Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Jude (English → German)
This glossary covers every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by section of the letter. Terms marked REUSE already exist in the baseline translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and MUST be applied exactly as recorded there — no alternative renderings are permitted. Terms marked NEW must be added to translation_memory.json before Phase 2 processing begins, with the risk tier and notes below carried forward unchanged.
German book-name and citation convention: Jude = Judas (der Judasbrief). As a one-chapter book, cite by verse alone per standard German convention: “Judas 3”, not “Judas 1,3.”
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly From the Romans Baseline
| Term (EN key) | Category | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | German Term | Baseline Source | Jude Occurrence(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | Salvation | High | χάρις (χάριτα) | charis | Gnade | translation_memory.json | 1:4 |
| faith | Faith | Medium | πίστις | pistis | Glaube | translation_memory.json | 1:3, 1:20 |
| called | Divine Calling | Medium/High | κλητός (κλητοῖς) | klētos | berufen / Berufene | translation_memory.json | 1:1 |
| saints | Church | High | ἅγιοι (ἁγίοις) | hagioi | Heilige | translation_memory.json | 1:3 |
| holy | Sanctification | Medium/High | ἅγιος (ἁγιωτάτῃ, ἁγίῳ) | hagios | heilig | translation_memory.json | 1:20 (x2) |
| lord | Christology | Critical | κύριος | kyrios | Herr | translation_memory.json | 1:4, 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 |
| jesus | Christology | Low | Ἰησοῦς | Iēsous | Jesus | translation_memory.json | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 |
| god | God | Critical | θεός | theos | Gott | translation_memory.json | 1:1, 1:4, 1:20, 1:21, 1:25 |
| holy_spirit / spirit | God | Critical | πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα | pneuma hagion / pneuma | Heiliger Geist / Geist | translation_memory.json | 1:19, 1:20 |
| flesh | Flesh and Spirit | Critical | σάρξ (σαρκός, σάρκα) | sarx | Fleisch | translation_memory.json | 1:7, 1:8, 1:23 |
| salvation | Salvation | High | σωτηρία (σωτηρίας) | sōtēria | Rettung | translation_memory.json | 1:3 |
| glory | God | High | δόξα (τῆς δόξης) | doxa | Herrlichkeit | translation_memory.json | 1:24, 1:25 (partial, see notes) |
| apostle | Church | Medium | ἀπόστολος (ἀποστόλων) | apostolos | Apostel | translation_memory.json | 1:17 |
| exhort | Faith | Low | παρακαλέω (παρακαλῶν) | parakaleō | ermahnen | translation_memory.json | 1:3 |
| sin/sinners | Sin | Medium | ἁμαρτωλός (ἁμαρτωλοὶ) | hamartōlos | Sünder | translation_memory.json | 1:15 |
| peace | Salvation | Low | εἰρήνη | eirēnē | Friede | translation_memory.json | 1:2 |
| amen | (liturgical) | Low | ἀμήν | amēn | Amen | translation_memory.json (transliteration standard) | 1:25 |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Jude
| Term (EN key) | Category | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Definition | German Term | Translation Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| contend_for_the_faith | Doctrine/Apologetics | Critical | ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι | epagōnizesthai | Intensive verb: to struggle/fight earnestly for the apostolic faith against corruption | kämpfen für (den Glauben) | Standard rendering, but “Kampf” carries severe Nazi-era contamination risk (Mein Kampf) unmatched by any other term in this curriculum’s German packages; must never stand without contextual framing making clear the struggle is doctrinal/spiritual, never physical or coercive. Mandatory theologian review. Jude 1:3. |
| faith_once_delivered | Doctrine/Apologetics | Critical | ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ … πίστει | hapax paradotheisē … pistei | The apostolic faith as a single, completed, closed deposit handed down to the saints | der Glaube, der … ein für allemal überliefert worden ist | ”überliefert/Überlieferung” risks importing the Catholic technical doctrine of Tradition into a phrase that must instead convey the finality/closure of the apostolic deposit. Mandatory theologian review. Jude 1:3. |
| ungodly / ungodliness | Judgment | High | ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια | asebēs / asebeia | Active irreverence and impiety toward God, not mere casual irreligion | gottlos / Gottlosigkeit | Core term for the assigned doctrine “Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers.” Never soften to “unfromm” or “unmoralisch.” Jude 1:4, 1:15 (x3), 1:18. |
| crept_in_unnoticed | Judgment | Medium | παρεισέδυσαν | pareisedysan | Covert, unnoticed infiltration into the community | sich heimlich eingeschlichen haben | Preserve the covert-infiltration nuance. Jude 1:4. |
| sensuality | Judgment | Medium | ἀσέλγεια | aselgeia | Unrestrained moral/sexual license | Ausschweifung (alt. Zügellosigkeit) | Jude 1:4. |
| sovereign_master | Christology | Critical | δεσπότης | despotēs | Absolute master/sovereign; here paired with κύριος as (per majority reading) a single title-pair for Christ | Herrscher (paired with Herr) | Must preserve single-referent (Christological) reading, not imply two separate figures denied. Ties to baseline deity_of_christ/lordship_of_christ doctrines. Mandatory theologian review. Jude 1:4. |
| israel_unbelief_destroyed | OT Warning Type | High | ἀπώλεσεν (ἀπόλλυμι) | apōlesen | God’s judgment on unbelieving Israel after the exodus rescue | vernichtete/vertilgte | First of three OT/intertestamental warning-types (assigned doctrine). Avoid conflation with modern national-identity readings of “Israel,” per baseline caution. Jude 1:5. |
| angels_who_did_not_keep_their_position | OT Warning Type | High | ἄγγελοι … τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν | angeloi … tēn heautōn archēn | Fallen angels who abandoned their proper domain, now imprisoned awaiting judgment | Engel, die ihre eigene Stellung nicht bewahrt haben | Rests on contested Second Temple (“Watchers”) interpretive tradition, not an explicit canonical OT narrative; note transparently. Jude 1:6. |
| eternal_chains | OT Warning Type | Medium | δεσμοῖς ἀιδίοις | desmois aidiois | Permanent, unending bondage/imprisonment | ewige Fesseln/Ketten | Jude 1:6. |
