Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Galatians (English → Korean)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Galatians 1–6 in full. Terms marked Reused already exist in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and MUST be rendered with the exact recorded Korean term; risk tiers for these are inherited from baseline unless a Galatians-specific elevation is noted. Terms marked New are proposed additions for the Galatians curriculum’s translation memory and require the same version-increment and theologian-flagging procedure described in the baseline AI Translation Requirements (§ “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions”).
Reused Terms (from Romans Baseline — render exactly as recorded)
| English Term | Korean | Transliteration | Risk (Baseline) | Doctrine Link(s) | Primary Galatians Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | 복음 | bogeum | Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:6-11; 2:2,5,7,14; 3:8; 4:13 | Root 복 (bok) fortune-collision caution applies with added force alongside 3:14’s “blessing of Abraham” (아브라함의 복). |
| grace | 은혜 | eunhye | Critical | Law and Grace; Justification by Faith | 1:3,6,15; 2:9,21; 5:4; 6:18 | All forbidden-substitution rules apply; central to Law/Grace contrast throughout. |
| faith | 믿음 | mideum | High | Justification by Faith; Faith Working through Love | 2:16,20; 3:2-26; 5:5-6,22 | Genitive-ambiguity flag applies at 2:16, 2:20, 3:22 (“faith in/of Christ”). |
| righteousness | 의 | ui | Critical/High | Justification by Faith | 2:21; 3:6,21; 5:5 | Mandatory distinguishing note vs. 의리 (loyalty-ethics) in every occurrence. |
| justification | 의롭다 하심 | uiropda hasim | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:16-17,21; 3:8,11,24; 5:4 | KRV verb forms: 의롭다 함을 얻다 / 의롭게 되다. |
| imputed righteousness | 의로 여기심 | uiro yeogisim | Critical | Justification by Faith; Abrahamic Covenant | 3:6 | Identical Gen 15:6 citation as Romans 4:3; render verbatim per cross-document consistency rule. |
| salvation | 구원 | guwon | Critical | (implied throughout; esp. justification/redemption passages) | — | No forbidden substitutions apply differently in Galatians; retain baseline rule. |
| apostle | 사도 | sado | Low→High for Galatians | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:1,17,19; 2:8 | Elevated risk: Paul’s apostolic legitimacy is the letter’s contested premise. |
| called / calling | 부르심을 받은 / 부르심 | bureusim-eul badeun / bureusim | High | Divine Calling; Freedom in Christ | 1:6,15; 5:8,13 | Never 팔자/운명; personal, relational summons, including the call “to freedom” (5:13). |
| holy | 거룩한 | georokan | High | (background to Sanctification) | — | Not textually prominent but available if needed. |
| saints | 성도 | seongdo | High | Church as God’s People | — | Not textually prominent in Galatians; retained for consistency. |
| sanctification | 성화 | seonghwa | High | (background; contrasted with flesh/Spirit) | 5:16-25 (conceptually) | Distinguish from ascetic self-cultivation (수행/도 닦기) — directly relevant caution for “fruit of the Spirit.” |
| adoption | 양자 | yangja | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:5 | Jesa-continuation caution applies directly; adoption here is relational, not instrumental. |
| lord | 주님 | junim | Critical | Christ’s Lordship (background) | 1:3,19; 6:14,18 | Full honorific grammar required. |
| son_of_god | 하나님의 아들 | Hananim-ui adeul | Critical | Sonship/Deity of Christ; Adoption | 2:20; 4:4 | Never metaphorical/adoptive-only sonship for Christ himself. |
| incarnation | 성육신 | seongyuksin | High | (background to 4:4) | 4:4 | Connects to “fullness of time” and “sent forth his Son.” |
| peace | 화평 | hwapyeong | Medium | (greeting; fruit list) | 1:3; 5:22 | Note distinct register in 5:22’s fruit-of-the-Spirit list vs. 1:3’s epistolary greeting; flag for native speaker review to confirm both read naturally with the same headword. |
| church | 교회 | gyohoe | Medium | Church as God’s People | 1:2,13,22 | Never 당집/절. |
| kingdom_of_god | 하나님의 나라 | Hananim-ui nara | Low | (background) | 5:21 | Those practicing works of the flesh “will not inherit” it — pair with works-of-flesh Critical flag. |
| law | 율법 | yulbeop | High | Law and Grace; The Law’s Purpose | throughout chs. 2-5 | Central term of the entire letter; never equate with 예 (Confucian ritual-propriety) or reduce to 법률 (secular law). |
| sin | 죄 | joe | High | Universal Human Accountability (background) | 1:4; 2:17; 3:22 | 죄인 (joein, “sinners”) builds on this headword. |
| gentiles | 이방인 | ibangin | High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles (background) | 2:12,14-15; 3:8 | 단일민족 caution retained. |
| glory | 영광 | yeonggwang | Medium | (doxology; boasting contrast) | 1:5,24 | Distinguish from 명예/출세 — directly relevant to ch. 6’s “boasting” caution. |
| god | 하나님 | Hananim | Critical | Deity/Father | throughout | Never 하느님/천주/산신령. |
| holy_spirit | 성령 | seongnyeong | Critical | Flesh vs. Spirit; Fruit of the Spirit | 3:2-5,14; 4:6,29; 5:5,16-25; 6:1,8,18 | Central term of chs. 3-6; never 신령/신 alone; never possession-language. |
| father | 아버지 | abeoji | Critical | Adoption and Sonship | 1:1,3,4; 4:2,6 | Jesa-ancestor caution retained; God the Father here explicitly grounds adoption, not ancestor-rite obligation. |
| abba | 아빠 | appa | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:6 | Render identically to Romans 8:15. |
| covenant | 언약 | eonyak | Low | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:15-17; 4:24 | Keep distinct from 약속 (promise, new term below) though closely related. |
| messiah/christ | 그리스도 | Geuriseudo | Medium | (throughout) | throughout | Standard KRV term. |
| jesus | 예수 | Yesu | Critical | (throughout) | throughout | Standard KRV transliteration. |
| israel | — | — | — | Not present in Galatians | — | No occurrence; retained here only to confirm deliberate non-inclusion. |
| david | — | — | — | Not present in Galatians | — | No occurrence; retained here only to confirm deliberate non-inclusion. |
New Terms Proposed for Galatians Translation Memory
| English Term | Korean | Transliteration | Proposed Risk | Doctrine Link(s) | Primary Passages | Rationale / Collision Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a different/another gospel | 다른 복음 | dareun bogeum | Critical | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:6-9 | Central polemical category of the letter; must read as categorically illegitimate, not “an alternative valid option.” |
