Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Acts 1–28 (English → Korean)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from the entire book of Acts. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked (baseline reuse) and MUST use the exact recorded Korean rendering; only Acts-specific nuances are added here, never a re-derivation. New terms required for the Acts curriculum are analyzed fresh with the same risk-tier conventions as the baseline (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Without Modification
| English Term | Korean | Transliteration | Risk (baseline) | Acts-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | 복음 | bogeum | Medium | Frequent throughout Acts (e.g., 8:25, 14:7, 20:24) |
| Grace | 은혜 | eunhye | Critical | Central to Acts 15:11, 20:24, 20:32; Simon Magus (ch.8) narrative directly illustrates the forbidden 기복신앙 pattern |
| Faith | 믿음 | mideum | High | Central to Acts 13:39, 16:31 |
| Righteousness | 의 | ui | High/Critical (justification contexts) | Acts 24:25 |
| Justification | 의롭다 하심 | uiropda hasim | Critical | Acts 13:38-39, key cross-reference to Romans |
| Salvation | 구원 | guwon | Critical | Acts 2:21, 4:12, 16:30-31 |
| Apostle | 사도 | sado | Low | Throughout; apostolic authority doctrine |
| Called / Calling | 부르심을 받은 / 부르심 | bureusim-eul badeun / bureusim | High | Acts 2:39 |
| Holy | 거룩한 | georokan | High | Acts 3:14 (“Holy and Righteous One”) |
| Saints | 성도 | seongdo | High | Acts 9:13, 32, 41 |
| Sanctification | 성화 | seonghwa | High | Acts 20:32, 26:18 |
| Adoption | 양자 | yangja | High | Not prominent in Acts directly; retained for cross-document consistency |
| Resurrection | 부활 | buhwal | Critical | Central throughout (2:24-32; 4:2; 17:18, 32; 23:6-8; 24:15, 21; 26:23) |
| Lord | 주님 | junim | Critical | Acts 2:36 (see nuance note in 07), 10:36, 16:31 |
| Son of God | 하나님의 아들 | Hananim-ui adeul | Critical | Acts 9:20 |
| Peace | 화평 | hwapyeong | Medium | Acts 10:36 |
| Spiritual Gifts | 은사 | eunsa | High | Cf. Acts 8:18-20 (contrast case) |
| Thanksgiving | 감사 | gamsa | Low | Acts 27:35, 28:15 |
| Fellowship | 교제 | gyoje | Low | Acts 2:42 |
| Church | 교회 | gyohoe | Medium | Throughout; central to “Church as Community” |
| Kingdom of God | 하나님의 나라 | Hananim-ui nara | Low | Acts 1:3, 8:12, 14:22, 19:8, 20:25, 28:23, 31 |
| Law | 율법 | yulbeop | High | Acts 13:39, 15:5, 21:20-24 |
| Sin | 죄 | joe | High | Acts 2:38, 3:19, 5:3-4 |
| Gentiles | 이방인 | ibangin | High | Central to “Gospel to Jews and Gentiles” |
| Glory | 영광 | yeonggwang | Medium | Acts 7:2, 12:23 |
| Obedience of Faith | 믿음의 순종 | mideum-ui sunjong | High | Cross-reference to Romans framing |
| Power of God | 능력 | neungnyeok | Critical | Acts 1:8, 4:33, 10:38; extended to 권능 triad (see Section B) |
| Messiah / Christ | 그리스도 | Geuriseudo | Medium | Throughout |
| Prophet | 선지자 | seonjija | Low | Acts 3:18-25, 7:37, 52 |
| Prophecy | 예언 | yeeon | Low/Medium | Acts 2:17-18 (Joel), 21:9-11 (Agabus) |
| Covenant | 언약 | eonyak | Low | Acts 3:25, 7:8 |
| Election | 선택 | seontaek | High | Acts 9:15 (“chosen instrument”) |
| Intercession | 중보기도 | jungbo gido | Medium | Acts 12:5, 12 |
| Providence | 섭리 | seomni | High | Acts 17:26-28, 27:22-25 |
| Mission | 선교 | seongyo | Medium | Acts 13:1-3, throughout journeys |
| David | 다윗 | Dawit | Low | Acts 2:25-34, 4:25, 13:22-36 |
| Israel | 이스라엘 | Iseurael | Medium | Throughout |
| Jesus | 예수 | Yesu | Critical | Throughout |
| God | 하나님 | Hananim | Critical | Throughout |
| Holy Spirit | 성령 | seongnyeong | Critical | Central to entire book, esp. ch.2, 8, 10, 19 |
| Father | 아버지 | abeoji | Critical | Acts 1:4, 7 |
| Exhort | 권면하다 | gwonmyeonhada | Low | Acts 2:40, 11:23, 14:22, 20:1-2 |
| Seed of David | 다윗의 혈통 | Dawit-ui hyeoltong | High | Cf. Acts 13:23 (Davidic descent of Jesus) |
| Imputed Righteousness | 의로 여기심 | uiro yeogisim | Critical | Cross-reference to Romans 4 (Acts does not independently use this precise formula but doctrine underlies 13:38-39) |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Acts (by Doctrine Area)
B.1 The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pentecost | πεντηκοστή (pentēkostē) | 오순절 | Osunjeol | Low | Established KRV term; Feast of Weeks |
| tongues (of fire) | γλῶσσαι πυρός (glōssai pyros) | 불의 혀같이 갈라지는 것들 | bul-ui hyeo-gachi gallajineun geotdeul | Low | Once-for-all sign, not repeatable ritual |
| filled with the Spirit | ἐπλήσθησαν πνεύματος ἁγίου (eplēsthēsan pneumatos hagiou) | 성령 충만함을 받다 | seongnyeong chungmanham-eul batda | Critical | Never render as shamanistic spirit-possession (신들림) |
| other tongues (glossolalia) | ἑτέραις γλώσσαις (heterais glōssais) | 방언 | bang-eon | Critical | Real known languages (Acts 2), not unintelligible ecstatic utterance nor mudang trance-speech; must be explicitly distinguished at every occurrence (2:4; 10:46; 19:6) |
| utterance | ἀποφθέγγεσθαι (apophthengesthai) | 말하게 하심을 따라 말하다 | malhage hasim-eul ttara malhada | Medium | Avoid oracle-channeling connotation |
| pour out (the Spirit) | ἐκχεῶ (ekcheō) | 부어 주다 | bueo juda | Low | Not shamanistic libation imagery |
| gift of the Holy Spirit | δωρεὰ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος (dōrea tou hagiou pneumatos) | 성령의 선물 | seongnyeong-ui seonmul | Critical | Gracious gift, not earned attainment |
B.2 The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God-fearer / devout Gentile | εὐσεβὴς καὶ φοβούμενος τὸν θεόν | 하나님을 경외하는 사람 | Hananim-eul gyeongoehaneun saram | Medium | Sociological category needing context (ch.10) |
| what God has cleansed | ἃ ὁ θεὸς ἐκαθάρισεν | 하나님께서 깨끗하게 하신 것 | Hananim-kkeseo kkaekkeuthage hasin geot | High | Key Gentile-inclusion proof text (10:15, 28) |
| circumcision | περιτομή (peritomē) | 할례 | halle | Medium | Central to ch.7, 15, 21 |
| unknown god | ἄγνωστος θεός (agnōstos theos) | 알지 못하는 신 | alji mothaneun sin | High | Rhetorical bridge only; text proclaims exclusive particular truth, not implicit affirmation of Korean folk pantheon deities |
| a light to the Gentiles | φῶς ἐθνῶν (phōs ethnōn) | 이방의 빛 | ibang-ui bit | Medium | Isaiah 49:6 fulfillment (13:47) |
| universal scope (“whoever calls,” “no other name”) | see πᾶς / ἄλλος οὐδείς | 누구든지 / 다른 이름은 없다 | nugudeunji / dareun ireumeun eopda | Critical | Must not be softened toward religious pluralism |
B.3 Repentance and Baptism
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repent | μετανοέω (metanoeō) | 회개하다 | hoegaehada | High | Distinguish from Buddhist 참회 (ritual/karmic penance) and Confucian 반성 (social self-correction) |
| baptized / baptism | βαπτίζω (baptizō) | 세례(를 받다) | serye(-reul batda) | High | Distinguish from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻음) |
| forgiveness of sins | ἄφεσις τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν (aphesis tōn hamartiōn) | 죄 사함 | joe saham | High | Gift of grace, not a merit earned via the baptism rite itself |
| baptism of John vs. Christian baptism | βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου / εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ | 요한의 세례 / 주 예수의 이름으로 받는 세례 | Yohan-ui serye / Ju Yesu-ui ireumeuro badneun serye | Medium | Preparatory vs. Spirit-accompanied baptism (ch.19) |
| cut to the heart | κατανύσσομαι (katanyssomai) | 마음에 찔리다 | ma-eum-e jjillida | Low | Conviction preceding repentance |
B.4 The Church as Community
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| breaking of bread | κλάσις τοῦ ἄρτου (klasis tou artou) | 떡을 뗌 | tteok-eul ttem | Medium | Distinguish from ancestral-rite food offerings (제사상) |
| having all things in common | εἶχον ἅπαντα κοινά (eichon hapanta koina) | 모든 물건을 서로 통용하다 | modeun mulgeon-eul seoro tongyonghada | High | Korea-specific risk: avoid overlap with 공산주의 (communism) vocabulary given modern Korean historical/political sensitivity; frame as voluntary Spirit-motivated generosity, not a prescribed economic system |
| one heart and soul | μία καρδία καὶ ψυχή μία | 한마음과 한 뜻 | han-ma-eum-gwa han tteut | Low | Community unity |
