Core Glossary
08 — Core Glossary
Leviticus | English–Hebrew–German Term Register for Destination-Language Translation
Curriculum: Leviticus
Destination language: German
Authority: All terms below that overlap with the Romans baseline (translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json) reuse the recorded German rendering exactly, as required. New Leviticus-specific terms are proposed here for addition to translation memory pending Phase 2 review workflows, following the same schema and risk framework as the baseline.
Risk tiers (identical definitions to the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json):
- Critical — mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
- High — significant theological confusion or denominational/cultural-collision risk; mandatory theologian review.
- Medium — reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision risk; automated review sufficient.
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | German Rendering (Baseline-Fixed) | Risk | Doctrine(s) in Leviticus | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| holy | qadosh | heilig | High | Holiness of God; Call to Be Holy | Reuse mandatory; anchors the “Ihr sollt heilig sein” refrain (11:44–45; 19:2; 20:7,26). |
| sin | chattah/chet | Sünde | Medium | Sacrificial System; Clean/Unclean | Reuse mandatory; must not be flattened onto avon or pesha, which need distinct German terms (Schuld, Übertretung) to preserve Leviticus’s threefold sin-vocabulary. |
| blood (implicit; new term, see Section B) | dam | Blut | High | Sacrificial System; Scapegoat | Not previously a standalone baseline entry; now formally registered given its centrality to Leviticus. |
| covenant | berit | Bund | Medium | Sabbath/Sacred Time; general covenant theology | Reuse mandatory (ch. 26). |
| glory | kavod | Herrlichkeit | Medium | Priesthood and Mediation (ch. 9) | Reuse mandatory. |
| church / congregation | edah/qahal | Gemeinde | High | Priesthood and Mediation; corporate atonement (ch. 4, 16) | Reuse mandatory; reinforces continuity between OT edah and NT ekklēsia, both rendered “Gemeinde” in the German tradition. |
| messiah (root connection) | mashach (verb) | salben (verb); cf. baseline Messias | Medium | Priesthood and Mediation (ch. 8, 16, 21) | Not identical baseline entry, but etymologically and typologically linked; teaching material should draw the connection explicitly. |
| father | — | Vater | — | (incidental, priestly succession “in his father’s place,” 16:32) | Reuse mandatory where relevant. |
| gentiles / foreigner (partial overlap) | ger (distinct concept, see Section B) | see Section B | High | Love of Neighbor | Ger is NOT identical to baseline’s ethnē/Heiden; treated as a new term below — do not substitute “Heiden” for ger. |
| freedom (typological connection) | deror (distinct term, see Section B) | see Section B | Critical | Sabbath and Sacred Time (Jubilee) | Direct thematic continuity with baseline’s Critical “Freiheit” entry; treated as new term below. |
Section B — New Terms Proposed for This Curriculum
| English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | LXX/NT Greek Continuity | Literal/Root Meaning | German Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| atonement (verb: to atone) | kipper (כפר) | καταλλαγή/ἱλασμός (conceptually) | to cover, to atone, to appease | sühnen (verb); Sühne (noun) | Critical | Sacrificial System and Atonement; Day of Atonement | — | The chapter 16 controlling verb. Must be kept distinct from Versöhnung (relational reconciliation) — see next entry. |
| reconciliation (contrast term) | (conceptual result of kipper) | ἀποκαταλλάξαι (cf. baseline Colossians “alles versöhnen”) | restored relationship | Versöhnung | High | Sacrificial System and Atonement | — | Reserved for the relational outcome of atonement, not the cultic-forensic act itself; conflating Sühne/Versöhnung flattens the ritual’s objective character. |
| mercy seat / atonement cover | kapporet (כַּפֹּרֶת) | ἱλαστήριον (LXX; also Romans 3:25) | covering-place | Gnadenthron | Critical | Sacrificial System; Day of Atonement | Sühnedeckel (Luther 2017); Deckplatte (Einheitsübersetzung) | Recommended for Reformation/Romans 3:25 typological continuity (“Gnadenstuhl”). Mandatory theologian sign-off given genuine cross-tradition divergence. |
| veil / curtain | paroket (פָּרֹכֶת) | καταπέτασμα (Matthew 27:51) | that which divides | Vorhang | High | Priesthood and Mediation | — | Direct link to the temple veil torn at the crucifixion. |
| sin offering | chattat (חַטָּאת) | περὶ ἁμαρτίας (LXX) | sin-thing | Sündopfer | High | Sacrificial System and Atonement | bare Sünde | Must never be flattened to plain “Sünde.” |
| burnt offering | olah (עֹלָה) | ὁλοκαύτωμα (LXX) | that which ascends | Brandopfer | Medium | Sacrificial System and Atonement | — | — |
| guilt/reparation offering | asham (אָשָׁם) | περὶ πλημμελείας (LXX) | guilt-payment | Schuldopfer | Medium-High | Sacrificial System and Atonement | — | Distinct restitution/compensation emphasis vs. chattat. |
| grain/tribute offering | minchah (מִנְחָה) | θυσία (generic, LXX) | gift, tribute | Speisopfer | Medium | Sacrificial System and Atonement | — | — |
| peace/fellowship offering | shelamim (שְׁלָמִים) | θυσία σωτηρίου (LXX) | peace-things | Friedensopfer / Gemeinschaftsopfer | High | Sacrificial System and Atonement | Heilsopfer (Einheitsübersetzung — collides with baseline Heil-caution); Dankopfer (too narrow, properly the todah subtype only) | Direct collision with the baseline’s existing “Heil” contamination caution; must not be rendered with any Heil-compound. |
| scapegoat (composite ritual concept) | goat “for Azazel” + nasa (“bear away”) | — | goat that bears sin away | Sündenbock | Critical | The Scapegoat and Substitution | — | German coined this exact word from Luther’s own rendering of this passage; now fully secularized to mean “a person unfairly blamed.” Every theological occurrence requires restored context (divinely ordained, ritually authorized substitution — not unjust human blame-shifting). Highest-density German-specific collision term in this curriculum. |
| Azazel | Azazel (עֲזָאזֵל) | — | disputed: “removal” or proper name | Asasel (transliterated) | High | The Scapegoat and Substitution; Day of Atonement | interpretive gloss “der ledige Bock” (older Luther) | Referent (place/demonic figure/abstraction) genuinely disputed; must not be silently conflated with “Sündenbock” itself. |
| Day of Atonement | Yom ha-Kippurim (יוֹם הַכִּפֻּרִים) | ἡμέρα ἐξιλασμοῦ (LXX) | day of atonements | Versöhnungstag / Jom Kippur | Critical | The Day of Atonement | — | Double burden in German: theological term also names the 1973 “Jom-Kippur-Krieg,” a major geopolitical reference point tied to Germany’s Staatsräson commitment to Israel. Requires explicit disambiguation in teaching material, structurally parallel to the baseline’s “Reich Gottes” awareness-note. |
| laying on of hands (substitutionary/transfer sense) | samak yadayim (סָמַךְ יָדַיִם) | ἐπίθεσις χειρῶν (NT, different ritual purpose) | to press/lean the hands | die Hände auflegen | High | Scapegoat and Substitution; Priesthood and Mediation | — | Same German phrase as NT ordination/healing/blessing gestures; context must disambiguate the very different theological purpose here (guilt-transfer, not empowerment/blessing). |
| confession (over the goat) | hitvadah (הִתְוַדָּה) | ἐξομολογέω (NT) | to acknowledge openly | bekennen | High | Scapegoat and Substitution | — | Public, vocal, specific — not private or silent. |
| to bear/carry away (substitution verb) | nasa (נָשָׂא) | αἴρω (John 1:29, “who takes away the sin of the world”) | to lift, carry, bear | tragen | Critical | Scapegoat and Substitution; Sacrificial System | — | Identical root to Isaiah 53:4,12; the single most theologically load-bearing verb in ch. 16 for NT-typological teaching. |
| iniquity | avon (עָוֹן) | ἀνομία (LXX, partial) | guilt, twisted-ness | Schuld | Medium-High | Scapegoat and Substitution; general sin-vocabulary | bare “Sünde” | Part of the threefold sin-vocabulary (avon/pesha/chattah) requiring distinct German terms. |
