Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Micah (Micha), German
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from the core passage (Micah 6:6-8) and all seven chapters of the book. Terms marked [BASELINE REUSE] already exist in the Romans translation memory (translation_memory.json) and MUST be rendered exactly as recorded there — no alternative German wording is permitted for these. All other terms are new to this curriculum and require the risk-tier review routing indicated.
Reused Baseline Terms (Exact Reuse Required)
| Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | Baseline German Rendering | Risk Tier | Doctrine Tie | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sin/transgression | חֵטְא / פֶּשַׁע (chet/pesha) | Sünde | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 1, 6, 7 | Baseline flags colloquial trivialization risk; Micah’s usage carries full covenant-rebellion weight |
| God | אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) | Gott | Medium/Critical | — | throughout | Reuse exactly |
| Lord (Adonai/kyrios sense) | אֲדֹנָי | Herr | Critical | Lordship | throughout | See dedicated YHWH/HERR entry below — a distinct, additional risk not covered by the baseline’s NT-only “Mr./Herr” caution |
| covenant | בְּרִית (berit) | Bund | Medium | Davidic/Abrahamic Covenant | 6, 7 | Reuse exactly |
| Israel / Jacob (as covenant people) | יִשְׂרָאֵל / יַעֲקֹב | Israel (Jacob = new proper name, see below) | Medium | Unity/Israel | throughout | Reuse Israel exactly |
| Messiah (typological gloss only) | — (Hebrew text uses מוֹשֵׁל moshel, not מָשִׁיחַ mashiach) | Messias (teaching-commentary use only) | Critical | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5 | Do NOT use as a direct translation of Micah’s own vocabulary — reserve for canonical/typological commentary, per the ch.5 “ruler” analysis |
| prophet | נָבִיא (navi) | Prophet | Low | — | 2, 3 | Reuse exactly |
| prophecy (true) | — | Weissagung | Low | — | 3 | Reuse exactly; distinguish from qasam (false divination), see below |
| David / Bethlehem lineage | דָּוִד | David | Low | Davidic Covenant | 5 | Proper name, reuse exactly |
| law / torah | תּוֹרָה (torah) | Gesetz | Medium | Law and Grace (cross-document) | 4 | Positive, missionary sense in Micah 4:2 — contrast explicitly with Galatians’ negative “works of the law” context |
| salvation/redemption | גָּאַל (ga’al) | Rettung / Erlösung | High | Salvation | 4 | Per baseline’s existing Rettung/Erlösung/Heil case-by-case rule; “Erlösung” preferred here (Luther’s own preferred term) |
| kingdom of God (thematic tie) | מָלַךְ (malak, “to reign”) | Reich Gottes | Medium | Kingdom Mission | 4 | Thematic, not lexical, match — teaching commentary link, not a literal translation equivalence |
| glory | — | Herrlichkeit | Medium | Deity/Theophany | 1 | Available if theophany language requires it |
New Terms Introduced by Micah (Require New Registry Entries)
| Term | Hebrew (Translit.) / LXX Greek | Literal / Semantic Range | Recommended German Rendering | Risk Tier | Doctrine | Chapter(s) | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YHWH vs. Adonai (the “HERR/Herr” distinction) | יהוה (YHWH) vs. אֲדֹנָי (Adonai) | The Tetragrammaton vs. the ordinary “lord/master” title | HERR (small caps, Lutherbibel/Einheitsübersetzung convention for YHWH) vs. Herr (Adonai/generic) | Critical | Lordship of Christ / Deity | throughout | A genuinely new risk beyond the baseline’s NT-only “Herr = Mr.” caution: German Bible tradition uses typographic small caps (HERR) to mark the divine name distinct from the ordinary title. This convention MUST be preserved consistently across the whole book or the divine-name emphasis of the covenant lawsuit (ch. 6) is lost. |