| accursed / anathema | 저주를 받을지어다 | joju-reul badeuljieoda | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:8-9 | Distinguish God’s judicial curse from Korean folk-shamanistic curse/misfortune ritual practice. |
| revelation | 계시 | gyesi | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:12,16; 2:2 | Distinguish from shamanistic/folk-divinatory “revelation” claims. |
| tradition(s) of the fathers | 조상의 유전 | josang-ui yujeon | High | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | 1:14 | Confucian ancestral-tradition collision; do not equate with jesa devotion. |
| this present evil age | 이 악한 세대 | i akhan sedae | Medium | (background eschatology) | 1:4 | Avoid fatalistic/cyclical-era readings. |
| servant/slave (of Christ, of sin, under the law) | 종 | jong | High | Freedom in Christ; Adoption and Sonship | 1:10; 2:4 (concept); 4:1,7,24-25; 5:1 | Central slave/son contrast term across the whole letter; track for absolute consistency. |
| truth of the gospel | 복음의 진리 | bogeum-ui jilli | Medium-High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:5,14 | Technical standard against which doctrinal compromise is measured. |
| false brothers | 거짓 형제들 | geojit hyeongjedeul | Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:4 | Serious charge; not mere disagreement. |
| circumcision | 할례 | halle | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:3-12; 3:3; 5:2-11; 6:12-15 | Low cultural-collision, very high doctrinal weight; never treat as neutral custom when tied to justification claims. |
| pillars | 기둥 | gidung | Low | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | 2:9 | Culturally transparent metaphor. |
| hypocrisy | 외식 | oesik | Low-Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:13 | Standard established term. |
| to Judaize | 유대인처럼 살게 하다 | yudaein-cheoreom salge hada | High | Circumcision; Law and Grace | 2:14 | Must convey compulsion/pressure, not mere cultural preference. |
| promise | 약속 | yaksok | Medium-High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14-29; 4:23,28 | Keep distinct from but related to 언약 (covenant); never collapse into either 계약 or 언약 alone. |
| curse (of the law) | 저주 | joju | High | The Law’s Purpose; Crucified with Christ | 3:10,13 | Distinguish from Korean folk-shamanistic curse/misfortune concepts and their ritual remedies. |
| redeemed | 속량하다 | soklyanghada | High | Crucified with Christ; Adoption and Sonship | 3:13; 4:5 | Retain commercial/manumission background; distinct from generic “saved.” |
| hung on a tree | 나무에 달린 자 | namu-e dallin ja | Medium | Crucified with Christ (background) | 3:13 | Substitutionary curse-bearing; pair with atonement-language theologian review rule. |
| blessing of Abraham | 아브라함의 복 | Abeuraham-ui bok | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14 | Uses 복 root — same fortune-collision family as gospel; teach as justification/Spirit-inclusion, not material prosperity. |
| seed/offspring | 자손 | jason | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:16,29 | Singular/plural typological argument harder to reproduce in Korean; flag for native speaker review. |
| the law added because of transgressions | 범죄들 때문에 더하여진 것 | beomjoedeul ttaemune deohayeojin geot | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:19 | Must not imply the law was ever a means of salvation. |
| guardian/tutor | 초등교사 | chodeung gyosa | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:24-25 | Korean “teacher” register implies ongoing deference; paidagōgos authority was intrinsically temporary — teach the inversion explicitly. |
| heir | 상속자 | sangsokja | High | Adoption and Sonship; Abrahamic Covenant | 3:29; 4:1,7 | Connects to adoption’s jesa-continuation caution; heirship here is relational, not lineage-duty. |
| neither Jew nor Greek…all one in Christ | 유대인이나 헬라인이나…하나이니라 | yudaein-ina Hellain-ina…hanainira | High | Circumcision; Unity of Jews and Gentiles (background) | 3:28 | Confucian hierarchy and 단일민족 self-conception both create pressure to abstract/soften this; do not soften. |
| put on Christ | 그리스도로 옷 입었느니라 | Geuriseudo-ro ot ibeotneunira | Low | (baptismal imagery, background) | 3:27 | Culturally transparent clothing metaphor. |
| fullness of time | 때가 차매 | ttaega chamae | Low-Medium | Adoption and Sonship (background) | 4:4 | Connects to 섭리 (providence, Reused); purposive, not fatalistic, timing. |
| elemental things/spirits of the world | 초등학문 | chodeung hakmun | Critical | Law and Grace; Freedom in Christ | 4:3,9 | Must not be personified as literal spirit-beings — direct collision risk with Korean folk-shamanistic spirit-world (신령/귀신); KRV’s “elementary doctrine” reading is doctrinally safer and should be retained. |
| allegory | 비유 | biyu | Low | (hermeneutical note) | 4:24 | Standard term for figurative reading. |
| the Jerusalem above | 위에 있는 예루살렘 | wi-e itneun Yerusallem | Medium | Freedom in Christ (background) | 4:26 | Eschatological, not a literal geographic or contemporary-political claim. |
| persecuted | 박해하다 | bakhaehada | Medium | (recurring theme) | 1:13,23; 4:29; 5:11; 6:12 | Track as a recurring motif across the whole letter. |
| freedom / liberty | 자유 | jayu | High | Freedom in Christ | 5:1,13 | Distinguish from political/civic 자유 (자유민주주의) and from libertine license; freedom is from sin/law’s condemnation, held together with holy living. |
| yoke of slavery | 종의 멍에 | jong-ui myeonge | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 5:1 | Builds on 종 (jong) headword; agricultural yoke metaphor is culturally transparent. |
| faith working through love | 사랑으로써 역사하는 믿음 | sarang-euroseo yeoksahaneun mideum | High | Faith Working through Love | 5:6 | Unified doctrinal formula; do not split into two independent virtues. |
| love | 사랑 | sarang | Medium | Faith Working through Love; Fruit of the Spirit | 5:6,13-14,22; 2:20 | Korean 사랑 spans romantic/familial/agapic senses; context must establish self-giving, covenantal meaning. |
| flesh | 육체 | yukche | High/Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 2:16,20; 3:3; 4:23,29; 5:13,16-24; 6:8,12-13 | Two senses (neutral bodily existence vs. morally-charged fallen nature) must be disambiguated by context; avoid body-soul dualism. |