| sodom_and_gomorrah | OT Warning Type | High | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα | Sodoma kai Gomorra | The judged cities of Genesis 19, cited as a type of final judgment | Sodom und Gomorra | Live contemporary-application risk given active German ecclesial (EKD) sexuality-ethics debates; keep strictly to Jude’s first-century argument. Mandatory theologian review. Jude 1:7. |
| strange_flesh | OT Warning Type | Critical | σαρκὸς ἑτέρας | sarkos heteras | Debated: sexual pursuit of forbidden/“other” flesh, possibly echoing the angelic-transgression theme of v.6 | fremdes Fleisch | Genuinely contested exegetically; do not resolve the ambiguity via the translation choice; intersects with the Sodom sensitivity above. Mandatory theologian review. Jude 1:7. |
| eternal_fire | Judgment | Medium-High | πυρὸς αἰωνίου | pyros aiōniou | Final, unending eschatological judgment-fire, of which Sodom’s historical fire is a preview | ewiges Feuer | Jude 1:7. |
| glorious_ones | Judgment | High | δόξας (plural) | doxas | Exalted (likely angelic) beings/dignitaries slandered by the false teachers | die Mächte / die Würden | Deliberately NOT “Herrlichkeiten,” to avoid collision with the baseline’s singular divine-glory term. Jude 1:8. |
| celestial_authority | Judgment | High | κυριότητα | kyriotēta | Authority/dominion rejected by the false teachers (referent debated: Christ’s lordship or angelic order) | Herrschaft | Distinct German word from κύριος’s Herr, to avoid conflating with v.4’s denial of Christ. Jude 1:8. |
| michael_the_archangel | Spiritual Warfare | Low | Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος | Michaēl ho archangelos | The named chief angelic figure, model of restraint | der Erzengel Michael | Jude 1:9. |
| devil | Spiritual Warfare | Low-Medium | διάβολος | diabolos | The adversarial spiritual figure | Teufel | Jude 1:9. |
| moses_body_dispute | Inspiration of Scripture | Critical | περὶ τοῦ Μωϋσέως σώματος | peri tou Mōuseōs sōmatos | Allusion to a dispute over Moses’ body/burial preserved in the non-canonical Assumption of Moses | der Streit um den Leib des Mose | Canonicity/inspiration sensitivity parallel to the Enoch citation below. Mandatory theologian-authored framing. Jude 1:9. |
| irrational_creatures | Judgment | Low | ἄλογα ζῷα | aloga zōa | Unreasoning animals, image for the false teachers’ instinct-driven understanding | unvernünftige Tiere | Jude 1:10. |
| woe_pronouncement | Judgment | Medium | οὐαί | ouai | Solemn judgment/lament formula | Wehe | Structurally parallel to, but lower-risk than, the Matthew 23 woes (not directed at an ethnic/religious group). Jude 1:11. |
| way_of_cain | OT Type (Individual) | Medium | ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν | hodō tou Kain | Cain’s pattern of jealous, murderous rejection of God’s favor | der Weg Kains | Requires OT background note given low OT narrative literacy. Jude 1:11. |
| error_of_balaam | OT Type (Individual) | Medium | πλάνῃ τοῦ Βαλαάμ | planē tou Balaam | Balaam’s greed-driven corruption of ministry for hire | der Irrtum Bileams | German form “Bileam.” Jude 1:11. |
| rebellion_of_korah | OT Type (Individual) | Medium | ἀντιλογίᾳ τοῦ Κόρε | antilogia tou Korē | Korah’s rebellion against divinely appointed authority | der Aufstand Korachs | German form “Korach.” Jude 1:11. |
| love_feasts | Church | Medium | ἀγάπαι (ἀγάπαις) | agapai | Early Christian communal fellowship meals, distinct from though associated with the Lord’s Supper | Liebesmahle | Cultural-liturgical bridge: the Moravian Brüdergemeine tradition retains a distinct “Liebesmahl” practice; keep distinct from Abendmahl in exposition. Jude 1:12. |
| hidden_reefs | Judgment | Medium | σπιλάδες | spilades | Genuinely ambiguous: submerged reefs (danger) OR moral blemishes/stains | Klippen (reef) or Schandflecken (blemish, Luther tradition) | Requires explicit reviewer decision between two valid lexical traditions. Jude 1:12. |
| wandering_stars | Judgment | Low-Medium | ἀστέρες πλανῆται | asteres planētai | Irregular celestial bodies; etymological root of “planet” (πλανάω, “wander/go astray”) | Irrsterne | Intertextual echo with πλάνη (v.11, Balaam’s “error”) worth surfacing pedagogically. Jude 1:13. |
| enoch_prophecy_citation | Inspiration of Scripture | Critical | Προεφήτευσεν … Ἑνὼχ | Proephēteusen … Henōch | Direct quotation of 1 Enoch 1:9, a non-canonical Second Temple apocalyptic text, introduced as “prophecy” | Henoch … weissagte | The single highest-sensitivity canonical/inspiration note in this curriculum. Mandatory theologian-authored framing distinguishing Jude’s own canonical inspiration from 1 Enoch’s non-canonical status, with reference to the Acts 17:28 pagan-poet-citation parallel. Jude 1:14-15. |
| grumblers_and_malcontents | Judgment | Low-Medium | γογγυσταί μεμψίμοιροι | gongystai mempsimoiroi | Complainers dissatisfied with their lot; echoes LXX wilderness-murmuring vocabulary | Nörgler und mit ihrem Los Unzufriedene | Intertextual echo back to v.5’s Israel warning-type (German “murren” = standard OT wilderness-grumbling term). Jude 1:16. |
| mockers | Judgment | Medium | ἐμπαῖκται | empaiktai | Scoffers/deriders, predicted in advance by the apostles | Spötter | Jude 1:18. |
| worldly_devoid_of_spirit | Sanctification | High | ψυχικοί, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες | psychikoi, pneuma mē echontes | Merely natural/unregenerate, lacking the Holy Spirit’s indwelling presence | irdisch gesinnt, ohne den Geist | Genuine false-friend risk: ψυχικός superficially resembles German “psychisch” (psychological/mental-health), an unrelated modern sense. Never use a “psych-” root rendering. Jude 1:19. |
| kept_by_god_thematic_root | Assurance/Perseverance | Critical | τηρέω (τετηρημένοις, τετήρηκεν, τετήρηται, τηρήσατε) / φυλάξαι | tēreō / phylaxai | Structural keeping-motif occurring five times (1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21, 1:24) in alternating positive (divine/human preservation) and negative (custodial judgment) senses | context-dependent: bewahrt / verwahrt / aufgespart / erhaltet euch / behüten | No single German word fits all five occurrences; teaching material MUST make the inclusio explicit regardless of the specific lexical choice at each occurrence. See full summary table in 07_semantic_analysis.md. Mandatory theologian review as a whole. |
