Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Mark 1–16 (English → Korean)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term documented in 07_semantic_analysis.md, citing every chapter of Mark in which each term is load-bearing. It extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. Terms already recorded in the baseline are marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] and repeated here only for cross-reference completeness; their canonical entries remain governed by the baseline files. New terms introduced by the Mark curriculum are marked [NEW] and must be added to translation_memory.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json in Phase 2 Step 16 with the risk tiers recorded here.
Part 1 — Baseline Terms Reused in Mark (no rendering change permitted)
| Term | Korean (reuse exactly) | Risk (baseline) | Mark citations | Note specific to Mark |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | 하나님 | Critical | 1:14-15; 2:7; 10:18; 12:29-30; 15:34 | No change; note 15:34’s “My God, my God” cry as a Critical-sensitivity occurrence. |
| Jesus | 예수 | Critical | throughout | No change. |
| Holy Spirit | 성령 | Critical | 1:8, 10, 12; 3:29; 12:36; 13:11 | Blasphemy against the Spirit (3:29) is a uniquely weighty Mark-specific application; see Part 2. |
| gospel | 복음 | Medium | 1:1, 14-15; 8:35; 10:29; 13:10; 14:9; 16:15 | Mark 1:1 is the programmatic title of the entire book. |
| faith | 믿음 | High | 2:5; 4:40; 5:34, 36; 9:23-24; 10:52; 11:22-24 | Paired repeatedly with fear (φόβος); see “Faith and Discipleship amid Fear” doctrine, Part 3. |
| son_of_god | 하나님의 아들 | Critical | 1:1, 11; 3:11; 5:7; 9:7; 15:39 | Forms an inclusio (1:1/1:11 ↔ 15:39); central to “Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God.” |
| kingdom_of_god | 하나님의 나라 | Low | 1:15; 4:11, 26-32; 9:1, 47; 10:14-15, 23-25; 12:34; 14:25 | Mark’s “has come near” (ἤγγικεν, 1:15) emphasizes present in-breaking; see Part 2 note. |
| sin | 죄 | High | 1:4-5; 2:5, 7-10; 14:24 | Forgiveness-of-sins narrative (2:5-10) and ransom/covenant-blood language (10:45; 14:24) both presuppose this term. |
| law | 율법 | High | 2:23-28 (Sabbath); 7:1-13 (tradition vs. commandment); 10:2-5, 19; 12:28-31 | See “tradition” (유전) [NEW] for the specific Mark 7 collision. |
| covenant | 언약 | Low | 14:24 | ”Blood of the covenant” — see Part 2, Critical. |
| glory | 영광 | Medium | 8:38; 9:2-8; 10:37; 13:26 | Transfiguration (9:2-8) and the core passage (10:37) both engage this term directly. |
| lord | 주님 | Critical | 1:3; 2:28; 5:19; 7:28; 11:3, 9-10; 12:36-37 | 2:28 (“the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath”) is a distinctively Markan Lordship claim. |
| apostle | 사도 | Low | 3:14; 6:30 | Appointment of the Twelve. |
| resurrection | 부활 | Critical | 9:9-10; 12:18-27; 16:6 | 12:18-27 (Sadducees’ question) is a doctrinal exposition unique to the Synoptic tradition; 16:6 is the narrative climax. |
| salvation | 구원 | Critical | 8:35; 10:26; 13:13; 16:16 | See σῴζω dual-sense caution, Part 2 [NEW-adjacent]. |
| father | 아버지 | Critical | 7:10-11 (honor father/mother); 11:25; 14:36 | 7:10-11 intersects with the jesa/filial-piety caution already in the baseline. |
| abba | 아빠 | High | 14:36 | Gethsemane. |
| david | 다윗 | Medium | 2:25; 10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37 | Bartimaeus’s cry “Son of David” (10:47-48) directly precedes ch.11’s entry. |
| messiah/christ | 그리스도 | Medium/Critical | 1:1; 8:29; 9:41; 12:35; 13:21-22; 14:61-62; 15:32 | Peter’s confession (8:29) is the narrative hinge of the Gospel. |
| prophet | 선지자 | Low | 1:2-3; 6:4, 15; 8:28; 11:32 | Isaiah citation opens the book (1:2-3), reinforcing Fulfillment of Prophecy. |
| called/calling | 부르심 | High | 1:20; 2:17; 3:13 | ”I came not to call the righteous but sinners” (2:17). |
| israel | 이스라엘 | Medium | 12:29; 15:32 | Minor but present. |
Part 2 — New Terms Introduced by the Mark Curriculum [NEW]
| # | Term (Greek/Translit) | Korean | Translit (Korean) | Category / Doctrine | Risk | Chapters cited | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | λύτρον (lytron) | 대속물 | daesokmul | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | Critical | 10:45 | 제물 (generic offering/sacrifice), 몸값 (a purely commercial “ransom money” with no atonement sense) | Substitutionary ransom-payment securing release from bondage to sin; never a repeatable ritual offering. Escalate to human theologian review every occurrence. |
| 2 | ἀντὶ πολλῶν (anti pollōn) | 많은 사람을 대신하여 | maneun saram-eul daesinhayeo | The Ransom for Many | Critical | 10:45; cf. 14:24 “poured out for many” | 많은 사람을 위하여 (weakens substitution to mere benefit) | Preserve 대신하여 (in place of), not 위하여 (for the sake of) alone. |
| 3 | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (huios tou anthrōpou) | 인자 | inja | Suffering Servant/Son of God; Messianic Secret | Critical | 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21, 41, 62 | 사람의 아들 (loses fixed-title/Daniel 7 force) | Mark’s central Christological title; combines veiled humility (suffering) with hidden divine authority (glory) — the engine of the Messianic Secret. Must be taught with Daniel 7 background at first occurrence (2:10). |
| 4 | δεῖ παθεῖν (dei pathein) | 반드시 고난을 받다 | bandeusi gonan-eul batda | Necessity of the Cross | Critical | 8:31; 9:12, 31; 10:33-34 | 고난을 당할 것이다 (mere prediction, loses divine-necessity force of δεῖ) | δεῖ marks the cross as God’s determined plan, not misfortune or accident. |
| 5 | σταυρός / σταυρόω (stauros / stauroō) | 십자가 / 십자가에 못 박다 | sipjaga / sipjaga-e mot bakda | Necessity of the Cross | Critical | 8:34; 10:21; 15:13-32 | — | Established KRV terms; metaphorical (8:34) and literal (ch.15) uses must both retain full atoning weight, not become a mere symbol of hardship. |
