Doctrine Analysis

Doctrine Analysis: Galatians (English → Korean)

Purpose and Method

This document provides the full doctrine matrix for Galatians required by PRD Phase 1 Step 4, covering every chapter of Galatians, first to last, not only the core passage (Galatians 2:15-21). The core passage remains the letter’s theological anchor — it is where Paul first states the justification-by-faith thesis that governs the rest of the argument — but doctrinal analysis below spans chapters 1 through 6 in full. Every doctrine tier, doctrine name, and review-routing assignment below is identical to assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json (Galatians v1); this document adds the chapter-by-chapter textual basis and translation-risk reasoning that registry compresses into short risk notes.

Fourteen doctrines were specified for this curriculum. All fourteen recur across multiple chapters rather than being confined to isolated verses, which is itself a load-bearing observation: Galatians is architected as a single sustained argument, so a mistranslation early (e.g., ch. 1-2) propagates doctrinal damage through every later chapter that depends on it.

Part 1: Chapter-by-Chapter Doctrinal Coverage

Galatians 1:1-5 (Salutation)

Doctrines touched: Paul’s Apostleship (1:1, “an apostle — not from men nor through man, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father”); Law and Grace (1:3, greeting “grace and peace”); background Christology (1:3-4, “our Lord Jesus Christ, who gave himself for our sins”).
Terms: 사도 (apostle), 은혜 (grace), 주 예수 그리스도 (Lord Jesus Christ), 하나님 아버지 (God the Father).
Note: The apostleship doctrine is introduced in the letter’s very first clause with unusually emphatic legal-defense phrasing (“not from men nor through man”) — this sets the register for the whole letter and must not be flattened into a routine epistolary self-introduction.

Galatians 1:6-10 (Astonishment; anathema on a different gospel)

Doctrines touched: The True Gospel versus False Gospels (Critical) — core textual basis (1:6-9); Law and Grace (1:6, “deserting him who called you in the grace of Christ”).
Terms: 복음 (gospel), 다른 복음 (a different gospel), 저주를 받을지어다 (accursed/anathema), 부르심 (calling).
Note: The double anathema (1:8, 1:9) is the letter’s most severe rhetorical moment. Any softening toward “a different opinion” or “an alternative teaching” destroys the doctrine.

Galatians 1:11-24 (Paul’s gospel and calling not from man)

Doctrines touched: Paul’s Apostleship (High) — primary textual basis (1:11-12, 1:15-17); Divine Calling (background, reused from Romans baseline; 1:15, “he who set me apart before I was born and called me by his grace”).
Terms: 계시 (revelation), 조상의 유전 (tradition of the fathers, 1:14), 박해하다 (persecuted, 1:13,23), 부르심을 받은 (called).
Note: Paul’s autobiographical narrative (his zeal for “the traditions of my fathers,” 1:14) is the first of several passages requiring care that ancestral/tradition language not be assimilated to Confucian ancestral veneration categories; here it names Paul’s pre-conversion Judaism specifically, not a general “honoring elders” virtue.

Galatians 2:1-10 (Gospel confirmed by the Jerusalem pillars)

Doctrines touched: Paul’s Apostleship (2:6-9, “those who seemed influential added nothing to me”); Circumcision and the New Creation (2:3, Titus not compelled to be circumcised).
Terms: 기둥 (pillars), 할례 (circumcision), 복음의 진리 (truth of the gospel, 2:5).
Note: This passage establishes that circumcision-compulsion was already a tested, rejected proposal at the Jerusalem council-like meeting, laying groundwork for the ch. 5 crisis.

Galatians 2:11-14 (Confrontation with Peter at Antioch)

Doctrines touched: True Gospel versus False Gospels (2:14, “the truth of the gospel”); Law and Grace (background); Circumcision (implicitly, judaizing pressure).
Terms: 외식 (hypocrisy, 2:13), 유대인처럼 살게 하다 (to judaize, 2:14), 거짓 형제들 (false brothers, 2:4, referenced back).
Note: Peter’s public inconsistency under social pressure is the narrative hinge that provokes Paul’s doctrinal statement in 2:15-21; the confrontation must read as a serious gospel-truth crisis, not a minor interpersonal dispute.