| transgression | pesha (פֶּשַׁע) | παράβασις (LXX, partial) | rebellion, breach | Übertretung | Medium-High | Scapegoat and Substitution; general sin-vocabulary | bare “Sünde” | Denotes willful/rebellious breach, stronger than chattah. |
| uncleanness | tumah (טֻמְאָה) | ἀκαθαρσία (LXX/NT) | state of impurity | Unreinheit | High | Clean and Unclean; Day of Atonement | — | Includes non-moral ritual states; must not collapse fully into moral “Sünde.” |
| clean / unclean | tahor / tame (טָהוֹר / טָמֵא) | καθαρός / ἀκάθαρτος (LXX/NT) | pure / impure | rein / unrein | Critical | Clean and Unclean | — | Must be kept conceptually distinct from moral-ethical “heilig,” despite colloquial German blending of purity-language (“reine Absichten,” “ein reines Herz”). |
| detestable thing | sheqetz (שֶׁקֶץ) | βδέλυγμα (LXX) | loathsome thing | Gräuel | Medium | Clean and Unclean | — | Stronger/more visceral than plain “unrein.” |
| skin disease | tsara’at (צָרַעַת) | λέπρα (LXX) | disputed etymology | Aussatz | High | Clean and Unclean; Priesthood and Mediation | — | MANDATORY clarifying gloss: not identical to modern clinical leprosy; carries centuries of German social-stigma baggage requiring careful historical framing. |
| quarantine/confine | hisgir (הִסְגִּיר) | — | to shut up, isolate | absondern / unter Quarantäne stellen | Medium | Clean and Unclean | — | — |
| soul / self / life | nefesh (נֶפֶשׁ) | ψυχή (LXX/NT) | the whole living being | Seele (with mandatory gloss) | High | Day of Atonement; general anthropology | — | Hebrew is holistic (whole person), unlike German “Seele’s” dualistic body/soul connotations; requires explicit clarification. |
| Sabbath of complete rest | shabbat shabbaton (שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן) | σάββατα σαββάτων (LXX) | sabbath of sabbath-ness | Sabbat völliger Ruhe | Medium | Sabbath and Sacred Time; Day of Atonement | — | — |
| perpetual/everlasting statute | chuqqat olam (חֻקַּת עוֹלָם) | νόμιμον αἰώνιον (LXX) | statute of forever | ewige Ordnung / Satzung auf ewig | Medium | Day of Atonement; general legal formula | — | — |
| anoint | mashach (מָשַׁח) | χρίω (LXX/NT; root of Χριστός) | to pour/rub oil, consecrate | salben | Medium | Priesthood and Mediation | — | Etymological root of Mashiach/baseline “Messias” — explicit typological cross-reference recommended in teaching material. |
| high priest (“the anointed priest”) | ha-kohen ha-mashiach | ἀρχιερεύς (LXX/NT) | the anointed priest | Hoherpriester | High | Priesthood and Mediation | — | Catholic/Protestant “ongoing priestly office” friction, adjacent to baseline’s “saints”/allgemeines Priestertum caution. |
| pleasing aroma | reach nichoach (רֵיח נִיחֹחַ) | ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας (LXX/NT, e.g. Philippians 4:18) | aroma of rest/satisfaction | lieblicher Geruch / wohlgefälliger Duft | Medium | Sacrificial System and Atonement | — | — |
| unblemished / without defect | tamim (תָּמִים) | ἄμωμος (LXX/NT, e.g. 1 Peter 1:19) | complete, whole | makellos / ohne Fehler | Critical | Sacrificial System and Atonement; Priesthood and Mediation | — | Direct typological trajectory toward NT “unblemished Lamb” Christology. |
| blemish/defect | mum (מוּם) | μῶμος (LXX, related) | physical defect | Makel / Fehler | High | Priesthood and Mediation | — | Requires pastoral-sensitivity framing regarding disability. |
| to profane / desecrate | chillel (חִלֵּל) | βεβηλόω (LXX/NT) | to make common/defiled | entweihen / entheiligen | Medium | Holiness of God | — | Direct antonym of qiddesh (heiligen). |
| appointed times / sacred feasts | mo’adim (מוֹעֲדִים) | ἑορταί (LXX/NT) | appointed times | Feste / heilige Zeiten | Medium | Sabbath and Sacred Time | — | — |
| sabbatical year | shemittah (שְׁמִטָּה) | ἄφεσις (LXX, partial) | release | Sabbatjahr | Medium | Sabbath and Sacred Time | — | — |
| Jubilee | yovel (יוֹבֵל) | ἄφεσις/ἐνιαυτὸς ἀφέσεως (LXX) | ram’s horn signal | Jubeljahr | High | Sabbath and Sacred Time | — | Secular German “Jubiläum” derives from this term but has lost all debt/land/slave-release content; must be actively recovered in teaching material. |
| proclaim liberty | deror (דְּרוֹר) | ἄφεσις (LXX) | free flight (of a bird) | Freiheit ausrufen | Critical | Sabbath and Sacred Time (Jubilee) | — | Direct continuity with baseline’s Critical “Freiheit” entry; requires the same context-sufficiency discipline. |
| redeemer / redemption | go’el / ge’ulah (גֹּאֵל / גְּאֻלָּה) | λυτρωτής / λύτρωσις (LXX/NT) | to redeem, act as kinsman | Erlöser / Erlösung | Critical | Sabbath and Sacred Time (Jubilee); typological Sacrificial System background | bare “Rettung” (loses the specific kinsman-redeemer legal-familial background) | The OT legal-familial background makes “Erlösung” (already sanctioned case-by-case in the baseline) specifically apt here; caution against secularized “relief from stress” usage. |
| devoted/banned thing | cherem (חֵרֶם) | ἀνάθεμα (LXX/NT; cf. baseline “verflucht”) | irrevocably devoted | Bann / das Geweihte | High | Sacrificial System (vow/dedication law) | — | Distinct from ge’ulah — explicitly not redeemable. Adjacent to but not identical with baseline’s Galatians “anathema”/“verflucht” entry; German “Bann” also carries independent Kirchenbann historical weight. |
| neighbor | rea (רֵעַ) | πλησίον (LXX/NT, Matthew 22:39, Romans 13:9, Galatians 5:14) | companion, fellow | Nächster | Critical | Love of Neighbor | — | MUST match verbatim whatever rendering is used for the NT citations of this same command elsewhere in this pipeline. |
| stranger / sojourner | ger (גֵּר) | πάροικος/προσήλυτος (LXX, partial) | resident alien | Fremde | High | Love of Neighbor | Fremdling (archaic, still used in Luther tradition) | Contemporary German migration/asylum politics make this passage unusually live; historical-experiential appeal of the text (“you were gerim in Egypt”) should be foregrounded pastorally. |
| vow | neder (נֵדֶר) | εὐχή (LXX) | solemn promise | Gelübde | Low-Medium | Sacrificial System (dedication law) | — | — |
| tithe | ma’aser (מַעֲשֵׂר) | δεκάτη (LXX/NT) | a tenth | Zehnter | Low | general stewardship | — | — |
| eye for eye (lex talionis) | ayin tachat ayin (עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן) | ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ (LXX/NT, Matthew 5:38) | eye in place of eye | Auge um Auge, Zahn um Zahn | Medium | general justice principle | — | Widely known German idiom often mischaracterized as endorsing escalation rather than limiting proportional justice. |
| showbread / bread of the Presence | lechem ha-panim (לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים) | ἄρτοι τῆς προθέσεως (LXX/NT, Matthew 12:4) | bread of the face | Schaubrote | Low-Medium | Priesthood and Mediation | — | — |
| ordination | millu’im (מִלֻּאִים) | τελείωσις (LXX, partial) | fillings (of the hand) | Priesterweihe / Einsetzung | Medium-High | Priesthood and Mediation | — | Catholic “Priesterweihe” (ordination) resonance adjacent to baseline’s “saints”/allgemeines-Priestertum caution. |
| incense | ketoret (קְטֹרֶת) | θυμίαμα (LXX/NT) | that which smokes | Räucherwerk | Medium | Sacrificial System; Day of Atonement | Weihrauch (too narrowly Catholic-liturgical in contemporary German association) | — |
| holy of holies | qodesh ha-qodashim (קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים) | ἅγια ἁγίων (LXX/NT, Hebrews 9:3) | holy of holies | das Allerheiligste | High | Priesthood and Mediation; Day of Atonement | — | Established German term; note light phonetic similarity to “Allerheiligen” (All Saints’ Day, Nov. 1) is worth a brief translator-awareness note, distinct concepts. |
| holy/common distinction | qodesh / chol (קֹדֶשׁ / חֹל) | ἅγιον / βέβηλον (LXX, partial) | holy / ordinary | heilig / gewöhnlich | Medium-High | Holiness of God; Priesthood and Mediation | weltlich/profan (risks importing unwarranted negative secular-vs-religious charge) | — |
