Semantic Analysis
07 — Semantic Analysis: 2 Timothy (Koine Greek → Korean)
Curriculum: 2 Timothy
Core passage: 2 Timothy 3:14–4:5
Doctrines in scope: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture; Perseverance under Suffering; Guarding Sound Doctrine; Faithful Transmission of the Gospel; The Charge to Preach the Word; Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days; Assurance of Reward
Method: Every load-bearing term is analyzed with original Greek word, transliteration, literal meaning, semantic range, common English variants, contextual theological meaning in 2 Timothy, and destination-language (Korean) rendering risk. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are reused exactly and marked [REUSE]; new terms proposed for this curriculum are marked [NEW] and carried forward into 08_core_glossary.md for registry inclusion.
PART A — Core Passage: 2 Timothy 3:14–4:5 (Verse-by-Verse)
3:14 — μένε ἐν οἷς ἔμαθες καὶ ἐπιστώθης, εἰδὼς παρὰ τίνων ἔμαθες
“But as for you, continue in what you have learned and have firmly believed, knowing from whom you learned it”
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| μένω | μένε (imperative) | menō | remain, stay, abide | to continue in a state; endure; not depart from | ”continue,” “abide,” “remain” | Timothy is charged to persevere in the apostolic teaching he received, not to drift — foundational to Guarding Sound Doctrine | 거하라 / 계속 지키라 (continue/abide in) | Medium — must not weaken to a soft “try to remember,” must retain the force of continued, active perseverance |
| πιστόω (pass. ἐπιστώθης) | ἐπιστώθης | episteōthēs | to be assured, convinced, firmly persuaded | confident conviction, often of trustworthy testimony | ”were assured of,” “firmly believed,” “convinced” | Timothy’s confidence rests on the reliability of those who taught him (Lois, Eunice, Paul) — an epistemic assurance rooted in trustworthy transmission | 확신하다 / 믿게 되었다 | Medium — shares a root with 믿음 ([REUSE] faith, High risk in baseline); note this is assurance-of-reliability, not saving faith itself, though related |
3:15 — καὶ ὅτι ἀπὸ βρέφους ἱερὰ γράμματα οἶδας, τὰ δυνάμενά σε σοφίσαι εἰς σωτηρίαν διὰ πίστεως τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ
“and how from childhood you have been acquainted with the sacred writings, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus”
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| βρέφος | βρέφους | brephos | infant, babe | earliest childhood, even infancy | ”childhood,” “infancy,” “from a child” | Timothy’s exposure to Scripture predates rational choice — instilled by faithful family instruction (cf. 1:5, Lois/Eunice) | 어릴 때부터 / 어려서부터 | Low |
| ἱερὰ γράμματα | ἱερὰ γράμματα | hiera grammata | sacred writings, holy letters | the OT scriptures as a body of sacred text (distinct from γραφή below, which is more general) | “sacred writings,” “holy Scriptures” | The Hebrew Scriptures Timothy learned as a child, which point to Christ | 성경 (or 거룩한 말씀/경전, contextually “성경”) | High — [NEW] Must not be rendered with a term suggesting Confucian classical texts (경, gyeong) transmitted through scholarly lineage, nor folk scripture/divination manuals; this is the God-given, authoritative OT canon |
| σοφίζω (inf. σοφίσαι) | σοφίσαι | sophisai | to make wise | to instruct toward wisdom, sometimes negatively “to cleverly devise” (2 Pet 1:16) but here positive | ”make wise,” “instruct for wisdom” | Scripture’s purpose is not information but wisdom leading specifically to salvation | 지혜롭게 하다 | Medium — must not collapse into generic secular “지식을 주다” (impart knowledge); this is wisdom oriented to redemption |
| σωτηρία | σωτηρίαν | sōtēria | salvation, deliverance | Reused from Romans baseline | ”salvation” | Deliverance from sin’s guilt through Christ, received by faith | 구원 [REUSE] | Critical — per baseline: never 해탈; reconciliation with a personal God, not escape from suffering-cycle |
| πίστις ἡ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | πίστεως τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ | pisteōs tēs en Christō Iēsou | faith which is in Christ Jesus | personal trust with Christ as its specific object | ”faith in Christ Jesus” | Scripture’s saving wisdom is not self-standing; it operates specifically through trust in Christ — guards against a bibliolatry disconnected from Christ | 믿음 [REUSE], object clause: 그리스도 예수 안에 있는 믿음 | High — per baseline: distinguish from generic belief, superstition (미신), or fortune-telling confidence |
3:16 — πᾶσα γραφὴ θεόπνευστος καὶ ὠφέλιμος πρὸς διδασκαλίαν, πρὸς ἐλεγμόν, πρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν, πρὸς παιδείαν τὴν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ
“All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness”
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| γραφή | γραφὴ | graphē | writing, that which is written | in NT usage, technically “the Scripture(s),” the sacred, authoritative written text | ”Scripture,” “writing” | The entirety of the OT canon (and by extension, apostolic writings) as a unified divine communication | 성경 | High — [NEW] must be distinguished from any generic “sacred text” category that would place it alongside Confucian classics or Buddhist sutras as one wisdom-text among many; here it is uniquely divine in origin (see θεόπνευστος below) |
| θεόπνευστος | θεόπνευστος | theopneustos | God-breathed, God-exhaled | a hapax legomenon in the NT; compound of θεός (God) + πνέω (breathe/blow); describes the very origin/nature of Scripture as coming from God’s own breath | ”God-breathed,” “inspired by God,” “given by inspiration of God” | The doctrinal ground of the Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture: Scripture’s authority derives from its divine source, not human insight or literary merit | 하나님의 감동으로 된 (established KRV phrase) or 하나님의 영감으로 된 | Critical — [NEW] the common Korean word for “inspiration,” 영감 (yeonggam), is also the ordinary word for artistic/creative inspiration and can carry a “flash of insight” connotation; more seriously, Korean shamanistic and folk-spiritual contexts speak of being “감동/기운을 받다” (receiving a spiritual moving/energy) during a mudang’s trance state. The rendering MUST be anchored in the established compound 하나님의 감동으로 된 (KRV), explicitly tied to 하나님, and must be taught as a unique, once-for-all divine breathing-out of the text itself — NOT a repeatable mystical experience, artistic inspiration, or a shaman’s spirit-reception during gut ritual. This is the single highest-risk term in this book for Korean audiences. |
| ὠφέλιμος | ὠφέλιμος | ōphelimos | profitable, beneficial, useful | practical usefulness/benefit | ”profitable,” “useful,” “beneficial” | Scripture’s God-breathed nature issues in real, practical benefit for the believer’s life | 유익한 | Low |