Galatians 2:15-21 (CORE PASSAGE — Justification by Faith; Crucified with Christ)

Doctrines touched: Justification by Faith (Critical) — the letter’s thesis statement (2:16, 2:21); Law and Grace (Critical) — 2:16, 2:21; Crucified with Christ (Critical) — 2:19-20; background Sonship of Christ (2:20, “the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me”).
Terms: 의롭다 하심 / 의롭다 함을 얻다 (justification), 율법의 행위 (works of the law), 믿음 (faith), 그리스도와 함께 십자가에 못 박혔나니 (crucified with Christ), 율법에 대하여 죽었나니 (died to the law), 헛되이 (in vain), 폐하다 (nullify), 나를 위하여 자기 자신을 버리셨느니라 (gave himself for me).
Note: This is the theological anchor of the entire curriculum. Three Critical doctrines converge in seven verses. Every rendering choice here must be verified against the full doctrine matrix below before Phase 2 proceeds, and per the escalation rules inherited from the Romans baseline, atonement language (2:20b) mandates theologian review.

Galatians 3:1-5 (Foolish Galatians; Spirit received by faith)

Doctrines touched: Law and Grace (3:2-5, “did you receive the Spirit by works of the law or by hearing with faith?”); Flesh versus Spirit (background introduction, 3:3).
Terms: 성령 (Holy Spirit), 육체 (flesh), 율법의 행위 (works of the law).
Note: 3:3 (“having begun by the Spirit, are you now being perfected by the flesh?”) is the first explicit flesh/Spirit contrast in the letter, previewing ch. 5’s fuller treatment.

Galatians 3:6-9 (Abraham believed God; blessing to the Gentiles)

Doctrines touched: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise (High) — primary basis (3:6-9); Justification by Faith (3:6, imputed righteousness).
Terms: 의로 여기심 (imputed righteousness, verbatim Genesis 15:6 citation shared with Romans 4:3), 약속 (promise), 아브라함의 복 (blessing of Abraham, anticipated from 3:14).
Note: This is the letter’s second citation of Genesis 15:6 in the pipeline (after Romans); cross-document consistency rule requires identical Korean rendering.

Galatians 3:10-14 (Curse of the law; redemption; blessing and promise of the Spirit)

Doctrines touched: The Law’s Purpose (High) — 3:10-13; Abrahamic Covenant and Promise (High) — 3:14; Crucified with Christ (background, substitutionary curse-bearing).
Terms: 저주 (curse), 속량하다 (redeemed), 나무에 달린 자 (hung on a tree), 아브라함의 복 (blessing of Abraham).
Note: 3:13’s “becoming a curse for us” is a dense atonement statement requiring the same theologian-review escalation as 2:20; the 복 (bok) root in “blessing of Abraham” reactivates the fortune-collision caution already flagged for “gospel.”

Galatians 3:15-18 (Covenant/promise argument)

Doctrines touched: Abrahamic Covenant and Promise (High) — 3:15-18.
Terms: 언약 (covenant), 약속 (promise), 자손 (seed/offspring, anticipating 3:16, 3:29).
Note: The singular/plural argument on “seed” (3:16) is a typological argument that does not map cleanly onto Korean grammatical number; flagged for native speaker review of clarity, though the underlying doctrine (Abrahamic Covenant) remains High risk per the registry.

Galatians 3:19-25 (Purpose of the law; the guardian/tutor)

Doctrines touched: The Law’s Purpose (High) — primary basis, entire passage.
Terms: 범죄들 때문에 더하여진 것 (added because of transgressions), 초등교사 (guardian/tutor), 믿음 (faith, as what “has come”).
Note: This is the doctrine’s core textual home. The tutor/guardian metaphor’s built-in authority-then-obsolescence structure (3:24-25) is precisely the point most vulnerable to distortion via Korea’s teacher-veneration tradition, as detailed in the registry.

Galatians 3:26-29 (Sons of God through faith; one in Christ; Abraham’s heirs)

Doctrines touched: Adoption and Sonship (High) — 3:26 (“sons of God, through faith”); Circumcision and the New Creation (background, 3:28 unity formula); Abrahamic Covenant and Promise (3:29, heirs).
Terms: 하나님의 아들들 (sons of God, corporate believer sense — distinct from the Critical Christological term 하나님의 아들 used exclusively of Christ), 그리스도로 옷 입었느니라 (put on Christ), 유대인이나 헬라인이나…하나이니라 (neither Jew nor Greek), 상속자 (heir).
Note: Care is needed to keep the corporate “sons of God” (believers, 3:26) grammatically and doctrinally distinct from the unique, non-transferable “the Son of God” (Christ, 2:20; 4:4) — collapsing the two would blur the deity-of-Christ distinction inherited from the Romans baseline.