| Hellenists / Hebrews | Ἑλληνισταί / Ἑβραῖοι | 헬라파 유대인 / 히브리파 유대인 | Hellapa Yudaein / Hibeuripa Yudaein | Low | Internal cultural diversity (ch.6) |
| elders | πρεσβύτεροι (presbyteroi) | 장로 | jangno | Medium | Strong contemporary Korean Presbyterian institutional connotation; anchor to NT congregational-shepherding function |
| overseer | ἐπίσκοπος (episkopos) | 감독 | gamdok | Medium | Interchangeable with 장로 in NT (20:17, 28); note contemporary Korean Methodist bishop-title association |
| shepherd (verb) | ποιμαίνω (poimainō) | 목양하다 / 보살피다 | mogyanghada / bosalpida | Low | Pastoral care imagery |
| Christians | Χριστιανοί (Christianoi) | 그리스도인 | Geuriseudoin | Low | First used at Antioch (11:26) |
B.5 Apostolic Authority and Miracles
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miracles, wonders, and signs | δυνάμεις, τέρατα, σημεῖα (dynameis, terata, sēmeia) | 권능과 기사와 표적 | kwonneung-gwa kisa-wa pyojeok | Critical | Must always be anchored to certifying the gospel/Christ’s identity, never generalized power-display; direct extension of baseline 능력 risk |
| name of Jesus (as locus of authority) | ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ (en tō onomati Iēsou) | 예수의 이름으로 | Yesu-ui ireumeuro | Critical | Not a magic formula/talisman (부적, 주문); power is Christ’s own authority mediated through faith |
| laying on of hands | ἐπιτίθημι τὰς χεῖρας (epitithēmi tas cheiras) | 안수(하다) | ansu(hada) | High | Distinguish from shamanistic ritual touch-healing during 굿; anchor to biblical commissioning/blessing/Spirit-impartation functions |
| sorcery / magic | μαγεία (mageia) | 마술 | masul | Critical | Direct collision with Korean shamanism (무속); Simon Magus narrative (ch.8) itself refutes pay-for-power transactional pattern |
| spirit of divination (python spirit) | πνεῦμα πύθωνα (pneuma pythōna) | 점하는 귀신 | jeomhaneun gwisin | Critical | Most direct textual collision with living Korean 점/무당 fortune-telling practice; teach as Scripture’s own verdict against such practices |
| magic books burned | τὰ περίεργα / βίβλοι (ta perierga / bibloi) | 마술책을 불사르다 | masulchaek-eul bulsareuda | High | Costly public renunciation of occult practice upon conversion |
B.6 Persecution and Bold Witness
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| witness(es) | μάρτυς / μάρτυρες (martys/martyres) | 증인 | jeungin | High | Eyewitness testimony, developing toward “martyr” sense at Stephen’s death; do not flatten to courtroom sense alone |
| boldness | παρρησία (parrēsia) | 담대함 | damdaeham | High | Spirit-given courage, not natural bravado or face-saving composure (체면) |
| stoning / martyrdom | λιθοβολέω (lithoboleō); death of Stephen | 돌로 치다 / 순교 | dollo chida / sunkyo | Low / High | 순교 (martyrdom) risk High once realized concretely at Stephen’s death |
| Sanhedrin / council | συνέδριον (synedrion) | 공회 | gonghoe | Low | Established institutional term |
| persecution | διωγμός / διώκω (diōgmos/diōkō) | 박해 | bakhae | Medium | Christ personally identifies with persecuted church (9:4) |
B.7 Conversion of Paul
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| light from heaven | φῶς ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (phōs ek tou ouranou) | 하늘로부터 빛 | haneullobuteo bit | Low | Theophanic revelation |
| the Way | ἡ ὁδός (hē hodos) | 도(道) | do | Critical | Major collision with Korean Confucian/Buddhist/folk-religious 도 and new-religious-movement usage; requires explicit clarifying gloss (“그리스도의 도”) at each occurrence |
| chosen instrument / vessel of election | σκεῦος ἐκλογῆς (skeuos eklogēs) | 택한 그릇 | taekhan geureut | High | Sovereign purposeful choice, not merit-based selection (baseline 선택 risk) |
| scales fell from his eyes | ὡς λεπίδες (hōs lepides) | 비늘 같은 것이 벗어지다 | bineul gateun geosi beoseojida | Low | Vivid image of removed spiritual blindness |
B.8 Justification apart from the Law
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| justified by faith, not by the law (13:38-39) | δικαιοῦται … οὐκ ἠδυνήθητε ἐν νόμῳ δικαιωθῆναι | 율법으로는 의롭다 하심을 얻지 못하던 것에서 믿는 자마다 의롭다 하심을 얻는다 | (baseline terms) | Critical | MUST be word-for-word consistent with Romans translation memory renderings of 의롭다 하심/율법 |
| saved through grace (15:11) | διὰ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ σωθῆναι | 주 예수의 은혜로 구원을 받다 | (baseline terms) | Critical | Council’s resolution: grace saves Jew and Gentile equally, not law-keeping |
| apostolic decree (idols/blood/strangled/sexual immorality) | εἰδωλόθυτα, αἷμα, πνικτόν, πορνεία | 우상의 더러운 것, 피, 목매어 죽인 것, 음행 | (descriptive) | Medium | Pastoral accommodation for unity, not reinstated law-as-justification-requirement |
| stiff-necked, uncircumcised in heart | σκληροτράχηλος, ἀπερίτμητος καρδίᾳ | 목이 곧고 마음에 할례를 받지 못한 | mogi godko ma-eume halle-reul batji mothan | Medium | Metaphorical inward circumcision anticipates law/faith contrast |
B.9 The Great Commission Fulfilled
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| to the end of the earth | ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς (heōs eschatou tēs gēs) | 땅끝까지 | ttangkkeutkkaji | Medium | Programmatic for whole book; avoid missions-metrics framing |
| set apart / sent (missionary commissioning) | ἀφορίζω / ἀπολύω (aphorizō/apolyō) | 따로 세우다 / 파송하다 | ttaro seuda / pasonghada | Medium | Spirit-initiated, worship-embedded sending pattern (13:2-3) |
| preaching unhindered | κηρύσσων … ἀκωλύτως (kēryssōn… akōlytōs) | 거침없이 전파하다 | geochimeopsi jeonpahada | Medium | Gospel’s unstoppable advance, not a promise of institutional/numerical success |
| almost persuaded | ἐν ὀλίγῳ πείθεις (en oligō peitheis) | 적은 말로 권하다 | jeogeun mallo gwonhada | Low | Models danger of near-assent without decisive faith |
B.10 Miscellaneous Load-Bearing Terms (Narrative/Background)
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Korean | Transliteration | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hades | ᾅδης (hadēs) | 음부 | eumbu | High | Distinct from 지옥 (Gehenna/hell) and from Korean folk 저승; state of the dead prior to resurrection |
| patriarch | πατριάρχης (patriarchēs) | 조상 | josang | Medium | Historical-genealogical only; not an invitation to ancestor veneration (제사) |
| predetermined plan and foreknowledge | ὡρισμένη βουλή καὶ πρόγνωσις (hōrismenē boulē kai prognōsis) | 정하신 뜻과 미리 아심 | jeonghasin tteut-gwa miri asim | High | Sovereign personal counsel, not impersonal fate (팔자/운명) |
| casting lots | κλῆρος (klēros) | 제비를 뽑다 | jebireul ppopda | Medium | One-time apostolic-era practice; not an endorsement of ongoing divination (점, 사주) |
| mistaken for gods (Zeus/Hermes) | Ζεύς, Ἑρμῆς (Zeus, Hermēs) | 제우스, 헤르메스 | Jeuseu, Hereumeseu | Medium | Wonder-worker deification risk parallels shamanistic power-veneration caution |
| viper (Malta) / mistaken for a god | ἔχιδνα (echidna) | 독사 | dokssa | Low | Recurs same deification-risk theme at book’s close |
| Roman citizenship | Ῥωμαῖος (Rhōmaios) | 로마 시민 | Roma simin | Low | Legal status, not ultimate identity (cf. Christian Identity in Christ) |
| self-control | ἐγκράτεια (enkrateia) | 절제 | jeolje | Low | Paul before Felix (24:25) |
| judgment to come | τὸ κρίμα τὸ μέλλον (to krima to mellon) | 장차 오는 심판 | jangcha oneun simpan | Medium | Certain divine accountability, not karmic inevitability (업) |
| open eyes, darkness to light, Satan’s power to God | (26:18, see full citation in 07) | 눈을 뜨게 함, 어둠에서 빛으로, 사탄의 권세에서 하나님께로 | (see notes) | High | 사탄의 권세 (Satan’s authority) kept terminologically distinct from God’s 능력 |
Section C — Chapters Reviewed with No New Load-Bearing Vocabulary
The following chapters were reviewed in full and introduce no new theological vocabulary beyond terms already catalogued above (baseline reuse or earlier Acts chapters): Chapter 18 (Corinth/Gallio — reuses “the Way,” 교회, synagogue vocabulary), Chapter 25 (Festus/appeal to Caesar — reuses “the Way,” 부활, legal-defense vocabulary). These are noted explicitly per the full-book-coverage mandate, not silently omitted.