| 6 | ἐγκατέλιπες (Ps 22 quotation) | 어찌 나를 버리셨나이까 | eojji nareul beorisyeonaikka | Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant | Critical | 15:34 | any softened paraphrase implying only felt abandonment without real forsakenness | The cry of dereliction; theological climax of the cross’s necessity. |
| 7 | αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης (haima tēs diathēkēs) | 언약의 피 | eonyak-ui pi | Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | Critical | 14:24 | — | Combines baseline 언약 with 피 (blood); echoes 10:45’s ransom language. |
| 8 | κατακυριεύω (katakyrieuō) | 임의로 주관하다/지배하다 | imuiro jugwanhada/jibaehada | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | High | 10:42 | 다스리다 alone (too neutral; loses coercive-domination sense) | Must not be softened into ordinary organizational “leadership” vocabulary common in Korean church administrative usage. |
| 9 | ἐξουσία (exousia) | 권세 | gwonse | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Servanthood vs. Greatness | High | 1:22, 27; 2:10; 3:15; 6:7; 10:42; 11:28-33 | 능력 (baseline term for δύναμις/“power,” already Critical for its 영력/shamanistic-power collision — must be kept distinct) | ἐξουσία = right/standing to act, distinct from raw power (능력). Both the disciples’ worldly ἐξουσία (10:42, rejected) and Jesus’/the apostles’ delegated ἐξουσία (1:22; 3:15, commended) use this same base noun; context must distinguish legitimate from illegitimate exercise. |
| 10 | διάκονος (diakonos) | 섬기는 자 | seomgineun ja | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | High | 9:35; 10:43, 45 | 일꾼 (too generic, loses relational/voluntary-service sense) | Reversal of status logic; must not become a mere pious label for an assigned low role. |
| 11 | δοῦλος (doulos) | 종 | jong | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | High | 10:44 | 하인 (a hired domestic servant — too weak; loses total self-giving sense) | Note pre-modern Korean class-servitude connotations; teach as voluntary total self-giving, not imposed caste status. |
| 12 | κατεξουσιάζω (katexousiazō) | 권세를 부리다 | gwonse-reul burida | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | High | 10:42 | — | Companion term to κατακυριεύω; both describe the rejected Gentile-ruler pattern. |
| 13 | ποτήριον (potērion) | 잔 | jan | Necessity of the Cross; Ransom for Many | High | 10:38-39; 14:23-24, 36 | — | OT idiom for one’s appointed portion of suffering/judgment; must be glossed, not read as a literal drinking vessel only. |
| 14 | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω (baptisma / baptizō) | 세례 | serye | Necessity of the Cross (metaphorical, 10:38-39); Kingdom Breaking In (John’s baptism, ch.1) | High | 1:4-11; 10:38-39; 16:16 | — | Established literal ritual term; metaphorical extension at 10:38-39 (baptism = immersion in suffering/death) needs explicit teaching note. |
| 15 | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον (pneuma akatharton / daimonion) | 귀신 / 더러운 귀신 | gwisin / deoreoun gwisin | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Critical | 1:23-27, 32-34, 39; 3:11, 22-30; 5:1-20; 6:7, 13; 7:24-30; 9:14-29 | 신령 (too neutral/generic — collides with the baseline’s Holy Spirit caution), 조상신 (ancestor-spirit — must never be conflated; Mark’s demons are uniformly hostile, never venerated kin) | Directly collides with Korean shamanism’s living spirit-traffic via the mudang’s gut ritual. Must teach: these are hostile beings expelled by Christ’s word alone, never negotiated with, placated, or channeled. |
| 16 | ἐπιτιμάω (epitimaō) | 꾸짖다 | kkujitda | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | High | 1:25; 4:39; 8:33; 9:25 | — | Same verb links rebuking demons, wind/sea, and even Peter — a deliberate Markan authority-motif; keep the rendering consistent across all four contexts. |
| 17 | ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας / ἄφεσις (aphiēmi hamartias) | 죄 사함 / 죄를 사하다 | joe saham / joe-reul sahada | Jesus’ Authority over Sin; Suffering Servant | High | 1:4; 2:5-10; 3:29 | 용서 alone (more generic interpersonal “forgiveness”; 사하다 carries the established forensic-release sense in KRV gospel narrative) | Forensic release of guilt, paired explicitly with ἐξουσία at 2:10. |
| 18 | βλασφημία / βλασφημέω (blasphēmia / blasphēmeō) | 신성모독 | sinseong-modok | Jesus’ Authority over Sin; Deity of Christ (baseline) | High | 2:7; 3:28-29; 14:64 | — | The unforgivable “blasphemy against the Holy Spirit” (3:28-29) is a uniquely weighty warning requiring careful, non-alarmist pastoral framing. |
| 19 | ἐγγίζω (engizō, kingdom context) | 가까이 왔다 | gakkai watda | Kingdom of God Breaking In | High | 1:15 | 올 것이다 (future-only, loses present in-breaking force) | Mark’s “has come near” stresses already-dawning arrival, not a distant prediction. |
| 20 | παραβολή (parabolē) | 비유 | biyu | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Messianic Secret | Medium | 4:2-34; 12:1-12 | — | Standard term; risk lies in the theology of why Jesus teaches this way (see μυστήριον below), not the word itself. |
| 21 | μυστήριον (mystērion) | 비밀 | bimil | The Messianic Secret; Kingdom of God Breaking In | High | 4:11 | 신비 (can suggest esoteric/mystical gnosis rather than revealed-yet-veiled truth) | Not hidden gnostic knowledge; sovereignly disclosed to disciples, veiled from outsiders, by God’s own design. |
| 22 | φιμώθητι / σιωπάω (phimōthēti; the broader silencing-command motif) | 잠잠하라 | jamjamhara | The Messianic Secret | High | 1:25, 34, 44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9 | — | The recurring command to secrecy about Jesus’ identity/works is a structural motif across the whole book, not a single-verse term; track consistently. |
