural referent (exalted angelic dignitaries) distinct from the abstract singular δόξα (‘glory,’ 영광, the baseline term). Do not conflate; do not simplify to bare 영광 for stylistic smoothness — this is a coined descriptive phrase, not a fixed technical term readers will recognize on first encounter, so first-occurrence context must make the referent clear.
Devil
Approved rendering: 마귀
Transliteration: magwi
Doctrine: Respect for Spiritual Authority (Michael and the Angelic Dignitaries)
Rejected alternatives: 귀신, 잡신, 도깨비
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
NEW. διάβολος, Jude 1:9. Must be distinguished from Korea’s diffuse folk-shamanistic spirit-world (귀신/잡신/도깨비, a plural, morally ambiguous population of spirits); the biblical διάβολος is a single, personal, definitively malevolent being in direct opposition to God, contesting even with an archangel.
Blaspheme Slander
Approved rendering: 비방하다 / 훼방하다
Transliteration: bibanghada
Doctrine: Respect for Spiritual Authority (Michael and the Angelic Dignitaries)
Original: βλασφημέω / βλασφημία
Category: False Teaching
NEW. βλασφημέω/βλασφημία, Jude 1:8, 1:9, 1:10. Even Michael, possessing far greater authority than the false teachers, refrained from reviling the devil directly, appealing instead to the Lord’s authority — a rebuke to the false teachers’ presumptuous slander.
Corrupt Destroy
Approved rendering: 멸망하다
Transliteration: myeolmanghada
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: φθείρω
Category: Judgment
NEW. φθείρω, Jude 1:10. Rendered consistently with ‘destroy_perish’s Korean equivalent within Jude’s judgment-vocabulary field, though a distinct Greek root.
Error Deception
Approved rendering: 미혹
Transliteration: mihok
Doctrine: Old Testament Individual Types: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: πλάνη
Category: False Teaching
NEW. πλάνη, Jude 1:11 — Balaam’s doctrinal/mercenary error. Root shares etymology with ‘wandering_stars’ (v.13); Korean cannot preserve this Greek pun through a shared morpheme, but a translator’s note may point it out for teaching purposes.
Wages Profit
Approved rendering: 삯 / 이익
Transliteration: sak / iik
Doctrine: Old Testament Individual Types: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: μισθός
Category: False Teaching
NEW. μισθός, Jude 1:11, echoed in 1:16 (ὠφελείας χάριν, see ‘advantage_gain’). Balaam’s mercenary motive may be over-applied as critique of Korean megachurch growth/prosperity culture; handle with pastoral care as a general warning against greed, not a targeted polemic against a specific ministry model.
Love Feast
Approved rendering: 애찬
Transliteration: aechan
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 고사/굿 (shamanistic communal feast-offering to spirits), 아가페 (transliteration alone, which loses the concrete institutional referent and risks a secular pop-psychology ‘agape vs eros’ reading)
Original: ἀγάπη (pl. ἀγάπαι)
Category: Church
NEW. ἀγάπη (pl. ἀγάπαι), Jude 1:12. Established KRV compound term (愛餐, ‘love-meal’). Must not be confused with a ritual sacrificial banquet or shamanistic feast-offering; this is an ordinary shared meal expressing Christian fellowship (교제), corrupted here by the false teachers’ self-serving presence.
Spots Hidden Reefs
Approved rendering: 암초 / 티(흠)
Transliteration: amcho / ti(heum)
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: σπιλάς
Category: False Teaching
NEW. σπιλάς, Jude 1:12. Genuine text-critical/lexical crux (cf. 2 Peter 2:13’s parallel σπίλοι) — two plausible senses (hidden reef vs. blemish). FLAGGED for Phase 2 theologian/native-speaker review to fix a preferred KRV-aligned sense before final translation, so parallel materials referencing both Jude and 2 Peter render consistently.