Galatians 4:1-7 (Heir under guardians vs. adoption as sons; Abba Father)

Doctrines touched: Adoption and Sonship (High) — primary textual home, entire passage; background Incarnation (4:4, “God sent forth his Son… born of woman, born under the law”).
Terms: 양자 (adoption), 상속자 (heir), 아빠 아버지 (Abba, Father), 종 (slave/servant), 때가 차매 (fullness of time), 성육신 (incarnation, background).
Note: This is the doctrine’s densest textual concentration in the whole letter — slave, heir, adoption, and Abba all converge within seven verses, exceeding the concentration found in Romans 8’s single adoption passage, as the registry notes.

Galatians 4:8-11 (Formerly enslaved to elemental spirits)

Doctrines touched: Law and Grace (Critical, background) — turning back to bondage; Freedom in Christ (background anticipation).
Terms: 초등학문 (elemental things/spirits of the world), 종 (slave), 날과 달과 절기와 해 (days, months, seasons, years).
Note: 초등학문 is flagged Critical in the core glossary specifically because a literal-spirit rendering would directly collide with Korea’s living folk-shamanistic spirit-world (신령/귀신); the KRV’s “elementary doctrine/teaching” framing must be retained rather than personified.

Galatians 4:12-20 (Personal appeal; Paul’s affection)

Doctrines touched: No new doctrine from the fourteen specified for this curriculum; pastoral/relational appeal only.
Note (explicit per full-coverage mandate): Chapter reviewed in full. No load-bearing new theological terms beyond 박해하다 (persecuted, 4:29 anticipation) and general relational vocabulary already covered (교제, fellowship, reused from Romans baseline). No new risk-tier entries required.

Galatians 4:21-31 (Allegory of Hagar and Sarah)

Doctrines touched: Abrahamic Covenant and Promise (High) — 4:21-28 (children of promise vs. children of the flesh); Freedom in Christ (High) — 4:22-26, 4:31 (framed as slave-woman’s son vs. free woman’s son); background Flesh versus Spirit (4:29, “born according to the flesh” persecuting “born according to the Spirit”).
Terms: 비유 (allegory), 위에 있는 예루살렘 (the Jerusalem above), 종 (slave), 자유 (freedom), 박해하다 (persecuted).
Note: This passage supplies the theological groundwork for ch. 5’s freedom doctrine and must be handled as continuous with it, not as an isolated Old Testament exercise; the “Jerusalem above” must read as eschatological, not a claim about a contemporary geographic or political city.

Galatians 5:1-6 (Freedom; circumcision debate; faith working through love)

Doctrines touched: Freedom in Christ (High) — 5:1, thesis statement; Circumcision and the New Creation (Critical) — 5:2-4; Faith Working through Love (High) — 5:6.
Terms: 자유 (freedom), 종의 멍에 (yoke of slavery), 할례 (circumcision), 사랑으로써 역사하는 믿음 (faith working through love).
Note: 5:4 (“you are severed from Christ… you have fallen away from grace”) is one of the letter’s starkest warnings and must retain full doctrinal force — this is the clearest textual statement that compelled circumcision-for-justification is itself a false gospel, tying this passage directly to the Critical-tier circumcision doctrine.

Galatians 5:7-12 (Who hindered you; leaven; harsh wish against agitators)

Doctrines touched: True Gospel versus False Gospels (background, 5:7-9); Circumcision and the New Creation (background, 5:11-12).
Terms: 누룩 (leaven), 십자가의 걸림돌 (offense of the cross, 5:11).
Note: Paul’s severe language toward those pressuring circumcision (5:12) reinforces that this is treated as gospel-corruption, not adiaphora; tone must not be softened toward polite disagreement.