| 23 | σῴζω (sōzō, healing-sense occurrences) | 구원 (salvific sense) / 낫다 (healing sense) | guwon / natda | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness; Faith and Discipleship | High | 5:23, 28, 34; 6:56; 10:52 (healing); 8:35; 10:26; 13:13 (salvific) | mechanical uniform use of 구원 for every occurrence | Context-sensitive dual sense unique to Gospel narrative texture; flag every occurrence for native-speaker (healing-sense) or theologian (salvific-sense) review. |
| 24 | φόβος (phobos) | 두려움 | duryeoum | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | High | 4:40-41; 5:15, 33-36; 6:50; 9:6, 32; 10:32; 16:8 | — | Recurring pairing/contrast with πίστις (믿음, baseline) across the whole Gospel; a structural motif, not an isolated term. |
| 25 | δεῖ (in kingdom/necessity contexts generally) | 반드시 | bandeusi | Necessity of the Cross | Critical | 8:31; 9:12, 31; 10:33; 13:7, 10 | — | Broader modal-necessity marker beyond δεῖ παθεῖν specifically (#4); also governs “the gospel must first be proclaimed” (13:10). |
| 26 | παράδοσις (paradosis) | 유전 | yujeon | Jesus’ Authority (Law/Tradition tension) | High | 7:1-13 | 전통 (too neutral/positive-only; loses the specific “nullifying God’s command” critique) | Must not be read as a blanket critique of tradition or filial honor; targets the specific failure of tradition displacing direct divine command. |
| 27 | κοινός / καθαρός (koinos / katharos) | 부정한 / 깨끗한 | bujeonghan / kkaekkeutan | Jesus’ Authority (purity redefinition) | High | 7:2, 5, 15-23 | — | Redefines defilement as internal/moral, not primarily ritual; distinguish from shamanistic ritual-purification concerns already flagged under “holy” in the baseline. |
| 28 | γέεννα (geenna) | 지옥 | jiok | Kingdom of God Breaking In (negative pole: judgment) | High | 9:43-48 | — | Must be distinguished from Korean Buddhist multi-tiered, karmic, ultimately-impersonal hell cosmology; biblical Gehenna is final, personal judgment before God. |
| 29 | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | 영생 | yeongsaeng | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Necessity of the Cross (cost of discipleship) | Medium | 10:17, 30 | — | Qualitative/relational fullness of life with God, not mere endless duration or a fortune-blessing (복) framing. |
| 30 | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω (agapē / agapaō) | 사랑 | sarang | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (greatest commandment) | High | 12:28-34 | 정 (Korean relational affection/attachment — too passive/sentiment-bound), 효 (filial devotion alone — too narrow) | Self-giving, willed love commanded toward both God and neighbor; broader than filial or affectionate categories alone. |
| 31 | γρηγορέω (grēgoreō) | 깨어 있으라 | kkaeeo isseura | Kingdom of God Breaking In (eschatological watchfulness) | Medium | 13:33-37; 14:34, 37-38 | — | Vigilant readiness for the Son of Man’s return, linked to Gethsemane’s failed watchfulness (14:37-38). |
| 32 | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων (basileus tōn Ioudaiōn) | 유대인의 왕 | Yudaein-ui wang | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Necessity of the Cross | Medium | 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26 | — | The ironic royal title affixed at the cross reveals the true, paradoxical shape of Christ’s kingship — servanthood unto death, cf. 10:45. |
| 33 | ψυχή (psychē, discipleship-cost sense) | 목숨 / 생명 | moksum / saengmyeong | Necessity of the Cross; Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | High | 8:35-37; 10:45 | — | Context determines physical-life vs. whole-self sense; the wordplay across 8:35-37 must not be flattened by a single mechanical rendering. |
| 34 | σπλαγχνίζομαι (splanchnizomai) | 불쌍히 여기다 | bulsanghi yeogida | Jesus as Suffering Servant (compassion motif) | Medium | 1:41; 6:34; 8:2; 9:22 | — | Visceral, not merely sentimental, compassion; grounds miracle narratives. |
| 35 | κατεξουσιάζω/κατακυριεύω cluster — see #8, #12 | (see above) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Part 3 — Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (for Phase 2 routing)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms (this glossary) | Primary Terms (baseline, reused) | Overall Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | #3 인자, #6 어찌 나를 버리셨나이까, #34 불쌍히 여기다 | 하나님의 아들, 그리스도 | Critical |
| The Kingdom of God Breaking In | #19 가까이 왔다, #20 비유, #21 비밀, #28 지옥, #29 영생, #31 깨어 있으라, #32 유대인의 왕 | 하나님의 나라 | High |
| Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | #23 구원/낫다, #24 두려움 | 믿음 | High |
| The Necessity of the Cross | #1 대속물, #2 많은 사람을 대신하여, #4 반드시 고난을 받다, #5 십자가, #6 어찌 나를 버리셨나이까, #7 언약의 피, #13 잔, #25 반드시, #33 목숨/생명 | 언약, 하나님의 아들 | Critical |
| Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | #8 임의로 주관하다, #10 섬기는 자, #11 종, #12 권세를 부리다, #30 사랑 | — | High |
| The Messianic Secret | #3 인자, #21 비밀, #22 잠잠하라 | 그리스도 | High |
| Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | #9 권세, #15 귀신/더러운 귀신, #16 꾸짖다, #17 죄 사함, #18 신성모독, #26 유전, #27 부정한/깨끗한 | 능력 (contrast term, kept distinct) | Critical |
| The Ransom for Many | #1 대속물, #2 많은 사람을 대신하여, #7 언약의 피 | 언약 | Critical |
Part 4 — Phase 2 Handoff Notes
- All 35 new terms above must be added to
translation_memory.json(incrementing version) anddoctrine_risk_registry.jsonbefore any Phase 2 segment translation of Mark begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in12_ai_translation_requirements.md. - Terms marked Critical in Part 2 (#1, #2, #3, #4, #6, #7, #15) require mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence, matching the escalation pattern already established for Grace/Salvation/Deity-of-Christ in the Romans baseline.