| do justice (mishpat) | מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat); LXX κρίσις | Social/legal justice, right order in community — distinct from forensic “righteousness” (tsedeqah) | Recht (tun) | Critical | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6 (core) | THE central translation-tradition decision of this curriculum: Luther’s classic “Gottes Wort halten” vs. modern literal “Recht tun.” Mandatory theologian sign-off given Micah 6:8’s cultural prominence in German preaching. |
| love kindness/mercy (chesed) | חֶסֶד (chesed); LXX ἔλεος | Covenant loyalty combining love, faithfulness, and mercy | Güte (primary), Barmherzigkeit (acceptable secondary) | High | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6 (core), 7 | NEVER render as “Gnade” — reserved for χάρις/grace in the baseline; using it here would blur two unrelated theological categories. “Barmherzigkeit” is available precisely because the baseline lists it as a rejected alternative for Gnade. |
| walk humbly | הַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת (hatsnea lechet) | Active, ongoing, attentive relational “walking” with God, not static self-abasement | demütig wandeln mit | Medium-High | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6 (core) | Prefer the dynamic “wandeln” (walk) over static “sein vor” (be before); echoes Genesis “walked with God” idiom. |
| burnt offerings / ritual sacrifice | עוֹלוֹת (olot); LXX ὁλοκαυτώματα | Whole-animal sacrifice, maximal ritual devotion | Brandopfer | Medium | True Worship versus Empty Ritual | 6 (core) | Requires OT sacrificial-system background gloss for low-OT-literacy German audience. |
| firstborn for transgression | בְּכוֹר / פֶּשַׁע | Rhetorical extreme invoking (and rejecting) child sacrifice | Erstgeborener für meine Übertretung | High | True Worship versus Empty Ritual | 6 (core) | Must be explicitly framed as rejected rhetorical extreme, not endorsement, given the horror of the underlying practice. |
| theophany (“coming out of his place”) | יָצָא מִמְּקוֹמוֹ (yatsa mimekomo) | Divine Warrior descending to judge | Der HERR geht aus von seiner Stätte hervor | Medium | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 1 | Genre-background note required (theophany-of-judgment convention). |
| high places | בָּמוֹת (bamot) | Elevated illicit/syncretistic worship sites | Kulthöhen / Opferhöhen | Medium | True Worship versus Empty Ritual | 1 | Distinguish from ordinary geographic “Höhen.” |
| idols / images | פְּסִילִים / עֲצַבִּים (pesilim/atsabim) | Carved cult images | Götzenbilder | Medium | True Worship versus Empty Ritual | 1, 5 | Reprises in ch. 5 (Asherim). |
| oppress | עָשַׁק (ashaq) | Economic extortion, land seizure | unterdrücken / bedrücken | Low-Medium | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 2 | Concrete social-justice term. |
| inheritance | נַחֲלָה (nachalah) | Inalienable covenant land-allotment | Erbe / Erbteil | Medium | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 2 | Requires background gloss on theological weight of land-inheritance. |
| remnant | שְׁאֵרִית (she’erit) | Preserved faithful minority after judgment | Rest / Überrest | High | Hope of Restoration | 2, 4, 5, 7 | Render identically at every occurrence; continues Romans 9-11 remnant theme already in the pipeline. |
| the Breaker | הַפֹּרֵץ (ha-poretz) | One who breaks open a way (divine or royal figure) | der Bahnbrecher / Durchbrecher | High | Hope of Restoration / Coming Ruler (disputed) | 2 | Flag identity-ambiguity explicitly; do not assert settled messianic reading. |
| leaders who hate good, love evil | שֹׂנְאֵי טוֹב וְאֹהֲבֵי רָע | Direct inversion of Micah 6:8’s “tov” | die das Gute hassen und das Böse lieben | Medium | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 3 | Teach alongside 6:8 to show deliberate contrast. |
| eat the flesh of my people | אֹכְלֵי שְׁאֵר עַמִּי | Metaphor for systemic exploitation | die das Fleisch meines Volkes essen | Medium | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 3 | Must be clarified as rhetorical hyperbole, not literal accusation. |