Galatians 5:13-15 (Called to freedom; serve one another in love)

Doctrines touched: Freedom in Christ (High) — 5:13, “called to freedom… only do not use freedom as an opportunity for the flesh”; Faith Working through Love (High) — 5:13-14.
Terms: 자유 (freedom), 사랑 (love), 종노릇하다 (serve one another, via 종 root).
Note: This is the passage that holds freedom and holy living together, resisting a libertine misreading — the registry’s specific caution for Freedom in Christ having “no exact parallel doctrine in the Romans baseline.”

Galatians 5:16-26 (Flesh vs. Spirit; works of the flesh; fruit of the Spirit)

Doctrines touched: Flesh versus Spirit (Critical) — primary textual home, 5:16-25; Fruit of the Spirit (High) — 5:22-23; Crucified with Christ (background, 5:24).
Terms: 육체 (flesh), 육체의 일 (works of the flesh), 우상숭배 (idolatry), 주술 (sorcery/witchcraft), 성령의 열매 (fruit of the Spirit — singular), 육체를 십자가에 못 박았느니라 (crucified the flesh), 성령을 따라 행하라 (keep in step with the Spirit).
Note: This is the single highest-density collision zone in the entire curriculum: 우상숭배 and 주술 name practices with direct, living counterparts in contemporary Korean folk-shamanistic religion (무속신앙), requiring present-tense pastoral application rather than treatment as ancient-only categories.

Galatians 6:1-5 (Restore gently; bear one another’s burdens; law of Christ)

Doctrines touched: Bearing One Another’s Burdens (Medium) — primary textual home, entire passage.
Terms: 짐을 서로 지라 (bear one another’s burdens), 그리스도의 법 (law of Christ), 자기의 일을 살피라 (test one’s own work).
Note: “그리스도의 법” must be visually and lexically distinct from 율법 (the Mosaic Law) so as not to imply reinstated law-keeping as a means of standing before God, per the core glossary’s caution.

Galatians 6:6-10 (Sowing and reaping; household of faith)

Doctrines touched: Bearing One Another’s Burdens (Medium) — 6:10, “household of faith.”
Terms: 심다/거두다 (sowing and reaping), 믿음의 가정 (household of faith).
Note: 믿음의 가정 risks being absorbed into Korea’s strong blood-kinship/clan-household framework (가문, 집안); must be taught as chosen faith-family, not lineage obligation.

Galatians 6:11-16 (Boasting only in the cross; new creation)

Doctrines touched: Circumcision and the New Creation (Critical) — primary textual home for “new creation,” 6:15; background boasting-versus-glory caution (reused from Romans baseline’s glory entry).
Terms: 자랑 (boasting), 새로운 피조물 (new creation), 할례 (circumcision).
Note: 6:14-15 is the letter’s climactic summary statement (“neither circumcision nor uncircumcision counts for anything, but a new creation”); 새로운 피조물 must never be rendered with terms resonant with Buddhist rebirth/reincarnation (환생/윤회), matching the forbidden-substitution rule already established for “resurrection” in the Romans baseline.

Galatians 6:17-18 (Marks of Jesus; closing benediction)

Doctrines touched: No new doctrine from the fourteen specified; closing personal/benedictory material.
Terms: 예수의 흔적 (marks of Jesus), 은혜 (grace, closing benediction).
Note (explicit per full-coverage mandate): Chapter section reviewed in full. 예수의 흔적 is a unique personal-testimony term with low collision risk; the closing 은혜 benediction (6:18) must render identically in register to 1:3’s opening grace greeting, per cross-document consistency practice.

Part 2: Full Doctrine Matrix (Fourteen Doctrines)

The table below is fully consistent with assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json — same doctrine names, same risk tiers, same review routing. Supporting passages are drawn from across the whole book, not only the core passage.