| works of the flesh | 육체의 일 | yukche-ui il | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:19-21 | Includes 우상숭배 (idolatry) and 주술 (sorcery) — direct, live collision with continuing Korean folk-shamanistic practice; teach as contemporary relevance, not only ancient categories. |
| idolatry | 우상숭배 | usang sungbae | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:20 | Direct collision with folk-religious veneration practices in Korea. |
| sorcery/witchcraft | 주술 | jusul | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:20 | Overlaps with mudang gut-ritual incantation/charm practices; highest-caution single term in the whole curriculum outside the core passage. |
| fruit of the Spirit | 성령의 열매 | seongnyeong-ui yeolmae | High | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22-23 | Singular, organic outworking, not a self-effort checklist (avoid 수행/도 닦기 framing). |
| crucified the flesh | 육체를 십자가에 못 박았느니라 | yukche-reul sipjjaga-e mot bakatneunira | High | Crucified with Christ; Flesh versus Spirit | 5:24 | Consistent with 2:20’s “crucified with Christ.” |
| keep in step with the Spirit | 성령을 따라 행하라 | seongnyeong-eul ttara haenghara | Medium-High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:16,25 | Distinguish from spirit-channeling/possession dynamics. |
| offense of the cross | 십자가의 걸림돌 | sipjjaga-ui geollimdol | Medium | Crucified with Christ (background) | 5:11 | Standard stumbling-block metaphor. |
| leaven | 누룩 | nuruk | Low | Circumcision (background warning) | 5:9 | Culturally transparent metaphor. |
| bear one another’s burdens | 짐을 서로 지라 | jim-eul seoro jira | Medium-High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | Continuous with faith-working-through-love and fruit-of-the-Spirit doctrines, not a stand-alone rule. |
| law of Christ | 그리스도의 법 | Geuriseudo-ui beop | Medium-High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens; Law and Grace | 6:2 | Deliberately distinct wording from 율법; do not equate with reinstated Mosaic law-keeping. |
| test/examine one’s own work | 자기의 일을 살피라 | jagi-ui il-eul salpira | Low-Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens (background) | 6:4 | Individual accountability, not comparative judgment. |
| sowing and reaping | 심다/거두다 | simda/geoduda | Low | (ethical exhortation) | 6:7-8 | Culturally transparent agrarian metaphor. |
| household of faith | 믿음의 가정 | mideum-ui gajeong | Medium | Church as God’s People (background) | 6:10 | Clarify as chosen faith-family, not blood-kinship/clan obligation. |
| boasting | 자랑 | jarang | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation (background) | 6:13-14 | Parallel to 영광/명예/출세 status-culture caution. |
| new creation | 새로운 피조물 | saeroun pijomul | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:15 | Standardize nominal form across curriculum; never 환생/윤회; once-for-all re-creation, not cyclical rebirth. |
| marks of Jesus | 예수의 흔적 | Yesu-ui heunjeok | Low | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | 6:17 | Unique personal-testimony term; low collision risk. |
| justification verb forms | 의롭다 함을 얻다 / 의롭게 되다 | uiropda ham-eul eotda / uiropge doeda | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:16-17,21; 3:8,11,24; 5:4 | KRV verb-form companions to the Reused nominal 의롭다 하심; must retain forensic sense. |
| works of the law | 율법의 행위 | yulbeop-ui haengwi | Critical | Justification by Faith; Law and Grace | 2:16; 3:2,5,10 | Never moralized into 의리 loyalty-ethics language. |
| crucified with Christ | 그리스도와 함께 십자가에 못 박혔나니 | Geuriseudo-wa hamkke sipjjaga-e mot bakhyeotnani | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2:19-20 | Judicial/positional, once-for-all reality — not ongoing ascetic self-mortification. |
| in vain / for no purpose | 헛되이 | heotdoe-i | Critical | Justification by Faith; Crucified with Christ | 2:21 | Do not confuse with the near-homonymic “freely given as gift” sense of δωρεάν elsewhere in the NT. |
| nullify | 폐하다 | pyehada | Medium | Law and Grace | 2:21 | ”Render void,” not merely “ignore.” |
| transgressor | 범법자 | beombeopja | Medium | Law and Grace (background) | 2:18 | Moral offense before God, not shame/face-loss register. |
| died to the law | 율법에 대하여 죽었나니 | yulbeop-e daehayeo jugeotnani | High | Law and Grace; Crucified with Christ | 2:19 | The law’s own verdict, not a punitive/karmic reading. |
| gave himself for me | 나를 위하여 자기 자신을 버리셨느니라 | nareul wihayeo jagi jasin-eul beorisyeotneunira | High | Crucified with Christ (atonement) | 2:20 | Substitutionary atonement language; mandatory theologian review per escalation rule. |
Summary Statistics
- Reused terms from Romans baseline confirmed present in Galatians: 27
- New terms proposed for Galatians translation memory: 43
- Critical-tier terms (new + elevated): 10 — different gospel; works of the law; crucified with Christ; in vain/for no purpose; elemental things of the world; works of the flesh; idolatry; sorcery/witchcraft; new creation; justification verb forms
- High-tier terms (new + elevated): 19
- Terms directly colliding with Korean folk-shamanistic practice (highest-priority Phase 2 review): blessing of Abraham (복 root); curse of the law; accursed/anathema; elemental things of the world; idolatry; sorcery/witchcraft
- Terms directly colliding with Confucian social/family structures: servant/slave vs. son; adoption; heir; guardian/tutor; tradition of the fathers; household of faith; neither Jew nor Greek…unity formula
This glossary must be loaded alongside the Romans baseline translation_memory.json for all Phase 2 Galatians segment translation. New terms above should be formally added to a Galatians-specific translation_memory.json extension (version-incremented per the baseline AI Translation Requirements) before Phase 2 processing begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 은혜
Transliteration: eunhye
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: 복, 은덕, 기복신앙식 은혜
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Baseline: never a shamanistic transactional exchange; unearned, unconditional favor. Galatians extension: the law/grace antithesis is structurally programmatic across the whole letter (2:16-21; 3:1-14; 5:4) at higher frequency and intensity than in Romans, reactivating the 기복신앙 caution repeatedly rather than incidentally.