| διδασκαλία | διδασκαλίαν | didaskalian | teaching, instruction, doctrine | the content taught; also the act of teaching | ”teaching,” “doctrine,” “instruction” | One of Scripture’s four stated purposes: positive instruction in truth | 교훈 / 가르침 | Medium — [NEW]; distinguish from ethical/social “교훈” (moral lesson) in secular Korean usage — this is doctrinal content, not proverb-wisdom |
| ἐλεγμός | ἐλεγμόν | elegmon | reproof, conviction, rebuke of error | exposing/convicting of fault | ”reproof,” “rebuke,” “conviction” | Scripture actively exposes sin and doctrinal error — central to Guarding Sound Doctrine | 책망 / 견책 | Medium |
| ἐπανόρθωσις | ἐπανόρθωσιν | epanorthōsin | correction, restoration, setting right again | a hapax legomenon in the NT; restoring something to its proper condition | ”correction,” “restoration” | Scripture not only exposes error but restores right belief/conduct | 바로잡음 / 교정 | Medium |
| παιδεία | παιδείαν | paideian | training, discipline, upbringing/education | broad Greco-Roman educational/formational concept, often with a disciplinary nuance | ”training,” “instruction,” “discipline” | Scripture forms character over time, disciplining the believer into righteous living | 훈련 / 양육 | Medium — must not collapse into secular “교육” (schooling) alone; retains a formative, sometimes corrective, disciplinary sense |
| δικαιοσύνη | δικαιοσύνῃ | dikaiosynē | righteousness | Reused from Romans baseline | ”righteousness” | The moral/relational rightness before God that Scripture’s training aims to produce in the believer’s life | 의 [REUSE] | Critical — per baseline: flag distinguishing from 의리 (loyalty-ethics); here in a sanctification context (training in righteousness) rather than strictly forensic justification, but must not be reduced to social loyalty-ethics either |
3:17 — ἵνα ἄρτιος ᾖ ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος, πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἐξηρτισμένος
“that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work”
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ἄρτιος | ἄρτιος | artios | complete, proficient, fully fit | wholeness, fitness for a task | ”complete,” “proficient,” “adequate” | The God-breathed Scripture’s ultimate goal: a fully formed believer/minister, lacking nothing needed for faithful service | 온전하게 | Medium |
| ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος | ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος | ho tou theou anthrōpos | the man of God | an OT-echoing title (used of Moses, prophets) for one who belongs to and serves God | ”man of God” | Timothy (and by extension every minister/believer) is placed in the line of God’s OT servants, authorized and equipped by Scripture itself | 하나님의 사람 | Medium — established phrase; low ambiguity but should retain the OT-office echo rather than reading as a generic “godly person” |
| ἐξαρτίζω (pass. ptc. ἐξηρτισμένος) | ἐξηρτισμένος | exērtismenos | fully equipped, outfitted | equipping for a task, often military/nautical outfitting imagery | ”equipped,” “furnished,” “thoroughly furnished” | Scripture’s sufficiency: it alone fully equips for every good work, without need of supplementary revelation | 갖추어지다 / 온전히 구비되다 | Medium — anchors the Sufficiency of Scripture doctrine; must not be softened to suggest Scripture is merely one helpful resource among others |
| ἔργον ἀγαθόν | πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν | pan ergon agathon | every good work | Christian good works flowing from a right relationship with God, not merit-earning acts | ”every good work” | The fruit of Scripture-shaped equipping — distinguished from works that earn righteousness | 모든 선한 일 | Low — but note thematic link to baseline’s Critical-risk grace/imputed_righteousness distinction: these works follow from, not earn, right standing |
4:1 — διαμαρτύρομαι ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ, τοῦ μέλλοντος κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς, καὶ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ
“I charge you in the presence of God and of Christ Jesus, who is to judge the living and the dead, and by his appearing and his kingdom”
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| διαμαρτύρομαι | διαμαρτύρομαι | diamartyromai | to solemnly testify, charge, adjure | a formal, weighty charge invoking witnesses | ”I charge,” “I solemnly declare/testify” | Paul issues the charge to preach (4:2) with maximal solemnity, invoking God and Christ as witnesses — this is the formal hinge of The Charge to Preach the Word | 엄히 명하노니 / 엄숙히 명하다 | High — must retain judicial/solemn weight; not a casual request |
| κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | krinein zōntas kai nekrous | to judge the living and the dead | the comprehensive scope of Christ’s final judgment, encompassing all humanity across time | ”judge the living and the dead” | Grounds the urgency of faithful preaching in the certainty of Christ’s future judgment of all people | 산 자와 죽은 자를 심판하실 | High — must retain Christ as the personal judge, not an impersonal karmic reckoning process |
| ἐπιφάνεια | ἐπιφάνειαν | epiphaneian | appearing, manifestation | technical NT term for Christ’s visible manifestation — used both of the incarnation and (as here) of the second coming | ”appearing,” “coming,” “manifestation” | Christ’s future, visible return in glory, the horizon against which the charge to preach is issued | 나타나심 | High — [NEW] distinct from 성육신 [REUSE] (incarnation, the past unique event); here refers to Christ’s future visible return. Must not be rendered with language suggesting a repeatable divine manifestation/avatar-appearance (cf. baseline’s rejection of 화신 for incarnation) — this is the one, still-future, bodily return of the same unique divine Son |
| βασιλεία | βασιλείαν | basileian | kingdom, reign | Reused from Romans baseline | ”kingdom” | Christ’s coming reign in its consummated form | 하나님의 나라 [REUSE, adapted: 그의 나라/그리스도의 나라] | Low — per baseline, Korea has no live competing “divine kingdom” state ideology; comparatively low collision risk |
4:2 — κήρυξον τὸν λόγον, ἐπίστηθι εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως, ἔλεγξον, ἐπιτίμησον, παρακάλεσον, ἐν πάσῃ μακροθυμίᾳ καὶ διδαχῇ
“preach the word; be ready in season and out of season; reprove, rebuke, and exhort, with complete patience and teaching”
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| κηρύσσω (impv. κήρυξον) | κήρυξον | kēryxon | to proclaim as a herald, announce publicly | authoritative public proclamation, not private opinion-sharing | ”preach,” “proclaim,” “herald” | The central verb of the entire charge — this is the doctrinal core of The Charge to Preach the Word | 전파하라 | High — [NEW] must convey authoritative, public heralding of a message not one’s own, not a soft “share” or “suggest”; distinguish from a shaman’s utterance or a fortune-teller’s pronouncement (점쟁이 발언) |
| λόγος | τὸν λόγον | ton logon | the word | here, shorthand for the apostolic gospel message/Scripture’s content | ”the word,” “the message” | The specific content to be preached is the received apostolic word (cf. 2:2, 1:13), not personal opinion | 말씀 | Medium — must retain reference to the specific gospel/Scripture content, not generic “words” |
| εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως | εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως | eukairōs akairōs | in season, out of season; conveniently, inconveniently | a merism covering all circumstances, favorable or not | ”in season and out of season” | Faithful proclamation is not contingent on receptive circumstances — links to Perseverance under Suffering | 때를 얻든지 못 얻든지 | Medium |
| ἐλέγχω (impv. ἔλεγξον) | ἔλεγξον | elenxon | to reprove, convict, expose | correcting error with evidence | ”reprove,” “convince,” “correct” | Preaching includes confronting doctrinal and moral error, not merely comforting | 책망하라 | Medium |
| ἐπιτιμάω (impv. ἐπιτίμησον) | ἐπιτίμησον | epitimēson | to rebuke, censure sharply | stronger than ἐλέγχω; sharp correction | ”rebuke” | Firm correction of persistent error | 경계하라 / 꾸짖으라 | Medium |
| παρακαλέω (impv. παρακάλεσον) | παρακάλεσον | parakaleson | to exhort, encourage, urge | Reused from Romans baseline (exhort) | “exhort,” “encourage” | Preaching balances rebuke with pastoral encouragement | 권면하라 [REUSE] | Low |
| μακροθυμία | μακροθυμίᾳ | makrothymia | patience, longsuffering | forbearance especially toward difficult people/situations | ”patience,” “longsuffering,” “forbearance” | The manner in which the charge is to be carried out — patient endurance, not harsh impatience | 오래 참음 | Medium |
| διδαχή | διδαχῇ | didachē | teaching | near-synonym of διδασκαλία; the act/content of instruction | ”teaching,” “instruction” | Sound instruction accompanies rebuke and encouragement | 가르침 | Low |
4:3 — ἔσται γὰρ καιρὸς ὅτε τῆς ὑγιαινούσης διδασκαλίας οὐκ ἀνέξονται, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας ἑαυτοῖς ἐπισωρεύσουσιν διδασκάλους κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
“For the time is coming when people will not endure sound teaching, but having itching ears they will accumulate for themselves teachers to suit their own passions”
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία | τῆς ὑγιαινούσης διδασκαλίας | tēs hygiainousēs didaskalias | healthy/sound teaching | from ὑγιαίνω, “to be healthy” (medical metaphor) — doctrine that produces spiritual health, as opposed to a “diseased” teaching | ”sound doctrine,” “sound teaching,” “healthy teaching” | The doctrinal standard by which Guarding Sound Doctrine is measured — teaching that keeps the church spiritually well | 바른 교훈 (established KRV rendering) | High — [NEW] must retain the “healthy/life-giving vs. diseased” medical metaphor sense where possible, not flatten to a bare “correct information”; this is a load-bearing term across the Pastoral Epistles and must be rendered identically wherever it recurs (1 Tim 1:10, 6:3; 2 Tim 1:13, 4:3; Titus 1:9, 2:1) |
| ἀνέχομαι | ἀνέξονται | anexontai | to endure, bear with, tolerate | patient tolerance, sometimes reluctant | ”endure,” “put up with,” “tolerate” | People will actively refuse to tolerate sound teaching — a description of last-days apostasy in the hearers, not just the teachers | 참다 / 견디다 | Medium |
| ἐπιθυμία | ἐπιθυμίας | epithymias | desire, craving, lust | can be neutral or (as here) negative — sinful desire/passion | ”passions,” “desires,” “lusts” | Doctrine chosen to gratify personal appetite rather than to conform to truth | 정욕 / 욕심 | Medium — links thematically to 3:6 and 2:22 (νεωτερικὰς ἐπιθυμίας) |
| ἐπισωρεύω | ἐπισωρεύσουσιν | episōreusousin | to heap up, accumulate | a hapax legomenon in the NT; piling up in excess | ”accumulate,” “gather to themselves,” “heap up” | The image of restlessly collecting teachers, never satisfied — describes the instability of last-days false teaching consumption | 자기를 위하여 쌓다 / 모으다 | Low |
| κνήθω τὴν ἀκοήν | κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν | knēthomenoi tēn akoēn | having ears that itch | idiomatic: an insatiable appetite for novel, appealing messages | ”itching ears” | A vivid image central to the Apostasy and False Teachers doctrine: preference for pleasing novelty over painful truth | 귀를 즐겁게 하려고 / 가려운 귀 | Medium — a well-known idiom in Korean church usage already (“가려운 귀”); low risk of misunderstanding, but flag to ensure the idiom is not softened into mere “seeking variety” |
4:4 — καὶ ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς ἀληθείας τὴν ἀκοὴν ἀποστρέψουσιν, ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς μύθους ἐκτραπήσονται
“and will turn away from listening to the truth and wander off into myths”
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ἀλήθεια | τῆς ἀληθείας | tēs alētheias | truth | objective reality/content of the gospel, as opposed to falsehood | ”the truth” | The apostolic gospel content, contrasted with myths | 진리 | High — must be retained as fixed, revealed truth about God and salvation, not one perspective among many in a religious-pluralist frame |
| ἀποστρέφω | ἀποστρέψουσιν | apostrepsousin | to turn away from | deliberate rejection/turning aside | ”turn away,” “turn aside” | Willful rejection of sound teaching — the human responsibility side of apostasy | 돌이키다 (외면하다) | Medium |
| μῦθος | μύθους | mythous | myth, fable | invented stories, speculative or legendary tales, contrasted with revealed truth (also used in 1 Tim 1:4, 4:7; Titus 1:14) | “myths,” “fables,” “tales” | False teaching characterized as fabricated narrative rather than revealed truth — central to Apostasy and False Teachers doctrine | 신화 / 허탄한 이야기 | High — [NEW] in a Korean context this must be carefully distinguished from Korea’s own founding-myth material (Dangun/Hwanung, cf. baseline’s son_of_god note) without directly naming it; the point is any humanly-invented religious narrative competing with apostolic truth, not a specific slur against Korean folklore. Render generically as 허탄한 신화/꾸며낸 이야기, avoiding any term that could be read as singling out Korean traditional narratives |
| ἐκτρέπομαι | ἐκτραπήσονται | ektrapēsontai | to turn aside, be diverted, go astray | deviation from a correct path | ”wander away,” “turn aside,” “be diverted” | The result of rejecting truth: a directionless wandering into fabrication | 빗나가다 / 치우치다 | Medium |
4:5 — σὺ δὲ νῆφε ἐν πᾶσιν, κακοπάθησον, ἔργον ποίησον εὐαγγελιστοῦ, τὴν διακονίαν σου πληροφόρησον
“As for you, always be sober-minded, endure suffering, do the work of an evangelist, fulfill your ministry”
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| νήφω | νῆφε | nēphe | to be sober, watchful, clear-minded | literal sobriety (opposite of drunkenness) extended metaphorically to spiritual alertness | ”be sober-minded,” “be watchful,” “be alert” | Timothy must maintain clear-headed spiritual vigilance precisely because of the coming apostasy just described | 정신을 차리라 / 근신하라 | Medium |