#	Doctrine	Risk	Supporting Passages (Galatians)	Translation Risk (specific reason)	Review Routing
1	Justification by Faith	Critical	2:16, 2:21, 3:6, 3:8, 3:11, 3:24, 5:4	의롭다 하심 must remain a forensic declaration, never a gradual attainment. This is the letter’s organizing thesis (unlike Romans, where it is one theme among several); 율법의 행위 (works of the law) closely resembles the Korean loyalty-ethics concept 의리 flagged for 의 in the baseline — the entire letter’s argument turns on preserving this contrast.	Human theologian
2	The True Gospel versus False Gospels	Critical	1:6-9, 2:5, 2:14, 3:1, 5:7-12	다른 복음 must never read as one valid alternative among several. The shared 복 (bok, fortune) root compounds the risk: a counterfeit gospel promising blessing through law-observance is especially liable to being misheard as an alternate legitimate route to fortune rather than the anathema-worthy corruption Paul names (1:8-9).	Human theologian
3	Paul’s Apostleship	High	1:1, 1:11-12, 1:15-17, 1:18-24, 2:6-9	사도 is Low/Medium risk as a bare term in the Romans baseline, but Galatians elevates the stakes: chs. 1-2 mount a sustained, legally-styled defense of a commission directly from God, not human intermediaries. Must not soften toward general “missionary” role or echo a shamanistic spiritual-intermediary framing (무당).	Human theologian
4	Law and Grace	Critical	2:16, 2:21, 3:2-5, 3:10-13, 4:8-11, 5:4	은혜 is already Critical in the baseline for its collision with 기복신앙 (fortune-seeking-faith). Galatians makes the law/grace contrast structurally programmatic across the whole letter; any slippage back toward earning favor through 율법의 행위 reactivates the exact transactional pattern the baseline forbids.	Human theologian
5	Crucified with Christ	Critical	2:19-20, 5:24, 6:14	그리스도와 함께 십자가에 못 박혔나니 is a perfect-tense, once-for-all judicial/positional union with Christ’s death. Risk: assimilation to ongoing ascetic self-mortification (수행, 도 닦기), turning a completed identity-statement into a repeatable spiritual discipline.	Human theologian
6	The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise	High	3:6-9, 3:14-18, 3:29, 4:21-28	”아브라함의 복” (3:14) reuses the 복 (bok) root already flagged as colliding with 기복신앙; must be taught explicitly as justification and the gift of the Spirit received by faith, not material prosperity — a risk more concentrated here than in Romans’ more incidental use of 복음 alone.	Human theologian
7	The Law’s Purpose	High	3:19-25, 3:10-13	초등교사 (“guardian/tutor”) risks being heard through Korea’s tradition of the revered, permanently-authoritative Confucian teacher (스승, 훈장), whereas the paidagōgos was a supervisory slave-role of intrinsically temporary authority that Paul says has ended (3:25) — an authority-permanence inversion unique to teacher-veneration cultures.	Human theologian
8	Adoption and Sonship	High	3:26-29, 4:1-7	Traditional Korean heir-adoption (양자) existed instrumentally to continue Confucian ancestor-memorial rites (제사), not primarily for relational belonging. Sonship securing 상속자 (heir) status “through God” apart from any ritual-continuation function must be taught explicitly against this backdrop; concentration of slave/heir/Abba vocabulary here exceeds Romans 8’s single passage.	Human theologian
9	Freedom in Christ	High	5:1, 5:13, 2:4, 4:21-31	자유 carries strong modern political/civic connotations in Korean public discourse (e.g., 자유민주주의); readers risk hearing this as political liberty rather than freedom from sin and the law’s condemnation. 5:13’s warning against freedom as “an opportunity for the flesh” means the doctrine must hold freedom and holy living together, resisting a libertine misreading with no exact Romans-baseline parallel.	Human theologian
10	Circumcision and the New Creation	Critical	2:3-12, 5:2-11, 6:12-15	할례 has low cultural-collision risk in Korea (no competing indigenous circumcision rite), but the doctrine’s stakes are maximal: Paul treats compelled circumcision for justification as itself a false gospel (5:2-4). 새로운 피조물 (6:15) must never use terms resonant with Buddhist rebirth/reincarnation (환생/윤회), the same forbidden substitution already excluded for “resurrection” in the baseline.	Human theologian
11	Flesh versus Spirit	Critical	5:16-25, 6:8, 3:3, 4:29	The works-of-the-flesh list (5:19-21) includes 우상숭배 (idolatry) and 주술 (sorcery/witchcraft), both naming practices with direct, live counterparts in contemporary Korean folk-shamanistic religion (무속신앙 and gut ritual incantation). Unlike most items in the list, these must be taught as present-day spiritual danger for Korean readers, not only ancient pagan practice — no equivalent concentration exists anywhere in the Romans baseline.	Human theologian
12	Fruit of the Spirit	High	5:22-23	The deliberate singular 열매 (“fruit,” not “fruits”) must be taught as one organic, Spirit-produced outworking, not a nine-item self-effort checklist; failing to preserve this collapses the doctrine into the ascetic self-cultivation pattern (수행, 도 닦기) already flagged under the baseline’s sanctification entry, re-importing law-works logic into the very passage meant to contrast with it.	Human theologian
13	Faith Working through Love	High	5:6, 5:13-14, 5:22	Korean 사랑 (sarang) is a single general-purpose word spanning romantic, familial, and agapic senses (unlike Greek’s distinct ἀγάπη/ἔρως/φιλία), risking a sentimental or merely affective misreading of self-giving, covenantal love expressed even toward outsiders and opponents — a disambiguation challenge specific to Korean vocabulary.	Native speaker review
14	Bearing One Another’s Burdens	Medium	6:1-5, 6:10	Must be taught in continuity with faith-working-through-love and fruit-of-the-Spirit, not as an isolated ethical rule. “믿음의 가정” (household of faith, 6:10) risks being absorbed into Korea’s strong blood-kinship/clan-lineage household framework (가문, 집안) rather than a chosen, faith-based family — a narrowing risk specific to cultures with this strength of clan/household identity.	Native speaker review