Justification
Approved rendering: 의롭다 하심
Transliteration: uiropda hasim
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιοῦσθαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. A forensic declaration, never a process. Galatians extension: requires the KRV verb companions 의롭다 함을 얻다 / 의롭게 되다 (see justification_verb_forms entry below) for the active verb forms at 2:16-17, 2:21, 3:8, 3:11, 3:24, 5:4; the forensic ‘declared,’ not ‘made/becoming,’ sense must be preserved in every verb form.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의로 여기심
Transliteration: uiro yeogisim
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: 의리로 얻은 의, 도를 닦아 얻은 의
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly (verbatim Genesis 15:6 citation). Galatians extension: Galatians 3:6 cites the identical Genesis 15:6 text already anchored in Romans 4:3; must render identically per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rule. This is the cornerstone citation of the entire Abrahamic Covenant argument in Galatians 3.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 구원
Transliteration: guwon
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 해탈, 윤회에서 벗어남
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. NEVER 해탈. Not a frequent surface term in Galatians but underlies every justification/redemption passage in the letter.
Lord
Approved rendering: 주님
Transliteration: junim
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 주인님
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly, full honorific 님 required. Appears in Galatians’ epistolary frame (1:3, 1:19, 6:14, 6:18); no Galatians-specific collision beyond the established baseline.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 아들
Transliteration: Hananim-ui adeul
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: 환웅식 하늘의 아들
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 2:20 and 4:4 both invoke this term; must never be softened toward metaphorical or adoptive-only sonship for Christ himself. Must be kept grammatically and doctrinally distinct from the corporate ‘sons of God’ (하나님의 아들들, believers, 3:26) — collapsing the two blurs the deity-of-Christ distinction.
God
Approved rendering: 하나님
Transliteration: Hananim
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: 하느님, 천주, 산신령
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. NEVER 하느님, 천주, or 산신령. Galatians 1:1, 1:3-4, 4:4-9 all ground the letter’s argument directly in the personal action of 하나님.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령
Transliteration: seongnyeong
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 신령, 귀신, 무당이 부르는 영
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 3:2-5, 3:14, 4:6, 4:29, 5:5, 5:16-25, 6:1, 6:8, 6:18 make this the central term of chs. 3-6; NEVER 신령/신 alone. The flesh/Spirit ‘walk’/‘keep in step’ language (5:16, 5:25) must never echo shamanistic spirit-possession framing, per the baseline’s forbidden-substitution rule.
Father
Approved rendering: 아버지
Transliteration: abeoji
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 받는 조상
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 1:1, 1:3-4, 4:2, 4:6 use the term; 4:6’s ‘Abba, Father’ directly grounds the Adoption and Sonship doctrine — the baseline’s jesa-ancestor-rite caution applies with full force since ch. 4 explicitly contrasts relational sonship against instrumental slave-status.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수
Transliteration: Yesu
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Standard KRV transliteration throughout.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: 다른 복음
Transliteration: dareun bogeum
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: 또 다른 복음 (as a merely additional valid option)
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel Integrity
New term for the Galatians curriculum. Central polemical category of the letter (1:6-9); must be rendered so ‘다른’ clearly conveys ‘a categorically different, illegitimate’ message (ἕτερος), not merely ‘one more valid option’ (ἄλλος could suggest legitimate variety, but Korean 다른 does not natively mark this distinction). Because 복음 already carries a documented 복 (bok, fortune) collision risk, a counterfeit gospel promising blessing-through-law-works is especially liable to being heard as an alternate legitimate path to fortune rather than an anathema-worthy corruption. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Elemental Things Of The World
Approved rendering: 초등학문
Transliteration: chodeung hakmun
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: 귀신들, 잡신들, 초등영들 (personifying renderings)
Original: τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Law and Freedom
New term; highest-caution risk in ch. 4 (4:3, 4:9). If understood as literal spirit-beings or cosmic spirit-powers, this directly collides with Korea’s active folk-shamanistic spirit-world (신령/귀신/잡신), reinforcing rather than displacing the very spiritual bondage Paul describes believers as freed from. KRV’s ‘elementary learning/doctrine’ framing is doctrinally safer and must be retained; any personifying rendering requires mandatory human theologian review.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: 육체의 일
Transliteration: yukche-ui il
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Flesh and Spirit
Highest-priority flag in ch. 5 (5:19-21). Includes 우상숭배 (idolatry) and 주술 (sorcery/witchcraft) with direct, live collision risk in continuing Korean folk-religious practice; unlike most items in this list, which name timeless moral categories, these two must be taught as present-day spiritual danger for Korean readers. Mandatory human theologian review for any segment containing this list.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: 우상숭배
Transliteration: usang sungbae
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Flesh and Spirit
New term within the works-of-the-flesh list (5:20). Must be taught as inclusive of any devotion or veneration directed to something other than 하나님, which in the Korean context can include continuing folk-religious veneration practices — a present, not merely ancient-pagan, category.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: 주술
Transliteration: jusul
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Flesh and Spirit
Highest-caution single term in this curriculum’s vocabulary outside the core passage (5:20). Closely overlaps with the practices of a mudang’s gut ritual — invoking or manipulating spiritual power through incantation, charms, or ritual formulae — which remain actively practiced in Korean folk religion today. Mandatory human theologian review; teaching materials must make the contemporary relevance explicit.
New Creation
Approved rendering: 새로운 피조물
Transliteration: saeroun pijomul
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: 환생, 윤회, 새로 지으심을 받는 것 (verbal-phrase variant, used only with a cross-reference translator’s note)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Covenant
Standardize on the nominal form 새로운 피조물 (6:15) for cross-curriculum consistency with 2 Corinthians 5:17-type teaching materials, with a translator’s note where KRV’s verbal phrasing is quoted directly. Must never be rendered with any term suggesting Buddhist rebirth/reincarnation (환생/윤회), the same forbidden substitutions already excluded under the baseline’s resurrection entry: this is a once-for-all, in-Christ re-creation of identity and status, not a cyclical process of rebirth. Mandatory theologian review.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: 율법의 행위
Transliteration: yulbeop-ui haengwi
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 종교적 노력 일반 (general religious effort)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
New Critical compound (2:16; 3:2, 3:5, 3:10). Combines the inherited 율법 (yulbeop) with 행위 (‘deed/work’); must not be softened into ‘religious effort in general’ nor moralized into the loyalty-ethics register already flagged under the baseline’s righteousness entry (의리).