| remember (covenant) | zachar (זָכַר) | μνημονεύω (LXX/NT) | to remember (with resulting action) | gedenken / sich erinnern | Medium | Sabbath and Sacred Time; covenant theology | — | Biblical “remembering” implies covenant-faithful action, not mere cognition. |
Section C — Terms Flagged for Mandatory Cross-Document Verbatim Consistency
| Phrase | German Rendering | Requirement |
|---|---|---|
| ”Be holy, for I the LORD your God am holy” (Lev 11:44–45; 19:2; 20:7; 20:26) | “Ihr sollt heilig sein, denn ich, der HERR, euer Gott, bin heilig.” | Must render identically at all four occurrences within Leviticus. |
| ”You shall love your neighbor as yourself” (Lev 19:18) | “Du sollst deinen Nächsten lieben wie dich selbst.” | Must match verbatim any existing or future rendering of the same command as quoted in Matthew 22:39, Romans 13:9, and Galatians 5:14 elsewhere in this pipeline, per the established cross-document consistency rule. |
| ”For the life of the creature is in the blood… it is the blood that makes atonement” (Lev 17:11) | “Denn das Leben des Fleisches ist in seinem Blut… denn das Blut ist es, das Sühne schafft, weil das Leben darin ist.” | Foundational rationale-statement for the whole Sacrificial System doctrine; recommend identical rendering wherever cited across teaching material. |
Section D — Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count (new Leviticus terms, Section B) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 10 | Mandatory human theologian review, every occurrence |
| High | 15 | Mandatory human theologian review |
| Medium-High | 4 | Native speaker review, theologian-aware |
| Medium | 15 | Native speaker review |
| Low / Low-Medium | 8 | Automated review sufficient |
Note on Section A: All eight reused baseline terms retain their original baseline risk tier (High or Medium as recorded in doctrine_risk_registry.json); this glossary does not alter baseline risk assignments, only extends their documented applicability into Leviticus contexts.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Gerechtigkeit
Transliteration: Gerechtigkeit
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Tugend
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: ‘tamim’/makellos (unblemished) and the whole atonement system anticipate the forensic righteousness later named explicitly in Romans; do not let Leviticus material imply righteousness is achieved by cultic performance rather than received.
Justification
Approved rendering: Rechtfertigung
Transliteration: Rechtfertigung
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Erlösung (distinct concept)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the Day of Atonement’s declared, ritually-accomplished cleansing (‘rein vor dem HERRN,’ 16:30) is the Old Testament’s closest structural analogue to the forensic declaration later named ‘Rechtfertigung’; keep the two terms distinct rather than substituting one for the other.
Lord
Approved rendering: Herr
Transliteration: Herr
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Meister, Chef
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: ‘der HERR’ (YHWH) is the addressee of every offering and the speaker of the entire book (‘Der HERR sprach zu Mose’); the same everyday-title flattening risk documented in the baseline applies whenever ‘HERR’ recurs in Leviticus’s frequent divine-speech formula.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Sohn Gottes
Transliteration: Sohn Gottes
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: no direct occurrence; retained for teaching material connecting the anointed high priest (ha-kohen ha-mashiach) typologically to Christ’s own priestly-sonship office.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: zugerechnete Gerechtigkeit
Transliteration: zugerechnete Gerechtigkeit
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: verdiente Gerechtigkeit
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the Day of Atonement’s ritually-declared cleansing anticipates this forensic, credited-not-earned category; must never be conflated with the Levitical sacrificial mechanism itself, which remains cultic-objective (sühnen) rather than the fully developed forensic doctrine.
Flesh
Approved rendering: Fleisch
Transliteration: Fleisch
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged, BUT flagged for a distinct sense in Leviticus: Leviticus 17:11 (‘the life of the flesh is in the blood’) uses ‘Fleisch’ in its neutral, literal, physical-bodily sense, NOT the baseline’s ethical sinful-nature sense (Galatians 5). Teaching material must disambiguate these two senses explicitly on first joint occurrence to prevent readers importing the Pauline ethical sense into Leviticus’s anatomical one.
Freedom
Approved rendering: Freiheit
Transliteration: Freiheit
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: directly continued by the new term ‘proclaim_liberty’ (deror -> Freiheit ausrufen, Lev 25:10), the Jubilee’s concrete debt/land/slave-release proclamation. Every Jubilee occurrence needs enough context that this concrete liberation sense is not silently assimilated to Luther’s Reformation usage or to Germany’s Enlightenment/post-1989 political-liberty associational field.
Anathema
Approved rendering: verflucht
Transliteration: verflucht
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: im Unrecht (merely mistaken)
Inherited from Romans package (via the Galatians extension), unchanged. Leviticus relevance: retained strictly as a cross-reference boundary marker distinguishing the New Testament curse-formula from the new term ‘devoted_banned_thing’ (cherem -> Bann), a related but textually distinct Levitical dedication category that must never be silently equated with this term.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: Fluch des Gesetzes
Transliteration: Fluch des Gesetzes
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Inherited from Romans package (via the Galatians extension), unchanged. Leviticus relevance: chapter 26’s covenant curses (Bundesfluch) are the Old Testament backdrop for this New Testament category; must remain a judicial covenant-sanction, never a folk-magic curse, consistent with the baseline’s existing caution.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: Werke des Gesetzes
Transliteration: Werke des Gesetzes
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: gute Werke (good works generally)
Inherited from Romans package (via the Galatians extension), unchanged. Leviticus relevance: retained as a cross-reference boundary term; the holiness-code statutes of Leviticus 18-20 are precisely the kind of Torah-observance content later Pauline theology names ‘Werke des Gesetzes’ when contrasting law-keeping with faith as the ground of justification. Never use this term to characterize the sacrificial/purity system’s own internal theological logic, which is about atonement and holiness, not New Testament justification polemics.
Mercy Seat Atonement Cover
Approved rendering: Gnadenthron
Transliteration: Gnadenthron
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: Sühnedeckel (Luther 2017 — theologically accurate but severs the throne/mercy imagery), Deckplatte (Einheitsübersetzung — architecturally precise but theologically flat)
Original: כַּפֹּרֶת
Category: Atonement
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew kapporet; LXX/Romans 3:25 continuity: hilasterion. The gold-covered lid of the ark, the specific locus of atonement. ‘Gnadenthron’ preserves the Romans 3:25 ‘Gnadenstuhl’ typological echo already embedded in German devotional memory. Mandatory theologian review given genuine cross-tradition divergence in German Bible translation history.
Atone
Approved rendering: sühnen / Sühne
Transliteration: sühnen / Sühne
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: כִּפֶּר
Category: Atonement
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew kipper, the chapter 16 controlling verb: an objective, ritual transaction removing sin’s guilt and defiling effect, not a subjective feeling of forgiveness. Must be distinguished carefully from ‘Versöhnung’ (relational reconciliation, the baseline’s Colossians term).