| κακοπαθέω | κακοπάθησον | kakopathēson | to suffer hardship, endure affliction | bearing up under difficult/painful circumstances | ”endure hardship,” “suffer,” “bear hardship” | Central verb of Perseverance under Suffering — faithful ministry necessarily includes hardship (cf. 1:8, 2:3, 2:9) | 고난을 받으라 / 고난을 견디라 | High — must retain the expectation that suffering is normal and necessary for gospel ministry, not a sign of God’s disfavor or insufficient “blessing” (guards against a 기복신앙-style expectation that faithful ministry should bring comfort/prosperity) |
| ἔργον ποιέω εὐαγγελιστοῦ | ἔργον ποίησον εὐαγγελιστοῦ | ergon poiēson euangelistou | do the work of an evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής (euangelistēs), from the same root as εὐαγγέλιον [REUSE, gospel/복음] — one who proclaims/announces the gospel | ”do the work of an evangelist” | Concrete outworking of the charge to preach — Timothy is to actively proclaim, not merely defend, the gospel | 전도자의 일을 하라 | High — [NEW] 전도자 (evangelist) shares the root 전도 with general Korean “전도” (evangelism); must retain connection to 복음 and its baseline caution (기복신앙 risk: the gospel proclaimed is salvation through Christ, not a forecast of blessing) |
| διακονία | τὴν διακονίαν | tēn diakonian | ministry, service | the broader scope of Timothy’s pastoral office and duties | ”ministry,” “service” | Timothy’s total pastoral responsibility, of which preaching/evangelism is the central but not sole task | 직무 / 사역 | Medium |
| πληροφορέω | πληροφόρησον | plērophorēson | to fully carry out, fulfill completely | bring something to its complete fulfillment; also used of full conviction/assurance elsewhere | ”fulfill,” “carry out fully,” “discharge fully” | The charge closes with a call to complete, not partial, faithfulness to the pastoral task | 온전히 이루라 / 다하라 | Medium |
PART B — Whole-Book Chapter-by-Chapter Study
Chapter 1 — Calling, Suffering, and the Guarded Deposit
Chapter 1 introduces the doctrines of Faithful Transmission of the Gospel and Guarding Sound Doctrine, and opens Perseverance under Suffering. Load-bearing terms not already covered in the core passage:
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ἀπόστολος | ἀπόστολος | apostolos | Reused from Romans baseline | — | “apostle” | Paul’s authoritative office, grounding the whole letter’s charge | 사도 [REUSE] | Low |
| θέλημα θεοῦ | διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ | dia thelēmatos theou | through the will of God | God’s sovereign purpose behind Paul’s apostleship | ”by the will of God” | Paul’s ministry, and by extension the entire charge to Timothy, rests on divine appointment, not human ambition | 하나님의 뜻으로 말미암아 | Low |
| ἐπαγγελία ζωῆς | κατ᾽ ἐπαγγελίαν ζωῆς | kat’ epangelian zōēs | according to the promise of life | the gospel promise centered on life in Christ | ”the promise of the life” | Frames the gospel content Paul is entrusted to proclaim | 생명의 약속 | Medium |
| προγόνων | ἀπὸ προγόνων | apo progonōn | from forefathers/ancestors | Paul’s ancestral line who also served God | ”forefathers,” “ancestors” | Paul serves God “as did my forefathers” (1:3), a lineage of faithful worship of the one true God | 조상 (조상 때부터) | High — [NEW] direct collision risk with Korean ancestor-memorial rites (제사, jesa) and Confucian ancestor veneration; this verse must be explicitly taught as continuity of worshipping the same God across generations, never as validating ancestor veneration itself. Distinguish carefully from ancestor-worship practice — the forefathers here are commended for serving God, not for being objects of religious devotion |
| συνείδησις | ἐν καθαρᾷ συνειδήσει | en kathara syneidēsei | in a clean conscience | the inner moral faculty that judges right/wrong | ”clear conscience,” “pure conscience” | Paul’s sincere, undivided devotion to God, a model for Timothy | 깨끗한 양심 | Medium |
| ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις | ἀνυποκρίτου πίστεως | anypokritou pisteōs | unfeigned/sincere faith | genuine, non-hypocritical trust | ”sincere faith,” “unfeigned faith” | The faith modeled by Lois and Eunice and now in Timothy — genuine, not performative | 거짓 없는 믿음 (믿음 [REUSE] core) | Medium |
| χάρισμα θεοῦ | τὸ χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ | to charisma tou theou | the gift of God | Reused conceptually from Romans baseline’s spiritual_gifts | ”the gift of God” | The gift given to Timothy at his commissioning, to be “fanned into flame,” not neglected | 은사 [REUSE] | High — per baseline note: must not be framed as a shaman’s spirit-power (영력) but as the Spirit’s gracious enabling for ministry |
| ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν | διὰ τῆς ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν | dia tēs epitheseōs tōn cheirōn | through the laying on of hands | ordination/commissioning rite | ”through the laying on of hands” | The means by which Timothy’s gift was imparted/recognized — a commissioning act, not a magical transfer of power | 안수함으로 | Medium — must not be read as a ritual transfer of impersonal spiritual force (paralleling baseline’s caution on 영력); it is a commissioning act accompanying the Spirit’s own gracious gift |
| πνεῦμα δειλίας / δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ | οὐ γὰρ ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν ὁ θεὸς πνεῦμα δειλίας, ἀλλὰ δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ | pneuma deilias / dynameōs kai agapēs kai sōphronismou | spirit of fear / spirit of power, love, and sound mind (self-control) | contrast between timidity and Spirit-given boldness, love, and discipline | ”spirit of fear… power, love, and self-control/sound mind” | Grounds Timothy’s courage for ministry not in natural temperament but in the Spirit’s gift, directly linked to 능력 [REUSE] | 두려워하는 마음 / 능력과 사랑과 절제하는 마음 | Critical — 능력 here again invokes the baseline’s Critical power_of_god caution: this is Spirit-given inward boldness and self-mastery for gospel ministry, explicitly NOT a shamanistic power-display; σωφρονισμός (“sound mind/self-control,” [NEW] 절제) must not be lost by collapsing the triad into “power” alone |
| ἐπαισχύνομαι | μὴ οὖν ἐπαισχυνθῇς | mē oun epaischynthēs | do not be ashamed | refusal to be embarrassed by association | ”do not be ashamed” | Echoes Romans 1:16 (not ashamed of the gospel); Timothy must not be ashamed of Paul’s imprisonment or of testifying about the Lord | 부끄러워하지 말라 | Medium — thematic link to baseline’s gospel/power_of_god material in Romans 1:16 |
| σωτήρ | τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν | tou sōtēros hēmōn | Savior | title for God/Christ as the one who saves | ”Savior” | Christ Jesus, “our Savior,” who abolished death and brought life and immortality to light | 구주 | High — [NEW] must be added alongside 구원/salvation [REUSE, Critical] as the personal title of the one who saves; never conflated with a Buddhist/folk-religious deliverer-figure (e.g. 미륵, already flagged Medium in baseline under messiah) |