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: 그리스도와 함께 십자가에 못 박혔나니
Transliteration: Geuriseudo-wa hamkke sipjjaga-e mot bakhyeotnani
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: 수행을 통한 자기 부인 (ascetic self-denial through spiritual discipline)
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Crucifixion
New Critical term, core to this curriculum (2:19-20). Must be taught as a once-for-all judicial/positional reality (perfect tense: a past event with continuing effect), not an ongoing ritual of self-mortification or ascetic suffering, which would echo 수행/도 닦기 already flagged under the baseline’s sanctification entry. Requires human theologian review wherever it occurs.
In Vain
Approved rendering: 헛되이
Transliteration: heotdoe-i
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 값없이 주신 선물로 (the near-homonymic ‘freely given as gift’ sense of δωρεάν elsewhere in the NT)
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
New Critical term (2:21). Must not be confused with the near-homonymic ‘freely given as a gift’ sense δωρεάν carries elsewhere in the NT (e.g., Matt 10:8, Rev 22:17) — a mistranslation here could accidentally read as ‘Christ died as a free gift,’ inverting Paul’s logic that Christ died for nothing if law-righteousness were valid. Requires theologian review.
Justification Verb Forms
Approved rendering: 의롭다 함을 얻다 / 의롭게 되다
Transliteration: uiropda ham-eul eotda / uiropge doeda
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
New Critical entry; KRV verb-form companions to the inherited nominal 의롭다 하심, required for the active verb forms at 2:16-17, 2:21, 3:8, 3:11, 3:24, 5:4. Must retain the forensic sense (‘declared,’ not ‘becoming’) throughout.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음
Transliteration: mideum
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미신적 믿음, 사주팔자를 믿는 것
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians extension: 2:16, 2:20, and 3:22 contain the genitive-ambiguity construction ‘faith in/of Christ’ (πίστις Χριστοῦ); retain 그리스도를 믿음 (objective genitive) as the primary rendering per KRV, with a mandatory translator’s note per the Ambiguity Handling protocol rather than silently resolving the ambiguity.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 의
Transliteration: ui
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 의리, 도덕
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Baseline: distinguish from 의리 (Confucian loyalty-ethics). Galatians extension: opponents offered 율법의 행위 as a socially-coded performance path that closely resembles 의리 obligation-fulfillment; the mandatory distinguishing note applies with elevated urgency at every occurrence (2:21; 3:6; 3:21; 5:5) because the entire letter’s argument turns on this contrast.
Apostle
Approved rendering: 사도
Transliteration: sado
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당, 도사
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (translation copied exactly), but risk ELEVATED from the Romans baseline’s Low tier to High for this curriculum: Galatians 1:1, 1:11-17, and 2:6-9 mount a sustained, legal-style defense of Paul’s apostolic legitimacy against challengers, making the term’s doctrinal stakes far higher than its incidental Romans usage. Avoid any framing suggesting a shamanistic intermediary role (무당) or a general ‘missionary’ softening.
Called
Approved rendering: 부르심을 받은
Transliteration: bureusim-eul badeun
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 팔자에 정해진, 운명적으로
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians extension: extends the sense to include being ‘called to freedom’ (5:13, 5:8, 1:6, 1:15); never 팔자/운명 in any of these senses — a personal, relational summons throughout, including this freedom-calling extension not present in Romans.
Calling
Approved rendering: 부르심
Transliteration: bureusim
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 운명, 팔자
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Same caution as ‘called’ applies throughout Galatians’ occurrences.
Holy
Approved rendering: 거룩한
Transliteration: georokan
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 부정을 씻은, 정결한 (무속 의미)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Background term in Galatians, underlying the flesh/Spirit and sanctification doctrines of chs. 5-6 even where not textually explicit as a standalone word.
Saints
Approved rendering: 성도
Transliteration: seongdo
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: 신선, 도인
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Not textually prominent in Galatians but retained for cross-curriculum consistency with the corporate, non-elite sense of ‘household of faith’ (믿음의 가정) fellowship.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 성화
Transliteration: seonghwa
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 수행, 도 닦기
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Directly relevant background doctrine for ‘fruit of the Spirit’ (5:22-23); distinguish from ascetic self-cultivation (수행, 도 닦기), a caution with heightened relevance given Galatians 5-6’s flesh/Spirit teaching.
Adoption
Approved rendering: 양자
Transliteration: yangja
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: 제사를 위한 양자
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians extension: 4:5 makes adoption the explicit purpose-clause of redemption from the law, set directly against slave-status (4:1-7); the baseline’s jesa-continuation caution (traditional Korean heir-adoption existed to continue ancestor-memorial rites) applies with full force since this chapter’s whole argument is relational belonging, not instrumental arrangement.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: 성육신
Transliteration: seongyuksin
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: 화신, 환생
Original: ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 4:4’s ‘fullness of time… God sent forth his Son’ is this curriculum’s primary incarnation text; connects directly to the new term 때가 차매 (fullness of time).
Law
Approved rendering: 율법
Transliteration: yulbeop
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: 예, 법률
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians extension: this is the letter’s single most load-bearing recurring term (chs. 2-5); never equate with 예 (Confucian ritual-propriety) or reduce to 법률 (secular law). Note the letter deliberately uses a distinct word (법, beop) rather than 율법 in ‘the law of Christ’ (6:2, see law_of_christ entry) — this distinction must be preserved, never collapsed.
Sin
Approved rendering: 죄
Transliteration: joe
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: 액운, 체면 손상
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 1:4, 2:17, 3:22 use the headword; 죄인 (joein, ‘sinners’) at 2:15, 2:17 builds directly on this entry.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 이방인
Transliteration: ibangin
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: 외국인 (단일민족 의미로)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 2:12, 2:14-15, and 3:8 use the term at the heart of the circumcision controversy; the baseline’s 단일민족 (ethnic-nationalist ‘single nation’) caution retains full relevance.
Abba
Approved rendering: 아빠
Transliteration: appa
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 4:6 is the second of only two NT occurrences (with Romans 8:15); per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rule, render identically: 아빠 아버지.
Accursed
Approved rendering: 저주를 받을지어다
Transliteration: joju-reul badeuljieoda
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: 무당식 저주 표현
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel Integrity
New term. KRV’s established rendering of ἀνάθεμα (1:8-9). Must be taught as God’s own judicial covenantal curse, not folk-shamanistic curse-casting (저주, the same headword used for a curse placed by a mudang or through misfortune-removal ritual) — Korean readers must not hear this as a ritual act performed by a religious specialist.