- The σῴζω dual-sense issue (#23) and the ἐξουσία/능력 distinction (#9) are genuinely new categories of ambiguity not present in the Romans curriculum and should be added as new named escalation rules in the Mark-specific AI Translation Requirements document (Phase 1 Step deliverable following this one).
- No chapter of Mark was found to be a pure baseline-reuse chapter with zero new vocabulary; full citation coverage for all 16 chapters is recorded in Part 1 and Part 2 above.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). CRITICAL: this package standardizes on 하나님 (Protestant usage). NEVER substitute 하느님 (Catholic/general term), 천주 (Cheonju), or 산신령 (mountain spirit-deity). MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark 15:34’s cry ‘My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?’ is a uniquely weighty Critical-sensitivity occurrence requiring careful honorific and theological handling; see also the new term ‘cry_of_dereliction’ below.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Standard KRV transliteration. MARK-SPECIFIC: no deviation permitted anywhere across all 16 chapters.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). CRITICAL: always use the compound 성령; NEVER use 신령 or 신 alone; NEVER frame the Spirit’s filling/empowering using language that echoes shamanistic spirit-possession. MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark’s exorcism-dense narrative (1:23-27; 3:22-30; 5:1-20; 9:14-29) sharply raises the operational stakes of this caution; the Spirit descending on Jesus (1:10) must read as unmistakably distinct from a mudang’s spirit-possession experience in a gut ritual, and the blasphemy-against-the-Spirit warning (3:28-29) must never be softened toward a generic taboo.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Full phrase required; avoid framing that assimilates Christ’s Sonship to Korea’s Dangun/Hwanung founding-myth pattern of a heaven-descended founder-son. MARK-SPECIFIC: forms an inclusio spanning the entire book (1:1; 1:11 ↔ 15:39, the Gentile centurion’s confession); must be taught as one continuous claim of eternal, unique divine Sonship, and always paired with the suffering/‘Son of Man’ pole (see new term ‘son_of_man’) so Sonship is never read as glory-only.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). CRITICAL: NEVER use 해탈 or describe salvation as 윤회에서 벗어남. MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark’s narrative use of the underlying Greek verb σῴζω for straightforward physical healing (5:23, 28, 34; 6:56; 10:52) creates a genuinely new dual-sense ambiguity not present in Romans; see the new term ‘save_or_heal’ below. 구원 itself must be reserved for the salvific-sense occurrences only (8:35; 10:26; 13:13; 16:16), never mechanically applied to every healing.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). CRITICAL: God the Father is not a venerated ancestor requiring ongoing ritual offerings (제사, jesa). MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark 7:10-11 directly intersects this caution — Jesus affirms the commandment to honor father and mother while condemning the Corban tradition that uses a religious vow to evade that very duty; teaching must preserve both halves of this tension. Also invoked in Jesus’ own Gethsemane prayer (14:36, paired with ‘Abba’).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 능력
Transliteration: neungnyeok
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 영력, 굿의 힘
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). CRITICAL: Korean shamanism (무속신앙) is organized around a mudang’s claimed spiritual power (영력) sought through gut ritual. MARK-SPECIFIC: this term must be kept structurally distinct from the new Mark term ‘authority’ (권세, ἐξουσία) — 능력 denotes raw might/power, 권세 denotes the right/standing to act. Both concepts appear in close narrative proximity across Mark’s authority-and-miracle material (e.g., 1:22, 27), and translators must actively resist collapsing the two into a single undifferentiated ‘spiritual power’ register the way a gut ritual’s power-claims would be described.
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). CRITICAL: never a reciprocal exchange for offerings or ritual performance. MARK-SPECIFIC: while Mark does not foreground 은혜 as a distinct expository term the way Romans does, the identical 기복신앙 (fortune-seeking exchange) risk this entry names applies with equal or greater force to two new Mark terms: ‘ransom’ (대속물, 10:45) and ‘eternal_life’ (영생, 10:17-31) — both must be taught as unilateral gift/promise, never a repeatable transactional exchange.
Ransom
Approved rendering: 대속물
Transliteration: daesokmul
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: 제물, 몸값
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM for the Mark curriculum. λύτρον (lytron): the price paid to redeem/release a slave or captive (Mark 10:45). Must never be softened to 제물 (a generic cultic offering, conflatable with a Korean shamanistic gut-ritual offering or Confucian jesa ancestor-offering) or 몸값 alone (a purely commercial ransom price with no atonement sense). This is Christ’s unilateral, once-for-all substitutionary payment, not a repeatable ritual transaction that could slide into a 기복신앙 exchange pattern — the same risk flagged for ‘grace’ above applies here with equal force. Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence.
In Place Of Many
Approved rendering: 많은 사람을 대신하여
Transliteration: maneun saram-eul daesinhayeo
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: 많은 사람을 위하여
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. ἀντὶ πολλῶν (anti pollōn), Mark 10:45; echoed at 14:24 (‘poured out for many’). The substitutionary force of 대신하여 (‘in place of/instead of’) must be preserved and never flattened to 위하여 (‘for the sake of/for the benefit of’), which would weaken penal substitution to a merely beneficial transaction. Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence, matching the atonement-language escalation rule in the baseline’s AI instructions.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: 인자
Transliteration: inja
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God / The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: 사람의 아들
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (huios tou anthrōpou), Mark’s central Christological self-designation (14 occurrences: 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21, 41, 62). Must always render as the fixed title 인자, NEVER paraphrased as 사람의 아들, which would lose the Daniel 7:13-14 authority-and-glory dimension and reduce the term to mere generic humanity. Requires explicit doctrinal teaching note (Daniel 7 background) at first occurrence, Mark 2:10, not left to context alone. Never taught in isolation from the suffering pole (8:31 etc.) or the glory pole (13:26; 14:62).