| keep_yourselves_in_gods_love | Assurance/Perseverance | Critical | ἑαυτοὺς ἐν ἀγάπῃ θεοῦ τηρήσατε | heautous en agapē theou tērēsate | Imperative: believers’ active responsibility to remain within God’s love | Erhaltet euch in der Liebe Gottes | Must be taught paired with 1:24 to avoid Werkgerechtigkeit (self-security through effort) or fatalism (irrelevance of vigilance). Jude 1:21. |
| mercy | Mercy/Compassion | High | ἔλεος | eleos | Compassionate, active kindness extended by God (1:2, 1:21) and commanded of believers toward the wavering (1:22-23) | Barmherzigkeit | New foundational term for this curriculum; note it is a distinct concept from grace (Gnade, unmerited favor toward the guilty) though closely related — mercy emphasizes compassion toward the afflicted/wavering. Jude 1:2, 1:21, 1:22-23. |
| mercy_on_the_wavering | Mercy/Compassion | High | ἐλεᾶτε διακρινομένους | eleate diakrinomenous | Command to show active compassion to doubting/wavering community members, as distinct from resisting the settled false teachers | erbarmt euch der Zweifelnden | Core assigned doctrine “Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering.” Must be taught as a distinct pastoral category from the false teachers proper. Jude 1:22. |
| snatch_from_the_fire | Mercy/Compassion | Medium-High | σῴζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες | sōzete ek pyros harpazontes | Urgent, forceful rescue imagery for recovering the wavering (echoes Amos 4:11; Zechariah 3:2) | rettet, indem ihr sie aus dem Feuer reißt | Preserve urgency; avoid softening into generic pastoral-care language. Jude 1:23. |
| defiled_garment | Mercy/Compassion | Medium | ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα | espilōmenon chitōna | Clothing metaphor for moral contamination, echoing v.12’s σπιλάδες wordplay | das … befleckte Gewand | Textual-critical note: vv.22-23 show genuine manuscript variation (two-clause vs. three-clause structure); flag transparently. Jude 1:23. |
| kept_from_stumbling | Assurance/Perseverance | Critical | φυλάξαι … ἀπταίστους | phylaxai … aptaistous | God’s climactic power to preserve believers from apostasy/moral failure | der euch … vor dem Fallen behüten kann | Extends baseline “assurance_of_salvation” doctrine. Jude 1:24. |
| present_blameless | Assurance/Perseverance | Critical | στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους | stēsai katenōpion tēs doxēs autou amōmous | Future presentation of believers, unblemished (sacrificial-purity background image, cf. LXX ἄμωμος), before God’s glory | und euch untadelig vor seine Herrlichkeit stellen | Assigned doctrine “Kept by God and Presented Blameless” in climactic form; consistent with existing Ephesians/Philippians ἄμωμος usage. Jude 1:24. |
| god_our_savior | Doxology | High | μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν | monō theō sōtēri hēmōn | God’s exclusive title as Savior in the closing doxology | dem alleinigen Gott, unserm Heiland (alt. Retter) | Extends baseline Heil-family caution: “Heiland” (compound noun) carries essentially none of bare “Heil“‘s Nazi-era contamination and should not be avoided out of overcorrection. Jude 1:25. |
| doxology_formula | Doxology | Medium | δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος καὶ ἐξουσία | doxa megalōsynē kratos kai exousia | Fourfold closing doxological ascription | Ehre, Majestät, Macht und Gewalt | Fixed liturgical-register phrase; note register distinction from the earlier δόξα/Herrlichkeit rendering within the same verse. Jude 1:25. |
| before_all_time_and_forever | Doxology | Low-Medium | πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας | pro pantos tou aiōnos kai nyn kai eis pantas tous aiōnas | God’s eternality spanning past, present, and unending future | vor aller Zeit und jetzt und in alle Ewigkeit | Jude 1:25. |
| eternal_life | Salvation | Low | ζωὴν αἰώνιον | zōēn aiōnion | Future eschatological consummation of salvation | ewiges Leben | Standard, low-risk fixed phrase; not yet formalized in the Romans baseline TM — recommend adding as reusable across future curricula. Jude 1:21. |
| servant_self_designation | Church/Leadership | Medium | δοῦλος | doulos | Paul-and-Jude-style leadership self-designation: total devotion to Christ as master | Knecht (alt. Diener) | Distinct sense from the concrete first-century household-slavery discussion already flagged under the Ephesians “slaves_and_masters” entry; note the distinction on first occurrence. Jude 1:1. |
Section C — Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (Assigned Curriculum Doctrines)
| Assigned Doctrine | Primary Passages | Key Terms (this glossary) |
|---|---|---|
| Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | contend_for_the_faith, faith_once_delivered, saints (REUSE) |
| Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:8-19 | ungodly/ungodliness, crept_in_unnoticed, sensuality, sovereign_master, glorious_ones, celestial_authority, mockers, worldly_devoid_of_spirit, woe_pronouncement |
| Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom) | 1:5-7 | israel_unbelief_destroyed, angels_who_did_not_keep_their_position, eternal_chains, sodom_and_gomorrah, strange_flesh, eternal_fire |
| Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:22-23 | mercy, mercy_on_the_wavering, snatch_from_the_fire, defiled_garment |
| Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21, 1:24 | kept_by_god_thematic_root, keep_yourselves_in_gods_love, kept_from_stumbling, present_blameless |
| Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:24-25 | kept_from_stumbling, present_blameless, god_our_savior, doxology_formula, before_all_time_and_forever |
Cross-cutting canonicity note: moses_body_dispute (1:9) and enoch_prophecy_citation (1:14-15) do not map to a single assigned doctrine but together constitute the letter’s most distinctive translation-requirements challenge: two non-canonical Second Temple Jewish source citations treated as authoritative background within an inspired, canonical letter. Both require dedicated theologian-authored framing before Phase 2 translation of the surrounding verses proceeds.
All NEW terms in Section B must be added to translation_memory.json (incrementing its version number) before any Phase 2 segment translation of Jude begins, per the Romans baseline’s 12_ai_translation_requirements.md “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.”