| divination for hire (false prophecy) | קָסַם (qasam) | Forbidden divination practice, mercenary false prophecy | Wahrsagerei / weissagen um Geld | Medium | True Worship versus Empty Ritual | 3 | Keep distinct from baseline’s positive Weissagung. |
| Spirit of the LORD | רוּח יְהוָה (ruach Yahweh) | Empowering divine presence enabling true prophecy | Geist des HERRN | High | (continuity with) Sanctification/Holy Spirit | 3 | Affirm NT continuity without over-reading full Trinitarian personhood into this specific text. |
| latter days | בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים (be’acharit hayamim) | Eschatological culmination | in den letzten Tagen | Medium | Hope of Restoration | 4 | Avoid sensationalist contemporary-events reading. |
| swords into plowshares | חַרְבוֹתָם לְאִתִּים | Universal disarmament under God’s rule | Schwerter zu Pflugscharen | Critical | Hope of Restoration | 4 | Major positive German cultural-political resonance (GDR peace movement, 1989); surface explicitly, but preserve the God-centered eschatological frame over a purely secular-peace reading. |
| vine and fig tree | אִישׁ תַּחַת גַּפְנוֹ | Idiom of covenant peace/security | ein jeder unter seinem Weinstock und Feigenbaum | Low | Hope of Restoration | 4 | Natural German equivalent exists. |
| daughter of Zion | בַּת־צִיּוֹן | Personified Jerusalem/covenant community | Tochter Zion | Medium | Hope of Restoration | 4 | Standard poetic personification. |
| Bethlehem Ephrathah | בֵּית־לֶחֶם אֶפְרָתָה | Birthplace of the coming ruler | Bethlehem Efrata | Low (mechanical) / Critical (doctrinal) | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5 | Cross-reference Matthäus 2,6 explicitly. |
| ruler | מוֹשֵׁל (moshel) | General governance title, NOT the technical “mashiach” | Herrscher | Critical | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5 | Distinguish Hebrew text’s own vocabulary from later canonical Messianic reading. |
| goings forth from of old/everlasting | מִקֶּדֶם מִימֵי עוֹלָם | Origin from ancient days / possible pre-existence | von jeher, von Ewigkeit her | Critical | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem / Deity of Christ | 5 | Connects to established pre-existence-of-Christ doctrine (Philippians/John packages). |
| she who is in labor | הַיּוֹלֵדָה (hayoledah) | Birth-image marking the turning point | die Gebärende | High | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5 | Reserve virgin-birth typology for commentary, not the base translation itself. |
| shepherd | רָעָה (ra’ah) | Pastoral governance image | weiden / Hirte | Medium-High | The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | 5, 7 | Messianic shepherd typology (cf. John 10). |
| Asherim | אֲשֵׁרִים | Canaanite cult poles | Ascherapfähle / Kultpfähle | Medium | True Worship versus Empty Ritual | 5 | Historical-background gloss required. |
| covenant lawsuit (rib) | רִיב (rib) | Legal-dispute literary genre | Rechtsstreit | Medium | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6 | Names the genre framing 6:1-8. |
| righteous acts of the LORD | צִדְקוֹת יְהוָה (tsidqot Yahweh) | God’s historical saving/vindicating deeds | Heilstaten / gerechten Taten des HERRN | High | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6 | Must not be conflated with the baseline’s Critical forensic-righteousness (Gerechtigkeit, Romans 1:17) doctrine. |
| dishonest scales | מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה | Economic-injustice image | falsche Waage / betrügerische Gewichte | Low-Medium | Justice, Mercy, and Humility | 6 | Concrete image, low lexical risk. |
| statutes of Omri | חֻקּוֹת עׇמְרִי | Historical allusion to idolatrous dynasty | die Satzungen Omris | Low-Medium | Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | 6 | Background-knowledge risk, not lexical. |
| the godly one (chasid) | חָסִיד (chasid) | Covenant-loyal person; shares root with chesed | der Fromme / der Getreue | Medium | Hope of Restoration | 7 | Surface the chesed root-connection explicitly in teaching material. |