Part 3: Full-Book Coverage Confirmation

Per the PRD Phase 1 full-coverage mandate, every chapter of Galatians has been explicitly reviewed above:

Chapter	Reviewed	New/elevated doctrine content	Disposition
Galatians 1	Yes	Paul’s Apostleship; True Gospel vs. False Gospels	Full doctrinal analysis above (1:1-5, 1:6-10, 1:11-24)
Galatians 2	Yes	Justification by Faith; Law and Grace; Crucified with Christ; Circumcision (introduced); Paul’s Apostleship (continued)	Full doctrinal analysis above, including CORE PASSAGE 2:15-21
Galatians 3	Yes	Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; The Law’s Purpose; Adoption and Sonship (introduced); Flesh vs. Spirit (introduced)	Full doctrinal analysis above (3:1-5, 3:6-9, 3:10-14, 3:15-18, 3:19-25, 3:26-29)
Galatians 4	Yes	Adoption and Sonship (primary home); Law and Grace (background); Abrahamic Covenant/Freedom in Christ (allegory)	Full doctrinal analysis above (4:1-7, 4:8-11, 4:21-31); 4:12-20 explicitly reviewed and confirmed to contribute no new curriculum doctrine — noted rather than silently omitted
Galatians 5	Yes	Freedom in Christ; Circumcision (crisis point); Faith Working through Love; Flesh vs. Spirit (primary home); Fruit of the Spirit	Full doctrinal analysis above (5:1-6, 5:7-12, 5:13-15, 5:16-26)
Galatians 6	Yes	Bearing One Another’s Burdens; Circumcision and the New Creation (climactic restatement)	Full doctrinal analysis above (6:1-5, 6:6-10, 6:11-16); 6:17-18 explicitly reviewed and confirmed to contribute no new curriculum doctrine beyond the closing grace benediction, already governed by the baseline’s grace entry

Conclusion: All six chapters and every major section of Galatians have been reviewed. No section was silently omitted. Two short sections (4:12-20 and 6:17-18) were confirmed to introduce no new doctrine beyond the fourteen specified and are noted here explicitly per the full-coverage mandate.

Summary Statistics

Total doctrines analyzed: 14 (matching assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json exactly)
Critical risk: 6 — Justification by Faith; The True Gospel versus False Gospels; Law and Grace; Crucified with Christ; Circumcision and the New Creation; Flesh versus Spirit
High risk: 7 — Paul’s Apostleship; The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; The Law’s Purpose; Adoption and Sonship; Freedom in Christ; Fruit of the Spirit; Faith Working through Love
Medium risk: 1 — Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Low risk: 0
Requiring human theologian review: 12 doctrines (all Critical + all High except Faith Working through Love)
Requiring native speaker review: 2 doctrines (Faith Working through Love; Bearing One Another’s Burdens)
Chapters spanning each Critical-tier doctrine: every Critical doctrine recurs in at least two chapters, confirming Galatians’ argument is cumulative rather than isolated to single proof-texts — Phase 2 segment translation must therefore treat cross-chapter consistency for these six doctrines as a Critical-priority validation rule, equal in weight to the core passage itself.