Wandering Stars
Approved rendering: 유리하는 별
Transliteration: yurihaneun byeol
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 사주팔자식 운명 해석 (folk-astrology fate interpretation)
Original: ἀστέρες πλανῆται
Category: False Teaching
NEW. ἀστέρες πλανῆται, Jude 1:13. Note potential unintended resonance with Korean folk-astrology (사주팔자, star/birth-based fate divination); teaching must clarify this metaphor concerns the false teachers’ moral instability and deceptiveness, not a statement about astrological fate.
Convict Expose
Approved rendering: 정죄하다 / 책망하다
Transliteration: jeongjoehada
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἐλέγχω
Category: Judgment
NEW. ἐλέγχω, Jude 1:15.
Lust Desire
Approved rendering: 정욕
Transliteration: jeongyok
Doctrine: Marks of False Teachers: Grumbling, Sensuality, and Divisiveness
Rejected alternatives: 중립적 욕망으로 축소 (neutral-desire reduction)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
NEW. ἐπιθυμία, Jude 1:16, 1:18. Must be explicitly marked as sinful, self-serving craving opposed to God’s will — never a neutral term for ordinary human desire.
Advantage Gain
Approved rendering: 이익
Transliteration: iik
Doctrine: Marks of False Teachers: Grumbling, Sensuality, and Divisiveness
Original: ὠφέλεια
Category: False Teaching
NEW. ὠφέλεια, Jude 1:16 — echoes Balaam’s mercenary motive (v.11, ‘wages_profit’).
Last Time
Approved rendering: 마지막 때
Transliteration: majimak ttae
Doctrine: Apostolic Testimony Remembered
Original: ἔσχατος χρόνος
Category: Eschatology
NEW to this registry, standard eschatological phrase already established in Korean Christian usage. Jude 1:18.
Mocker Scoffer
Approved rendering: 조롱하는 자
Transliteration: jorongha-neun ja
Doctrine: Marks of False Teachers: Grumbling, Sensuality, and Divisiveness
Original: ἐμπαίκτης
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ἐμπαίκτης, Jude 1:18 (cf. 2 Peter 3:3) — eschatological scoffers who deny or ridicule coming judgment.
Cause Divisions
Approved rendering: 분열을 일으키는 자
Transliteration: bunyeoreul ireukineun ja
Doctrine: False Teachers Lack the Holy Spirit (ψυχικός)
Original: ἀποδιορίζω
Category: Church
NEW. ἀποδιορίζω, Jude 1:19.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: 영생
Transliteration: yeongsaeng
Doctrine: Hope of Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: 윤회 (Buddhist rebirth cycle)
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW to this registry, established Korean Christian term. Jude 1:21. Must be distinguished from the Buddhist cycle of rebirth — unending personal life and fellowship with God, a permanent destination, not perpetuation within an impersonal cycle.
Snatch Pull Out
Approved rendering: 건져내다
Transliteration: geonjyeonaeda
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἁρπάζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. ἁρπάζω, Jude 1:23 — vivid rescue-from-danger imagery, ‘pulling them out of the fire’ (cf. Zechariah 3:2).
Fear Reverent
Approved rendering: 두려움
Transliteration: duryeoum
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 액운에 대한 두려움 (folk-religious fear of misfortune/spirits)
Original: φόβος
Category: Faith
NEW. φόβος, Jude 1:23. A reverent carefulness in extending mercy — awareness of sin’s danger and one’s own vulnerability — must not be conflated with Korean folk-religious fear of malevolent spirits or bad luck. Always pair with an explicit object (e.g. ‘죄를 두려워함’) rather than leaving it as free-floating dread.
Defiled Garment
Approved rendering: 육체로 더러워진 옷
Transliteration: yukchero deoreowojin ot
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: χιτὼν ἐσπιλωμένος
Category: Sin
NEW. χιτὼν ἐσπιλωμένος, Jude 1:23. Related to σπιλάς/σπιλόω (v.12). Vivid metaphor: even the outward ‘clothing’ contaminated by association with sin is regarded with caution, underscoring sin’s contaminating power even as mercy is extended to the person, not the sin.