This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json for all Phase 2 Acts translation work. New entries in Section B must be added to translation_memory.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the versioning and enforcement procedures in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: this is the central Korean risk term. Korean Christianity has a well-documented, self-critical history around 기복신앙 (gibok sinang, ‘fortune-seeking faith’), where prayer for material blessing/success can slide into a shamanistic transactional pattern continuous with the mudang’s gut ritual rather than gospel-centered faith. NEVER use 복 alone or 은덕. 은혜 must always be taught as unearned, unconditional favor, explicitly not a reciprocal exchange for offerings or ritual performance. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: central to Acts 15:11, 20:24, 20:32; the Simon Magus narrative (ch.8) directly illustrates and refutes the forbidden 기복신앙 pay-for-power pattern.
Justification
Approved rendering: 의롭다 하심
Transliteration: uiropda hasim
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: established KRV compound, a forensic declaration, not a process. NEVER use 도를 닦아 얻은 의. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 13:38-39 is the book’s clearest doctrinal statement of this term and MUST match the Romans translation memory rendering exactly, per the cross-document consistency mandate.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: NEVER use 해탈 or 윤회에서 벗어남. 구원 = deliverance from sin’s guilt through Christ, received by faith, reconciliation with a personal God. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 2:21, 4:12, 16:30-31 tie salvation repeatedly to one specific, exclusive name.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
NEVER use 환생 or 윤회. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: central throughout (2:24-32; 4:2,33; 13:30-37; 17:18,31-32; 23:6-8; 24:15,21; 26:23); Acts uniquely stages the doctrine’s contested reception even within Second Temple Judaism and its mockery among Greek philosophers, useful for teaching genuine cultural offense against Korean Buddhist rebirth concepts.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Established term with required honorific suffix 님. Romans 10:9’s confession = 예수는 주님이시다. Avoid 주인님. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 10:36, 16:31; see the new entry ‘lord_and_christ’ for the Acts 2:36 grammatical nuance (bare 주 as predicate complement, not a doctrinal downgrade).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Korea’s Dangun/Hwanung founding-myth (son of the heavenly god Hwanin) offers a real but comparatively low-intensity echo. Full phrase 하나님의 아들 required. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 9:20, Paul’s first Damascus proclamation.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
CRITICAL: never 영력. Must always be taught as God’s power to save from sin and confirm the gospel, not generalized this-worldly power. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 1:8, 4:33, 10:38; extends into the 권능/기사/표적 triad (see ‘miracles_wonders_signs’).
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Standard KRV transliteration. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: throughout the entire book.
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
CRITICAL: this package standardizes on 하나님. NEVER substitute 하느님, 천주, or 산신령. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: especially critical in the Athens speech (17:22-31) where Paul confronts polytheism directly.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL: always use the compound 성령; NEVER use 신령 or 신 alone. Never frame the Spirit’s filling/empowering using language echoing shamanistic spirit-possession. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: central to the entire book, especially chs.2, 8, 10, 19; see ‘filled_with_holy_spirit’ and ‘lying_to_holy_spirit’ for the sharpest Korean shamanism collision points.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
CRITICAL: Korea’s Confucian ancestor-memorial rites (제사) historically created the sharpest doctrinal collision in Korean church history — 18th-19th century Korean Catholic converts were persecuted and martyred for refusing to perform jesa. God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring ongoing ritual offerings. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 1:4,7 (‘the promise of the Father’).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의로 여기심
Transliteration: uiro yeogisim
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 의리로 얻은 의, 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: righteousness credited by God, not earned through relational loyalty (의리) or spiritual cultivation. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts does not independently use this precise formula, but the doctrine underlies 13:38-39; retained for cross-document consistency.
Filled With Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령 충만함을 받다
Transliteration: seongnyeong chungmanham-eul batda
Doctrine: Spirit-Filling and Empowerment for Witness
Rejected alternatives: 신들림, 영에 들리다, 귀신에게 사로잡히다
Original: ἐπλήσθησαν πνεύματος ἁγίου
Category: Holy Spirit
CRITICAL: never rendered with language resembling shamanistic spirit-possession (신들림), in which a mudang is entered/mounted by a spirit during a gut ritual. This is the Spirit’s personal, willing indwelling of a believer already united to Christ, empowering witness, not ecstatic trance-possession sought for display. Recurs Acts 2:4; 4:8, 31; 9:17; 13:9. Only reception/indwelling verbs (받다, 채우다) are permitted; possession-style verbs are forbidden.
Other Tongues
Approved rendering: 방언
Transliteration: bang-eon
Doctrine: Tongues as Real, Known Languages
Rejected alternatives: 방언(무당의 트랜스 언어), 알 수 없는 방언(엑스터시적 발화)
Original: ἑτέραις γλώσσαις
Category: Holy Spirit
CRITICAL: the single highest Acts-specific Korean risk term. Korean Pentecostal/charismatic practice uses 방언 heavily for ecstatic prayer-tongues; Korean shamanism features mudang trance-speech understood as channeled spirit-utterance during 굿. Acts 2’s 방언 is real, known human languages enabling cross-cultural gospel proclamation (‘each one heard them speaking in his own language,’ 2:6-11), never unintelligible ecstatic utterance or a channeled spirit-voice. This distinction MUST be stated explicitly at every occurrence (2:4; 10:46; 19:6) via a mandatory qualifying phrase such as ‘실제로 알아들을 수 있는 다른 나라 말.‘
Gift Of Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령의 선물
Transliteration: seongnyeong-ui seonmul
Doctrine: The Spirit as a Gracious Gift to Every Believer
Rejected alternatives: 도를 닦아 받는 성령, 값을 지불하고 얻는 성령
Original: δωρεὰ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος
Category: Holy Spirit
CRITICAL, inherits baseline 성령 risk. The Spirit himself, not merely his effects, is given freely to all who repent and are baptized (Acts 2:38). Never framed as a reward earned through ritual performance or an achievement of spiritual cultivation (도를 닦음); it parallels grace’s unearned character.
No Other Name
Approved rendering: 다른 이름은 없다
Transliteration: dareun ireumeun eopda
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: 여러 이름 중 하나, 다른 길도 있을 수 있다는 식의 완화된 표현
Original: οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἄλλῳ οὐδενὶ ἡ σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: Peter’s absolute, exclusive salvation claim before the Sanhedrin (Acts 4:12). Must retain full exclusivity without softening toward religious pluralism, an important sensitivity given Korea’s multi-religious landscape of Buddhism, folk religion, and Confucian ethics coexisting with a large Christian population.