Life In The Blood Rationale
Approved rendering: Denn das Leben des Fleisches ist in seinem Blut, und ich habe es euch gegeben, dass ihr auf dem Altar damit Sühne schafft für euer Leben; denn das Blut ist es, das Sühne schafft, weil das Leben darin ist.
Transliteration: Denn das Leben des Fleisches ist in seinem Blut, und ich habe es euch gegeben, dass ihr auf dem Altar damit Sühne schafft für euer Leben; denn das Blut ist es, das Sühne schafft, weil das Leben darin ist.
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: כִּי הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ
Category: Atonement
CRITICAL. NEW. Fixed rendering of Leviticus 17:11, the book’s closest approach to a systematic atonement rationale. Must render identically wherever cited across all teaching material in this curriculum — not paraphrased differently per lesson.
Scapegoat Composite
Approved rendering: Sündenbock
Transliteration: Sündenbock
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Original: (goat ‘for Azazel’ combined with נָשָׂא, nasa, ‘to bear away’)
Category: Substitution
CRITICAL. NEW. The single highest-density German-specific collision term in this entire curriculum. German inherited ‘Sündenbock’ from Luther’s own interpretive rendering of this passage; contemporary usage has fully secularized it into an idiom for a person unfairly blamed for others’ faults — the precise opposite of the divinely ordained, ritually authorized, typologically substitutionary transfer the text describes. Every theological occurrence requires explicit restorative context. Never attempt a fresh paraphrase or transliteration replacement; the correct intervention is contextual restoration of the existing coinage, not lexical substitution. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Bear Carry Away
Approved rendering: tragen
Transliteration: tragen
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Original: נָשָׂא
Category: Substitution
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew nasa; Isaiah 53:4,12 continuity. The key substitution verb: the goat bears/carries away what is not its own. Must be rendered so the German reader can recognize the same verb-concept later applied typologically to Christ; the single most theologically load-bearing verb in the Day of Atonement passage for teaching material connecting Leviticus to New Testament atonement Christology.
Day Of Atonement Name
Approved rendering: Versöhnungstag / Jom Kippur
Transliteration: Versöhnungstag / Jom Kippur
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Original: יוֹם הַכִּפֻּרִים
Category: Day of Atonement
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew Yom ha-Kippurim. ‘Versöhnungstag’ is the established Lutherbibel rendering (Lev 23:27); ‘Jom Kippur’ now dominates German public discourse but is simultaneously the name of the 1973 Yom Kippur War (der Jom-Kippur-Krieg), tied to Germany’s Staatsräson commitment to Israel. Every occurrence requires explicit ancient-fast-day/modern-war disambiguation, modeled on the baseline’s ‘Reich Gottes’ awareness-note but more acute since this is a live, current-events collision rather than a historically closed one. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: rein / unrein
Transliteration: rein / unrein
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: טָהוֹר / טָמֵא
Category: Purity
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew tahor / tame. The core ritual-purity distinction; must be kept conceptually distinct from moral holiness (qadosh/heilig) despite colloquial German blending of purity-idiom (‘reine Absichten,’ ‘ein reines Herz’). Teaching material must make this distinction explicit on first occurrence.
Be Holy Refrain
Approved rendering: Ihr sollt heilig sein, denn ich, der HERR, euer Gott, bin heilig.
Transliteration: Ihr sollt heilig sein, denn ich, der HERR, euer Gott, bin heilig.
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Original: קְדֹשִׁים תִּהְיוּ כִּי קָדוֹשׁ אֲנִי יְהוָה
Category: Holiness
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew qedoshim tihyu ki qadosh ani YHWH. The doctrinal anchor-refrain, repeated Lev 11:44-45, 19:2, 20:7, 20:26. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence for doctrinal and pedagogical consistency.
Unblemished
Approved rendering: makellos
Transliteration: makellos
Doctrine: The Unblemished Offering Standard
Original: תָּמִים
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew tamim. Complete, whole, without defect — the required standard for sacrificial animals, directly anticipating New Testament ‘unblemished Lamb’ Christology (1 Peter 1:19’s amomos). Should be taught explicitly alongside the Day of Atonement material as forward-pointing.
Proclaim Liberty
Approved rendering: Freiheit ausrufen
Transliteration: Freiheit ausrufen
Doctrine: Jubilee and Redemption
Original: דְּרוֹר
Category: Sacred Time
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew deror (Lev 25:10, ‘proclaim liberty throughout the land’). Directly continues the baseline’s Critical Freiheit caution; every occurrence needs enough context that the concrete, Jubilee-specific debt/land/slave-release sense is not silently assimilated to a generic modern political-liberty reading.
Redeemer Redemption
Approved rendering: Erlöser / Erlösung
Transliteration: Erlöser / Erlösung
Doctrine: Jubilee and Redemption
Rejected alternatives: bare Rettung (loses the specific kinsman-redeemer legal-familial background)
Original: גֹּאֵל / גְּאֻלָּה
Category: Sacred Time
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew go’el / ge’ulah. The near legal relative with the right/duty to redeem family land, property, or persons from debt-slavery — the direct legal-familial background for NT redemption Christology. Caution against colloquial trivialization (‘das war eine Erlösung’ = stress relief).
Neighbor
Approved rendering: Nächster
Transliteration: Nächster
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor
Original: רֵעַ
Category: Ethics
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew rea. One’s fellow community member; MUST match verbatim whatever rendering this pipeline’s Matthew, Romans, and Galatians material uses for the same citation (Matthew 22:39, Romans 13:9, Galatians 5:14).
Love Neighbor Command
Approved rendering: Du sollst deinen Nächsten lieben wie dich selbst.
Transliteration: Du sollst deinen Nächsten lieben wie dich selbst.
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor
Original: וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ
Category: Ethics
CRITICAL. NEW. Hebrew ve-ahavta le-re’akha kamokha (Lev 19:18). MUST match, word for word, whatever rendering this curriculum’s Matthew, Romans, and Galatians material uses for the same citation, per the established cross-document consistency rule. Explicitly credit this command’s Jewish textual and interpretive priority (Hillel, Akiva) in teaching material rather than presenting it as a distinctively Christian innovation.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: Gnade
Transliteration: Gnade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: Barmherzigkeit, Wohlwollen
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the entire sacrificial system rests on the premise that atonement is God’s own gracious provision (Lev 17:11, ‘I have given it to you’), not a human-initiated transaction; guard against any Werkgerechtigkeit misreading of the sacrificial system as humanity earning favor through ritual performance.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Rettung
Transliteration: Rettung
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Heil (Nazi-era contamination risk), Erlösung (more existential/liberation-flavored)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the baseline’s case-by-case ‘Heil’ caution directly governs the rejection of ‘Heilsopfer’ for the peace/fellowship offering (shelamim) and any ‘Heil’-compound elsewhere in this curriculum; see the new term ‘peace_fellowship_offering’ below.
Saints
Approved rendering: Heilige
Transliteration: die Heiligen
Doctrine: Sainthood
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the corporate ‘called to be holy’ logic of Romans 1:7 traces directly back to Leviticus’s holiness-code refrain; the same Catholic canonized-saint/Protestant priesthood-of-all-believers fault line applies when teaching material draws this connection.
Church
Approved rendering: Gemeinde
Transliteration: Gemeinde
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Kirche (institution-default)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: renders both ‘edah’ and ‘qahal’ (the gathered covenant congregation on whose behalf the high priest acts, e.g. Lev 4:13, 16:33), reinforcing continuity between Old Testament congregation and New Testament ekklesia.
Law
Approved rendering: Gesetz
Transliteration: Gesetz
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: Leviticus is itself Torah/Gesetz; the baseline’s ‘Gesetz und Evangelium’ Lutheran hermeneutical dialectic is directly load-bearing for how this entire curriculum is framed relative to the New Testament.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Heiden
Transliteration: Heiden
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: must NOT be substituted for the distinct new term ‘stranger_sojourner’ (ger -> Fremde); Leviticus’s ger is a resident non-Israelite living among the covenant people, a different category from the baseline’s ethne/Heiden.