| ἀφθαρσία | ζωὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν | zōēn kai aphtharsian | life and incorruption/immortality | indestructibility, imperishability | ”immortality,” “incorruption” | Christ’s appearing brought to light the reality of resurrection life that does not decay | 썩지 아니함 | Medium — an eschatological term parallel to 부활 [REUSE]; must not be confused with any notion of an impersonal eternal life-force |
| κήρυξ καὶ ἀπόστολος καὶ διδάσκαλος | κήρυξ καὶ ἀπόστολος καὶ διδάσκαλος | kēryx kai apostolos kai didaskalos | herald, apostle, and teacher | Paul’s threefold office | ”preacher, apostle, and teacher” | Paul’s authorized roles establishing the authoritative content Timothy must guard and transmit | 전파자와 사도와 교사 (사도 [REUSE]) | Low |
| παραθήκη | τὴν παραθήκην μου / τὴν καλὴν παραθήκην | tēn parathēkēn mou / tēn kalēn parathēkēn | my deposit / the good deposit | a valuable item entrusted to another for safekeeping (banking/trust metaphor) | “what has been entrusted to me,” “the good deposit,” “the treasure” | The doctrinal core of Guarding Sound Doctrine: the gospel/apostolic teaching is a treasure entrusted to Timothy (and to Paul by God) for careful safekeeping, to be preserved and passed on intact | 부탁하신 것 (established KRV phrase) | Critical — [NEW] In Korean, 부탁 ordinarily denotes an interpersonal favor/request (사회적 부탁), and could be flattened into a merely social relational obligation. This term must be taught with its full banking/trust-deposit force: a treasure entrusted by God, to be guarded without addition, subtraction, or alteration — not a negotiable social favor that could be renegotiated or partially fulfilled the way ordinary Korean interpersonal 부탁 sometimes is |
| φυλάσσω | φυλάξαι | phylaxai | to guard, keep watch over | protecting a valuable/vulnerable thing | ”guard,” “keep,” “protect” | The verb paired with παραθήκη — active, vigilant guarding of the entrusted gospel content | 지키다 | High — pairs with παραθήκη above; must retain vigilant, active guarding, not passive possession |
| κακοπαθέω / συγκακοπάθησον | συγκακοπάθησον τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ | synkakopathēson tō euangeliō | suffer hardship together with (the gospel) | shared suffering for the gospel’s sake | ”share in suffering for the gospel” | Perseverance under Suffering doctrine: Timothy is called to voluntarily join in gospel-caused hardship, following Paul’s example | 복음과 함께 고난을 받으라 (복음 [REUSE]) | High |
Chapter 2 — Transmission, Endurance, and the Rightly-Handled Word
Chapter 2 is the doctrinal center of Faithful Transmission of the Gospel and continues Guarding Sound Doctrine, adding the metaphors of endurance (soldier/athlete/farmer) central to Perseverance under Suffering.
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| πιστοὶ ἄνθρωποι | πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις | pistois anthrōpois | faithful men/people | trustworthy persons capable of further transmission | ”faithful men,” “reliable people” | 2:2’s chain-of-transmission verse: Paul → Timothy → faithful people → others also — the doctrinal anchor of Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 신실한 사람들 (믿음 [REUSE] root) | High — [NEW] this is the single most load-bearing verse for the Faithful Transmission doctrine; must retain both “trustworthy” and “faith-characterized” senses, and the multi-generational transmission chain must not be lost in translation |
| ἱκανός | ἱκανοὶ ἔσονται | hikanoi esontai | qualified, able, sufficient | competency for a task | ”able,” “qualified,” “competent” | The faithful people Timothy trains must themselves be able to teach others — sustaining the transmission chain | 가르칠 수 있는 / 능한 | Medium |
| στρατιώτης | ὡς καλὸς στρατιώτης | hōs kalos stratiōtēs | as a good soldier | military metaphor for disciplined endurance | ”good soldier” | Timothy must endure hardship like a soldier undivided in loyalty — Perseverance under Suffering | 좋은 병사 (군사) | Medium |
| ἀθλέω | ἐὰν δὲ καὶ ἀθλῇ τις | ean de kai athlē tis | to compete as an athlete | competing according to the rules to receive a prize | ”compete as an athlete” | Rewarded endurance requires competing “according to the rules” — links forward to Assurance of Reward (4:7-8’s crown) | 경기하는 자 | Medium |
| γεωργός | τὸν κοπιῶντα γεωργὸν | ton kopiōnta geōrgon | the laboring farmer | agricultural metaphor for patient, laborious endurance before reward | ”hardworking farmer” | The farmer’s patient labor precedes the harvest — endurance precedes reward | 수고하는 농부 | Low |
| πίστις τετήρηκα (thematic anticipation) | βασιλεύσομεν | basileusomen | we will reign | future reign with Christ, contingent on present endurance | ”we will also reign with him” | Direct thematic link to Assurance of Reward: endurance now secures reigning with Christ later | 함께 왕 노릇 하리라 | High — must not be read as guaranteed by works-merit but as the fruit of persevering faith union with Christ |
| ὀρθοτομέω | ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας | orthotomounta ton logon tēs alētheias | rightly cutting/dividing the word of truth | a craftsman’s precision metaphor (cutting a straight line/path) applied to careful, accurate handling of Scripture | ”rightly dividing,” “rightly handling,” “correctly teaching” | The doctrinal core of Guarding Sound Doctrine’s hermeneutical dimension: Timothy must handle the apostolic word with precision, not distort it | 옳게 분별하다 / 바르게 가르치다 | High — [NEW] must retain the sense of careful, disciplined precision in handling Scripture, distinguishing sound exegesis from careless or self-serving handling (contrasted with the false teachers of 2:16-18) |
| βέβηλος κενοφωνία | τὰς δὲ βεβήλους κενοφωνίας περιΐστασο | tas de bebēlous kenophōnias periistaso | profane/empty chatter | irreverent, empty religious talk devoid of substance | ”irreverent babble,” “empty chatter” | What Timothy must avoid — contrasted with rightly-handled truth | 망령되고 헛된 말 | Medium |
| γάγγραινα | ὁ λόγος αὐτῶν ὡς γάγγραινα νομὴν ἕξει | ho logos autōn hōs gangraina nomēn hexei | their word will spread like gangrene | medical metaphor: necrotic tissue spreading through the body | ”will spread like gangrene,” “will spread like cancer” | False teaching (Hymenaeus and Philetus, who say the resurrection has already happened) spreads destructively through the church body — Apostasy and False Teachers doctrine | 악성 종양(괴저)처럼 퍼지다 | Medium |
| ἀνατρέπω | ἀνατρέπουσιν τήν τινων πίστιν | anatrepousin tēn tinōn pistin | to overturn, overthrow | destructive undermining | ”overturn,” “upset,” “destroy” | The effect of false teaching about the resurrection on some believers’ faith | 믿음을 무너뜨리다/전복시키다 (믿음 [REUSE]) | High |
| θεμέλιος | ὁ μέντοι στερεὸς θεμέλιος τοῦ θεοῦ ἕστηκεν | ho mentoi stereos themelios tou theou hestēken | the firm foundation of God stands | God’s unshakable, secure foundation despite false teaching’s disruption | ”God’s firm foundation stands” | Assurance that God’s true people and true doctrine remain secure regardless of apostasy’s spread | 하나님의 견고한 터 | Medium |
| σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν / ἀτιμίαν | σκεύη εἰς τιμὴν … εἰς ἀτιμίαν | skeuē eis timēn / eis atimian | vessels for honor / for dishonor | household-vessel metaphor for varied roles/character within God’s household | ”vessels of honor… of dishonor” | Calls Timothy (and all believers) to purify themselves to be useful vessels — connects sanctification to practical ministry usefulness | 귀히 쓰는 그릇 / 천히 쓰는 그릇 | Medium |
| νεωτερικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι | τὰς δὲ νεωτερικὰς ἐπιθυμίας φεῦγε | tas de neōterikas epithymias pheuge | flee youthful passions | desires/temptations associated with youth | ”flee youthful passions/lusts” | Practical instruction supporting the pursuit of sound doctrine and character | 청년의 정욕을 피하라 | Medium |
| δίωξον δικαιοσύνην, πίστιν, ἀγάπην, εἰρήνην | δίωξον δὲ δικαιοσύνην, πίστιν, ἀγάπην, εἰρήνην | diōxon de dikaiosynēn, pistin, agapēn, eirēnēn | pursue righteousness, faith, love, peace | virtue list to be actively pursued | ”pursue righteousness, faith, love, and peace” | The positive counterpart to fleeing youthful passions — active pursuit of Christian character | 의(의[REUSE])와 믿음(믿음[REUSE])과 사랑과 화평(화평[REUSE])을 따르라 | Medium — each component term inherits its baseline risk profile |
| δοῦλος κυρίου | δοῦλον δὲ κυρίου | doulon de kyriou | slave/servant of the Lord | total, humble devotion in service, contrasted with quarrelsomeness | ”the Lord’s servant” | The pastoral disposition required in the face of controversy: gentle, patient, not quarrelsome | 주의 종 (주님[REUSE]) | Medium |
| πραΰτης | ἐν πραΰτητι | en prautēti | gentleness, meekness | strength restrained in humility, not weakness | ”gentleness,” “meekness” | The manner of correcting opponents — gentle instruction, not harsh domination | 온유함 | Medium |
| μετάνοια | μήποτε δώῃ αὐτοῖς ὁ θεὸς μετάνοιαν | mēpote dōē autois ho theos metanoian | that God may grant repentance | a change of mind/heart that God grants, leading to knowledge of the truth | ”repentance” | God’s gracious gift enabling opponents to escape the devil’s snare and come to truth | 회개 | High — [NEW] must add to registry: repentance is God-granted, not self-achieved moral effort or ritual atonement (avoid conflation with generic Confucian self-cultivation 수양 or Buddhist repentance-ritual practices) |
| παγὶς τοῦ διαβόλου | ἐκ τῆς τοῦ διαβόλου παγίδος | ek tēs tou diabolou pagidos | the snare of the devil | a trap set by a personal, malevolent spiritual being | ”the snare of the devil” | Those who oppose sound teaching are described as caught by the devil’s trap, needing rescue through repentance | 마귀의 올무 | Medium — 마귀 (devil) is an established, low-risk term; but ensure the devil is understood as a personal being, not one impersonal evil force among many in a folk-spiritual pantheon |
Chapter 3 (vv. 1–13) — The Last Days and False Teachers (leading into the Core Passage)
Verses 14 onward are treated in Part A above. Verses 1–13 introduce the Apostasy and False Teachers doctrine in full.
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χαλεποὶ καιροί | καιροὶ χαλεποί | kairoi chalepoi | difficult/dangerous/harsh times | seasons of hardship, sometimes with a note of danger or savagery | ”times of difficulty,” “perilous times,” “terrible times” | The eschatological framing for the entire vice list that follows and for the false teachers of ch. 3-4 — foundational to Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 고통하는 때 / 어려운 때 | High — [NEW] must be distinguished from Korean folk-eschatological/millenarian “말세” (end-times) language sometimes associated with new-religious-movement doomsday prediction (cf. baseline’s 미륵/folk-millenarian caution under messiah); this is sober apostolic warning grounded in Christ’s return, not date-setting or fortune-based prediction |
| ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις | ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις | en eschatais hēmerais | in the last days | the eschatological period inaugurated by Christ’s first coming, extending to his return | ”in the last days” | Frames the moral decline described as characteristic of the whole church age, not merely a future event | 말세에 | High — same caution as above regarding folk-millenarian date-setting associations |
| (vice list, representative terms) φίλαυτοι, φιλάργυροι, ἀλαζόνες, ὑπερήφανοι, βλάσφημοι, ἀνόσιοι, ἄστοργοι, ἄσπονδοι, διάβολοι, ἀκρατεῖς, ἀνήμεροι, ἀφιλάγαθοι, προδόται, προπετεῖς, τετυφωμένοι, φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι | — | philautoi, philargyroi, alazones, hyperēphanoi, blasphēmoi, anosioi, astorgoi, aspondoi, diaboloi, akrateis, anēmeroi, aphilagathoi, prodotai, propeteis, tetyphōmenoi, philēdonoi mallon ē philotheoi | self-lovers, money-lovers, boastful, arrogant, blasphemers, unholy, without natural affection, irreconcilable, slanderers, without self-control, brutal, haters of good, traitors, reckless, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God | an extended catalogue of character traits marking the last-days moral crisis | ”lovers of self… lovers of money… boastful… arrogant… etc.” | Describes the moral profile of the last days as a comprehensive catalog, climaxing in “lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God” — sets the stage for the false teachers’ description | 자기를 사랑하며, 돈을 사랑하며, 자랑하며, 교만하며 … 하나님보다 쾌락을 더 사랑하는 자 | Medium — translate each item plainly and directly; avoid softening any item, particularly φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι, which stands as the climactic contrast term |
| μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας / δύναμις αὐτῆς | ἔχοντες μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας τὴν δὲ δύναμιν αὐτῆς ἠρνημένοι | echontes morphōsin eusebeias tēn de dynamin autēs ērnēmenoi | having a form/outward shape of godliness but having denied its power | outward religious appearance without inward transforming reality | ”having a form of godliness but denying its power” | Central diagnostic verse of Apostasy and False Teachers: religiosity without genuine spiritual reality | 경건의 모양은 있으나 경건의 능력은 부인하는 자 | Critical — 능력 [REUSE, Critical in baseline] appears here in a uniquely inverted context: false religious teachers are condemned not for lacking a shaman’s power-display but for lacking the true transforming power of godliness that comes from genuine union with Christ. Must be taught carefully so Korean audiences do not read this verse as endorsing a search for greater demonstrable spiritual power (which would risk sliding toward the very 기복신앙/영력-seeking pattern the baseline warns against) — the remedy is genuine godliness, not more visible “power” |
| εὐσέβεια | εὐσεβείας | eusebeias | godliness, piety | reverent, God-honoring devotion expressed in life conduct | ”godliness,” “piety” | The true reality the false teachers’ outward form lacks | 경건 | High |