Tradition Of The Fathers
Approved rendering: 조상의 유전
Transliteration: josang-ui yujeon
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: πατρικαὶ παραδόσεις
Category: Apostleship
New term (1:14). Uses vocabulary (조상, ‘ancestors’; 유전, ‘that which is handed down’) that risks reading as parallel to jesa (제사) ancestor-rite devotion, already flagged Critical under the father entry. Must be taught as Paul’s point that even a sincerely-held inherited religious tradition can be zealously wrong and must yield to revealed gospel truth — not an endorsement or condemnation of ancestor veneration per se.
Slave
Approved rendering: 종
Transliteration: jong
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: 노예 (as an inconsistent synonym substitution), 하인
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Freedom and Sonship
New term, introduced 1:10 (‘servant of Christ’) and central to chs. 4-5’s slave/son and slave/free contrasts (4:1, 4:7, 4:24-25, 5:1). Must be tracked with absolute rendering consistency across every occurrence — the letter’s entire slave-to-son argument depends on readers recognizing the same word recurring. Flag any draft substituting a synonym (e.g., 노예, 하인) as an automatic consistency error.
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음의 진리
Transliteration: bogeum-ui jilli
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Gospel Integrity
New term (2:5, 2:14). Functions as a technical standard against which all doctrinal compromise (including Peter’s withdrawal at Antioch) is measured; must not be softened into a general ‘sincerity’ or ‘authenticity’ sense.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: 할례
Transliteration: halle
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
New major term (2:3-12; 3:3; 5:2-11; 6:12-15). Low cultural-collision risk in Korea (no competing indigenous circumcision practice), but very high doctrinal weight: must never be taught as a neutral cultural custom Paul merely found unnecessary — compelling circumcision for justification is itself a false gospel (5:2-4, ‘Christ will be of no advantage to you’). Theologian review required at every doctrinally-loaded occurrence.
Judaize
Approved rendering: 유대인처럼 살게 하다
Transliteration: yudaein-cheoreom salge hada
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: ἰουδαΐζειν
Category: Covenant
New term (2:14), a functional KRV-style rendering with no single-word Korean equivalent. Must convey the compulsion/pressure dynamic of Paul’s rebuke of Peter, not merely a description of dietary preference.
Promise
Approved rendering: 약속
Transliteration: yaksok
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
New major term (3:14-29; 4:23, 4:28). Must be kept conceptually distinct from the inherited term 언약 (covenant, eonyak) even though closely related — 약속 emphasizes the unilateral pledge-content, 언약 the covenantal-relational form; neither should collapse into secular 계약. Style-guide rule: never use interchangeably within Galatians 3’s promise-priority argument.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: 저주
Transliteration: joju
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κατάρα
Category: Law
New major term (3:10, 3:13). Must be carefully distinguished from Korean folk-shamanistic curse/misfortune concepts (저주, 액운) addressed through gut ritual or exorcistic folk practice — this is the law’s own righteous verdict against lawbreakers, resolved only by Christ’s substitutionary curse-bearing, not a spiritual affliction removable by ritual means.
Redeemed
Approved rendering: 속량하다
Transliteration: soklyanghada
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
New major term (3:13; 4:5), KRV’s established rendering of ἐξαγοράζω (‘bought out of the marketplace’). Must retain the commercial/manumission background — a purchased release from bondage — and not be softened into generic ‘saved’ (already covered separately by the inherited term 구원).
Blessing Of Abraham
Approved rendering: 아브라함의 복
Transliteration: Abeuraham-ui bok
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
New term; flag prominently (3:14). Uses the identical 복 (bok, ‘blessing/fortune’) root already flagged under the baseline’s gospel entry as colliding with 기복신앙 fortune-seeking faith. Teaching must make explicit that this blessing is justification and the gift of the Spirit received by faith — not material prosperity or fortune. Route to human theologian review.
Law Added Because Of Transgressions
Approved rendering: 범죄들 때문에 더하여진 것
Transliteration: beomjoedeul ttaemune deohayeojin geot
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ὁ νόμος τῶν παραβάσεων χάριν προσετέθη
Category: Law
New term (3:19). Must not collapse into ‘the law’s purpose was to save,’ the very error the letter refutes; teach as a strictly temporary, diagnostic function within redemptive history.
Guardian
Approved rendering: 초등교사
Transliteration: chodeung gyosa
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
New major term (3:24-25), KRV’s established rendering of παιδαγωγός. Korean ‘teacher’ register (교사, cf. 스승, 훈장) implies ongoing deference, but the paidagōgos was a supervisory household slave with intrinsically temporary, custodial authority that Paul explicitly says has now ended (3:25). This inversion of expected authority-permanence must be taught explicitly via mandatory translator’s note; theologian review required.
Heir
Approved rendering: 상속자
Transliteration: sangsokja
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Adoption and Sonship
New term (3:29; 4:1, 4:7), directly connected to the Adoption doctrine: flag alongside the baseline’s caution under adoption regarding traditional Korean heir-adoption’s instrumental, jesa-continuation purpose — biblical heirship is relational inheritance-by-promise, not lineage-continuation duty.
Unity In Christ
Approved rendering: 유대인이나 헬라인이나 종이나 자유인이나 남자나 여자나 다 그리스도 예수 안에서 하나이니라
Transliteration: yudaein-ina Hellain-ina jong-ina jayuin-ina namja-na yeoja-na da Geuriseudo Yesu an-eseo hanainira
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: οὔτε Ἰουδαῖος οὔτε Ἕλλην, οὔτε δοῦλος οὔτε ἐλεύθερος, οὔτε ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ
Category: Unity
New term (3:28), KRV’s established rendering. Korea’s historically rigorous Confucian hierarchy (age, gender, status-based social ordering) and its ethnic-nationalist 단일민족 self-conception both create real pressure to read this as an abstract spiritual ideal rather than the concrete leveling claim Paul intends. Do not soften; theologian review required.
Freedom
Approved rendering: 자유
Transliteration: jayu
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
New major term (5:1, 5:13). Carries strong modern political/civic connotations in Korean public discourse (e.g., 자유민주주의, ‘liberal democracy’), risking the term being heard primarily as political liberty rather than freedom from sin and the law’s condemning power. 5:13 immediately warns against using freedom ‘as an opportunity for the flesh’ — teaching must hold gospel freedom and holy living together against a libertine misreading. Native speaker review recommended to confirm the political-register risk is adequately fenced in context.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: 사랑으로써 역사하는 믿음
Transliteration: sarang-euroseo yeoksahaneun mideum
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith and Love
New compound doctrinal term (5:6), KRV wording. Combines the inherited 믿음 (mideum) with the new term 사랑 (love); must be taught as a unified formula, not two separate virtues — retain the full compound phrase as a single unit in doctrinal exposition.