Wise Alone Wise
Approved rendering: 홀로 지혜로우신
Transliteration: hollo jihyeroushin
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: σοφός
Category: God
NEW. σοφός (μόνῳ σοφῷ in some MSS/traditions), Jude 1:25.
Authority Dominion Doxology
Approved rendering: 권세
Transliteration: gwonse
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 권능(kratos)과 능력(dynamis)과의 혼용
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Doxology
NEW. ἐξουσία, Jude 1:25. Distinct from both 권능 (κράτος) and 능력 (δύναμις); this three-way distinction (능력/권능/권세) must be documented and enforced as a standing validation rule for Phase 2 tooling, since the failure mode (silent conflation) is not naturally caught by ordinary proofreading — all three Korean words sound independently correct.
Age Eternity
Approved rendering: 영원
Transliteration: yeongwon
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: αἰών
Category: Doxology
NEW. αἰών, Jude 1:25, closing the doxology (‘before all time… forever’).
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Jude 1:17: ‘the words spoken before by the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ’ — believers are urged to remember apostolic testimony already given, not to expect ongoing prophetic mediation.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: 교제
Transliteration: gyoje
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Conceptual background to Jude 1:12’s ‘love feasts’ (ἀγάπαι) — see NEW term ‘love_feast’ for the specific institutional referent.
Exhort
Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, copied exactly. Conceptually present in Jude 1:3’s pastoral urgency, though Jude uses ἐπαγωνίζομαι (see NEW term ‘contend_earnestly’) as its own stronger thesis verb.
Amen
Approved rendering: 아멘
Transliteration: amen
Doctrine: Doxology
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Doxology
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE transliteration convention (per baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md), formalized here as a TM entry since it closes Jude’s doxology (Jude 1:25).
Bondservant
Approved rendering: 종
Transliteration: jong
Doctrine: Apostolic Self-Designation
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
NEW. Jude 1:1, δοῦλος. Established KRV self-designation convention (cf. Romans 1:1’s parallel, un-registered occurrence). Minor historical status-term sensitivity in Korean (종) is resolved by long-standing Christian usage as devoted service to Christ, not degrading servitude.
Angels
Approved rendering: 천사
Transliteration: cheonsa
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: The Fallen Angels
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Angelology
NEW to this registry, though an established, uncontroversial Korean term. Jude 1:6 — second of Jude’s three collective OT-type warnings (Israel, angels, Sodom).
Proper Dwelling
Approved rendering: 처소
Transliteration: cheoso
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: The Fallen Angels
Original: οἰκητήριον
Category: Angelology
NEW. οἰκητήριον, Jude 1:6.
Eternal Chains
Approved rendering: 영원한 결박
Transliteration: yeongwonhan gyeolbak
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: The Fallen Angels
Original: δεσμοὶ ἀΐδιοι
Category: Judgment
NEW. δεσμοὶ ἀΐδιοι, Jude 1:6, describing the fallen angels’ current state of restraint pending final judgment.
Deep Darkness
Approved rendering: 흑암
Transliteration: heugam
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ζόφος
Category: Judgment
NEW. ζόφος, Jude 1:6, 1:13. Established Korean biblical term for deep judicial darkness; low collision risk.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: 소돔과 고모라
Transliteration: Sodomgwa Gomora
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: OT Typology
NEW to this registry, established proper-name form. Jude 1:7 — third of Jude’s collective OT-type warnings.
Example
Approved rendering: 본보기
Transliteration: bonbogi
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Original: δεῖγμα
Category: OT Typology
NEW. δεῖγμα, Jude 1:7.
Reject Set Aside
Approved rendering: 업신여기다
Transliteration: eopsinyeogida
Doctrine: Respect for Spiritual Authority (Michael and the Angelic Dignitaries)
Original: ἀθετέω
Category: False Teaching
NEW. ἀθετέω, Jude 1:8.