| family betrayal | (Micah 7:5-6) | Social/familial breakdown; cited by Jesus | Sohn verachtet Vater, Tochter lehnt sich auf gegen Mutter | High | Judgment/Hope (cross-document) | 7 | Direct link to Matthäus 10,34-36 (not_peace_but_a_sword); keep framing consistent with that package. |
| wait/watch for the LORD | קָוָה (qavah) | Confident, expectant hope | harren auf / warten auf | Medium | Hope of Restoration | 7 | Models the hope-posture the doctrine commends. |
| pardoning iniquity | נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן (nose avon) | Bearing away/removing guilt; completes the “Micah = Who is like Yah” wordplay | Schuld vergeben / Sünde tragen | Critical | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 7 | MUST surface the book-title wordplay explicitly (Micah/Mikhah = “Who is like the LORD?”); the book’s own literary climax. |
| cast sins into the sea | תַשְׁלִיךְ … בִּמְצֻלוֹת יָם | Vivid image of complete forgiveness | unsere Sünden in die Tiefen des Meeres werfen | Medium | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 7 | High pastoral significance; low lexical difficulty. |
| faithfulness (emet) | אֱמֶת (emet) | Truth/covenant faithfulness, paired with chesed | Treue / Wahrheit | Medium | Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | 7 | Pair consistently with the chosen chesed rendering (“Güte”). Ties to Abrahamic covenant doctrine (Galatians package). |
| Jacob (proper name, remnant of Jacob) | יַעֲקֹב (Ya’aqov) | Patriarch; also poetic name for the covenant people | Jakob | Low | — | 2, 5, 7 | Standard German proper-name convention. |
Summary Risk Distribution (Micah-Specific New Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 8 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| High | 9 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| Medium | 15 | Native speaker review |
| Low / Low-Medium | 4 | Automated or light native-speaker review |
This glossary covers terms from every chapter of Micah (1–7); no chapter contributed zero new material — even chapters with fewer new terms (e.g., chapter 6 outside the core passage) are represented above.
Critical Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Herr
Transliteration: Herr
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Meister, Chef
Original: אֲדֹנָי
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). In Micah renders the generic title אֲדֹנָי (Adonai), distinct from the personal covenant name YHWH — see ‘divine_name_yhwh.’ The baseline’s ‘Herr = Mr.’ flattening caution applies equally here.
Divine Name Yhwh
Approved rendering: HERR
Transliteration: HERR
Doctrine: The Divine Name: HERR (YHWH) versus Herr (Adonai)
Rejected alternatives: Jahwe (academic transliteration, foreign to devotional German Bible register), Herr ohne Kapitälchen (loses the distinction from the generic title and from the everyday honorific)
Original: יהוה
Category: God
NEW to Micah. Renders יהוה (YHWH), the Tetragrammaton, using the German Bible tradition’s (Lutherbibel, Einheitsübersetzung) established typographic small-caps convention. A genuinely new risk beyond the baseline’s NT-only ‘Herr/Mr.’ caution: must be applied with zero exceptions across all seven chapters (theophany oracles, ch. 1; covenant lawsuit, ch. 6, including the pivotal 6:8; the book’s own ‘Who is like YHWH’ climax, 7:18) or the divine-name emphasis structuring the whole book is lost. Mandatory theologian review for consistent application.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Gerechtigkeit
Transliteration: Gerechtigkeit
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Tugend
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged) — included here specifically as a FENCING reference. NEVER let Micah 6:5’s צִדְקוֹת יְהוָה (tsidqot Yahweh, God’s historical saving deeds) be silently assimilated to this Critical forensic-imputation doctrine (Romans 1:17/Luther’s Turmerlebnis). See ‘righteous_acts_of_the_lord’ below, which uses distinct vocabulary.