Must Suffer
Approved rendering: 반드시 고난을 받다
Transliteration: bandeusi gonan-eul batda
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: 고난을 당할 것이다
Original: δεῖ παθεῖν
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. δεῖ παθεῖν (dei pathein), the modal verb δεῖ marking the Passion as divine necessity (Mark 8:31; 9:12, 31; 10:33-34). Must render the divine-necessity force of 반드시, not merely predict an event that will happen (고난을 당할 것이다), which would drain the statement of theological weight and risk a fatalism-flavored reading (cf. providence caution above). The cross is God’s determined plan, not an unlucky turn of fate. The three occurrences (8:31; 9:12/31; 10:33-34) must be reviewed as a set, not independently, to guarantee consistent theological framing leading into the core passage’s ransom saying (10:45).
Cross
Approved rendering: 십자가 / 십자가에 못 박다
Transliteration: sipjaga / sipjaga-e mot bakda
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. σταυρός / σταυρόω, used both metaphorically for costly discipleship (Mark 8:34, ‘take up his cross’) and literally for the crucifixion (15:24-25). Established KRV forms. Both uses must retain full atoning and self-denying weight; must not be reduced to a generic symbol of hardship or life’s difficulties in popular usage.
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: 어찌 나를 버리셨나이까
Transliteration: eojji nareul beorisyeonaikka
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: softened felt-abandonment-only paraphrase
Original: Ελωι Ελωι λεμα σαβαχθανι / ἐγκατέλιπες
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Ελωι Ελωι λεμα σαβαχθανι / ἐγκατέλιπες, Mark 15:34, Jesus’ quotation of Psalm 22:1 from the cross. Preserve the source text’s own bilingual structure: retain the Aramaic transliteration (엘리 엘리 라마 사박다니, per KRV convention) followed immediately by the Korean translation 어찌 나를 버리셨나이까. Must never be softened toward implying only felt abandonment without genuine forsakenness. The single highest-weight moment of the Passion narrative; mandatory human theologian review.
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: 언약의 피
Transliteration: eonyak-ui pi
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης, Mark 14:24 (‘This is my blood of the covenant, poured out for many’). Compound built on the baseline’s 언약 (covenant, reused exactly) plus 피 (blood); echoes 10:45’s ransom language directly. Must be taught alongside ‘ransom’ and ‘in_place_of_many’ as one coherent doctrinal cluster, never rendered so as to suggest a repeatable ritual offering rather than the once-for-all covenant-sealing sacrifice.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: 귀신 / 더러운 귀신
Transliteration: gwisin / deoreoun gwisin
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: 신령 (too neutral/generic), 조상신 (ancestor-spirit — must never be conflated)
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM. πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον, a class of hostile, personal, non-divine spirit-beings subject to Jesus’ authoritative word (1:23-27, 32-34, 39; 3:11, 22-30; 5:1-20; 6:7, 13; 7:24-30; 9:14-29). CRITICAL: Korean shamanism (무속신앙) is organized around living, contested traffic with spirits through the mudang’s gut ritual — negotiating with, placating, or being possessed by such spirits. Must never be conflated with 조상신 (venerated ancestor-spirits) — Mark’s demons are uniformly hostile, never venerated kin. Teaching must make explicit these beings are expelled by Christ’s sovereign word alone, never negotiated with, placated, or channeled.
Divine Necessity
Approved rendering: 반드시
Transliteration: bandeusi
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: δεῖ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. δεῖ, a modal marker of divine/logical necessity governing not only Christ’s suffering (8:31; 9:12, 31; 10:33) but also the gospel’s proclamation to all nations before the end (13:10). Broader than ‘must_suffer’ (δεῖ παθεῖν specifically). Must be rendered 반드시 consistently, with a first-occurrence teaching gloss (8:31) explicitly distinguishing divine determined purpose from 팔자/운명 (fate).
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Personal trust placed in Christ specifically; distinguish from generic superstitious belief (미신) and confidence placed in fortune-telling/astrology (사주팔자를 믿는 것). MARK-SPECIFIC: paired repeatedly across the whole Gospel with 두려움 (fear, see new term below) as a recurring structural antithesis (4:40-41; 5:36; 6:50; 9:23-24; 10:52; 16:8); must be tracked as a single cross-book motif, not resolved chapter-by-chapter in isolation.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Distinguish from 액운 (bad luck/misfortune) and 체면 손상 (loss of face). MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark 2:5-10 pairs 죄 directly with 권세 (authority, see new term below) in a single healing-forgiveness scene, to be taught as one integrated act of divine authority, not two separate lesser miracles; also grounds the ransom (10:45) and covenant-blood (14:24) language.
Law
Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). The Mosaic Law; not the Confucian ritual-propriety code (예) nor secular/civil law (법률). MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark’s distinctive contribution is the tension between 율법 (God’s direct command) and 유전 (yujeon, human tradition, see new term below, 7:1-13); this distinction must be clearly maintained so 율법 itself is not blamed for what is actually a critique of Pharisaic tradition.
Abba
Approved rendering: 아빠
Transliteration: appa
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Korean 아빠 closely parallels the Aramaic’s intimate register. MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark 14:36 pairs Abba with the ‘cup’ (잔, see new term below) metaphor from the core passage (10:38-39), reinforcing that this intimate address is spoken precisely as Jesus faces the necessity of the cross, not only in comfort. Preserve the source text’s bilingual structure: 아바 아버지 (Aramaic transliteration plus Korean translation), matching KRV convention.
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). NEVER use 팔자에 정해진. MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark 2:17 (‘I came not to call the righteous but sinners’) must be kept a personal, relational summons, never assimilated to saju-paljja birth-chart fatalism.