Michael Archangel
Approved rendering: 미가엘 천사장
Transliteration: Migael cheonsajang
Doctrine: Respect for Spiritual Authority (Michael and the Angelic Dignitaries)
Original: Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Angelology
NEW to this registry, established proper name/title. Jude 1:9. Proper name transliterated (미가엘); title translated per KRV convention (천사장, ‘angel-chief’) rather than transliterating ‘archangel’ itself.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: 책망하다
Transliteration: chaengmanghada
Doctrine: Respect for Spiritual Authority (Michael and the Angelic Dignitaries)
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Church
NEW. ἐπιτιμάω, Jude 1:9 — Michael’s restrained rebuke, appealing to the Lord’s authority rather than his own.
Woe
Approved rendering: 화 있을진저
Transliteration: hwa itjinjeo
Doctrine: Old Testament Individual Types: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: οὐαί
Category: Judgment
NEW to this registry, established KRV prophetic-pronouncement idiom. Jude 1:11.
Cain Balaam Korah
Approved rendering: 가인, 발람, 고라
Transliteration: Gain, Ballam, Gora
Doctrine: Old Testament Individual Types: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: Κάϊν, Βαλαάμ, Κόρε
Category: OT Typology
NEW to this registry, established proper names. Jude 1:11 — parallels the three collective OT types of vv.5-7 (Israel, angels, Sodom). Korea’s high OT literacy makes these names recognizable without gloss; brief narrative reminders of each figure’s sin are recommended in accompanying lesson text, not the translation itself.
Harsh Words
Approved rendering: 거친 말
Transliteration: geochin mal
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: σκληρός
Category: Judgment
NEW. σκληρός, Jude 1:15.
Grumbler
Approved rendering: 원망하는 자
Transliteration: wonmanghaneun ja
Doctrine: Marks of False Teachers: Grumbling, Sensuality, and Divisiveness
Original: γογγυστής
Category: False Teaching
NEW. γογγυστής, Jude 1:16. Echoes the OT wilderness-generation typology of ‘grumbling’ (γογγύζω, LXX Exodus/Numbers), tying back to the first OT type in v.5.
Complainer
Approved rendering: 불평하는 자
Transliteration: bulpyeonghaneun ja
Doctrine: Marks of False Teachers: Grumbling, Sensuality, and Divisiveness
Original: μεμψίμοιρος
Category: False Teaching
NEW. μεμψίμοιρος, Jude 1:16.
Great Swelling Words
Approved rendering: 거만한 말
Transliteration: geomanhan mal
Doctrine: Marks of False Teachers: Grumbling, Sensuality, and Divisiveness
Original: ὑπέρογκος
Category: False Teaching
NEW. ὑπέρογκος, Jude 1:16.
Flatter
Approved rendering: 아첨하다
Transliteration: acheomhada
Doctrine: Marks of False Teachers: Grumbling, Sensuality, and Divisiveness
Original: θαυμάζω πρόσωπα
Category: False Teaching
NEW. θαυμάζω πρόσωπα, Jude 1:16 (lit. ‘admiring faces,’ showing favoritism for gain).
Build Up
Approved rendering: 덕을 세우다
Transliteration: deogeul seuda
Doctrine: Believer’s Responsibility: Building Up, Praying in the Spirit, Keeping Oneself
Original: ἐποικοδομέω
Category: Church
NEW. ἐποικοδομέω, Jude 1:20, consistent with the baseline’s existing ‘Mutual Edification’ doctrine phrase.
Awaiting
Approved rendering: 기다리다
Transliteration: gidarida
Doctrine: Hope of Eternal Life
Original: προσδέχομαι
Category: Eschatology
NEW. προσδέχομαι, Jude 1:21.
Exceeding Joy
Approved rendering: 큰 기쁨
Transliteration: keun gippeum
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἀγαλλίασις
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ἀγαλλίασις, Jude 1:24.
Majesty
Approved rendering: 위엄
Transliteration: wieom
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: Doxology
NEW. μεγαλωσύνη, Jude 1:25.
Referenced passages