Critical Risk Terms
Contend For The Faith
Approved rendering: kämpfen für (den Glauben)
Transliteration: epagōnizesthai
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: sich einsetzen für den Glauben (too weak, loses the intensive/agonistic force), eintreten für den Glauben (too weak)
Original: ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι
Category: Doctrine and Apologetics
Judas 3. Intensive verb: to struggle/fight earnestly for the apostolic faith against corrupting infiltrators. ‘Kämpfen für den Glauben’ is the only theologically accurate German rendering, but ‘Kampf’ is the single most historically contaminated common noun in German owing to Hitler’s Mein Kampf and Nazi-era Kampf-compounds (Kampfgeist, Endkampf, Rassenkampf); every occurrence requires surrounding framing making unmistakable that the struggle is doctrinal/spiritual, never physical or coercive. Mandatory theologian review.
Enoch Prophecy Citation
Approved rendering: Henoch … weissagte
Transliteration: Proephēteusen … Henōch
Doctrine: The Citation of Enoch’s Prophecy and the Question of Canonicity
Rejected alternatives: Henoch … sagte (rejected — softens/downgrades the prophetic verb), Henoch … schrieb (rejected — softens/downgrades the prophetic verb)
Original: Προεφήτευσεν … Ἑνὼχ
Category: Inspiration of Scripture
Judas 14-15. Direct quotation of 1 Enoch 1:9, a non-canonical Second Temple apocalyptic text, introduced by Jude with the verb ‘prophesied.’ The single highest canonicity/inspiration-sensitivity issue in this curriculum. Mandatory theologian-authored framing required for every use, addressing (a) that Jude’s own letter is canonical and inspired regardless of the status of his source, (b) that this does not thereby canonize 1 Enoch, (c) the Acts 17:28 pagan-poet-citation parallel as an interpretive model, and (d) the single exception of the Ethiopian Orthodox canon, which does include 1 Enoch.
Faith Once Delivered
Approved rendering: der Glaube, der … ein für allemal überliefert worden ist
Transliteration: hapax paradotheisē … pistei
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: die Überlieferung des Glaubens (rejected as a bare noun — risks importing the technical Catholic category of kirchliche Tradition)
Original: ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ … πίστει
Category: Doctrine and Apologetics
Judas 3. The apostolic faith as a single, completed, closed deposit handed down once-for-all to the saints. ‘Überliefert/Überlieferung’ risks importing the technical Catholic theological category of Tradition into a phrase that must instead convey the finality/closure of the apostolic deposit. Must always be rendered as a full relative clause, never a bare noun. Mandatory theologian review.
Flesh
Approved rendering: Fleisch
Transliteration: sarx
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ (σαρκός, σάρκα)
Category: Flesh and Spirit
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Jude adds a third and fourth sense to the two already documented in the baseline (neutral bodily; Galatians’ ethical sinful-nature sense): a concretely sexual-immorality sense (Judas 7-8, see ‘strange_flesh’) and a moral-contamination-generic sense in the clothing metaphor of Judas 23 (‘das … befleckte Gewand’). Requires first-occurrence disambiguation noting which of the now four senses is active.
Keep Yourselves In Gods Love
Approved rendering: Erhaltet euch in der Liebe Gottes
Transliteration: heautous en agapē theou tērēsate
Doctrine: Keeping Yourselves in the Love of God
Original: ἑαυτοὺς ἐν ἀγάπῃ θεοῦ τηρήσατε
Category: Assurance and Perseverance
Judas 21. Imperative: believers’ active human responsibility to remain within the sphere of God’s love. Third occurrence of the letter’s tēreō thread. Must be taught paired with Judas 24 to avoid a Werkgerechtigkeit misreading (human perseverance as the ground of security) or a fatalistic-passivity misreading (vigilance rendered pointless). Mandatory theologian review.
Kept By God Thematic Root
Approved rendering: context-dependent: bewahrt / verwahrt / aufgespart / erhaltet euch / behüten
Transliteration: tēreō / phylaxai
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: a single fixed lexeme across all five occurrences (rejected — no German word fits all five grammatical/semantic contexts naturally)
Original: τηρέω (τετηρημένοις, τετήρηκεν, τετήρηται, τηρήσατε) / φυλάξαι
Category: Assurance and Perseverance
Judas 1, 6, 13, 21, 24. The letter’s structural keeping-motif, occurring five times in alternating positive (divine/human preservation) and negative (custodial confinement of the judged) senses. No single German word spans all five occurrences; teaching material accompanying EVERY occurrence must make the whole-letter inclusio explicit regardless of the specific lexical choice used at each point. Mandatory theologian review as a structural whole, in addition to individual-verse review.
Kept From Stumbling
Approved rendering: der euch … vor dem Fallen behüten kann
Transliteration: phylaxai … aptaistous
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: φυλάξαι … ἀπταίστους
Category: Assurance and Perseverance
Judas 24. God’s climactic power to preserve believers from apostasy/moral failure, not merely from minor error. Extends the Romans baseline’s Critical assurance_of_salvation doctrine and its associated Lutheran pastoral category of Heilsgewissheit. Mandatory theologian review.
Lord
Approved rendering: Herr
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Meister, Chef
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Applied to Christ throughout the letter (Judas 4, 5, 9, 14, 17, 21, 25) and, in Judas 9, to God the Father within the fixed rebuke-formula ‘Der Herr strafe dich’ (echoing Zechariah 3:2). In Judas 4, paired with the new term ‘sovereign_master’ (Herrscher) as a single title-pair naming Christ; must never be rendered so as to suggest two separate authority-figures.
Moses Body Dispute
Approved rendering: der Streit um den Leib des Mose
Transliteration: peri tou Mōuseōs sōmatos … krisin epenegkein blasphēmias
Doctrine: Citation of the Apocryphal Dispute over Moses’ Body
Original: περὶ τοῦ Μωϋσέως σώματος … κρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν βλασφημίας
Category: Inspiration of Scripture
Judas 9. Allusion to a dispute over Moses’ body/burial preserved in the non-canonical Assumption of Moses. Canonicity/inspiration sensitivity parallel to the Enoch citation. Mandatory theologian-authored framing distinguishing Jude’s own canonical, inspired authority from the non-canonical status of the source material he draws on.