Election
Approved rendering: Erwählung
Transliteration: Erwählung
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: Aaron and his sons’ hereditary selection for the priestly office (ch. 8) is a concrete instance of God’s sovereign choice; teaching material should not import full New Testament predestination debate onto this narrower priestly-office selection.
Peace Fellowship Offering
Approved rendering: Friedensopfer
Transliteration: Friedensopfer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: Heilsopfer (Einheitsübersetzung — collides directly with the baseline’s Nazi-era ‘Heil’ contamination caution), Dankopfer (too narrow — names only the todah subtype, ch. 7)
Original: שְׁלָמִים
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew shelamim. Communal fellowship offering, partly eaten by the offerer with family, symbolizing restored fellowship rather than only atonement. ‘Gemeinschaftsopfer’ is an acceptable synonym reusing established baseline ‘Gemeinschaft’ vocabulary. NEVER render with any ‘Heil’-compound.
Sin Offering
Approved rendering: Sündopfer
Transliteration: Sündopfer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: bare Sünde
Original: חַטָּאת
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew chattat. Specific sacrifice category whose blood purifies persons/objects from sin’s defiling effect; never flatten to plain ‘Sünde,’ which erases the offering-category and reduces it to abstract sin itself.
Guilt Offering
Approved rendering: Schuldopfer
Transliteration: Schuldopfer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: אָשָׁם
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew asham. Addresses sins with a quantifiable restitution component; must be kept distinct from Sündopfer in teaching material — different theological emphasis (restitution/compensation).
Ordination
Approved rendering: Priesterweihe / Einsetzung
Transliteration: Priesterweihe / Einsetzung
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: מִלֻּאִים
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew millu’im (‘fillings’ of the hand). Lead with ‘Einsetzung’ as the primary rendering; retain ‘Priesterweihe’ only as a secondary gloss, since it carries strong Catholic sacramental-ordination connotations that Free-church/Pietist readers may find denominationally loaded. The literal ‘Handfüllung’ idiom should be explained in teaching material even though not used as the rendering itself.
High Priest
Approved rendering: Hoherpriester
Transliteration: Hoherpriester
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: הַכֹּהֵן הַמָּשִׁיחַ
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew ha-kohen ha-mashiach (‘the anointed priest’), who alone may perform the Day of Atonement rite. Carries Catholic/Protestant friction over the nature of an ongoing priestly office, adjacent to the baseline’s ‘saints’/allgemeines Priestertum caution; the Levitical single-mediator office must not be silently read back into contemporary church-office debates.
Holy Of Holies
Approved rendering: das Allerheiligste
Transliteration: das Allerheiligste
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew qodesh ha-qodashim. The innermost sacred chamber, entered only by the high priest, only on the Day of Atonement. Translator-awareness note: light phonetic similarity to ‘Allerheiligen’ (All Saints’ Day, Nov. 1) names an entirely distinct Catholic liturgical concept, not doctrinally related.
Veil
Approved rendering: Vorhang
Transliteration: Vorhang
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: פָּרֹכֶת
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew paroket. The curtain separating the Holy Place from the Holy of Holies; must be rendered so the New Testament parallel (Matthew 27:51’s temple veil torn at Christ’s death) remains recognizable to German readers already carrying that association.
Reconciliation Relational
Approved rendering: Versöhnung
Transliteration: Versöhnung
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: (conceptual result of כִּפֶּר)
Category: Atonement
NEW. Reserved strictly for the relational outcome of atonement, reused from the baseline’s Colossians term; never substituted for ‘Sühne’ — conflating the two erases the objective, ritual character of the Leviticus 16 atonement act.
Blood
Approved rendering: Blut
Transliteration: Blut
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: דָּם
Category: Atonement
NEW. Hebrew dam. Not ambiguous in German vocabulary itself, but every occurrence in sacrificial material carries the full theological weight of this doctrine; must never be rendered euphemistically or abstracted away from its literal, physical sense.
Azazel
Approved rendering: Asasel
Transliteration: Asasel
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Rejected alternatives: der ledige Bock (older Luther interpretive gloss)
Original: עֲזָאזֵל
Category: Day of Atonement
HIGH RISK. NEW. Hebrew Azazel, the disputed recipient/destination of the second goat (place, demonic figure, or abstraction). Transliterated to preserve interpretive openness per the Luther 2017 revision’s approach. Must be kept conceptually distinct from ‘Sündenbock’ itself — Asasel names the recipient/destination, not simply a synonym for the goat’s ritual function.
Laying On Of Hands Transfer
Approved rendering: die Hände auflegen
Transliteration: die Hände auflegen
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Original: סָמַךְ יָדַיִם
Category: Substitution
NEW. Hebrew samak yadayim. Physical identification-gesture transferring the community’s guilt onto the goat. Must be clearly distinguished from the New Testament laying-on-of-hands for blessing, ordination, or healing — identical German phrase, fundamentally different theological gesture. Context must disambiguate every occurrence.
Confession Over The Goat
Approved rendering: bekennen
Transliteration: bekennen
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Original: הִתְוַדָּה
Category: Substitution
NEW. Hebrew hitvadah. Aaron’s public, verbal, specific confession of the people’s iniquities over the live goat; must not be reduced to a private, silent, or merely internal act.
Soul Self
Approved rendering: Seele
Transliteration: Seele
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Original: נֶפֶשׁ
Category: Day of Atonement
NEW. Hebrew nefesh. The whole living person — Hebrew anthropology is holistic, not a detachable, immortal soul distinct from the body in the Greek dualist sense German ‘Seele’ imports. Flag every occurrence, not merely first use, given how deeply the dualistic reading is embedded in German religious instinct.
Uncleanness State
Approved rendering: Unreinheit
Transliteration: Unreinheit
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: טֻמְאָה
Category: Purity
NEW. Hebrew tumah. The defiling effect of sin/impurity contaminating even the sanctuary itself; includes non-moral ritual states (childbirth, skin disease, discharge) and must be kept distinct from moral ‘Sünde.‘
Skin Disease
Approved rendering: Aussatz
Transliteration: Aussatz
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: צָרַעַת
Category: Purity
HIGH RISK. NEW. Hebrew tsara’at. Requires a mandatory clarifying gloss every occurrence: not identical to modern clinical leprosy (Hansen’s disease); German ‘Aussatz’ carries centuries of social-stigma history (medieval Leprosenhäuser, ‘Aussätzige’ as social outcasts) that risks importing anachronistic and medically inaccurate connotations into the biblical text.
Abomination
Approved rendering: Gräuel
Transliteration: Gräuel
Doctrine: Sexual Ethics and Holiness
Original: תּוֹעֵבָה
Category: Ethics
NEW. Hebrew to’evah. The strongest Hebrew term for acts morally/religiously repugnant to God, recurring at chs. 18, 20; note the term’s contemporary German public/theological debate resonance requires pastoral framing without adjudicating any specific contemporary application in the translated text.
Holy Common Distinction
Approved rendering: heilig / gewöhnlich
Transliteration: heilig / gewöhnlich
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Rejected alternatives: profan/weltlich (imports unwarranted negative secular-vs-religious charge)
Original: קֹדֶשׁ / חֹל
Category: Holiness
NEW. Hebrew qodesh / chol. The distinction between the sacred and the ordinary-but-not-sinful. Avoid ‘profan/weltlich’ — the text treats ‘common’ as neutral, not sinful.
Unauthorized Fire
Approved rendering: fremdes Feuer
Transliteration: fremdes Feuer
Doctrine: Unauthorized Worship and Divine Judgment
Original: אֵש זָרָה
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew esh zarah. Unauthorized, improperly sourced fire offered by Nadab and Abihu (ch. 10), incurring immediate fatal judgment. Must be explicitly linked back to Leviticus 16:1 in teaching material, since the core Day of Atonement passage assumes this event as known background.
Blemish Defect
Approved rendering: Makel
Transliteration: Makel
Doctrine: Priestly Holiness Restrictions
Original: מוּם
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew mum. A physical defect disqualifying a priest from personally offering sacrifice. Requires mandatory pastoral-sensitivity framing given German constitutional (Grundgesetz Art. 3) and cultural disability-awareness norms; must be framed as ancient cultic-symbolic wholeness requirement, never as commentary on the worth of persons with disabilities.