Do Justice Mishpat
Approved rendering: Recht tun
Transliteration: Recht tun
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: Gottes Wort halten (Luther’s classic paraphrase, retained even in Luther 2017; shifts mishpat toward doctrinal/verbal obedience away from concrete social-legal justice), Gerechtigkeit üben (risks importing Romans 1:17’s forensic-imputation sense into a social-ethics term)
Original: עָשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט; LXX ποιεῖν κρίσιν
Category: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
NEW — THE single highest-stakes translation-tradition decision in this curriculum. Renders עָשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט (asot mishpat), Micah 6:8’s core passage. Mishpat is social, legal, and economic justice — courtroom fairness, honest dealing, right order in community — distinct from forensic tsedeqah/Gerechtigkeit. ‘Recht tun’ preserves this concrete sense and matches contemporary German social-ethics preaching (Kirchentag mottos, diakonia sermons: ‘Recht tun und Gerechtigkeit üben’), but diverges sharply from the beloved Luther-tradition wording many German churchgoers know by heart. Mandatory theologian sign-off and an explicit disclosed teaching note on this divergence for every occurrence.
Swords Into Plowshares
Approved rendering: Schwerter zu Pflugscharen
Transliteration: Schwerter zu Pflugscharen
Doctrine: Eschatological Peace Among the Nations
Original: חַרְבוֹתָם לְאִתִּים
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW — CRITICAL, GERMANY-SPECIFIC CULTURAL COLLISION AS ASSET. Renders חַרְבוֹתָם לְאִתִּים, Micah 4:3 (near-identical to Isaiah 2:4). This is the iconic emblem of the East German peace movement and the 1980s grassroots opposition (a patch based on a Soviet sculpture citing this verse, worn and later banned by the GDR state; closely tied to the peaceful 1989 revolution). Teaching material must surface this history explicitly while anchoring the vision firmly back to Micah 4:1-5’s God-centered eschatological frame rather than allowing a purely secular peace-slogan reading to stand alone. Mandatory theologian AND native-speaker review.
Bethlehem Ephrathah
Approved rendering: Bethlehem Efrata
Transliteration: Bethlehem Efrata
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Original: בֵּית־לֶחֶם אֶפְרָתָה
Category: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
NEW. Renders בֵּית־לֶחֶם אֶפְרָתָה (Beit-Lechem Ephratah), Micah 5:2 (MT 5:1), standard German Bible proper-name form. Mechanically Low risk but doctrinally Critical: direct scriptural warrant for this curriculum’s core Christological doctrine, explicitly cited in Matthäus 2,6. Cross-reference must be made explicit in all teaching material.
Ruler Moshel
Approved rendering: Herrscher
Transliteration: Herrscher
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Rejected alternatives: Fürst (imports later Advent-carol/hymnic royal overtones absent from the plain Hebrew moshel), Messias (overclaims Micah’s own vocabulary; reserved strictly for typological commentary)
Original: מוֹשֵׁל (moshel)
Category: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
NEW. Renders מוֹשֵׁל (moshel), Micah 5:2 — a general governance title, NOT the technical mashiach. Teaching material must distinguish precisely between what the Hebrew text itself asserts and the NT’s canonical-typological reading.
Goings Forth From Of Old
Approved rendering: dessen Ursprung von jeher, von Ewigkeit her ist
Transliteration: dessen Ursprung von jeher, von Ewigkeit her ist
Doctrine: The Pre-existence of the Coming Ruler
Rejected alternatives: nur ‘von alters her’ allein (loses the possible eternity dimension), nur ‘von Ewigkeit her’ allein (overclaims beyond what the Hebrew text alone licenses)
Original: וּמוֹצָאֹתָיו מִקֶּדֶם מִימֵי עוֹלָם
Category: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
NEW. Renders וּמוֹצָאֹתָיו מִקֶּדֶם מִימֵי עוֹלָם (u’motsa’otav miqedem mi’yemey olam), Micah 5:2. Olam genuinely ranges between ‘long ago in human history’ and ‘eternity’ proper; retain both halves of the doubled German phrase so neither pole is lost. Connects to the pre-existence-of-Christ doctrine already established via the Philippians (Gestalt Gottes) and John (Im Anfang war das Wort) baseline packages — must not be flattened to a merely human ancient-royal-lineage reading.