Present Blameless
Approved rendering: und euch untadelig vor seine Herrlichkeit stellen
Transliteration: stēsai katenōpion tēs doxēs autou amōmous
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους
Category: Assurance and Perseverance
Judas 24. Future presentation of believers, unblemished (sacrificial-purity background image, LXX amōmos, cf. Ephesians 1:4, 5:27; Philippians 2:15), before God’s own Herrlichkeit — not achieved by believers’ own perfection but by God’s preserving and presenting work. Climactic form of the assigned doctrine. Mandatory theologian review.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Sodom und Gomorra
Transliteration: Sodoma kai Gomorra
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: OT Warning Type
Judas 7. The judged cities of Genesis 19, cited as a preview-type of final eschatological judgment. Live contemporary-application risk: actively invoked in current German ecclesial (EKD-internal and EKD-versus-Catholic) debate over blessing of same-sex unions. Teaching material must keep strictly to Jude’s own first-century societal-judgment argument without suppressing or over-extending into contemporary polemics. Mandatory theologian review.
Sovereign Master
Approved rendering: Herrscher
Transliteration: despotēs
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Sole Lordship and Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: Despot (rejected — false friend; means ‘tyrant’ in all contemporary German usage, not a neutral majesty-title as in Koine usage)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
Judas 4. Paired with kyrios (Herr) as, per majority reading, a single title-pair naming Christ ‘our only Sovereign and Lord.’ Must preserve the single-referent Christological reading; never imply two separate beings (e.g. God the Father as Herrscher distinct from Christ as Herr). Directly extends the Romans baseline’s Critical deity_of_christ and lordship_of_christ doctrines. Mandatory theologian review.
Strange Flesh
Approved rendering: fremdes Fleisch
Transliteration: sarkos heteras
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: andere Art von Fleisch (rejected — over-explicit, resolves the ambiguity), widernatürliches Fleisch (rejected — imports an interpretive conclusion)
Original: σαρκὸς ἑτέρας
Category: OT Warning Type
Judas 7. Debated: sexual pursuit of forbidden/‘other’ flesh, possibly echoing the angelic-transgression theme of v.6 rather than (or in addition to) human same-sex relations. Genuinely contested exegetically and intersects directly with the live German sexuality-ethics debate flagged under sodom_and_gomorrah. Do not resolve the ambiguity via the translation choice. Mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Angels Who Did Not Keep Their Position
Approved rendering: Engel, die ihre eigene Stellung nicht bewahrt haben
Transliteration: angeloi … tēn heautōn archēn
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἄγγελοι … τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν
Category: OT Warning Type
Judas 6. Fallen angels who abandoned their proper God-assigned domain, now imprisoned awaiting judgment. Rests on the contested Second Temple ‘Watchers’ interpretive tradition (echoing Genesis 6 and 1 Enoch) rather than an explicit canonical OT narrative; teaching material must transparently note this intertestamental background.
Celestial Authority
Approved rendering: Herrschaft
Transliteration: kyriotēta
Doctrine: The False Teachers’ Slander of Glorious Ones, Contrasted with Michael’s Restraint
Rejected alternatives: Herr (rejected — must remain distinct from the established Christological title to avoid conflating v.8’s authority-rejection with v.4’s denial of Christ)
Original: κυριότητα
Category: Judgment
Judas 8. Authority/dominion rejected by the false teachers; referent debated between Christ’s own lordship and angelic/celestial authority structures. Flag the referent ambiguity for theologian review.
Glorious Ones
Approved rendering: die Mächte / die Würden
Transliteration: doxas
Doctrine: The False Teachers’ Slander of Glorious Ones, Contrasted with Michael’s Restraint
Rejected alternatives: Herrlichkeiten (rejected — collides with the established singular divine-glory term Herrlichkeit, creating serious doctrinal confusion not present in the Greek)
Original: δόξας (plural)
Category: Judgment
Judas 8. Exalted (likely angelic) beings/dignitaries slandered by the false teachers. Deliberately rendered with a distinct German phrase, never Herrlichkeiten. Referent debated (good angels, demonic powers, or human ecclesial authorities); do not resolve via translation choice.
God Our Savior
Approved rendering: dem alleinigen Gott, unserm Heiland (alt. unserm Retter)
Transliteration: monō theō sōtēri hēmōn
Doctrine: God’s Exclusive Role as Savior, Mediated Through Christ
Rejected alternatives: avoidance of ‘Heiland’ out of Heil-family overcaution (rejected — Heiland is a fixed compound noun beloved in German hymnody and Christmas liturgy, carrying essentially none of bare Heil’s Nazi-era contamination)
Original: μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν
Category: Doxology
Judas 25. God’s exclusive, sole title as Savior in the closing doxology, mediated ‘through Jesus Christ our Lord’ in the same sentence. Reviewers must not overcorrect by avoiding Heiland; Retter is an equally valid, more contemporary-register alternative. ‘Herr’ for kyrios must match the baseline’s Critical lordship_of_christ rendering exactly within the same sentence.
Grace
Approved rendering: Gnade
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: Barmherzigkeit, Wohlwollen
Original: χάρις (χάριτα)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Jude 4 enacts the baseline’s grace-versus-merit caution in reverse: the false teachers pervert Gnade into a license for Ausschweifung (sensuality) rather than earning it by works. Must be taught as a corruption of true grace-teaching, never as evidence against grace theology itself. Distinct from the new term ‘mercy’ (Barmherzigkeit) introduced in this curriculum.
Israel Unbelief Destroyed
Approved rendering: vernichtete / vertilgte
Transliteration: apōlesen
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἀπώλεσεν (ἀπόλλυμι)
Category: OT Warning Type
Judas 5. God’s judgment on unbelieving Israel after the Exodus rescue — first of three OT/intertestamental warning-types. Requires explicit teaching-note framing that this is a warning to a professing covenant community about unbelief, not a statement about Israel’s national identity.
Mercy On The Wavering
Approved rendering: erbarmt euch der Zweifelnden
Transliteration: eleate diakrinomenous
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἐλεᾶτε διακρινομένους
Category: Mercy and Compassion
Judas 22. Command to show active compassion to doubting/wavering community members, as distinct from resisting the settled false teachers described throughout the rest of the letter. Must be taught as a distinct pastoral category: the wavering (‘die Zweifelnden’) are never to be conflated with the ungodly infiltrators (‘die Gottlosen’). Mandatory theologian review.
Mercy
Approved rendering: Barmherzigkeit
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: Gnade (rejected as a substitute — distinct, related baseline term; mercy here emphasizes compassion toward the afflicted/wavering, not unmerited favor toward the guilty)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Mercy and Compassion
Judas 2, 21, 22-23. New foundational term for this curriculum. Must be taught as distinct from, though related to, the baseline’s established Gnade. God’s compassionate kindness extended to believers (v.2, v.21) and commanded of believers toward wavering community members (v.22-23).