| γόης | πονηροὶ δὲ ἄνθρωποι καὶ γόητες | ponēroi de anthrōpoi kai goētes | evil men and impostors/sorcerers/swindlers | literally “sorcerer, wizard, enchanter” in classical Greek, extended in Koine usage to “swindler, imposter, charlatan" | "impostors,” “deceivers,” “swindlers” | Describes the false teachers’ progressively worsening deceptive character | 속이는 자 | High — [NEW] The literal root meaning (“sorcerer/enchanter”) creates a genuine linguistic echo with the mudang/magician vocabulary the baseline flags throughout (영력, 무당). The Korean rendering must use a term for a deceiver/swindler (속이는 자, 사기꾼) and explicitly must NOT use 무당 or 술사 (which would misdirect the text toward literally accusing shamans, rather than describing spiritually deceptive false teachers broadly); a translator’s note should mark this etymological nuance for teaching purposes without importing it into the rendering itself |
| Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς | Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς | Iannēs kai Iambrēs | Jannes and Jambres | proper names of the Egyptian magicians traditionally understood to have opposed Moses | ”Jannes and Jambres” | A historical type for those who oppose God’s truth with counterfeit religious power, applied to the last-days false teachers | 얀네와 얌브레 | Low — proper names; transliterate per established convention, no rendering ambiguity |
| ἀδόκιμος | ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν | adokimoi peri tēn pistin | disqualified/failing the test concerning the faith | rejected after testing, found wanting | ”disqualified regarding the faith,” “counterfeit/failing the faith” | Describes the false teachers’ ultimate spiritual condition | 믿음에 관하여는 버림받은 자(실격한 자) | Medium — shares root concern with 믿음 [REUSE] |
| προκόπτω ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον | προκόψουσιν ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον | prokopsousin epi to cheiron | will progress toward the worse | escalating deterioration | ”will go on from bad to worse” | The trajectory of unchecked false teaching over time | 더욱 악하여지다 | Low |
| πλανάω (act./pass.) | πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι | planōntes kai planōmenoi | deceiving and being deceived | active deception paired with the deceivers’ own self-deception | ”deceiving and being deceived” | Describes the self-perpetuating, self-entangling nature of false teaching | 속이기도 하고 속기도 하는 자 | Medium |
| διωγμός / παθήματα | διωγμούς, παθήματα | diōgmous, pathēmata | persecutions, sufferings | hardships endured for the gospel’s sake | ”persecutions,” “sufferings” | Paul’s own model of endurance (3:10-11), grounding the doctrine of Perseverance under Suffering with concrete testimony | 박해와 고난 | Medium |
| πάντες οἱ θέλοντες εὐσεβῶς ζῆν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ διωχθήσονται | πάντες δὲ οἱ θέλοντες εὐσεβῶς ζῆν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ διωχθήσονται | pantes de hoi thelontes eusebōs zēn en Christō Iēsou diōchthēsontai | all who desire to live godly in Christ Jesus will be persecuted | a universal principle, not a contingent possibility | ”all who desire to live godly…will be persecuted” | Grounds Perseverance under Suffering as the normal expectation for every faithful believer, not an exceptional case | 그리스도 예수 안에서 경건하게 살고자 하는 자는 다 박해를 받으리라 | High — must retain the universal “all” (πάντες), resisting any softening that would exempt some believers from this expectation, similar to baseline’s caution on preserving universality claims (cf. Romans 3:23, 10:12-13) |
Chapter 4 (vv. 6–22) — Paul’s Departure, the Crown, and Assurance of Reward
Verses 1–5 are treated in Part A above. Verses 6–22 introduce the doctrine of Assurance of Reward in its fullest form and close the letter.
| Term | Greek | Translit. | Literal meaning | Semantic range | English variants | Contextual theological meaning | Korean rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| σπένδομαι | ἐγὼ γὰρ ἤδη σπένδομαι | egō gar ēdē spendomai | I am already being poured out as a drink offering | sacrificial libation imagery: wine poured out at the base of an altar as an offering | ”I am already being poured out as a drink offering,” “I am being sacrificed” | Paul frames his impending martyrdom as a sacrificial offering to God, connecting his suffering directly to worship | 나는 벌써 전제(奠祭)와 같이 부어지고 | Medium — 전제 (drink/libation offering) is an established Korean biblical-sacrificial term; ensure it is not confused with Confucian ancestral-rite libations (also called 제사/전제 in some contexts) — must retain reference specifically to OT/Levitical sacrificial worship of God |
| ἀνάλυσις | ὁ καιρὸς τῆς ἀναλύσεώς μου ἐφέστηκεν | ho kairos tēs analyseōs mou ephestēken | the time of my departure has come | a nautical (ship loosing its moorings) or military (breaking camp) metaphor for death as a departure | ”the time of my departure,” “the time of my going” | Death reframed not as an ending but as a departure toward Christ | 나의 떠날 시각이 가까웠도다 | Low |
| ἀγών / ἀγωνίζομαι | τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι | ton kalon agōna ēgōnismai | I have fought/competed in the good contest/fight | athletic or military contest imagery, echoing 2:5’s ἀθλέω | ”I have fought the good fight” | Paul’s own life summarized as faithful, completed struggle — directly grounds the crown of reward that follows | 나는 선한 싸움을 싸우고 | Medium — links thematically to 2:5 (ἀθλέω) and to Perseverance under Suffering as a whole |
| δρόμος | τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα | ton dromon teteleka | I have finished the course/race | a racecourse metaphor for the completed span of ministry/life | ”I have finished the race” | Faithful completion, not merely participation — echoes Acts 20:24 | 나의 달려갈 길을 마치고 | Low |
| πίστιν τηρέω | τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα | tēn pistin tetērēka | I have kept the faith | guarding/preserving one’s trust/allegiance intact to the end | ”I have kept the faith” | Paul’s faithful perseverance in doctrinal and personal fidelity to Christ to the very end of life — the capstone of Guarding Sound Doctrine and Perseverance under Suffering together | 나의 믿음을 지켰으니 (믿음[REUSE]) | High — must retain both the personal-trust sense (πίστις as 믿음) and the “kept/guarded” sense shared with παραθήκη’s φυλάσσω/τηρέω vocabulary, showing Paul modeling exactly what he charged Timothy to do |
| στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης | ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος | ho tēs dikaiosynēs stephanos | the crown of righteousness | στέφανος = a victor’s wreath (athletic/military), not a royal diadem (διάδημα); δικαιοσύνη = righteousness | ”the crown of righteousness” | The doctrinal core of Assurance of Reward: a future reward awarded by the righteous Judge to all who have persevered in faith and longed for Christ’s appearing | 의[REUSE 의]의 면류관 | Critical — [NEW] double risk: (1) 의 already flagged Critical/High in baseline for collision with 의리 (loyalty-ethics) — here the crown must be understood as flowing from grace-given righteousness and persevering faith, not from earning social/relational honor through loyal performance; (2) 면류관 (“crown,” lit. a ceremonial/royal crown in Korean usage) risks feeding into Korea’s intensely achievement-and-status-conscious culture (cf. baseline’s 출세 caution under glory/mission), reframing this eschatological reward as this-worldly success or social status. Must be taught as a gracious, future, Christ-awarded reward for persevering faith, not a merit badge for religious achievement or social prestige |