Pardoning Iniquity Nose Avon
Approved rendering: Schuld vergeben
Transliteration: Schuld vergeben
Doctrine: Divine Pardon and the ‘Micah’ Name Wordplay
Original: נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW — CRITICAL structural-literary doctrine. Renders נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן (nose avon), Micah 7:18 — ‘bearing/carrying away iniquity’ (same root as the Leviticus 16 scapegoat and the Isaiah 53 Servant). This verse directly answers the question contracted in the prophet’s own name (Mikhah = ‘Who is like YHWH?’), the book’s self-referential literary climax. This wordplay is entirely invisible in German (‘Micha’) without explicit theologian-authored teaching annotation — mandatory for every use of this term.
High Risk Terms
Law
Approved rendering: Gesetz
Transliteration: Gesetz
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). See also ‘law_torah’ below for the Micah-specific positive, missionary sense at 4:2, which requires an explicit cross-document contrast note against the negative ‘Werke des Gesetzes’ polemic established in the Galatians package.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Rettung
Transliteration: Rettung
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Heil (Nazi-era contamination risk), Erlösung (more existential/liberation-flavored)
Original: יָשַׁע
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Covers Micah’s general יָשַׁע (yasha) salvation-word family, distinct from the specific kinsman-redeemer vocabulary at ‘redemption_ga_al.’ The baseline’s Heil/Erlösung/Rettung case-by-case caution applies unchanged.
Grace
Approved rendering: Gnade
Transliteration: Gnade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: Barmherzigkeit, Wohlwollen
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged) — included here specifically as a FENCING reference. NEVER use ‘Gnade’ to render חֶסֶד (chesed) in Micah 6:8 or 7:20; chesed is a covenant-loyalty concept, categorically distinct from the unmerited-favor/sola-gratia category this word is fixed to. See ‘love_kindness_chesed’ below.
Not Peace But A Sword
Approved rendering: Ich bin nicht gekommen, Frieden zu bringen, sondern das Schwert
Transliteration: Ich bin nicht gekommen, Frieden zu bringen, sondern das Schwert
Doctrine: The Cost and Nature of Discipleship
Inherited from the Matthew package (unchanged) — included here for mandatory cross-reference. Matthew 10:34-36 directly quotes Micah 7:5-6 (see ‘family_betrayal’ below); framing (social/familial division caused by faithfulness, never literal violence or endorsed family conflict) must remain identical across both curricula.
Firstborn For Transgression
Approved rendering: meinen Erstgeborenen für meine Übertretung
Transliteration: meinen Erstgeborenen für meine Übertretung
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Original: בְּכוֹרִי בְּפִשְׁעִי
Category: Worship
NEW. Renders בְּכוֹרִי בְּפִשְׁעִי (bekori b’fish’i), Micah 6:7 — the rhetorical climax of absurdity, evoking and firmly rejecting the surrounding culture’s practice of child sacrifice (cf. 2 Kings 3:27; 16:3). Teaching material must make the rejection explicit and unambiguous; German audiences unfamiliar with ancient Near Eastern child sacrifice may otherwise miss that this is an invoked horror, not a commendation.
Love Kindness Chesed
Approved rendering: Güte
Transliteration: Güte
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: Gnade (reserved exclusively for χάρις/grace in the baseline Romans package — using it here would blur two distinct theological categories), Liebe (too generic, loses covenant-loyalty and mercy dimensions), Treue (covers loyalty but not warmth/mercy)
Original: אַהֲבַת חֶסֶד; LXX ἀγαπᾶν ἔλεον
Category: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
NEW. Renders אַהֲבַת חֶסֶד (ahavat chesed), Micah 6:8 and 7:20. Chesed is untranslatable by any single German word — loyal, covenant-faithful love combining love, loyalty, and mercy. ‘Güte’ (matching Elberfelder’s ‘Güte lieben’) is primary; ‘Barmherzigkeit’ is an acceptable secondary rendering, available precisely because the baseline itself lists it as a REJECTED alternative for Gnade. Must render identically at 6:8 and 7:20. Mandatory theologian review for cross-book consistency.