Name Of Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수의 이름으로
Transliteration: Yesu-ui ireumeuro
Doctrine: Power in the Name of Jesus
Rejected alternatives: 부적처럼 외우는 주문, 이름 자체가 지닌 마술적 효력
Original: ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Miracles
CRITICAL. Invoking Christ’s own authority as the basis for healing and exorcism, mediated through faith, not an independently effective formula (Acts 3:6, 16; 4:10-12; 16:18). Korean shamanistic and folk-magical practice includes invoking spirit-names or talismanic phrases (부적, 주문) believed to carry inherent power when spoken correctly. Teaching must state clearly the power is Christ’s own personal authority and the healed person’s faith response, not a magic formula whose mere utterance produces automatic effect (negatively illustrated by the seven sons of Sceva, Acts 19:13-16).
Miracles Wonders Signs
Approved rendering: 권능과 기사와 표적
Transliteration: kwonneung-gwa kisa-wa pyojeok
Doctrine: Miracles, Signs, and Wonders
Rejected alternatives: 능력 과시를 위한 표적, 무당의 굿에서 나타나는 기이한 현상과 동일시
Original: δυνάμεις, τέρατα, σημεῖα
Category: Miracles
CRITICAL, inheriting the baseline Power-of-God risk profile. The consistent triad describing apostolic-era miraculous confirmation of the gospel message (Acts 2:22, 43; 4:30; 5:12; 14:3; 15:12). Korean shamanism’s mudang tradition explicitly claims power to heal, exorcise, and produce visible wonders through ritual (굿); Korean charismatic church culture also emphasizes ‘signs and wonders’ ministry. Every occurrence must be anchored to certifying the gospel and Christ’s identity, never framed as generalized this-worldly power-display.
Sorcery Magic
Approved rendering: 마술
Transliteration: masul
Doctrine: The Gospel’s Confrontation with Occult Practices
Rejected alternatives: 능력을 사고파는 종교적 기술
Original: μαγεία / μαγεύων
Category: Miracles
CRITICAL. Ritual practice claiming supernatural power for personal gain or display; Simon’s prior occupation and his later attempt to buy the Spirit’s power (Acts 8:9-24). One of the most direct Acts collision points with Korean shamanism (무속), often popularly understood through this same lens of ritual power for hire; the passage’s own verdict on Simon must be preserved fully, directly reinforcing the baseline’s 기복신앙 caution against pay-for-spiritual-power transactional patterns.
Spirit Of Divination
Approved rendering: 점하는 귀신
Transliteration: jeomhaneun gwisin
Doctrine: The Gospel’s Confrontation with Occult Practices
Rejected alternatives: 중립적인 영적 능력, 무당의 신령한 능력과 동일시하되 긍정적으로 서술
Original: πνεῦμα πύθωνα
Category: Miracles
CRITICAL. An evil spirit enabling fortune-telling/oracular speech through a human medium, exploited commercially by the girl’s owners; exorcised by Paul in Jesus’ name (Acts 16:16-18). Arguably the single most direct textual collision in all of Acts with living Korean religious practice — 점 and mudang consultation for spirit-mediated guidance, often for commercial payment, are widespread contemporary practices precisely paralleled here. Must be taught as Scripture’s own direct verdict: such spirits are 귀신, subject to Christ’s authority, and their commercial exploitation is itself condemned.
The Way
Approved rendering: 도(道)
Transliteration: do
Doctrine: ‘The Way’ as Early Christian Self-Designation
Rejected alternatives: 도 (설명 없이 단독 사용), 새 종교 운동/유교/불교식 도
Original: ἡ ὁδός
Category: Conversion
CRITICAL. Major Korean-specific collision. An early Christian self-designation for the movement of following the risen Christ as taught by the apostles (Acts 9:2; 19:9, 23; 22:4; 24:14, 22). 도 is the central term of Korean Confucian ethics, Korean Buddhism, and Korean folk/new-religious movements (including cult-recruitment phrases like ‘도를 아십니까’), and is already flagged in the baseline under saints/sanctification as a self-cultivation concept to avoid. Since Acts uses this as its own chosen self-designation, EVERY occurrence requires an explicit clarifying gloss (‘그 도, 곧 그리스도의 도’) identifying it specifically as the path of following the risen Christ, never a generic self-cultivation path or any new religious movement’s usage. NEVER leave 도 unglossed.
Justified By Faith Not Law
Approved rendering: 모세의 율법으로는 의롭다 하심을 얻지 못하던 모든 일에서 믿는 자마다 의롭다 하심을 얻는다
Transliteration: dikaioutai… ouk edynēthēte en nomō Mōuseōs dikaiōthēnai (source Greek); Korean rendering uses baseline 의롭다 하심 / 율법
Doctrine: Justification Apart from the Law
Original: δικαιοῦται … οὐκ ἠδυνήθητε ἐν νόμῳ Μωϋσέως δικαιωθῆναι
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL. Paul’s synagogue sermon (Acts 13:38-39): everyone who believes is justified from all things the law of Moses could not justify. The single most important doctrinal sentence in Acts for cross-consistency with the Romans curriculum. The Korean rendering MUST be word-for-word consistent with how 의롭다 하심 and 율법 are already rendered in the Romans translation memory; any deviation is an automatic Critical-tier flag.
Saved Through Grace
Approved rendering: 주 예수의 은혜로 구원을 받다
Transliteration: Ju Yesu-ui eunhye-ro guwon-eul batda
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace, Not Law (Jerusalem Council)
Original: διὰ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ σωθῆναι
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL. Peter’s Jerusalem Council statement (Acts 15:11): Jewish and Gentile believers alike are saved by the grace of the Lord Jesus, not by law-keeping. Must receive the same rigorous 기복신앙-guarding treatment mandated for grace throughout the Romans package; the council’s point is that grace, not the ‘yoke’ of law-keeping (15:10), saves both groups equally.
Lord And Christ
Approved rendering: 주와 그리스도
Transliteration: Ju-wa Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: καὶ κύριον αὐτὸν καὶ Χριστὸν ἐποίησεν ὁ θεός
Category: Christology
CRITICAL. Peter’s Pentecost-sermon climax: God has made Jesus both Lord and Christ (Acts 2:36), identical in force to the Romans 10:9 salvation confession. The established KRV rendering of this specific clause uses the bare form 주 rather than 주님 because Korean grammar places it as a predicate complement (‘God made him [to be] Lord’) rather than a vocative/referential address — a grammatical register nuance, not a doctrinal downgrade. The full honorific concept of Lordship (주님, baseline) must remain fully intact in surrounding narrative/teaching prose. Flag any rendering that drops the honorific SENSE of Lordship, not merely the bare syllable 주, for theologian review.
Lying To Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령을 속임
Transliteration: seongnyeong-eul sogim
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: ψεύσασθαί σε τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον
Category: Holy Spirit
CRITICAL. Ananias and Sapphira’s sin against the Spirit-indwelt community as sin against God himself (Acts 5:3-4, 9). Must preserve the gravity of treating the Spirit as a deceivable divine person, not merely breaking a community rule; inherits baseline 성령 and 죄 risk.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Personal trust placed in Christ specifically. Distinguish from generic superstitious belief (미신) and confidence placed in fortune-telling/astrology (사주팔자를 믿는 것). Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: central to Acts 13:39, 16:31, 26:18; key cross-reference texts to the Romans faith doctrine.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
의 also anchors 의리 (uiri), a Korean ethical concept of loyalty/faithfulness in relationships. Biblical righteousness is right standing before God received through faith, not social loyalty or honor-code faithfulness. Always flag with a distinguishing note in justification contexts. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: appears in Paul’s confrontation of Felix (Acts 24:25); risk rises to Critical when combined with justification-context vocabulary (see ‘justified_by_faith_not_law’).
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
NEVER use 팔자에 정해진. God’s call is a personal, relational summons, not a fate calculable from one’s birth data. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 2:39, ‘as many as the Lord our God calls,’ anticipates Gentile inclusion.
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
NEVER use 운명 or 팔자. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: reused in Acts 2:39’s universal calling formula.
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Set apart for God, morally pure. Distinguish from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻다). Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: ‘Holy and Righteous One’ as a Christological title in Acts 3:14.
Saints
Approved rendering: 성도
Transliteration: seongdo
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 신선, 도인
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
NEVER use 신선 or 도인. 성도 applies corporately to all ordinary believers, not an elevated spiritual-achiever class. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 9:13, 32, 41.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
The Spirit’s ongoing work in a believer already justified by faith. Distinguish from 수행 and 도 닦기. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 20:32, 26:18; also intersects with the collision risk of ‘the Way’ (도) as self-designation.