| ὁ δίκαιος κριτής | ὁ δίκαιος κριτής | ho dikaios kritēs | the righteous judge | Christ in his role as final, impartial judge | ”the righteous Judge” | Assures believers that the reward is grounded in Christ’s own perfect righteousness and justice, not human favoritism or achievement-metrics | 의로우신 재판장 (의[REUSE]) | High — same 의/의리 distinction caution as above applies to this compound |
| ἀποδίδωμι | ἀποδώσει μοι | apodōsei moi | he will give back to me, award, repay | rendering what is due, whether reward or recompense | ”will award,” “will give,” “will repay” | The reward is Christ’s gracious award for persevering faith, not wages mechanically earned | 주실 것이니 | Medium — must not be read as strict wage-for-labor payment (which would contradict the baseline’s grace/works distinction) but as the Judge’s gracious, promised award to persevering faith |
| πᾶσιν τοῖς ἠγαπηκόσι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ | πᾶσι τοῖς ἠγαπηκόσι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ | pasi tois ēgapēkosi tēn epiphaneian autou | to all who have loved his appearing | universal scope: not Paul alone but every believer who longs for Christ’s return | ”to all who have loved his appearing” | Universalizes Assurance of Reward beyond Paul to every persevering believer, echoing ἐπιφάνεια from 4:1 | 그의 나타나심을 사모하는 모든 자 | Medium — retain universal scope of “all” as in ch. 3:12’s πάντες caution |
| αἰών (τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα) | Δημᾶς γάρ με ἐγκατέλιπεν ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα | Dēmas gar me enkatelipen agapēsas ton nyn aiōna | Demas forsook me, having loved the present age | ”this present age/world” as opposed to the age to come | ”having loved this present world/age” | A cautionary counter-example to Paul’s perseverance: Demas’ desertion for love of the present world, contrasted with those who love Christ’s ἐπιφάνεια | 이 세상을 사랑하여 | Medium |
| ἐνδυναμόω | ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσέν με | ho kyrios moi parestē kai enedynamōsen me | the Lord stood by me and strengthened me | to empower, fill with strength; shares root with δύναμις | ”the Lord stood by me and strengthened me” | God’s personal, relational empowering of Paul in his defense before human courts — distinguished from generic “power” sought for display | 주께서 내 곁에 서서 나를 강하게 하셨다 (능력[REUSE] root) | Medium — must retain the relational, personal framing (“the Lord stood by me”), not an impersonal force |
| ῥύομαι | ἐρρύσθην ἐκ στόματος λέοντος / ῥύσεταί με ὁ κύριος | errysthēn ek stomatos leontos / rhysetai me ho kyrios | I was rescued from the lion’s mouth / the Lord will rescue me | deliverance from mortal danger by a personal rescuer | ”I was rescued,” “he will rescue me,” “he will deliver me” | God’s ongoing, personal deliverance of Paul, extending into confident hope for final deliverance “into his heavenly kingdom” | 건지시다/건져 주시리라 | Medium — parallel to but distinct from 구원[REUSE]; this is temporal/situational rescue language pointing toward, but not identical with, final salvation |
| βασιλεία ἐπουράνιος | εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐπουράνιον | eis tēn basileian autou tēn epouranion | into his heavenly kingdom | Christ’s consummated, heavenly reign | ”into his heavenly kingdom” | Paul’s confident final hope, echoing βασιλεία from 4:1 | 하늘에 있는 그의 나라 (하나님의 나라 [REUSE] root) | Low |
| δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων | ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων, ἀμήν | hō hē doxa eis tous aiōnas tōn aiōnōn, amēn | to whom be the glory forever and ever, Amen | a closing doxology ascribing eternal glory to Christ | ”to whom be glory forever and ever, Amen” | Closes the personal testimony with worship, reusing established doxology vocabulary | 영광[REUSE]이 세세무궁토록 있을지어다, 아멘[established] | Low |
| ἡ χάρις μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν | ἡ χάρις μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν | hē charis meth’ hymōn | grace be with you (all) | standard Pauline epistolary benediction | ”grace be with you” | Closing benediction, reusing the Critical-risk baseline term for grace | 은혜[REUSE]가 너희와 함께 있을지어다 | Critical (inherited) — per baseline, must never be read as a transactional/fortune-seeking (기복신앙) exchange, even in this brief closing formula |
Summary of New Doctrine-Bearing Terms Requiring Registry Addition
The following terms are newly proposed for the doctrine risk registry and translation memory, extending the Romans baseline for 2 Timothy. Full entries are provided in 08_core_glossary.md:
- θεόπνευστος (God-breathed / inspiration) — Critical
- ἱερὰ γράμματα / γραφή (sacred writings / Scripture) — High
- παραθήκη (the entrusted deposit) — Critical
- ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (sound doctrine) — High
- κηρύσσω (preach/proclaim) — High
- ἐπιφάνεια (Christ’s appearing) — High
- στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης (crown of righteousness) — Critical
- μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας / δύναμις (form of godliness / its power) — Critical
- χαλεποὶ καιροί / ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις (perilous times / last days) — High
- γόης (imposter/sorcerer) — High
- εὐσέβεια (godliness) — High
- μετάνοια (repentance) — High
- σωτήρ (Savior) — High
- πιστοὶ ἄνθρωποι (faithful men, transmission chain) — High
- ὀρθοτομέω (rightly handling the word) — High
- προγόνων (forefathers/ancestors) — High
- πίστιν τηρέω (kept the faith) — High
- κακοπαθέω (endure hardship) — High
- εὐαγγελιστής (evangelist) — High
- φυλάσσω (guard, of the deposit) — High
- πάντες οἱ θέλοντες εὐσεβῶς ζῆν… διωχθήσονται (universal persecution principle) — High
- μῦθος (myth/fable) — High
Medium/Low new terms (σωφρονισμός, ἀφθαρσία, θεμέλιος, γάγγραινα, σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν/ἀτιμίαν, νεωτερικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι, δοῦλος κυρίου, πραΰτης, ἀγών/δρόμος, ἀνάλυσις, ἀποδίδωμι, ἐνδυναμόω, ῥύομαι, and others) are catalogued in the glossary but do not require theologian-level escalation by themselves, though several inherit elevated risk when they co-occur with Critical baseline terms (e.g., 능력, 의, 믿음).
This document extends, and in every case of overlap defers to, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json. No baseline rendering is altered.