This document must be loaded alongside assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json, analysis/08_core_glossary.md, and the Romans baseline translation_memory.json before Phase 2 Galatians segment translation begins.

Critical Risk Doctrines

Justification by Faith

Korean name: 믿음으로 말미암은 의롭다 하심
Key terms: justification, righteousness, works of the law, faith, imputed righteousness
Review routing: Human theologian

의롭다 하심 must remain a forensic declaration (‘declared righteous’), never a gradual attainment. Galatians makes this doctrine the letter’s organizing thesis (unlike Romans, where it is one theme among several), and Paul’s opponents offered 율법의 행위 (works of the law) as a socially-coded performance path that closely resembles the Korean loyalty-ethics concept 의리 already flagged under the baseline’s righteousness entry — the doctrinal stakes of mistranslating this contrast are maximal because the entire letter turns on it.

The True Gospel versus False Gospels

Korean name: 참된 복음과 거짓 복음
Key terms: gospel, different gospel, accursed, truth of the gospel
Review routing: Human theologian

다른 복음 (a categorically different, illegitimate gospel) must never be read as one valid alternative among several. The shared 복 (bok, fortune) root already flagged under the baseline’s gospel entry compounds this risk: a counterfeit gospel promising blessing through law-observance is especially liable to being misheard as an alternate legitimate route to 복 (fortune) rather than the anathema-worthy corruption Paul names it (1:8-9).

Law and Grace

Korean name: 율법과 은혜
Key terms: law, grace, works of the law, nullify
Review routing: Human theologian

은혜 is already Critical in the baseline for its collision with 기복신앙 (fortune-seeking-faith), a shamanistically-inflected transactional pattern of exchanging ritual performance for blessing. Galatians makes the law/grace contrast structurally programmatic across the whole letter (not incidental as in Romans), so any slippage back toward earning favor through 율법의 행위 directly reactivates the very transactional pattern the baseline forbids.

Crucified with Christ

Korean name: 그리스도와 함께 십자가에 못 박힘
Key terms: crucified with Christ, died to the law, crucified the flesh
Review routing: Human theologian

그리스도와 함께 십자가에 못 박혔나니 is a perfect-tense, once-for-all judicial/positional union with Christ’s death. The specific Korean risk is that this gets assimilated to ongoing ascetic self-mortification (수행, 도 닦기) — a category already flagged under the baseline’s sanctification entry — turning a completed identity-statement into a repeatable spiritual discipline the believer must keep performing.

Circumcision and the New Creation

Korean name: 할례와 새로운 피조물
Key terms: circumcision, judaize, new creation
Review routing: Human theologian

할례 has low cultural-collision risk in Korea (no competing indigenous circumcision rite), but the doctrine’s stakes are maximal: Paul treats compelling circumcision for justification as itself a false gospel (5:2-4, ‘Christ will be of no advantage to you’). 새로운 피조물 (new creation, 6:15) additionally must never be rendered with terms resonant with Buddhist rebirth/reincarnation (환생/윤회), the same forbidden substitution already excluded under the baseline’s resurrection entry.

Flesh versus Spirit

Korean name: 육체와 성령의 대립
Key terms: flesh, works of the flesh, idolatry, sorcery, keep in step with the Spirit
Review routing: Human theologian

The works-of-the-flesh vice list (5:19-21) includes 우상숭배 (idolatry) and 주술 (sorcery/witchcraft), both naming practices with direct, live counterparts in contemporary Korean folk-shamanistic religion (무속신앙 and its gut ritual incantation practices). Unlike most items in the list, which name timeless moral categories, these two must be taught as describing present-day spiritual danger for Korean readers, not merely ancient pagan practice — a risk with no equivalent concentration anywhere in the Romans baseline.

High Risk Doctrines

Paul’s Apostleship

Korean name: 바울의 사도직
Key terms: apostle, not from man, not through man, revelation, pillars
Review routing: Human theologian

사도 carries only Low/Medium collision risk as a bare term (per the Romans baseline), but Galatians elevates the doctrinal stakes because chs. 1-2 mount a sustained, legally-styled defense of the legitimacy of Paul’s commission directly from God, not from human intermediaries — a distinction that must not be softened toward a general ‘missionary’ role or allowed to echo a shamanistic spiritual-intermediary framing (무당) that the baseline already excludes for apostle.