Adoption
Approved rendering: 양자
Transliteration: yangja
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 위한 양자
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Traditional Korean adoption existed primarily to continue Confucian ancestor-memorial rites (제사), an instrumental rather than relational purpose. Biblical adoption is relational family belonging and full inheritance. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: not prominent as a distinct Greek term in Acts directly; retained for cross-document consistency with the Romans family-of-God vocabulary.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: 은사
Transliteration: eunsa
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 무당의 능력
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
NEVER frame as 영력 or compare to a mudang’s ritual abilities. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: contrasted directly with Simon Magus’s attempt to purchase spiritual power (Acts 8:18-24), the sharpest Acts-specific illustration of this risk.
Law
Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
The Mosaic Law; not the Confucian ritual-propriety code (예) nor secular civil law (법률). Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 13:39, 15:5, 21:20-24; central to the justification-apart-from-law doctrine and MUST match Romans translation memory exactly at 13:38-39.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Distinguish from 액운 (bad luck) and 체면 손상 (loss of face). Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 2:38, 3:19, 5:3-4 (Ananias and Sapphira).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 이방인
Transliteration: ibangin
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: 외국인 (단일민족 의미로)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Avoid framing through Korea’s 단일민족 ethnic self-conception. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: central to the Cornelius narrative (ch.10) and the Jerusalem Council (ch.15).
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음의 순종
Transliteration: mideum-ui sunjong
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 효를 위한 순종, 삼종지도식 순종
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως
Category: Faith
Guard against collapsing into Confucian hierarchical-obedience ethics. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: underlies the pattern of repentance-and-obedience throughout Acts’ conversion narratives.
Election
Approved rendering: 선택
Transliteration: seontaek
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Avoid 팔자 or 운; also avoid reading as merit-based competitive selection given Korea’s exam/hiring culture. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 9:15 (‘chosen instrument’); see also new term ‘chosen_instrument’.
Providence
Approved rendering: 섭리
Transliteration: seomni
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운명
Original: πρόνοια
Category: God
NEVER use 팔자 or 운명. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 17:26-28, 27:21-25 (the shipwreck) — God’s personal care amid danger, not a guarantee against hardship; the ship still wrecks even as God’s word proves true.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: 다윗의 혈통
Transliteration: Dawit-ui hyeoltong
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Conveys physical lineage and OT covenant fulfillment. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 13:23.
What God Has Cleansed
Approved rendering: 하나님께서 깨끗하게 하신 것
Transliteration: Hananim-kkeseo kkaekkeuthage hasin geot
Doctrine: Gentile Inclusion Apart from Ritual Law
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻어낸 것
Original: ἃ ὁ θεὸς ἐκαθάρισεν
Category: Missions
Peter’s vision principle (Acts 10:15, 28) abolishing the ritual-purity boundary marking Jew from Gentile. Key Gentile-inclusion proof text; must not be softened, and must not be conflated with generic shamanistic ritual-impurity removal (부정).
Unknown God
Approved rendering: 알지 못하는 신
Transliteration: alji mothaneun sin
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: 산신령을 가리키는 표현으로 사용, 조상신을 가리키는 표현으로 사용
Original: ἀγνώστῳ θεῷ
Category: Missions
Paul’s Areopagus apologetic bridge (Acts 17:23) assumes and then decisively corrects Athenian polytheism. Must not be read as affirming that any sincerely-worshiped Korean folk deity (산신령, 조상신) is implicitly the true God; the text proclaims exclusive, particular truth about the one Creator God and his Son’s resurrection and coming judgment (17:30-31).
Call On Name Of Lord
Approved rendering: 주의 이름을 부르는 자
Transliteration: ju-ui ireum-eul bureuneun ja
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Original: ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου
Category: Salvation
Peter’s climactic Joel citation (Acts 2:21): salvation is available to everyone/whoever invokes the Lord’s name. Must retain full universality (누구든지) without ethnic qualification, consistent with the established Romans 10:13 universality-preservation rule.
Repent
Approved rendering: 회개하다
Transliteration: hoegaehada
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Rejected alternatives: 참회하다, 반성하다
Original: μετανοέω
Category: Salvation
A fundamental Spirit-produced reorientation of mind and life-direction toward God (Acts 2:38; 3:19; 17:30; 26:20). Must be distinguished from Buddhist 참회 (ritual confession/penance oriented toward karmic purification through one’s own religious effort) and Confucian 반성 (self-reflection oriented toward social/moral propriety).
Baptism
Approved rendering: 세례
Transliteration: serye
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻는 의식
Original: βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα
Category: Salvation
The commanded rite of Christian initiation joined to repentance (Acts 2:38, 41; 8:36-38; 16:33; 19:1-5). Must be distinguished from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻음) performed in a gut ceremony to remove misfortune; baptism marks entrance into Christ and his covenant community, not removal of ritual pollution or bad luck.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: 죄 사함
Transliteration: joe saham
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Rejected alternatives: 세례로 얻는 대가성 용서
Original: ἄφεσις τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Salvation
God’s judicial pardon of sin’s guilt, granted in response to repentance and baptism in Christ’s name (Acts 2:38; 10:43; 13:38; 26:18). Must be taught as a gift flowing from grace (은혜), never a ritual debt mechanically discharged through the performance of the baptism rite itself.
All Things Common
Approved rendering: 모든 물건을 서로 통용하다
Transliteration: modeun mulgeon-eul seoro tongyonghada
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Rejected alternatives: 공유제, 사유재산 폐지, 공산주의식 재산 공유
Original: εἶχον ἅπαντα κοινά
Category: Church
NEW forbidden-substitution category with no Romans-era precedent: modern Korean historical memory (national division, the Korean War, North Korea’s collectivized state ideology) means language resembling ‘common ownership’ carries strong contemporary political charge overlapping with 공산주의 (communism) vocabulary. Must be taught as voluntary, Spirit-motivated generosity within the believing community for mutual care (Acts 2:44-45; 4:32-35), never a prescriptive economic program. NEVER use 공유제 or 사유재산 폐지; always pair with ‘자발적’ (voluntary) framing.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: 안수하다
Transliteration: ansuhada
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: 독자적으로 효력이 있는 손기술, 굿에서의 접촉 치유
Original: ἐπιτίθημι τὰς χεῖρας
Category: Miracles
A physical gesture of commissioning, blessing, healing, or Spirit-impartation (Acts 6:6; 8:17; 9:17; 13:3; 19:6; 28:8). 안수기도 is extremely common in Korean charismatic/Pentecostal practice; because a mudang’s shamanistic healing ritual can also involve physical touch/ritual gesture during a gut, teaching must anchor 안수 to its specific biblical functions rather than to an independently efficacious touch-technique or power transferable apart from God’s sovereign will.
Magic Books Burned
Approved rendering: 마술책을 불사르다
Transliteration: masulchaek-eul bulsareuda
Doctrine: The Gospel’s Confrontation with Occult Practices
Original: τὰ περίεργα / βίβλοι
Category: Miracles
New Ephesian converts’ decisive, costly public renunciation of occult practice upon believing (Acts 19:18-19). Inherits the ch.8/ch.16 shamanism-collision profile; a strong teaching opportunity for decisive separation from occult/divinatory practice (점, 부적, 굿 attendance) applicable to Korean believers’ extended-family backgrounds.
Witnesses
Approved rendering: 증인
Transliteration: jeungin
Doctrine: Persecution and Bold Witness
Rejected alternatives: 순교자 (사망이 실제로 발생하지 않은 문맥에서 조기 사용)
Original: μάρτυς / μάρτυρες
Category: Persecution
Eyewitnesses to the risen Christ whose testimony grounds the church’s proclamation, increasingly at the cost of their own safety (Acts 1:8, 22; 2:32; 5:32; 22:15; 26:16). Must be taught in its full Acts-wide range without flattening to a purely courtroom sense nor prematurely translating as 순교자 outside contexts of actual death (reserve for Stephen and James).
Boldness
Approved rendering: 담대함
Transliteration: damdaeham
Doctrine: Persecution and Bold Witness
Rejected alternatives: 타고난 용기, 체면을 지키기 위한 담대함
Original: παρρησία
Category: Persecution
Fearless, plain, unashamed public proclamation of the gospel under threat, a hallmark of Spirit-filled witness (Acts 4:13, 29, 31; 9:27-28; 14:3; 19:8; 28:31). Must be taught as Spirit-given courage rooted in gospel truth and confidence before God, not mere natural fearlessness, bravado, or the culturally-prized stoic face-saving composure (체면).
Stoning And Martyrdom
Approved rendering: 돌로 치다 / 순교
Transliteration: dollo chida / sunkyo
Doctrine: Martyrdom
Original: λιθοβολέω
Category: Persecution
Death by stoning; Stephen becomes the first Christian martyr, his dying words echoing Christ’s own (Acts 7:54-60). 순교 carries High risk once concretely realized at Stephen’s death; the doctrinal weight sits primarily in 증인, now culminating in its fullest sense.