Flesh
Approved rendering: 육체
Transliteration: yukche
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ
Category: Flesh and Spirit
Central term of this curriculum’s core doctrine (2:16, 2:20, 3:3, 4:23, 4:29, 5:13, 5:16-24, 6:8, 6:12-13). Carries two distinct senses — (1) neutral physical existence and (2) morally-charged fallen human nature — that must be disambiguated by context. Korean readers must not hear 육체 as denigrating the physical body as such, which would introduce a body-soul dualism foreign to Paul; the flesh/Spirit conflict is about two competing orientations of the whole person. Theologian review required for doctrinally-loaded occurrences.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령의 열매
Transliteration: seongnyeong-ui yeolmae
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος
Category: Flesh and Spirit
New major term (5:22-23). Note the deliberate singular ‘fruit’ (not ‘fruits’) matched by KRV’s singular 열매 — teach as one unified, organic outworking of Spirit-indwelling, not a checklist of nine independently self-cultivated virtues, avoiding collapse into the 수행/도 닦기 (ascetic self-cultivation) pattern already flagged under the baseline’s sanctification entry.
Crucified The Flesh
Approved rendering: 육체를 십자가에 못 박았느니라
Transliteration: yukche-reul sipjjaga-e mot bakatneunira
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: τὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν
Category: Crucifixion
New term (5:24), connecting back to 2:20’s ‘crucified with Christ.’ Must be taught consistently with that earlier decisive reality, now applied specifically to the flesh’s passions and desires.
Keep In Step With Spirit
Approved rendering: 성령을 따라 행하라
Transliteration: seongnyeong-eul ttara haenghara
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: Πνεύματι στοιχῶμεν
Category: Flesh and Spirit
New term (5:16, 5:25), a military/marching metaphor for disciplined, ongoing conformity to the Spirit’s leading. Walking/following language; must not be confused with spirit-channeling or spirit-possession dynamics already excluded under the baseline’s holy_spirit forbidden-substitution rule.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: 짐을 서로 지라
Transliteration: jim-eul seoro jira
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Community Ethics
New major term (6:2). Should be taught in continuity with, not isolation from, the ch. 5 ‘fruit of the Spirit’ and ‘faith working through love’ doctrines that immediately precede it — this is corporate, Spirit-enabled love in action, not a separate stand-alone ethical rule.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: 그리스도의 법
Transliteration: Geuriseudo-ui beop
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: 그리스도의 율법 (which would collapse the deliberate distinction from Mosaic law)
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law and Ethics
New term (6:2). Uses 법 (beop, general ‘law/rule’) rather than 율법 (yulbeop, the Mosaic Law headword) — this distinction is deliberate in KRV and must be preserved so readers do not equate ‘the law of Christ’ with a reinstated Mosaic-law-keeping requirement, the very error the whole letter refutes.
Died To The Law
Approved rendering: 율법에 대하여 죽었나니
Transliteration: yulbeop-e daehayeo jugeotnani
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: νόμῳ ἀπέθανον
Category: Law and Crucifixion
New term built on the inherited 율법 headword (2:19). Must not be read as ‘the law killed me’ in a punitive/karmic sense, but as death-to-the-law’s-authority so as to live to God.
Gave Himself For Me
Approved rendering: 나를 위하여 자기 자신을 버리셨느니라
Transliteration: nareul wihayeo jagi jasin-eul beorisyeotneunira
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ
Category: Atonement
New term (2:20), Christ’s voluntary, substitutionary death, personally applied. Per the baseline’s atonement/propitiation escalation rule (cf. Romans 3:25), mandatory human theologian review applies to this and its 1:4 parallel (‘gave himself for our sins’).
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: 복음
Transliteration: bogeum
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: 좋은 소식, 굿뉴스
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (translation and risk tier copied exactly). Baseline note: root 복 (bok, fortune/blessing) collides with 기복신앙 (gibok sinang) fortune-seeking-faith patterns. Galatians extension: this risk intensifies because chs. 1-2 stage a direct true/false gospel binary (다른 복음, 1:6-9) and 3:14 adds 아브라함의 복 (blessing of Abraham), reusing the identical 복 root within a central promise-text; teaching must reinforce the non-prosperity reading at both loci, not only once.
Peace
Approved rendering: 화평
Transliteration: hwapyeong
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: 평안 (일반적 안녕)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians uses the headword in two registers — the epistolary greeting (1:3) and the fruit-of-the-Spirit list (5:22); flagged for native speaker review to confirm both read naturally under the same Korean headword.
Church
Approved rendering: 교회
Transliteration: gyohoe
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: 당집, 절
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 1:2, 1:13, 1:22 use the term in Paul’s autobiographical persecution narrative; never 당집 or 절.
Glory
Approved rendering: 영광
Transliteration: yeonggwang
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: 명예, 출세
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 1:5, 1:24 use the doxological sense; connects directly to ch. 6’s ‘boasting’ (자랑) contrast — glory belongs to God alone, not personal religious achievement or social standing (명예/출세).
Messiah
Approved rendering: 그리스도
Transliteration: Geuriseudo
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 미륵
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Used throughout Galatians; no term-specific new collision, though it anchors nearly every Critical doctrine in this book (justification, crucifixion, sonship).
Revelation
Approved rendering: 계시
Transliteration: gyesi
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 무당의 계시, 점괘
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Apostleship
New term. Distinguish from Korean shamanistic/folk-divinatory ‘revelation’ claims (a mudang’s spirit-message or a fortune-teller’s disclosure); this is God’s own unique, authoritative self-disclosure of the gospel to an apostle (1:12, 1:16, 2:2), not a repeatable spiritual-medium experience.
Present Evil Age
Approved rendering: 이 악한 세대
Transliteration: i akhan sedae
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς ὁ πονηρός
Category: Eschatology
New term (1:4). Must read as a temporal-eschatological epoch, not a vague spatial ‘world’; avoid resonance with fatalistic notions of a fixed cosmic era, a risk adjacent to the baseline’s caution against 운명/팔자 language under providence and calling.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: 거짓 형제들
Transliteration: geojit hyeongjedeul
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Gospel Integrity
New term (2:4). Names those actively undermining gospel freedom — a serious charge that must be distinguished from ordinary doctrinal disagreement and rendered without flippancy.