Walk Humbly
Approved rendering: demütig wandeln mit
Transliteration: demütig wandeln mit
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: demütig sein vor deinem Gott (static, reduces an active covenant-walk metaphor to a mere internal disposition)
Original: הַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת
Category: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
NEW. Renders הַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת (hatsnea lechet), Micah 6:8 — an active, ongoing, attentive posture of humble conduct, echoing the Genesis ‘walked with God’ idiom (Genesis 5:24; 6:9). Third pillar of the core-passage doctrine; the dynamic verb of motion must be preserved over a flattened adjectival state. Teaching material should surface the Genesis echo explicitly.
Remnant Sheerit
Approved rendering: Rest
Transliteration: Rest
Doctrine: The Remnant
Rejected alternatives: Übriggebliebene (inconsistent with this pipeline’s established Romans 9-11 remnant vocabulary)
Original: שְׁאֵרִית (she’erit)
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders שְׁאֵרִית (she’erit); must render identically as ‘Rest’ (or ‘Überrest’) at EVERY occurrence (2:12; 4:7; 5:7-8; 7:18) to preserve traceability of this theme, which directly continues this pipeline’s Romans 9-11 remnant theology. Cross-document consistency risk, not a purely lexical one.
The Breaker Ha Poretz
Approved rendering: der Bahnbrecher
Transliteration: der Bahnbrecher
Doctrine: The Breaker: An Ambiguous Deliverer Figure
Original: הַפֹּרֵץ (ha-poretz)
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders הַפֹּרֵץ (ha-poretz), Micah 2:13. Identity (God himself, or a coming royal deliverer) is genuinely disputed among scholars. Teaching material must flag this ambiguity explicitly, never asserting a settled messianic identification.
Spirit Of The Lord Ruach Yahweh
Approved rendering: Geist des HERRN
Transliteration: Geist des HERRN
Doctrine: Spirit-Empowered True Prophecy
Original: רוּח יְהוָה
Category: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
NEW. Renders רוּח יְהוָה (ruach Yahweh), Micah 3:8 — empowers Micah’s own true, courageous prophetic word. Uses the small-caps HERR divine-name convention. Teaching material must affirm genuine continuity with the baseline’s Trinitarian Heiliger Geist doctrine while avoiding an anachronistic over-reading of full NT Trinitarian personhood into this OT self-description.
Law Torah
Approved rendering: Gesetz
Transliteration: Gesetz
Doctrine: Torah Going Forth to the Nations
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
NEW cross-document-consistency entry. Renders תּוֹרָה (torah) at Micah 4:2 — divine instruction flowing out to the nations in a positive, life-giving, missionary sense, using the SAME German word (‘Gesetz’) as the baseline’s ‘law’ entry but in a diametrically different rhetorical register than the Galatians package’s negative ‘Werke des Gesetzes’ polemic. Teaching material must make this contextual contrast explicit so the two senses are never conflated.
Redemption Ga Al
Approved rendering: erlösen
Transliteration: erlösen
Doctrine: Redemption from Exile
Rejected alternatives: Heil (Nazi-era contamination risk, avoided per the baseline’s case-by-case rule absent explicit reviewer sign-off)
Original: גָּאַל (ga’al)
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders גָּאַל (ga’al), Micah 4:10 — kinsman-redeemer language, God’s promised rescue of the exiled remnant. ‘Erlösen’ is Luther’s own preferred term for this concept-family per the baseline’s existing Rettung/Erlösung/Heil caution.
She Who Is In Labor
Approved rendering: die Gebärende
Transliteration: die Gebärende
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Rejected alternatives: direkte Identifikation mit Maria in der Basisübersetzung (belongs strictly in teaching commentary, not the translated text itself)
Original: הַיּוֹלֵדָה
Category: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
NEW. Renders הַיּוֹלֵדָה (hayoledah), Micah 5:3 (MT 5:2) — a birth-image marking the turning point before the ruler’s reign. Reserve virgin-birth typological connection (already treated in this pipeline’s Matthew and Luke packages) for commentary only.