Chosen Instrument
Approved rendering: 택한 그릇
Transliteration: taekhan geureut
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Rejected alternatives: 실력으로 선발된 그릇, 경쟁을 통해 뽑힌 인재
Original: σκεῦος ἐκλογῆς
Category: Conversion
God’s sovereign selection of Saul/Paul for a specific apostolic mission to Gentiles, kings, and Israel (Acts 9:15). Must not be read as merit-based selection, a risk heightened by Korea’s competitive exam/hiring culture already flagged under the baseline 선택 term; this is sovereign, purposeful choice for mission, not an earned outcome.
Hades
Approved rendering: 음부
Transliteration: eumbu
Doctrine: The Intermediate State and Resurrection Hope
Rejected alternatives: 저승, 지옥
Original: ᾅδης
Category: Eschatology
The general realm of the dead awaiting resurrection/judgment, cited in David’s prophecy that the Messiah’s soul would not be abandoned there (Acts 2:27, 31, quoting Psalm 16:10). Korean folk religion maintains a rich vocabulary for the afterlife/underworld (저승, guided by a psychopomp figure in shamanistic funerary ritual); must be taught as simply the state/place of the dead prior to resurrection, distinct from 저승 and from 지옥 (Gehenna/final hell).
Predetermined Plan And Foreknowledge
Approved rendering: 하나님께서 정하신 뜻과 미리 아심
Transliteration: Hananim-kkeseo jeonghasin tteut-gwa miri asim
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty in Mission and Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운명
Original: τῇ ὡρισμένῃ βουλῇ καὶ προγνώσει τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: God
The cross as the outworking of God’s sovereign, pre-determined plan and prior knowledge, held together with genuine human moral responsibility for the crucifixion (Acts 2:23). Must not collapse into impersonal fated inevitability (팔자/운명); this is the sovereign, personal counsel of God.
Open Eyes Darkness To Light
Approved rendering: 눈을 뜨게 하여 어둠에서 빛으로, 사탄의 권세에서 하나님께로 돌아오게 하다
Transliteration: anoixai ophthalmous… apo skotous eis phōs kai tēs exousias tou Satana epi ton theon (source Greek)
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Original: ἀνοῖξαι ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῶν … ἀπὸ σκότους εἰς φῶς καὶ τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ Σατανᾶ ἐπὶ τὸν θεόν
Category: Conversion
Paul’s commissioning summary (Acts 26:18): conversion as illumination and reorientation of allegiance from Satan’s dominion to God’s, with forgiveness of sins and inheritance among the sanctified. ‘Satan’s power/authority’ (사탄의 권세) must be kept terminologically distinct from God’s 능력, reinforcing rather than blurring the baseline’s power-of-God risk boundary.
Prince Of Life
Approved rendering: 생명의 주
Transliteration: saengmyeong-ui ju
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 단순한 개척자/지도자
Original: τὸν ἀρχηγὸν τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Christology
A high Christological title: the originator and pioneer-leader of life, paired with the resurrection claim (Acts 3:15). Reinforces baseline Lordship/deity-of-Christ risk profile; ensure 주 here is understood in its full Lordship sense, not diluted to ‘leader/pioneer’ alone.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Established KRV term, literally ‘blessing-news’ (福音). Because 복 (bok, fortune/blessing) is the same root at the center of Korean shamanistic fortune-seeking faith (기복신앙, gibok sinang), teaching must make explicit the gospel announces salvation through Christ, not a forecast of material fortune. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: frequent throughout the book (e.g., 8:25; 14:7; 20:24); baseline rendering and risk profile carry over unchanged.
Peace
Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
KRV uses 화평 for the relational peace-with-God sense, distinct from the general well-being greeting sense of 평안. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 10:36, ‘preaching peace by Jesus Christ.‘
Church
Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
NEVER use 당집 (shamanistic shrine) or 절 (Buddhist temple). Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: central throughout, especially chs.2, 6, 11-15, 20.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Avoid collapsing into 명예 or 출세. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 7:2, 12:23 (Herod struck down for accepting glory belonging to God alone).
Messiah
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Avoid conflating with 미륵 (Maitreya). Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: throughout, notably 2:36, 9:22, 17:3, 18:5,28.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 예언
Transliteration: yeeon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 점, 사주팔자 예측
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Distinguish from 점 and 사주팔자 astrological prediction. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 2:17-18 (Joel citation, quoted verbatim in the core passage), 21:9-11 (Agabus).
Intercession
Approved rendering: 중보기도
Transliteration: jungbo gido
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: 굿을 통한 중재
Original: ἔντευξις
Category: Faith
Distinguish from a mudang’s ritual mediation during a gut ceremony. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 12:5,12 (the church’s prayer for Peter).
Mission
Approved rendering: 선교
Transliteration: seongyo
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Korea is a leading missionary-sending nation per capita; guard against success/growth-metrics framing. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 13:1-3 and the missionary journeys throughout; see also new terms ‘end_of_the_earth’ and ‘set_apart_and_sent’.
Israel
Approved rendering: 이스라엘
Transliteration: Iseurael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Proper name; established form. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: used throughout in redemptive-historical, not contemporary-political, sense.
Utterance
Approved rendering: 말하게 하심을 따라 말하다
Transliteration: malhage hasim-eul ttara malhada
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Rejected alternatives: 신탁을 전하다
Original: ἀποφθέγγεσθαι
Category: Holy Spirit
The Spirit, not human effort, is the active agent producing the disciples’ speech (Acts 2:4). Avoid vocabulary suggesting a shaman channeling an oracle; frame as the Spirit enabling clear proclamation.
God Fearer
Approved rendering: 하나님을 경외하는 사람
Transliteration: Hananim-eul gyeongoehaneun saram
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Original: εὐσεβὴς καὶ φοβούμενος τὸν θεόν
Category: Missions
Technical Acts designation for a Gentile who worshiped Israel’s God and attended synagogue without full proselyte conversion (e.g., Cornelius, Acts 10:2). Requires brief explanatory context since Korean readers may not intuitively grasp this sociological in-between category.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: 할례
Transliteration: halle
Doctrine: Gentile Inclusion Apart from Ritual Law
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
The Mosaic covenant-sign marker of membership in Israel; central to the Acts 7, 15, 21 controversy over Gentile inclusion and the justification-apart-from-law debate. No native Korean ritual directly parallels it; teach its role as a law-based membership marker clearly.
Light To Gentiles
Approved rendering: 이방의 빛
Transliteration: ibang-ui bit
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Original: φῶς ἐθνῶν
Category: Missions
Isaiah 49:6 fulfillment language applied to Paul and Barnabas’s Gentile mission (Acts 13:47); reuses baseline 이방인 and fulfillment-of-prophecy doctrine.
Promise Of Spirit
Approved rendering: 약속
Transliteration: yaksok
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: ἡ ἐπαγγελία
Category: Salvation
The solemn pledge of the Spirit given through Christ, extended by Peter to ‘you and your children, and all who are far off’ (Acts 2:39; cf. 1:4). Keep structurally distinct from baseline 언약 (covenant); 약속 is the pledge, 언약 the relationship in which it is given.
Baptism Of John Vs Christian
Approved rendering: 요한의 세례 / 주 예수의 이름으로 받는 세례
Transliteration: Yohan-ui serye / Ju Yesu-ui ireumeuro badneun serye
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Original: βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου / εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Category: Salvation
Distinguishes John’s preparatory repentance-baptism from full Christian baptism accompanied by the Spirit’s coming (Acts 19:1-7). Both use the baseline 세례; requires careful explanatory teaching of the historical distinction, not a new lexical choice.
Breaking Of Bread
Approved rendering: 떡을 뗌
Transliteration: tteok-eul ttem
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Rejected alternatives: 제사상에 올리는 음식을 나눔
Original: κλάσις τοῦ ἄρτου
Category: Church
Regular, communal, table-fellowship marking of the new covenant community (Acts 2:42, 46). Should be distinguished from Korean ancestral-rite food offerings (제사상); this is shared communal eating among living believers in Christ’s memory, not an offering presented to the deceased.
Elders
Approved rendering: 장로
Transliteration: jangno
Doctrine: Church Leadership and Governance
Original: πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Church
Officially recognized, appointed local church leaders responsible for shepherding a congregation (Acts 14:23; 15:2, 6; 20:17). 장로 carries strong contemporary Korean Presbyterian institutional, social-status, and honorific-title connotations (Korean Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denominational family in Korea); teaching must anchor the term to its NT congregation-shepherding function rather than assuming full equivalence with contemporary denominational office.