Jubilee
Approved rendering: Jubeljahr
Transliteration: Jubeljahr
Doctrine: Jubilee and Redemption
Original: יוֹבֵל
Category: Sacred Time
HIGH RISK. NEW. Hebrew yovel. The fiftieth-year comprehensive release of debts, land, and indentured persons. The etymological connection to secular German ‘Jubiläum’ (a simple anniversary celebration) risks flattening the term’s radical economic-liberation content; teaching material must actively recover the concrete release content.
Devoted Banned Thing
Approved rendering: Bann
Transliteration: Bann
Doctrine: Vows and Devoted Things
Original: חֵרֶם
Category: Covenant
NEW. Hebrew cherem. Something irrevocably devoted to God, often for destruction, explicitly not redeemable — contrasted sharply with ge’ulah (redemption). German ‘Bann’ carries substantial independent historical-theological weight (Kirchenbann, ecclesiastical excommunication); must be clarified as a distinct Levitical dedication-category, not simply equated with the baseline’s ‘verflucht’ (Galatians anathema) entry.
Stranger Sojourner
Approved rendering: Fremde
Transliteration: Fremde
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor
Rejected alternatives: Fremdling (archaic, still used in the Luther tradition)
Original: גֵּר
Category: Ethics
HIGH RISK. NEW. Hebrew ger (Lev 19:34). A non-Israelite permanently or semi-permanently residing among Israel. Do NOT substitute the baseline’s ‘Heiden’ (Gentiles) for ger — distinct concepts. Contemporary German migration/asylum politics make this passage unusually live; pastoral framing should foreground the text’s own historical-experiential logic (Israel’s own memory of being gerim in Egypt) rather than any specific contemporary policy position. Mandatory theologian AND native-speaker review.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: Glaube
Transliteration: Glaube
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: Weltanschauung
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: while Leviticus itself emphasizes ritual obedience rather than explicit faith-language, teaching material connecting the sacrificial system typologically to the New Testament must not present Levitical ritual as a faith-independent, mechanical transaction.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Holiness
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: anchors the four-times-repeated refrain ‘Ihr sollt heilig sein, denn ich, der HERR, euer Gott, bin heilig’ (11:44-45; 19:2; 20:7; 20:26), which must render identically at every occurrence. Note the baseline’s own rejection of bare ‘rein’ as insufficient is reinforced by Leviticus’s separate ritual-purity ‘rein/unrein’ vocabulary, which must be kept conceptually distinct from this moral-relational ‘heilig’.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: Heiligung
Transliteration: Heiligung
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: ‘qiddesh’ (consecrate) throughout the sacrificial and priestly material is the Old Testament root of this New Testament doctrine; see the new term ‘consecrate’ below.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Auferstehung
Transliteration: Auferstehung
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: no direct textual occurrence, but relevant for teaching material connecting the ‘firstborn from the dead’ typology to the unblemished, life-giving sacrificial system.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Menschwerdung
Transliteration: Menschwerdung
Doctrine: Incarnation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the ‘fullness of deity bodily’ and ‘unblemished Lamb’ typological trajectories from the Levitical sacrificial system converge here for forward-looking teaching material.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: Gemeinschaft
Transliteration: Gemeinschaft
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the shelamim (peace/fellowship offering)‘s shared-meal structure is the Old Testament root of koinonia-fellowship theology; the baseline’s caution against Volksgemeinschaft-adjacent collectivist phrasing applies equally here.
Sin
Approved rendering: Sünde
Transliteration: Sünde
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: חַטָּאָה
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: renders ‘chattah’ specifically; must be kept distinct from the new terms ‘iniquity’ (avon -> Schuld) and ‘transgression’ (pesha -> Übertretung) to preserve Leviticus 16’s threefold sin-vocabulary rather than flattening all three into one repeated ‘Sünde’.
Glory
Approved rendering: Herrlichkeit
Transliteration: Herrlichkeit
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: Priesthood
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: renders ‘kavod,’ God’s manifest presence confirming the priesthood and sacrificial system as divinely accepted (Lev 9:23-24).
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Transliteration: Messias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: shares its root (‘mashach,’ to anoint) with the new term ‘anoint’/‘salben’ and ‘high_priest’/‘ha-kohen ha-mashiach’; teaching material should draw this typological connection explicitly.
Covenant
Approved rendering: Bund
Transliteration: Bund
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: renders ‘berit’ throughout, most concentratedly in the blessings-and-curses chapter (26) and the covenant-salt requirement (2:13); the Davidic-specific baseline doctrine label is retained per instruction but does not narrow the term’s broader covenant usage within Leviticus.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the baseline’s Staatsräson/modern-nation-state conflation caution is sharply intensified in this curriculum by the separate, unrelated ‘Jom Kippur’ collision documented under the new term ‘day_of_atonement_name’ — both risks must be tracked independently.
God
Approved rendering: Gott
Transliteration: Gott
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the baseline’s note on former-East-German religious-literacy decline is especially relevant given how much cultic/ritual scaffolding (sacrifice, purity, priesthood) this book assumes as background knowledge for a personal, holy God who speaks and must be approached rightly.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heiliger Geist
Transliteration: Heiliger Geist
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. No direct occurrence in Leviticus; retained for teaching material connecting Levitical sanctification/consecration to the New Testament’s pneumatological sanctification doctrine.
Father
Approved rendering: Vater
Transliteration: Vater
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: used in the priestly-succession formula (‘in his father’s place,’ Lev 16:32), grounding hereditary priesthood language.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: Beschneidung
Transliteration: Beschneidung
Doctrine: Circumcision and New Creation
Inherited from Romans package (via the Galatians extension), unchanged. Leviticus relevance: Lev 12:3 commands circumcision on the eighth day as part of postpartum purification law; keep strictly to this legal-cultic context and avoid resonance with Germany’s 2012 religious-circumcision legal controversy, per the baseline’s existing caution.
Intercession
Approved rendering: Fürbitte
Transliteration: Fürbitte
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the high priest’s Day of Atonement ministry is the Old Testament’s most concrete embodiment of mediatorial intercession on the whole congregation’s behalf; directly load-bearing for the doctrine ‘The Priesthood and Mediation.‘
Called
Approved rendering: berufen
Transliteration: berufen
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: ‘Der HERR rief Mose’ (Lev 1:1) opens the entire book with this exact verb; also underlies Aaron’s priestly calling (ch. 8).
Calling
Approved rendering: Berufung
Transliteration: Berufung
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the priestly office as a specific, hereditary divine calling (Berufung) rather than a career choice; the baseline’s homonym-collision caution (career vocation vs. legal appeal) applies equally here.
Bring Near Offer
Approved rendering: darbringen
Transliteration: darbringen
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: geben (flattens the spatial-relational sense)
Original: הִקְרִיב
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew hiqriv. The technical verb of formal cultic presentation, literally ‘to bring near’; sacrifice is fundamentally an act of drawing near to God, not merely destroying an animal.
Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: Brandopfer
Transliteration: Brandopfer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: עֹלָה
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew olah. Established German cultic term; wholly consumed offering symbolizing total consecration. Must be kept distinct from Sündopfer in teaching material — different purpose (consecration vs. purification).
Grain Offering
Approved rendering: Speisopfer
Transliteration: Speisopfer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: מִנְחָה
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew minchah. Bloodless offering of devotion and provision, distinct category from the atoning chattat/asham; established Lutherbibel term.
Salt Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: Bundessalz
Transliteration: Bundessalz
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: מֶלַח בְּרִית
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew melach berit. Symbolizes covenant permanence and incorruptibility; cross-reference the baseline’s Colossians ‘mit Salz gewürzt’ term for teaching continuity.
Unintentional Sin
Approved rendering: unabsichtliche Sünde
Transliteration: unabsichtliche Sünde
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: bare Sünde
Original: שְׁגָגָה
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew shegagah. Unintentional/inadvertent sin, still requiring atonement though distinguished from willful rebellion (pesha); the intent-distinction must not be flattened.