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). NEVER use 운명 or 팔자. MARK-SPECIFIC: applies to Jesus’ calling of the first disciples (1:16-20) and the appointment of the Twelve (3:13-19); the summons is personal and relational, issued directly by Jesus, not a fixed fate read off a birth chart.
Providence
Approved rendering: 섭리
Transliteration: seomni
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: 팔자, 운명
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). NEVER use 팔자 or 운명. MARK-SPECIFIC: this same fatalism caution (already flagged for providence and calling in the baseline) applies with heightened stakes to the new Mark term ‘divine_necessity’ (반드시, δεῖ, governing the Passion predictions 8:31; 9:12, 31; 10:33-34) — a genuinely higher-stakes application than anything in Romans, since it concerns Christ’s own death, not merely believers’ calling.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: 임의로 주관하다 / 지배하다
Transliteration: imuiro jugwanhada / jibaehada
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: 다스리다 (too neutral), 섬김의 리더십 (domesticated leadership phrase)
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. κατακυριεύω, Mark 10:42, describing Gentile-style domineering rulership — the negative model Jesus explicitly rejects for his disciples. Korea’s highly hierarchy-conscious church and social culture (Confucian rank-ethics, 상명하복 top-down authority, corporate seniority norms) risks softening this into neutral organizational ‘leadership’ vocabulary already common in Korean church administrative usage, including the now-common but domesticating phrase 섬김의 리더십 (‘servant leadership’). Must read unmistakably as an illegitimate, coercive pattern of rule Jesus forbids among disciples.
Authority
Approved rendering: 권세
Transliteration: gwonse
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature / Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: 능력 (must stay distinct — see power_of_god above)
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. ἐξουσία, delegated right/standing to act, distinct from raw might (능력, see ‘power_of_god’ above). Covers both Jesus’ own authority over unclean spirits, sickness, sin, and nature (1:22, 27; 2:10; 3:15; 6:7; 11:28-33, commended) and the disciples’ worldly ambition to exercise authority (10:42, rejected) — both use this same base noun, so context must distinguish legitimate delegated authority from illegitimate domineering. Never interchange with 능력.
Servant
Approved rendering: 섬기는 자
Transliteration: seomgineun ja
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: 일꾼 (too generic)
Original: διάκονος
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. διάκονος, Mark 9:35; 10:43, 45. Jesus redefines ‘greatness’ among disciples as voluntary service to others, directly reversing the κατακυριεύω pattern (10:42). Korean social ethics (Confucian rank/hierarchy, 상하관계) instinctively reads ‘greatness’ as upward mobility and deference received from inferiors; 섬기는 자 must be taught pointedly as a deliberate reversal of ordinary status logic, not a pious label for an assigned low-status role.
Slave
Approved rendering: 종
Transliteration: jong
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: 하인 (too weak — a mere hired domestic servant)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. δοῦλος, Mark 10:44, escalating from διάκονος (v.43) to δοῦλος (v.44) to intensify the call to total self-giving. 종 can carry pre-modern Korean class-servitude connotations (the 노비/종 social class under the Joseon dynasty) that may read as demeaning rather than a positive Christlike self-description. Teaching must use the double move: name and reject the caste-connotation misreading, then reclaim total voluntary self-giving as the positive content, at every occurrence.
Exercise Authority Over
Approved rendering: 권세를 부리다
Transliteration: gwonse-reul burida
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. κατεξουσιάζω, Mark 10:42, companion term to κατακυριεύω describing the same rejected Gentile-ruler pattern — a coercive, status-driven exercise of ἐξουσία (authority). Must be rendered so it clearly reads as illegitimate domineering, distinct from the legitimate, self-giving exercise of 권세 Jesus himself models and delegates to the Twelve.
Cup
Approved rendering: 잔
Transliteration: jan
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross / The Ransom for Many
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. ποτήριον, an OT idiom for one’s appointed portion of suffering/judgment (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17; Jer 25:15); Jesus’ ‘cup’ of suffering (Mark 10:38-39; 14:23-24, 36). No direct Korean folk-religious collision term competes, but the metaphorical sense must be explicitly glossed at first occurrence (10:38) — a literal reading (a mere drinking vessel) loses the OT judgment/suffering idiom entirely. The Gethsemane recurrence (14:36) directly connects it to the necessity of the cross.
Baptism
Approved rendering: 세례
Transliteration: serye
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross (metaphorical) / The Kingdom of God Breaking In (literal, ch.1)
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Sacraments
NEW TERM for this curriculum’s TM (not present in the Romans baseline). βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω: John’s baptism of repentance and Jesus’ own baptism (Mark 1:4-11); metaphorically, being ‘immersed’ in suffering and death (10:38-39). 세례 is the established KRV term for the literal rite; its metaphorical extension at 10:38-39 must be flagged in teaching notes so it is not read only as the church ordinance — otherwise the force of ‘can you undergo this baptism’ (i.e., ‘can you suffer as I will suffer’) is lost.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: 꾸짖다
Transliteration: kkujitda
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM. ἐπιτιμάω, used across Mark for silencing demons (1:25), calming the storm (4:39), rebuking Peter (8:33), and casting out a spirit (9:25). The same Korean verb 꾸짖다 must be used consistently across all four contexts to preserve Mark’s deliberate lexical link between authority over demons, nature, and even a resistant disciple — this link would be obscured by varying the translation contextually.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: 죄 사함 / 죄를 사하다
Transliteration: joe saham / joe-reul sahada
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: 용서 alone (too generic interpersonal sense)
Original: ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας / ἄφεσις
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας / ἄφεσις, the forensic release of sin’s guilt (Mark 2:5-10, provoking a blasphemy charge, then demonstrated by healing; cf. 1:4-5). Prefer the established KRV forensic phrase over 용서 alone, which understates the specifically divine, authoritative act paired explicitly with 권세 (authority) at 2:10.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: 신성모독
Transliteration: sinseong-modok
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: βλασφημία / βλασφημέω
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. βλασφημία / βλασφημέω, the charge against Jesus for forgiving sins (2:7) and, uniquely, the unforgivable sin of attributing the Spirit’s work to Satan (3:28-29). Requires careful, non-alarmist pastoral framing for the ‘blasphemy against the Holy Spirit’ warning — willful, settled rejection of God’s own witness, not an ordinary sin believers might commit inadvertently, which could otherwise generate disproportionate spiritual anxiety given Korean Christians’ strong existing sin/guilt sensitivity (church culture plus Confucian 체면 손상 loss-of-face categories).