Hung On A Tree
Approved rendering: 나무에 달린 자
Transliteration: namu-e dallin ja
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: γενόμενος κατάρα ἐπὶ ξύλου
Category: Crucifixion
New term (3:13, citing Deut 21:23). Standard cross-typology language with low cultural-collision risk, but pairs with the baseline’s atonement-language escalation rule requiring theologian review.
Seed
Approved rendering: 자손
Transliteration: jason
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
New term (3:16, 3:29). Does not mark the singular/plural distinction as sharply as Greek grammar does; flag for native speaker review to preserve the typological argument’s force (the singular ‘seed’ points to Christ), possibly with a translator’s note since this is a genuinely missing grammatical resource, not solvable lexically.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: 때가 차매
Transliteration: ttaega chamae
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: Providence
New term (4:4), KRV wording. Connects to the inherited providence doctrine (섭리, seomni, High in the Romans baseline) — teach as purposive divine timing, not the impersonal fate (팔자/운명) the baseline’s providence entry already excludes.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: 위에 있는 예루살렘
Transliteration: wi-e itneun Yerusallem
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Eschatology
New term (4:26). Must be taught as an eschatological/ecclesiological image, not a literal geographic claim or conflated with contemporary political Jerusalem.
Persecuted
Approved rendering: 박해하다
Transliteration: bakhaehada
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: διώκω
Category: Suffering
New term recurring across the whole letter (1:13, 1:23, 4:29, 5:11, 6:12); should be tracked as a consistent recurring motif rather than translated inconsistently across occurrences.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: 종의 멍에
Transliteration: jong-ui myeonge
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγῷ δουλείας
Category: Freedom
New term (5:1). Builds on the 종 (jong) headword; agricultural yoke imagery is culturally transparent given Korea’s agrarian heritage.
Love
Approved rendering: 사랑
Transliteration: sarang
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith and Love
New term for this curriculum (5:6, 5:13-14, 5:22, 2:20). Korean 사랑 is the single general-purpose word spanning romantic, familial, and agapic love alike; teaching must make clear from context that biblical ἀγάπη is self-giving and covenantal, directed even toward enemies/outsiders, not romantic or merely affectionate.
Offense Of The Cross
Approved rendering: 십자가의 걸림돌
Transliteration: sipjjaga-ui geollimdol
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ
Category: Crucifixion
New term (5:11), KRV’s standard stumbling-block metaphor; low-medium risk.
Household Of Faith
Approved rendering: 믿음의 가정
Transliteration: mideum-ui gajeong
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ὁ οἶκος τῆς πίστεως
Category: Church
New term (6:10), KRV wording. Builds on the inherited 믿음 headword; note the potential resonance with Korea’s strong family/household (가문, 집안) cultural framework — helpful as a bridge metaphor but must be clarified as a chosen, faith-based family, not blood-kinship or clan-lineage obligation.
Boasting
Approved rendering: 자랑
Transliteration: jarang
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καυχᾶσθαι
Category: Ethics
New term (6:13-14). Parallels the baseline’s caution under glory regarding Korea’s intensely status-and-achievement-conscious culture (명예, 출세); teach that all legitimate boasting is displaced onto Christ’s cross alone, not personal religious performance or social standing.
Nullify
Approved rendering: 폐하다
Transliteration: pyehada
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: 무시하다 (merely ‘to ignore’)
Original: ἀθετέω
Category: Law and Grace
New term (2:21). Must be understood as ‘render inactive/void,’ not merely ‘ignore.‘
Transgressor
Approved rendering: 범법자
Transliteration: beombeopja
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Law
New term (2:18). Must read as violation of God’s moral law before a personal God, not the shame-based ‘loss of face’ register (체면 손상) already warned against under the baseline’s sin entry.
Low Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 하나님의 나라
Transliteration: Hananim-ui nara
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 5:21 states those practicing ‘works of the flesh’ ‘will not inherit’ it; pair this occurrence with the works_of_the_flesh Critical flag below.
Covenant
Approved rendering: 언약
Transliteration: eonyak
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: 계약
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Galatians 3:15-17 argues the Abrahamic covenant’s legal priority over the later-given law; 4:24 uses it typologically for the two covenants (Hagar/Sarah). Must be kept distinct from but closely related to the new term 약속 (promise) — do not collapse the two within ch. 3’s argument.
Pillars
Approved rendering: 기둥
Transliteration: gidung
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Apostleship
New term (2:9), KRV’s literal architectural metaphor for James, Peter, and John; culturally transparent in Korean.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: 외식
Transliteration: oesik
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Gospel Integrity
New term (2:13), standard well-established Korean Christian vocabulary (also used of Pharisaic hypocrisy in the Gospels); low collision risk.
Put On Christ
Approved rendering: 그리스도로 옷 입었느니라
Transliteration: Geuriseudo-ro ot ibeotneunira
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε
Category: Union with Christ
New term (3:27), KRV’s baptismal clothing metaphor; culturally transparent in Korean.
Allegory
Approved rendering: 비유
Transliteration: biyu
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Hermeneutics
New term (4:24), KRV’s rendering of ἀλληγορούμενα; standard figurative-reading vocabulary, low risk.
Leaven
Approved rendering: 누룩
Transliteration: nuruk
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: ζύμη
Category: Covenant
New term (5:9), KRV wording; culturally transparent given Korean fermentation/agriculture traditions.
Test Own Work
Approved rendering: 자기의 일을 살피라
Transliteration: jagi-ui il-eul salpira
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: δοκιμάζειν τὸ ἔργον ἑαυτοῦ
Category: Community Ethics
New term (6:4), KRV wording. Counters a comparative, competitive spirituality with individual accountability before God.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: 심다/거두다
Transliteration: simda/geoduda
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Ethics
New term (6:7-8), standard agrarian verbs, highly transparent for Korea’s agrarian cultural heritage — a genuine translation asset.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: 예수의 흔적
Transliteration: Yesu-ui heunjeok
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Apostleship
New term (6:17), KRV wording. Unique to Paul’s personal testimony, low collision risk, though it deliberately echoes/subverts the circumcision-as-bodily-mark controversy running through the whole letter.
Referenced passages