Overseer
Approved rendering: 감독
Transliteration: gamdok
Doctrine: Church Leadership and Governance
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church
One who watches over a local congregation; used interchangeably with ‘elder’ for the same office in Acts 20:17, 28. 감독 also carries a contemporary Korean Methodist bishop-title association (감리교); teaching should clarify NT-era interchangeability of 장로/감독, distinct from later developed episcopal hierarchy.
Attested Approved
Approved rendering: 증언하신
Transliteration: jeungeonhasin
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: ἀποδεδειγμένον
Category: Christology
God’s public certification of Jesus’ identity through observable miraculous acts (Acts 2:22). Ensure the verb conveys divine certification/testimony, not a merely subjective claim divorced from divine action.
Persecution
Approved rendering: 박해
Transliteration: bakhae
Doctrine: Persecution and Bold Witness
Original: διωγμός / διώκω
Category: Persecution
Organized hostility and suffering directed at the early church for its testimony (Acts 8:1; 9:4; 11:19; 13:50). Christ personally identifies with his persecuted church (9:4); teach as opposition to Christ himself, not merely institutional conflict.
Why Persecute Me
Approved rendering: 네가 어찌하여 나를 박해하느냐
Transliteration: nega eojjihayeo nareul bakhaeneunya
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Original: τί με διώκεις
Category: Conversion
Christ’s self-identification with his suffering church — persecuting believers is persecuting Christ himself (Acts 9:4; 22:7; 26:14). Reuses the Romans baseline’s Christian-identity-in-Christ union doctrine; ensure the personal, not merely institutional, identification is preserved.
Apostolic Decree
Approved rendering: 우상의 더러운 것, 피, 목매어 죽인 것, 음행
Transliteration: usang-ui dereoun geot, pi, mokmaeeo jugin geot, eumhaeng
Doctrine: Justification Apart from the Law
Original: εἰδωλόθυτα, αἷμα, πνικτόν, πορνεία
Category: Covenant
The Jerusalem Council’s practical accommodation — Gentile believers abstain from food sacrificed to idols, blood, what is strangled, and sexual immorality (Acts 15:20, 29). Must be taught as pastoral wisdom for unity, not a partial reinstatement of law as a justification requirement, which would contradict 15:11 in the same chapter.
Stiff Necked Uncircumcised Heart
Approved rendering: 목이 곧고 마음과 귀에 할례를 받지 못한
Transliteration: mogi godko ma-eumgwa gwie halle-reul batji mothan
Doctrine: Justification Apart from the Law
Original: σκληροτράχηλοι καὶ ἀπερίτμητοι καρδίαις
Category: Covenant
Stephen’s metaphorical extension of circumcision to inward spiritual receptivity, indicting resistance to the Spirit (Acts 7:51); ensure the metaphorical, not literal-ritual, sense is clear.
End Of The Earth
Approved rendering: 땅끝까지
Transliteration: ttangkkeutkkaji
Doctrine: The Great Commission Fulfilled
Original: ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς
Category: Missions
Programmatic statement of the gospel’s geographic and ethnic totality of reach (Acts 1:8), structuring the whole book. Popular in Korean missions culture; must be taught as description of gospel scope, not a missions-metrics slogan.
Set Apart And Sent
Approved rendering: 따로 세우다 / 파송하다
Transliteration: ttaro seuda / pasonghada
Doctrine: The Great Commission Fulfilled
Original: ἀφορίσατε δή μοι / ἀπέλυσαν
Category: Missions
The Antioch church’s Spirit-directed commissioning of Paul and Barnabas for the first formal missionary journey, accompanied by fasting, prayer, and laying on of hands (Acts 13:2-3). Reuses baseline 선교 caution against a success/metrics-driven missions culture; this founding narrative should be taught as Spirit-initiated and worship-embedded.
Preaching Unhindered
Approved rendering: 거침없이 전파하다
Transliteration: geochimeopsi jeonpahada
Doctrine: The Great Commission Fulfilled
Original: κηρύσσων τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ … ἀκωλύτως
Category: Missions
Acts’ deliberately open, triumphant closing statement — Paul proclaims the kingdom of God without hindrance even under Roman custody (Acts 28:31). Should be taught as a statement about the gospel’s unstoppable divine momentum, not a promise of unhindered institutional or numerical success.
Patriarch
Approved rendering: 조상
Transliteration: josang
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: πατριάρχης
Category: Covenant
A revered ancestral founding-father figure; applied to David (Acts 2:29) and the patriarchs (Acts 7:8-9). Korea’s Confucian ancestor-veneration tradition (제사) makes 조상 a loaded word; here it functions purely as a historical/genealogical descriptor, not an invitation to venerate ritually.
Casting Lots
Approved rendering: 제비를 뽑다
Transliteration: jebireul ppopda
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty in Mission and Calling
Rejected alternatives: 점을 치다, 사주를 보다
Original: ἔδωκαν κλήρους
Category: Covenant
A method of discerning God’s choice of Matthias via a randomizing physical object, understood as God-directed rather than chance (Acts 1:26). Because 제비뽑기 and related divinatory practices (점, 사주) are living folk practices in Korea, teaching must clarify this one-time apostolic-era act reflects confidence in God’s sovereign choice, not an endorsement of ongoing divination.
Mistaken For Gods
Approved rendering: 제우스, 헤르메스
Transliteration: Jeuseu, Hereumeseu
Doctrine: Miracles, Signs, and Wonders
Original: Δία … Ἑρμῆν
Category: Miracles
The Lystra crowd’s polytheistic misreading of a genuine healing miracle as evidence Paul and Barnabas are the gods Zeus and Hermes (Acts 14:11-15). The underlying dynamic — a wonder-worker venerated as a spirit/deity — parallels the risk already flagged for 능력/표적 sliding into shamanistic power-veneration; the narrative’s own emphatic refusal of worship reinforces that caution.
Judgment To Come
Approved rendering: 장차 오는 심판
Transliteration: jangcha oneun simpan
Doctrine: Eschatology
Rejected alternatives: 업(業)의 필연적 결과
Original: τὸ κρίμα τὸ μέλλον
Category: Eschatology
Certain future divine accountability, part of Paul’s confrontation of Felix (Acts 24:25). Must be taught as certain future divine accountability before a personal God, not karmic inevitability (업, the Buddhist karma concept).
Exalted
Approved rendering: 높이심을 받다
Transliteration: nopisim-eul batda
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 출세하다
Original: ὑψωθείς
Category: Christology
Christ’s ascension and enthronement at God’s right hand, the basis of his Lordship and his pouring out the Spirit (Acts 2:33). Avoid collapsing into secular status-achievement language (출세); this is unique divine enthronement, not career or social advancement.
Last Days
Approved rendering: 말세
Transliteration: malse
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 종말론적 공포 마케팅식 말세론
Original: ἐν ταῖς ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις
Category: Eschatology
The concluding era of God’s redemptive plan, inaugurated at Pentecost, per Peter’s citation of Joel 2:28 (Acts 2:17). 말세 in popular Korean usage (including some new religious movements’ doomsday rhetoric) can carry a sensationalist connotation; must be anchored to inaugurated eschatology, not fear-based date-setting.
Times Of Refreshing
Approved rendering: 새롭게 되는 때 / 만물을 회복하실 때
Transliteration: saeropge doeneun ttae / manmul-eul hoebokhasil ttae
Doctrine: Eschatology
Rejected alternatives: 불교식 순환적 재생
Original: καιροὶ ἀναψύξεως / ἀποκατάστασις πάντων
Category: Eschatology
Eschatological renewal tied to Christ’s return, contingent on repentance (Acts 3:19-21); avoid conflating with Buddhist cyclical-renewal cosmology — this is linear, one-time consummation.
Nazirite Vow Purification
Approved rendering: 나실인의 서원 / 정결예식
Transliteration: nasirin-ui seowon / jeonggyeoreyesik
Doctrine: Justification Apart from the Law
Original: εὐχὴν … ἁγνίσθητι
Category: Covenant
Paul’s voluntary participation in a Jewish purification vow to avoid unnecessary offense while maintaining Gentile freedom from the law elsewhere (Acts 21:23-26). Requires OT background explanation; the pastoral point (voluntary cultural accommodation without compromising the gospel of grace) must be preserved.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Established term; no significant collision. Avoid framing suggesting a shamanistic intermediary role (무당) or Daoist spiritual master (도사). Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: the office structures the whole book, especially chs.1-15.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 감사
Transliteration: gamsa
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Standard term. No significant risk. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 27:35, 28:15.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: 교제
Transliteration: gyoje
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Shared participation in Christ. Established term. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 2:42.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Korea has no live competing ‘divine kingdom’ state ideology. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 1:3, 8:12, 14:22, 19:8, 20:25, 28:23,31.