Kingdom Near
Approved rendering: 가까이 왔다
Transliteration: gakkai watda
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: 올 것이다 (future-only, loses present in-breaking force)
Original: ἐγγίζω
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. ἐγγίζω, Mark 1:15 (‘the kingdom of God has come near’). Must communicate present in-breaking immediacy, not a merely future prediction, which would read like Korean folk-astrological or fortune-telling prediction idiom (사주팔자 예측, 점) rather than a present, dawning divine reality. Requires a first-occurrence teaching gloss fixing the ‘already dawning’ sense before any other kingdom material appears.
Mystery
Approved rendering: 비밀
Transliteration: bimil
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: 신비 (esoteric/mystical gnosis connotation — forbidden)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. μυστήριον, Mark 4:11, ‘the secret of the kingdom of God has been given to you… but for those outside, everything is in parables.’ Lock 비밀 as the fixed rendering; FORBID 신비, which sits adjacent to Korean folk-shamanistic and Buddhist-mystical vocabulary describing esoteric knowledge attained through discipline or revelation-experience. Not hidden gnostic knowledge — truth God sovereignly discloses to some and veils from others by his own design.
Silence Command
Approved rendering: 잠잠하라
Transliteration: jamjamhara
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: φιμώθητι / σιωπάω
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. φιμώθητι / σιωπάω, the recurring command to secrecy about Jesus’ identity/works (1:25, 34, 44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9) — the structural engine of the Messianic Secret motif. Must be applied consistently across all these contexts, not diluted into varied synonyms for ‘be quiet,’ and must not read as permanent suppression: Mark’s own narrative design progressively, deliberately discloses the secret (culminating at 14:61-62 and 15:39).
Save Or Heal
Approved rendering: 구원 / 낫다
Transliteration: guwon / natda
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear / Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature / Salvation
Rejected alternatives: mechanical uniform 구원 for every occurrence
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. σῴζω, used interchangeably in Mark for physical healing (5:23, 28, 34; 6:56; 10:52) and full eschatological salvation (8:35; 10:26; 13:13; cf. 16:16). This dual-sense ambiguity is not present in Romans, where 구원 is a tightly guarded Critical term for eschatological salvation only. Each occurrence requires context-sensitive judgment: 낫다 for the healing sense, 구원 for the salvific sense. Never mechanically render every occurrence as 구원 (wrongly implying every healed person receives full eschatological salvation), and never drain 구원 of force by treating salvific-sense occurrences as merely a stronger synonym for physical rescue. Flag every occurrence for native speaker review (healing sense) or theologian review (salvific sense).
Fear
Approved rendering: 두려움
Transliteration: duryeoum
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. φόβος, recurrently contrasted with faith across Mark’s narrative (4:40-41; 5:15, 33-36; 6:50; 9:6, 32; 10:32; 16:8). Tracked as a structural motif paired throughout the book with 믿음 (faith, reused exactly from the baseline); consistency of rendering across all occurrences preserves the motif’s cumulative force.
Tradition
Approved rendering: 유전
Transliteration: yujeon
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (Law and Tradition)
Rejected alternatives: 전통 (too neutral/positive-only — loses the specific critique)
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. παράδοσις, Mark 7:1-13: ‘You leave the commandment of God and hold to the tradition of men.’ Korea’s Confucian heritage places extraordinarily high positive value on 전통 (tradition) and inherited filial/ancestral practice; 유전 must be taught as targeting a specific failure mode — human tradition nullifying God’s direct command — not tradition or filial honor generally, since Jesus grounds his critique in the very commandment to honor father and mother (7:10-11).
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: 부정한 / 깨끗한
Transliteration: bujeonghan / kkaekkeutan
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (Purity Redefined)
Original: κοινός / καθαρός
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. κοινός / καθαρός, ritual purity categories redefined by Jesus as fundamentally moral/internal (Mark 7:15-23, ‘it is what comes out of a person that defiles him’). Must be distinguished from shamanistic ritual purification (부정을 씻다, washing away misfortune in a gut ceremony) already flagged under ‘holy’ in the Romans baseline; Mark 7’s redefinition of defilement as a heart-matter is itself the doctrinal point.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: 지옥
Transliteration: jiok
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (judgment pole)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. γέεννα, Mark 9:43-48 (‘where the fire is never quenched’). Korean Buddhist cosmology includes an elaborate multi-tiered hell system (지옥, same Sino-Korean root) with karmic, temporary, ultimately impersonal features. Must be explicitly distinguished at first occurrence as personal, final judgment before a personal God for sin, not an impersonal karmic purgation process with eventual release.
Love
Approved rendering: 사랑
Transliteration: sarang
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: 정 (passive relational affection), 효 (filial devotion alone, too narrow)
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω, the greatest commandment (Mark 12:28-34), uniting the vertical (God) and horizontal (neighbor) axes. Must be distinguished from 정 (more passive, sentiment-bound relational affection) and 효 (filial devotion alone, too narrow a category) — biblical ἀγάπη is commanded, self-giving commitment broader than either.