Saints
Approved rendering: Heilige
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι (ἁγίοις)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Judas 3: the corporate body of believers to whom the once-delivered faith was entrusted. Retain the baseline’s caution against the narrower Catholic canonized-saints reading.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Rettung
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Heil (Nazi-era contamination risk), Erlösung (more existential/liberation-flavored)
Original: σωτηρία (σωτηρίας)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Judas 3: the ‘common salvation’ shared by all believers, the occasion for Jude’s urgent appeal. The cognate verb in Judas 23 (‘rettet, indem ihr sie aus dem Feuer reißt’ — see ‘snatch_from_the_fire’) must use the same ‘retten’ root to preserve the connection.
Sinners
Approved rendering: Sünder
Transliteration: hamartōloi
Doctrine: The Citation of Enoch’s Prophecy and the Question of Canonicity
Original: ἁμαρτωλός (ἁμαρτωλοὶ)
Category: Sin
Judas 15. The false teachers, described as ungodly sinners who have spoken harsh things against the Lord. Cognate of the established Sünde word-family; compounds with the triple asebeia repetition in the same verse to drive home the letter’s central charge.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: gottlos / Gottlosigkeit
Transliteration: asebēs / asebeia
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: unfromm (too weak — merely casual irreligion), unmoralisch (reduces to ethics, loses active God-directed irreverence)
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Judgment
Judas 4, 15 (x3), 18. Core term for the assigned doctrine. Active irreverence and impiety toward God, not mere casual irreligion or poor conduct. Now rare in everyday secular German speech and can misfire as archaic moralizing rather than theological verdict; requires teaching-note framing.
Worldly Devoid Of Spirit
Approved rendering: irdisch gesinnt, ohne den Geist
Transliteration: psychikoi, pneuma mē echontes
Doctrine: Worldliness Devoid of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: psychisch (REJECTED — genuine false friend; means ‘psychological/mental-health-related’ in modern German, e.g. psychische Erkrankung = mental illness, an entirely unrelated semantic field), sinnlich (rejected — modern false friend meaning ‘sensory/sensual’)
Original: ψυχικοί, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες
Category: Sanctification
Judas 19. Merely natural/unregenerate, lacking the Holy Spirit’s indwelling presence entirely — the decisive marker distinguishing the false teachers from true believers despite their claimed spiritual authority (v.8’s dream-visions). Never use any ‘psych-’ root German word. Explicit translator note required on first occurrence. Mandatory theologian review.
Medium Risk Terms
Beloved Of God
Approved rendering: die geliebt sind / den Geliebten
Transliteration: ēgapēmenois
Doctrine: Divine Calling, Belovedness, and Being Kept, in the Salutation
Judas 1. Believers’ secure identity as objects of the Father’s love, framing the letter’s opening before any mention of the coming threat.
Called
Approved rendering: berufen
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός (κλητοῖς)
Category: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package exactly. In Judas 1, appears in the noun form ‘Berufene’ (called ones), addressed to believers in the effectual-calling/sainthood sense established in the baseline — not the vocational or legal-appeal collision senses also documented there.
Cause Divisions
Approved rendering: die Spaltungen verursachen / Trennungen anrichten
Transliteration: apodiorizontes
Doctrine: Worldliness Devoid of the Spirit
Judas 19. The false teachers fracture the church’s unity by drawing divisive boundaries.
Committed Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: Unzucht trieben / sich der Unzucht hingaben
Transliteration: ekporneusasai
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Judas 7. Describes the characteristic sin of Sodom and Gomorrah and the surrounding cities.
Crept In Unnoticed
Approved rendering: sich heimlich eingeschlichen haben
Transliteration: pareisedysan
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: kamen (too generic, loses the covert-infiltration nuance)
Original: παρεισέδυσαν
Category: Judgment
Judas 4. Covert, unnoticed infiltration of the false teachers into the community.
Defiled Garment
Approved rendering: das … befleckte Gewand
Transliteration: espilōmenon chitōna
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα
Category: Mercy and Compassion
Judas 23. Clothing metaphor for moral contamination, echoing v.12’s spilades wordplay. Textual note: vv.22-23 show genuine Greek manuscript variation (two-clause vs. three-clause structure); flag transparently rather than silently harmonizing.
Deny Disown
Approved rendering: verleugnen
Transliteration: arnoumenoi
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Sole Lordship and Sovereignty
Judas 4. The false teachers’ functional denial of Christ’s lordship through their conduct, not necessarily a verbal denial.
Devil
Approved rendering: Teufel
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: The False Teachers’ Slander of Glorious Ones, Contrasted with Michael’s Restraint
Original: διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
Judas 9. Standard, stable German term; the adversarial spiritual figure, Michael’s opponent in the dispute over Moses’ body.
Doxology Formula
Approved rendering: Ehre, Majestät, Macht und Gewalt
Transliteration: doxa megalōsynē kratos kai exousia
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος καὶ ἐξουσία
Category: Doxology
Judas 25. Fixed fourfold closing doxological ascription. Note the deliberate register distinction between this rendering of doxa as ‘Ehre’ and the earlier rendering of doxa as ‘Herrlichkeit’ within the same verse (see ‘glory’); flag for reviewer consistency check, not silent harmonization.
Error Of Balaam
Approved rendering: der Irrtum Bileams
Transliteration: planē tou Balaam
Doctrine: Cain, Balaam, and Korah as Individual Warning Types
Rejected alternatives: Balaam (rejected — non-standard German proper-name form; use Bileam)
Original: πλάνῃ τοῦ Βαλαάμ
Category: OT Warning Type
Judas 11. Balaam’s greed-driven corruption of ministry for personal gain (Numbers 22-24, 31). Use standard German proper-name form ‘Bileam’ consistently.
Eternal Chains
Approved rendering: ewige Fesseln / Ketten
Transliteration: desmois aidiois
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: δεσμοῖς ἀιδίοις
Category: OT Warning Type
Judas 6. Permanent, unending bondage/imprisonment of the fallen angels.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: ewiges Feuer
Transliteration: pyros aiōniou
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: πυρὸς αἰωνίου
Category: Judgment
Judas 7. Final, unending eschatological judgment-fire, of which Sodom’s historical fire serves as a preview/example.
Faith
Approved rendering: Glaube
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: Weltanschauung
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package exactly. In Judas 3 combines with the new ‘faith_once_delivered’ construction; in Judas 20 modified by the superlative ‘most holy’ (heiligster Glaube / der heilige Glaube, den ihr besitzt).