Forgiven
Approved rendering: vergeben werden
Transliteration: vergeben werden
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: נִסְלַח
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew nislach. The stated outcome of properly performed atonement; preserve the passive construction to show forgiveness as God’s action, not a human achievement.
Continual Fire
Approved rendering: beständiges Feuer
Transliteration: beständiges Feuer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: אֵש תָּמִיד
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew esh tamid. Fire kept perpetually burning on the altar; avoid unintended resonance with modern German war-memorial ‘ewiges Feuer’ idiom — anchor firmly to worship context.
Holiness Contagion
Approved rendering: wird heilig durch Berührung
Transliteration: wird heilig durch Berührung
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Original: קֹדֶשׁ יִגָּע
Category: Holiness
NEW. Hebrew qodesh yiga. Holiness transferred by physical contact within the cultic system; must be explained rather than left implicit, since contemporary German readers do not intuitively expect holiness to function as a contagious physical property.
Wave Offering
Approved rendering: Schwingopfer
Transliteration: Schwingopfer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: תְּנוּפָה
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew tenufah. No everyday German equivalent exists; requires a gloss (‘webend darbringen’) every occurrence, not just on first use.
Heave Offering
Approved rendering: Hebeopfer
Transliteration: Hebeopfer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: תְּרוּמָה
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew terumah. The portion lifted/set apart as belonging distinctly to God and the priesthood; same gloss requirement as Schwingopfer.
Pleasing Aroma
Approved rendering: lieblicher Geruch
Transliteration: lieblicher Geruch
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: Ruhegeruch (overly literal, sounds strange in German)
Original: רֵיח נִיחֹחַ
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew reach nichoach. Anthropomorphic idiom signaling divine acceptance of an offering.
Anointing Oil
Approved rendering: Salböl
Transliteration: Salböl
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: שֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew shemen ha-mishchah. The specially compounded sacred oil consecrating priests and, later, kings.
Anoint
Approved rendering: salben
Transliteration: salben
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: מָשַׁח
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew mashach. Verb of consecration by pouring/rubbing oil, from which Mashiach (Messiah) derives; teaching material should draw this typological connection to the baseline’s established ‘Messias’ term explicitly.
The Holy Place
Approved rendering: das Heilige / Heiligtum
Transliteration: das Heilige / Heiligtum
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: הַקֹּדֶשׁ
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew ha-qodesh. The sanctuary’s inner sacred space; must be kept distinct from ‘das Allerheiligste’ (Holy of Holies specifically).
Incense
Approved rendering: Räucherwerk
Transliteration: Räucherwerk
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Rejected alternatives: Weihrauch (too narrowly Catholic-liturgical in contemporary German association)
Original: קְטֹרֶת
Category: Atonement
NEW. Hebrew ketoret. Fragrant incense whose cloud honors God’s presence and shields the priest from fatal direct exposure to holiness.
Iniquity
Approved rendering: Schuld
Transliteration: Schuld
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Rejected alternatives: bare Sünde
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Substitution
NEW. Hebrew avon. Guilt, culpability, and its consequence — part of the chapter’s threefold sin-vocabulary (avon/pesha/chattah); do not flatten into a single repeated ‘Sünde.‘
Transgression
Approved rendering: Übertretung
Transliteration: Übertretung
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Rejected alternatives: bare Sünde
Original: פֶּשַׁע
Category: Substitution
NEW. Hebrew pesha. Willful, rebellious breach of covenant, a stronger term than inadvertent sin (shegagah); should not be flattened to generic ‘Sünde.‘
Wash Bathe
Approved rendering: sich waschen / baden
Transliteration: sich waschen / baden
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: רָחַץ
Category: Purity
NEW. Hebrew rachats. Ritual bathing required even of the high priest and the goat-handler after contact with the transferred weight of the community’s sin.
Outside The Camp
Approved rendering: außerhalb des Lagers
Transliteration: außerhalb des Lagers
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה
Category: Purity
NEW. Hebrew michutz la-machaneh. The boundary beyond which sin-offering carcasses are disposed of; worth flagging forward for any future Hebrews-based curriculum given Hebrews 13:11-13’s application to Christ suffering ‘outside the gate.‘
Afflict The Soul Fast
Approved rendering: euch selbst demütigen (fasten)
Transliteration: euch selbst demütigen (fasten)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Rejected alternatives: kasteien (archaic, ascetic-sounding, medieval-penitential associations)
Original: עִנָּה נֶפֶשׁ
Category: Day of Atonement
NEW. Hebrew innah nefesh. The command to ritually self-deny/humble oneself on the Day of Atonement, later understood as fasting; requires a brief gloss since ‘fasten’ alone narrows the broader whole-person sense.
Sabbath Of Complete Rest
Approved rendering: Sabbat völliger Ruhe
Transliteration: Sabbat völliger Ruhe
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Original: שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן
Category: Sacred Time
NEW. Hebrew shabbat shabbaton. The most intensive Sabbath designation, applied to the Day of Atonement on par with the weekly Sabbath itself.
Perpetual Statute
Approved rendering: eine ewige Ordnung
Transliteration: eine ewige Ordnung
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Original: חֻקַּת עוֹלָם
Category: Day of Atonement
NEW. Hebrew chuqqat olam. A permanent, binding ordinance marking the Day of Atonement rite as perpetually observed (Lev 16:29, 34).
Detestable Thing
Approved rendering: Gräuel
Transliteration: Gräuel
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: שֶׁקֶץ
Category: Purity
NEW. Hebrew sheqetz. A ritually abhorrent creature/food, stronger than plain ‘unclean.‘
Quarantine
Approved rendering: absondern
Transliteration: absondern
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: הִסְגִּיר
Category: Purity
NEW. Hebrew hisgir. The priest’s diagnostic-administrative act of temporarily isolating a person or object, protecting communal purity through reversible, non-punitive means.
Nakedness Euphemism
Approved rendering: Blöße (euphemistisch)
Transliteration: Blöße (euphemistisch)
Doctrine: Sexual Ethics and Holiness
Original: עֶרְוָה
Category: Ethics
NEW. Hebrew ervah. Euphemism for forbidden sexual relations; German teaching material must preserve the euphemistic register rather than either crude literalism or complete abstraction.
Profane Desecrate
Approved rendering: entweihen
Transliteration: entweihen
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Original: חִלֵּל
Category: Holiness
NEW. Hebrew chillel. To defile or profane God’s holy name; the direct antonym-action to consecration (qiddesh).
Consecrate
Approved rendering: heiligen
Transliteration: heiligen
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Original: קִדֵּשׁ
Category: Holiness
NEW. Hebrew qiddesh. To set apart as holy; applied even to inanimate cultic objects, showing holiness is maintained through ongoing ritual, not established once for all.
Eye For Eye
Approved rendering: Auge um Auge, Zahn um Zahn
Transliteration: Auge um Auge, Zahn um Zahn
Doctrine: The Bread of the Presence and Proportional Justice
Original: עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן
Category: Ethics
NEW. Hebrew ayin tachat ayin. The lex talionis principle of proportional, limiting retributive justice, applied equally to native Israelite and resident foreigner alike (v.22). The well-known German idiom is frequently mischaracterized as endorsing escalating retaliation; teaching material must recover its actual limiting function.
Appointed Times
Approved rendering: Feste / heilige Zeiten
Transliteration: Feste / heilige Zeiten
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Original: מוֹעֲדִים
Category: Sacred Time
NEW. Hebrew mo’adim. God’s fixed sacred festival calendar; time itself structured by divine appointment rather than agricultural convenience.
Sabbatical Year
Approved rendering: Sabbatjahr
Transliteration: Sabbatjahr
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Original: שְׁמִטָּה
Category: Sacred Time
NEW. Hebrew shemittah. The sabbatical (seventh) year of land rest, extending Sabbath-rest theology to the agricultural/economic cycle.