Soul Life
Approved rendering: 목숨 / 생명
Transliteration: moksum / saengmyeong
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross / Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: ψυχή
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM. ψυχή, Mark 8:35-37, used for both ‘physical life’ and ‘whole self/being’ in adjacent clauses, creating a deliberate wordplay on the cost of discipleship. Korean requires contextual choice between 목숨 (physical life) and 생명 (life/being) without flattening the wordplay’s rhetorical force into a single mechanical rendering.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Established KRV term, literally ‘blessing-news’ (福音). Because 복 (bok, fortune/blessing) is the same root at the center of Korean shamanistic fortune-seeking faith (기복신앙, gibok sinang), teaching must make explicit the gospel announces salvation through Christ, not a forecast of material fortune. MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark 1:1 uses this term as the programmatic title of the entire book (‘the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God’); the book’s own narrative (culminating in the ransom saying, 10:45) itself corrects any drift toward a prosperity reading — the gospel announces a suffering, ransoming Messiah, not forecasted blessing.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Avoid collapsing into 명예 (secular honor) or 출세 (career/social success). MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark 10:37 (within the core passage) requires explicit teaching that James and John are collapsing Christ’s glory into 출세-style status ambition — the very error the passage corrects; the Transfiguration (9:2-8) reveals Christ’s true glory in tension with, not opposition to, his coming suffering.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Established term with required honorific suffix 님. MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark 2:28’s claim that ‘the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath’ is a distinctively Markan Lordship assertion over the Law itself and must retain full exclusivity with the honorific, not read as a mere teaching preference about Sabbath observance.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 부활
Transliteration: buhwal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). NEVER use 환생 (rebirth) or 윤회 (reincarnation cycle). MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark 12:18-27’s doctrinal exposition against the Sadducees and the empty-tomb narrative (16:1-8) both require bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection, resisting any cyclical/karmic reading; note that the Mark-extended doctrine risk registry elevates the overall doctrine ‘Resurrection of Christ’ to Critical for this curriculum given the added weight of the Sadducee-debate material, even though this term-level entry is inherited unchanged from the baseline.
David
Approved rendering: 다윗
Transliteration: Dawit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Standard KRV proper name form. MARK-SPECIFIC: Bartimaeus’s cry ‘Son of David’ (10:47-48) directly precedes the Triumphal Entry’s Davidic acclamations in chapter 11 (11:9-10), forming a narrative bridge that should be preserved in teaching cross-references; also invoked in the Sabbath controversy (2:25) and the Psalm 110 discussion (12:35-37).
Messiah
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Avoid conflating with 미륵 (Mireuk, Maitreya, the future Buddha of Korean Buddhist eschatology). MARK-SPECIFIC: Peter’s confession ‘You are the Christ’ (8:29) is the narrative hinge of the entire Gospel; the term recurs at the high priest’s question (14:61-62) and the mocking inscription at the cross (15:32), making the exclusive, specific-Messiah reading (not one eschatological hope-figure among several) especially important here.
Prophet
Approved rendering: 선지자
Transliteration: seonjija
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 점쟁이, 무당
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Distinguish from 점쟁이 (fortune-teller) and a mudang shaman. MARK-SPECIFIC: the Isaiah citation opening the book (1:2-3) and popular speculation about Jesus and John the Baptist as prophets (6:4, 15; 8:28) reinforce Fulfillment of Prophecy rather than any divinatory prediction.
Israel
Approved rendering: 이스라엘
Transliteration: Iseurael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). MARK-SPECIFIC: invoked in the Shema quotation (12:29) and the mocking inscription at the cross (15:32); no new collision risk beyond the baseline’s existing note on contemporary political sensitivity.
Parable
Approved rendering: 비유
Transliteration: biyu
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In / The Messianic Secret
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. παραβολή, a figurative teaching form (4:2-34; 12:1-12). Standard established term; the doctrinal risk lies not in this word itself but in the theology of why Jesus teaches this way — see ‘mystery’ below.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: 영생
Transliteration: yeongsaeng
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ζωὴ αἰώνιος, the rich man’s question framing Mark 10:17-31’s teaching on wealth and discipleship. Must be taught as qualitative, relational fullness of life with God, not mere endless duration or a 복 (fortune/blessing)-framed this-worldly reward for renunciation — see the ‘grace’ entry’s extended note above on this same 기복신앙 caution applying here.
Watch
Approved rendering: 깨어 있으라
Transliteration: kkaeeo isseura
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. γρηγορέω, the closing exhortation of the Olivet Discourse (13:33-37), echoed at Gethsemane’s failed watchfulness (14:34, 37-38). Must be vigilant readiness grounded in Christ’s own words, not a fatalistic countdown resembling folk-astrological date-setting practices (사주팔자, 점); link the eschatological and Passion-narrative occurrences in teaching.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: 유대인의 왕
Transliteration: Yudaein-ui wang
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In / The Necessity of the Cross
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων, the repeated ironic title at Jesus’ trial and crucifixion (15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26). Must be taught as revealing true kingship through self-giving service unto death (echoing 10:45), not political conquest — a direct correction of the worldly co-regency James and John envisioned at 10:37.
Compassion
Approved rendering: 불쌍히 여기다
Transliteration: bulsanghi yeogida
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. σπλαγχνίζομαι, visceral gut-level compassion grounding Jesus’ healing and feeding miracles (1:41; 6:34; 8:2; 9:22). Should be taught with attention to the Greek’s visceral intensity, so the term is not flattened into a merely sentimental or detached expression of sympathy.
Low Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Korea has no live competing state ideology claiming a ‘divine kingdom’ framing, so the political-collision risk is comparatively low. MARK-SPECIFIC: Mark 1:15’s ‘has come near’ (ἤγγικεν) introduces a present in-breaking emphasis not tested by Romans’ more settled kingdom exposition; see the new term ‘kingdom_near’ below for the elevated tense/aspect risk this creates.
Covenant
Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Korean usage already keeps 언약 (relational, divinely initiated covenant) cleanly distinct from 계약 (ordinary secular contract). MARK-SPECIFIC: this base term underlies the new Critical compound ‘blood_of_the_covenant’ (언약의 피, 14:24), which directly echoes the ransom language of 10:45.
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). No significant collision; avoid any framing suggesting a shamanistic spiritual-intermediary role (무당) or Daoist-style spiritual master (도사). MARK-SPECIFIC: the appointment of the Twelve (3:14) and their sending (6:7-13, 30) extends Jesus’ own delegated 권세 (authority) to the apostolic band — a bounded, Christ-derived grant, not an independently claimed power.
Referenced passages