The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise

Korean name: 아브라함의 언약과 약속
Key terms: promise, covenant, seed/offspring, blessing of Abraham, imputed righteousness
Review routing: Human theologian

‘아브라함의 복’ (blessing of Abraham, 3:14) reuses the 복 (bok) root already flagged as colliding with 기복신앙 fortune-seeking faith under the baseline’s gospel entry; this doctrine must be taught explicitly as justification and the gift of the Spirit received by faith, not material prosperity — a risk not present to this degree in Romans’ more incidental use of 복음 alone.

The Law’s Purpose

Korean name: 율법의 목적
Key terms: law added because of transgressions, guardian/tutor, curse of the law
Review routing: Human theologian

초등교사 (paidagōgos, ‘guardian/tutor’) risks being heard through Korea’s tradition of the revered, permanently-authoritative Confucian teacher (스승, 훈장) who commands ongoing deference, whereas the paidagōgos was in fact a supervisory slave-role of intrinsically temporary authority that Paul explicitly says has ended now that faith has come (3:25) — this specific authority-permanence inversion is a comprehension risk unique to cultures with a strong teacher-veneration tradition.

Adoption and Sonship

Korean name: 하나님 가족의 양자 됨과 아들 됨
Key terms: adoption, abba, father, heir, slave/son contrast
Review routing: Human theologian

Galatians 4:1-7’s sustained slave-to-son argument sharpens the baseline’s caution: traditional Korean heir-adoption (양자) existed instrumentally to continue Confucian ancestor-memorial rites (제사), not primarily for relational belonging. Paul’s claim that sonship secures 상속자 (heir) status ‘through God’ apart from any ritual-continuation function must be taught explicitly against this cultural backdrop, with greater concentration of relevant vocabulary (slave, heir, Abba) than in Romans 8’s single adoption passage.

Freedom in Christ

Korean name: 그리스도 안에서의 자유
Key terms: freedom/liberty, yoke of slavery, called to freedom
Review routing: Human theologian

자유 (jayu) carries strong modern political/civic connotations in Korean public discourse (e.g., 자유민주주의, ‘liberal democracy’); readers risk hearing this primarily as political liberty rather than freedom from sin and the law’s condemning power. Additionally, 5:13’s immediate warning against using freedom ‘as an opportunity for the flesh’ means this doctrine must hold gospel freedom and holy living together, resisting a libertine misreading with no exact parallel doctrine in the Romans baseline.

Fruit of the Spirit

Korean name: 성령의 열매
Key terms: fruit of the Spirit, sanctification
Review routing: Human theologian

The deliberate singular 열매 (‘fruit,’ not ‘fruits’) must be taught as one organic, Spirit-produced outworking, not a nine-item self-effort checklist; failing to preserve this collapses the doctrine into the ascetic self-cultivation pattern (수행, 도 닦기) already flagged under the baseline’s sanctification entry, effectively re-importing law-works logic into the very passage meant to contrast with it.

Faith Working through Love

Korean name: 사랑으로써 역사하는 믿음
Key terms: faith working through love, love, faith
Review routing: Native speaker review

Korean 사랑 (sarang) is a single general-purpose word spanning romantic, familial, and agapic senses (unlike Greek’s distinct ἀγάπη/ἔρως/φιλία), risking a sentimental or merely affective misreading of what Paul means by self-giving, covenantal love expressed even toward outsiders and opponents — a disambiguation challenge specific to Korean vocabulary not present for other terms in this doctrine’s formula.

Medium Risk Doctrines

Bearing One Another’s Burdens

Korean name: 서로의 짐을 짐
Key terms: bear one another’s burdens, law of Christ, household of faith
Review routing: Native speaker review

This doctrine must be taught in continuity with faith-working-through-love and fruit-of-the-Spirit, not as an isolated ethical rule. ‘믿음의 가정’ (household of faith, 6:10) risks being absorbed into Korea’s strong blood-kinship/clan-lineage household framework (가문, 집안) rather than understood as a chosen, faith-based family — a culturally-specific narrowing risk not present in a context without this strength of clan/household identity.

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