Remember Covenant
Approved rendering: gedenken
Transliteration: gedenken
Doctrine: Covenant Blessings and Curses
Original: זָכַר
Category: Covenant
NEW. Hebrew zachar. God’s covenant-remembering is not passive mental recall but active, restorative covenant-faithfulness; teaching material must make this explicit to avoid a thin, purely cognitive reading.
Goat Demons
Approved rendering: Ziegendämonen
Transliteration: Ziegendämonen
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: שְׂעִירִם
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew se’irim. Goat-form deities/demons some Israelites wrongly sacrificed to (Lev 17); flagged for theologian awareness of possible semantic adjacency to Azazel without asserting an unproven textual identification.
Low Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: Friede
Transliteration: Friede
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: relational peace with God through atonement is the outcome Leviticus 16 dramatizes ritually; do not conflate with the specific offering-category term ‘Friedensopfer’ (peace/fellowship offering), a related but distinct new term registered below.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: Danksagung
Transliteration: Danksagung
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: root of the new term ‘Dankopfer’ (thanksgiving offering, a shelamim subtype), registered below.
Prophet
Approved rendering: Prophet
Transliteration: Prophet
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: low direct textual load; Leviticus is legal/cultic rather than prophetic material, but Moses functions as the receiving prophet throughout (‘Der HERR sprach zu Mose’).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: Weissagung
Transliteration: Weissagung
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Leviticus relevance: the sacrificial system’s typological fulfillment in Christ is a matter of retrospective New Testament interpretation rather than explicit predictive prophecy within Leviticus itself; use with care to avoid overclaiming direct predictive intent.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Retained for typological/teaching cross-references (e.g. the unblemished Lamb, the great High Priest) even though the proper name does not occur within Leviticus itself.
Sacrifice Offering General
Approved rendering: Opfer
Transliteration: Opfer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: קָרְבָּן
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew qorban. Generic umbrella term for any sacrificial offering; German ‘Opfer’ overwhelmingly defaults to its secular ‘victim’ sense (Verkehrsopfer, Kriegsopfer) in contemporary usage — the single highest-frequency false-friend risk in this curriculum. Never leave bare in doctrinally load-bearing sentences once a specific offering category is known; always use the compound (Brandopfer, Sündopfer, etc.).
Leaven
Approved rendering: Sauerteig
Transliteration: Sauerteig
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: חָמֵץ
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew chametz. Excluded from most offerings, associated with corruption/haste.
Fat Portion
Approved rendering: Fett
Transliteration: Fett
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: חֵלֶב
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew chelev. The choicest fatty portions reserved exclusively for God, permanently forbidden for human consumption.
Thanksgiving Offering
Approved rendering: Dankopfer
Transliteration: Dankopfer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: תּוֹדָה
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew todah. Subtype of the peace offering given in grateful response to answered prayer/deliverance; reuses baseline ‘Danksagung’ family vocabulary.
Freewill Offering
Approved rendering: freiwilliges Opfer
Transliteration: freiwilliges Opfer
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: נְדָבָה
Category: Sacrifice and Offering
NEW. Hebrew nedavah. Voluntary offering given from spontaneous devotion rather than obligation.
Seven Times
Approved rendering: siebenmal
Transliteration: siebenmal
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Original: שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים
Category: Atonement
NEW. Hebrew sheva pe’amim. Sevenfold repetition intensifying and completing the atoning act.
Cloud
Approved rendering: Wolke
Transliteration: Wolke
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Original: עָנָן
Category: Atonement
NEW. Hebrew anan. The visible, theophanic cloud of God’s manifest presence over the mercy seat (16:2).
Linen Garments
Approved rendering: leinene Gewänder
Transliteration: leinene Gewänder
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: בַּד
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew bad. Plain linen worn by the high priest on the Day of Atonement alone, instead of his usual ornate vestments.
Lot
Approved rendering: Los
Transliteration: Los
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Original: גּוֹרָל
Category: Day of Atonement
NEW. Hebrew goral. Sacred lot cast to determine which goat is ‘for the LORD’ and which is ‘for Azazel.‘
Goat
Approved rendering: Ziegenbock
Transliteration: Ziegenbock
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Original: שָׂעִיר
Category: Day of Atonement
NEW. Hebrew sa’ir. The literal ritual animal; theologically loaded only through its assigned role. See separate ‘scapegoat_composite’ entry for the doctrinally loaded composite concept.
Wilderness
Approved rendering: Wüste
Transliteration: Wüste
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Original: מִדְבָּר
Category: Substitution
NEW. Hebrew midbar. The uninhabited desert region outside the ordered, holy camp where the scapegoat carries away confessed sin.
Carcass
Approved rendering: Aas
Transliteration: Aas
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: נְבֵלָה
Category: Purity
NEW. Hebrew nevelah. A dead animal body; contact with death transmits ritual uncleanness even from a clean animal.
Hyssop
Approved rendering: Ysop
Transliteration: Ysop
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: אֵזוֹב
Category: Purity
NEW. Hebrew ezov. Small aromatic plant used in purification sprinkling; standard transliterated botanical term already established in German Bibles.
Scarlet Yarn
Approved rendering: Karmesin
Transliteration: Karmesin
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: שָׁנִי
Category: Purity
NEW. Hebrew shani. Scarlet-dyed wool/thread, part of the recurring purification-kit at chs. 14 and Numbers 19.
Molech
Approved rendering: Moloch
Transliteration: Moloch
Doctrine: Sexual Ethics and Holiness
Original: מֹלֶך
Category: Ethics
NEW. Hebrew Molech. The Canaanite deity associated with child sacrifice, explicitly prohibited (Lev 18, 20); standard established transliteration.
Horns Of The Altar
Approved rendering: Hörner des Altars
Transliteration: Hörner des Altars
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: קַרְנוֹת
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew qarnot. Projecting horns at the altar’s corners, a place of particular sanctity and, elsewhere, of refuge.
Showbread
Approved rendering: Schaubrote
Transliteration: Schaubrote
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Hebrew lechem ha-panim. The twelve loaves kept continually in God’s presence, representing the whole covenant people; established Lutherbibel term, echoed in Matthew 12:3-4.
Passover
Approved rendering: Passa
Transliteration: Passa
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Original: פֶּסַח
Category: Sacred Time
NEW. Hebrew Pesach. Commemorates the exodus deliverance; standard transliteration matching German-Jewish and German-Christian usage alike.
Feast Of Weeks
Approved rendering: Wochenfest
Transliteration: Wochenfest
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Original: שָׁבֻעוֹת
Category: Sacred Time
NEW. Hebrew Shavuot. The harvest festival fifty days after Passover, later the setting of Acts 2’s Spirit outpouring.
Feast Of Trumpets
Approved rendering: Posaunenfest
Transliteration: Posaunenfest
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Original: יוֹם תְּרוּעָה
Category: Sacred Time
NEW. Hebrew Yom Teru’ah. A solemn trumpet-blast day preceding the Day of Atonement by ten days, opening the ‘Days of Awe.‘
Feast Of Booths
Approved rendering: Laubhüttenfest
Transliteration: Laubhüttenfest
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Original: סֻכּוֹת
Category: Sacred Time
NEW. Hebrew Sukkot. Commemorates the wilderness-dwelling period; standard established German term.
Vow
Approved rendering: Gelübde
Transliteration: Gelübde
Doctrine: Vows and Devoted Things
Original: נֵדֶר
Category: Covenant
NEW. Hebrew neder. A voluntary, binding vow to God: freely made but binding once made.
Tithe
Approved rendering: Zehnter
Transliteration: Zehnter
Doctrine: Vows and Devoted Things
Original: מַעֲשֵׂר
Category: Covenant
NEW. Hebrew ma’aser. The dedicated tenth belonging to God, a recurring Old Testament stewardship principle.
Mixed Fabric
Approved rendering: Mischgewebe
Transliteration: Mischgewebe
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Original: שַׁעְטְנֵז
Category: Ethics
NEW. Hebrew sha’atnez. Linen-wool mixed fabric prohibition, a boundary-marking statute whose precise rationale is not stated; illustrates symbolic separation-markers distinct from moral commands.
Referenced passages