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Distinguish from 점쟁이 and a mudang shaman. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 3:18-25, 7:37,52 (Moses and the prophets), 21:9-11 (Agabus).
Covenant
Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Kept structurally distinct from 계약 (commercial contract). Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 3:25 (covenant with Abraham), 7:8 (covenant of circumcision).
David
Approved rendering: 다윗
Transliteration: Dawit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Standard KRV proper name form. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 2:25-34, 4:25, 13:22-36.
Exhort
Approved rendering: 권면하다
Transliteration: gwonmyeonhada
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Standard term for encouraging fellow believers. Inherited from Romans package. Acts note: Acts 2:40, 11:23, 14:22, 20:1-2.
Pentecost
Approved rendering: 오순절
Transliteration: Osunjeol
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: πεντηκοστή
Category: Feasts
Established KRV term; the Jewish Feast of Weeks, fifty days after Passover, the day the Spirit was poured out (Acts 2:1). No competing referent in Korean folk religion; observed liturgically in the Korean church calendar.
Tongues Of Fire
Approved rendering: 불의 혀같이 갈라지는 것들
Transliteration: bul-ui hyeo-gachi gallajineun geotdeul
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός
Category: Holy Spirit
Visible flame-like phenomena resting on each disciple at the Spirit’s outpouring (Acts 2:3). Teach as a one-time historical sign, not a repeatable ritual fire comparable to Buddhist fire-offering rites (불공).
Pour Out Spirit
Approved rendering: 부어 주다
Transliteration: bueo juda
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Rejected alternatives: 굿의 술을 붓는 의식처럼 붓다
Original: ἐκχεῶ
Category: Holy Spirit
Describes God’s abundant, sovereign giving of the Spirit ‘on all flesh’ (Joel 2:28, cited Acts 2:17-18). Must not be assimilated to a shamanistic libation-offering ritual; the direction is God pouring out on people, not people offering to a spirit.
Cut To Heart
Approved rendering: 마음에 찔리다
Transliteration: ma-eum-e jjillida
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Original: κατενύγησαν τὴν καρδίαν
Category: Salvation
Sharp emotional and spiritual conviction of sin produced by the Spirit, preceding genuine repentance (Acts 2:37); vivid, established KRV idiom.
One Heart And Soul
Approved rendering: 한마음과 한 뜻
Transliteration: han-ma-eum-gwa han tteut
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Original: μία καρδία καὶ ψυχὴ μία
Category: Church
The early church’s relational unity of heart and purpose (Acts 4:32); no significant collision risk.
Hellenists And Hebrews
Approved rendering: 헬라파 유대인 / 히브리파 유대인
Transliteration: Hellapa Yudaein / Hibeuripa Yudaein
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Original: Ἑλληνισταί / Ἑβραῖοι
Category: Church
Greek-speaking and Aramaic/Hebrew-speaking Jewish believers within the earliest Jerusalem church, whose care-conflict is resolved by appointing the Seven (Acts 6:1-6); purely descriptive historical-sociological terms.
Shepherd Verb
Approved rendering: 목양하다
Transliteration: mogyanghada
Doctrine: Church Leadership and Governance
Original: ποιμαίνειν
Category: Church
To tend and care for the church as a flock (Acts 20:28); standard pastoral-care imagery, no significant collision risk.
Christians
Approved rendering: 그리스도인
Transliteration: Geuriseudoin
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Original: Χριστιανοί
Category: Church
A social designation for followers of Christ, first applied at Antioch (Acts 11:26); standard, transparent, universally understood Korean term.
Added To Number
Approved rendering: 더하여지다
Transliteration: deohayeojida
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Original: προσετέθησαν
Category: Church
Numerical and corporate incorporation of new believers into the visible community of the church (Acts 2:41, 47; 5:14; 11:24); conversion issues immediately in church membership, not private religion.
Sanhedrin
Approved rendering: 공회
Transliteration: gonghoe
Doctrine: Persecution and Bold Witness
Original: τὸ συνέδριον
Category: Persecution
The Jewish high court/ruling council in Jerusalem, repeatedly opposing the apostles (Acts 4-7, 22-23); established KRV institutional term, no significant collision.
Light From Heaven
Approved rendering: 하늘로부터 빛
Transliteration: haneullobuteo bit
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Original: φῶς ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ
Category: Conversion
Theophanic light marking Christ’s direct confrontation and revelation to Saul (Acts 9:3; 22:6; 26:13); descriptive image, theological weight carried by surrounding terms.
Scales Fell From Eyes
Approved rendering: 비늘 같은 것이 벗어지다
Transliteration: bineul gateun geosi beoseojida
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Original: ὡς λεπίδες
Category: Conversion
Vivid image of Saul’s removed spiritual blindness accompanying physical healing at baptism (Acts 9:18); idiomatic image well understood in Korean, render literally.
Almost Persuaded
Approved rendering: 적은 말로 권하다
Transliteration: jeogeun mallo gwonhada
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Original: ἐν ὀλίγῳ με πείθεις
Category: Conversion
Agrippa’s noncommittal near-response to Paul’s gospel appeal (Acts 26:28), modeling intellectual acknowledgment without decisive faith-commitment.
Viper No Harm
Approved rendering: 독사
Transliteration: dokssa
Doctrine: Miracles, Signs, and Wonders
Original: ἔχιδνα
Category: Miracles
The Malta islanders’ shifting verdict on Paul, from ‘murderer’ to ‘a god,’ after he is unharmed by a viper’s bite (Acts 28:3-6); recurs the same wonder-worker-deification risk flagged at Lystra.
Roman Citizenship
Approved rendering: 로마 시민
Transliteration: Roma simin
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: Ῥωμαῖός εἰμι
Category: Ethics
Paul’s legal status as a Roman citizen, strategically invoked to secure fair treatment and continue his gospel witness (Acts 16:37; 22:25-28); a legal-status fact, not a source of ultimate identity.
Self Control
Approved rendering: 절제
Transliteration: jeolje
Doctrine: Ethics
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Ethics
Mastery over oneself, self-discipline; part of Paul’s moral confrontation of Felix (Acts 24:25); standard vocabulary, no significant collision risk.
Right Hand Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님 우편
Transliteration: Hananim upyeon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: τῇ δεξιᾷ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
The position of highest honor, authority, and co-regency, fulfilling Psalm 110:1 (Acts 2:33-35); established KRV idiom.
Tabernacle
Approved rendering: 성막
Transliteration: seongmak
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: ἡ σκηνὴ
Category: Covenant
The portable OT sanctuary/dwelling place of God’s presence, referenced in Stephen’s speech (Acts 7:44); established OT-background term.
Angel Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 주의 사자
Transliteration: ju-ui saja
Doctrine: Providence Amid Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 조상의 영이 보낸 사자
Original: ἄγγελος κυρίου
Category: God
God’s direct, personal messenger sent to protect and deliver his persecuted church (Acts 5:19; 12:7-11); 사자 (messenger) must not be confused with ancestor-spirit messenger figures in Korean folk belief.
Artemis Of Ephesians
Approved rendering: 아데미
Transliteration: Ademi
Doctrine: The Gospel’s Confrontation with Occult Practices
Original: τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος
Category: Culture-Religion
The Ephesian fertility goddess whose idol-industry provoked an economic and religious riot against Paul’s ministry (Acts 19:23-41); illustratively connectable to Korea’s fortune-telling service economy (mudang consultation fees, 점집) without asserting direct historical equivalence.
Corruption
Approved rendering: 썩음
Transliteration: sseogeum
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: διαφθοράν
Category: Eschatology
Bodily decomposition after death; Christ’s body did not undergo it, proving bodily resurrection (Acts 2:27, 31; 13:35-37).
Devout
Approved rendering: 경건한
Transliteration: gyeongkeonhan
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: εὐλαβής
Category: Faith
Reverent, God-fearing piety describing sincere Jewish pilgrims at Pentecost (Acts 2:5; 8:2; 22:12); standard established Christian-vocabulary adjective.
New Wine
Approved rendering: 새 술
Transliteration: sae sul
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: γλεύκους
Category: Culture-Religion
Sweet new wine; mockers’ dismissal of the Spirit’s Pentecost work as drunkenness (Acts 2:13); sets up Peter’s rebuttal that this is the Spirit’s work, not drunkenness.
Referenced passages