False Visionary Dreams
Approved rendering: Träumer / sich auf Träume berufend
Transliteration: enypniazomenoi
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Judas 8. The false teachers ground their license in claimed dream-visions, an ironic echo of true prophetic dreaming.
Father
Approved rendering: Vater
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Judas 1: believers are ‘beloved in God the Father’ (en theō patri ēgapēmenois), opening the letter’s salutation before any mention of the coming threat.
Flattery For Gain
Approved rendering: Menschen schmeicheln, um sich Vorteile zu verschaffen
Transliteration: thaumazontes prosōpa ōpheleias charin
Doctrine: The Apostolic Prediction of Last-Time Scoffers
Judas 16. Self-serving manipulation of others through favoritism and flattery.
Glory
Approved rendering: Herrlichkeit
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα (τῆς δόξης)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Used for God’s own radiant presence in Judas 24 and the first occurrence of doxa in Judas 25. Must be kept clearly distinct from the unrelated plural ‘glorious ones’ (doxas, Judas 8, an entirely different referent — see the new term ‘glorious_ones’). In the fixed fourfold doxological formula of Judas 25, doxa is instead rendered ‘Ehre’ for register reasons (see ‘doxology_formula’); this deliberate within-verse register distinction requires reviewer sign-off.
God
Approved rendering: Gott
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. In Judas 25, God the Father is addressed as ‘the only God, our Savior’ — see the new term ‘god_our_savior’ for the compressed monotheism-plus-mediation doxological clause this forms.
Grumblers And Malcontents
Approved rendering: Nörgler und mit ihrem Los Unzufriedene
Transliteration: gongystai mempsimoiroi
Doctrine: The Apostolic Prediction of Last-Time Scoffers
Original: γογγυσταί μεμψίμοιροι
Category: Judgment
Judas 16. Complainers dissatisfied with their lot; echoes LXX vocabulary for Israel’s wilderness murmuring, a deliberate intertextual echo back to v.5’s Israel warning-type worth surfacing in teaching material.
Hidden Reefs
Approved rendering: Klippen (alt. Schandflecken)
Transliteration: spilades
Doctrine: Corruption of the Love Feasts and Imagery of the False Teachers’ Futility
Original: σπιλάδες
Category: Judgment
Judas 12. Genuinely ambiguous Koine term: either submerged reefs (danger to ships) or moral blemishes/stains. Requires an explicit reviewer decision between two valid, long-standing German lexical traditions (‘Klippen’ for the reef reading, or the Luther-tradition-adjacent ‘Schandflecken’ for the blemish reading); document the alternative not chosen.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heiliger Geist
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. The false teachers are said to lack this Spirit entirely (Judas 19, see ‘worldly_devoid_of_spirit’) while believers are commanded to pray in this Spirit (Judas 20). The referent (the Holy Spirit specifically, not ‘spirit’ generically) must remain unambiguous in both verses.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: ἅγιος (ἁγιωτάτῃ, ἁγίῳ)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Judas 20: describes both believers’ faith (‘most holy faith’) and the Spirit in whom believers pray. The Greek superlative (hagiōtatē) reads unusually as a literal German superlative; an alternative construction such as ‘der heilige Glaube, den ihr besitzt’ may preserve the intensifying sense more naturally.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Judas 5: the first of three OT/intertestamental warning-types (Israel’s unbelief after the Exodus rescue). Requires explicit framing that this is a warning to a professing covenant community about unbelief, not a statement about Israel’s national identity or destiny; the baseline’s caution about post-Holocaust Staatsräson-linked conflation applies with intensified force here.
Last Time
Approved rendering: in der letzten Zeit
Transliteration: ep’ eschatou chronou
Doctrine: The Apostolic Prediction of Last-Time Scoffers
Judas 18. Situates the false teachers’ arrival within NT eschatological expectation. Avoid speculative contemporary-events identification, consistent with the Matthew/Mark baseline packages’ caution against over-specific apocalyptic application.
Lord Rebuke You
Approved rendering: Der Herr strafe dich
Transliteration: Epitimēsai soi kyrios
Doctrine: The False Teachers’ Slander of Glorious Ones, Contrasted with Michael’s Restraint
Judas 9. Set rebuke-formula echoing Zechariah 3:2; Michael defers judgment to the Lord rather than pronouncing it himself. Reuses the established Herr rendering for kyrios.
Love Feasts
Approved rendering: Liebesmahle
Transliteration: agapai
Doctrine: Corruption of the Love Feasts and Imagery of the False Teachers’ Futility
Original: ἀγάπαι (ἀγάπαις)
Category: Church
Judas 12. Early Christian communal fellowship meals, abused by the infiltrating false teachers. German-specific cultural-liturgical bridge: the Moravian Brüdergemeine (Herrnhut) tradition still practices a distinct liturgical ‘Liebesmahl’; keep explicitly distinct from Abendmahl (the Lord’s Supper) in exposition to avoid sacramental confusion.
Lusts Desires
Approved rendering: Begierden / Lüste
Transliteration: epithymias
Doctrine: The Apostolic Prediction of Last-Time Scoffers
Judas 16, 18. Governing motivation of the false teachers’ conduct.
Mockers
Approved rendering: Spötter
Transliteration: empaiktai
Doctrine: The Apostolic Prediction of Last-Time Scoffers
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Judgment
Judas 18. Scoffers/deriders predicted in advance by the apostles, now identified with the present false teachers.
Rebellion Of Korah
Approved rendering: der Aufstand Korachs
Transliteration: antilogia tou Korē
Doctrine: Cain, Balaam, and Korah as Individual Warning Types
Rejected alternatives: Korah (rejected — non-standard German proper-name form; use Korach)
Original: ἀντιλογίᾳ τοῦ Κόρε
Category: OT Warning Type
Judas 11. Korah’s rebellion against Moses’ God-given authority (Numbers 16). Use standard German proper-name form ‘Korach’ consistently.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: Ausschweifung
Transliteration: aselgeia
Doctrine: Perversion of Grace into License
Rejected alternatives: Zügellosigkeit (acceptable alternate)
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Judgment
Judas 4. Unrestrained moral/sexual license, the practical result of perverting grace.
Servant Self Designation
Approved rendering: Knecht (alt. Diener)
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Divine Calling, Belovedness, and Being Kept, in the Salutation
Rejected alternatives: Sklave (rejected as primary rendering — risks confusion with the concrete first-century household-slavery discussion already flagged under the Ephesians/Colossians baseline ‘slaves_and_masters’ entries)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church and Leadership
Judas 1. Jude’s leadership self-designation as one wholly devoted to Christ as master, distinct from the household-code slavery discussion elsewhere in this pipeline; note this distinction on first occurrence.
Sin
Approved rendering: Sünde
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Root of the new cognate term ‘sinners’ (Sünder), used of the false teachers in Judas 15.
Snatch From The Fire
Approved rendering: rettet, indem ihr sie aus dem Feuer reißt
Transliteration: sōzete ek pyros harpazontes
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: rettet sie behutsam (rejected — softens the urgent ‘snatching’ force)
Original: σῴζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες
Category: Mercy and Compassion
Judas 23. Urgent, forceful rescue imagery echoing Amos 4:11 and Zechariah 3:2. Reuses the established Rettung/retten root. Preserve the urgency of ‘reißen’; avoid softening into generic pastoral-care language.
Wandering Stars
Approved rendering: Irrsterne
Transliteration: asteres planētai
Doctrine: Corruption of the Love Feasts and Imagery of the False Teachers’ Futility
Rejected alternatives: umherirrende Sterne (acceptable longer alternate)
Original: ἀστέρες πλανῆται
Category: Judgment
Judas 13. Irregular celestial bodies (etymological root of ‘planet,’ from planaō, ‘to wander/go astray’); philologically obscure in modern German and requires a brief explanatory gloss connecting it to the letter’s other planē-root occurrence (v.11, Bileams Irrtum).
Way Of Cain
Approved rendering: der Weg Kains
Transliteration: hodō tou Kain
Doctrine: Cain, Balaam, and Korah as Individual Warning Types
Original: ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν
Category: OT Warning Type
Judas 11. Cain’s pattern of jealous, murderous rejection of God’s favor toward another (Genesis 4). Requires OT background explanation given generally low OT narrative literacy across the target audience.
Woe Pronouncement
Approved rendering: Wehe
Transliteration: ouai
Doctrine: Cain, Balaam, and Korah as Individual Warning Types
Original: οὐαί
Category: Judgment
Judas 11. Structurally parallel to, but lower-risk than, the Matthew 23 woes already documented in the baseline (not directed at a specific ethnic/religious group); still requires framing so it is not read as a blanket condemnation beyond the specific false teachers in view.
Low Risk Terms
Amen
Approved rendering: Amen
Transliteration: amēn
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Liturgical
Judas 25. Closing liturgical affirmation. Retain the established transliteration per the Romans baseline’s transliteration standards; universal across German confessional traditions.
Apostle
Approved rendering: Apostel
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος (ἀποστόλων)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Judas 17: the apostles’ prior predictions of end-time scoffers, grounding the letter’s warning in prior apostolic teaching.
Before All Time And Forever
Approved rendering: vor aller Zeit und jetzt und in alle Ewigkeit
Transliteration: pro pantos tou aiōnos kai nyn kai eis pantas tous aiōnas
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας
Category: Doxology
Judas 25. God’s eternality spanning past, present, and unending future.
Bombastic Words
Approved rendering: hochtrabende / aufgeblasene Worte
Transliteration: hyperogka
Doctrine: The Apostolic Prediction of Last-Time Scoffers
Judas 16. Empty, self-aggrandizing rhetoric.
Building Up
Approved rendering: euch selbst erbauend
Transliteration: epoikodomountes
Doctrine: Building Up in the Faith and Praying in the Holy Spirit
Judas 20. Positive, communal spiritual growth; connects to the Romans baseline’s mutual_edification doctrine.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ewiges Leben
Transliteration: zōēn aiōnion
Doctrine: Keeping Yourselves in the Love of God
Original: ζωὴν αἰώνιον
Category: Salvation
Judas 21. Future eschatological consummation of salvation toward which believers’ present perseverance is oriented. Not yet formalized in the Romans baseline translation memory; recommended for addition as a reusable term across future curricula.
Exhort
Approved rendering: ermahnen
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω (παρακαλῶν)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Judas 3: context leans toward urgent appeal rather than the warmer encouragement sense also documented in the baseline.
Exultant Joy
Approved rendering: in großer Freude / im Jubel
Transliteration: agalliasei
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Judas 24. Intense, celebratory joy, stronger than ordinary chara; the emotional tenor of the final presentation before God.
Fruitless Uprooted Trees
Approved rendering: fruchtlose Bäume im Herbst, zweifach tot, entwurzelt
Transliteration: dendra phthinopōrina akarpa … ekrizōthenta
Doctrine: Corruption of the Love Feasts and Imagery of the False Teachers’ Futility
Judas 12. Image of total spiritual barrenness and coming judgment.
Irrational Creatures
Approved rendering: unvernünftige Tiere
Transliteration: aloga zōa
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: Judgment
Judas 10. Image for the false teachers’ instinct-driven understanding, in ironic contrast to Michael’s reasoned restraint (v.9).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Consistently paired with Christos and kyrios throughout the letter (Judas 1, 4, 17, 21, 25).
Love
Approved rendering: Liebe
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Divine Calling, Belovedness, and Being Kept, in the Salutation
Judas 2, 21. Standard salutation triad (mercy, love, peace) in v.2; reused of God’s own love in v.21’s ‘keep yourselves in the love of God.’ Distinct from the unrelated ‘love feasts’ (Liebesmahle, v.12), which shares the same root but a different referent — note the connection without conflating the senses.
Michael The Archangel
Approved rendering: der Erzengel Michael
Transliteration: Michaēl ho archangelos
Doctrine: The False Teachers’ Slander of Glorious Ones, Contrasted with Michael’s Restraint
Original: Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
Judas 9. Established proper term; model of restraint even in dispute with the devil.
Peace
Approved rendering: Friede
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Part of the salutation’s mercy-love-peace triad (Judas 2).
Waterless Clouds
Approved rendering: wasserlose Wolken
Transliteration: nephelai anydroi
Doctrine: Corruption of the Love Feasts and Imagery of the False Teachers’ Futility
Judas 12. Image of false promise: clouds that promise rain but deliver none.
Wild Waves
Approved rendering: wilde Wellen des Meeres
Transliteration: kymata agria
Doctrine: Corruption of the Love Feasts and Imagery of the False Teachers’ Futility
Judas 13. Untamed, violent sea imagery for the false teachers’ chaotic, undisciplined character.