Shepherd Ra Ah
Approved rendering: Hirte
Transliteration: Hirte
Doctrine: Shepherd-King Governance
Original: רָעָה (ra’ah)
Category: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
NEW. Renders רָעָה (ra’ah), Micah 5:4 (MT 5:3) and 7:14 — the coming ruler’s explicitly pastoral, not merely political, governance (cf. Ezekiel 34; John 10). Connect to, but do not collapse into, the Johannine Good Shepherd ‘I am’ statement already present in this pipeline’s baseline.
Righteous Acts Of The Lord
Approved rendering: die Heilstaten des HERRN
Transliteration: die Heilstaten des HERRN
Doctrine: God’s Historical Saving Acts (Tsidqot YHWH)
Rejected alternatives: Gerechtigkeit des HERRN (risks silent conflation with the baseline’s Critical forensic-imputation doctrine, Romans 1:17)
Original: צִדְקוֹת יְהוָה
Category: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
NEW. Renders צִדְקוֹת יְהוָה (tsidqot Yahweh), Micah 6:5 — God’s past saving/vindicating historical deeds (the Exodus, the Balaam episode), recited as covenant-lawsuit evidence. This is a historical-narrative sense, categorically distinct from the Reformation’s imputed-righteousness category despite the shared Hebrew root. Mandatory theologian review to prevent cross-document doctrinal conflation.
Family Betrayal
Approved rendering: Sohn verachtet Vater, Tochter lehnt sich auf gegen Mutter
Transliteration: Sohn verachtet Vater, Tochter lehnt sich auf gegen Mutter
Doctrine: Family Division as a Sign of Covenant Collapse
Original: Micah 7:5-6 (בֵּן מְנַבֵּל אָב, בַּת קָמָה בְאִמָּהּ)
Category: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
NEW. Renders the social/familial breakdown of Micah 7:5-6, directly quoted by Jesus at Matthäus 10,34-36 (see ‘not_peace_but_a_sword’ above). Framing must remain consistent across both curricula — division caused by unfaithfulness or by faithfulness to God, never normalizing family conflict as such.
Medium Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: Sünde
Transliteration: Sünde
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: חֵטְא / פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). In Micah renders חֵטְא (chet) and פֶּשַׁע (pesha), 1:5,13; 6:7; 7:19 — full covenant-rebellion weight, not colloquial minor-indulgence sense. Reused identically for both Hebrew terms per this curriculum’s registry.
God
Approved rendering: Gott
Transliteration: Gott
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). In Micah renders אֱלֹהִים (Elohim), the general term for the covenant God (e.g. ‘Gott in der Höhe,’ 6:6). See the separate ‘divine_name_yhwh’ entry below for the additional, Micah-specific typographic HERR/Herr distinction this book requires that the baseline’s NT-only usage does not.
Covenant
Approved rendering: Bund
Transliteration: Bund
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). In Micah renders בְּרִית (berit), the legal basis of the ch. 6 lawsuit and the ground of forgiveness at 7:20.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Addressed throughout Micah as both defendant in the covenant lawsuit and object of restoration hope. The baseline’s post-Holocaust Staatsräson sensitivity note applies unchanged to all Micah occurrences.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Transliteration: Messias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: — (Micah’s Hebrew text uses מוֹשֵׁל, moshel, ‘ruler,’ not מָשִׁיחַ, mashiach)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). MANDATORY MICAH-SPECIFIC RESTRICTION: Micah 5:2’s Hebrew text uses מוֹשֵׁל (moshel, ‘Herrscher’), NOT מָשִׁיחַ (mashiach). ‘Messias’ must be used ONLY in clearly marked teaching-commentary/typological material citing Matthäus 2,6 — never as a direct translation of Micah’s own vocabulary. Flag every teaching-material use for theologian review despite the term’s otherwise-stable lexical risk tier.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Reich Gottes
Transliteration: Reich Gottes
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: מָלַךְ יְהוָה
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Micah 4:7’s מָלַךְ יְהוָה (God’s reign ‘in Mount Zion, from now on and forever’) is a thematic, not lexical, match — Micah’s Hebrew does not use basileia-family vocabulary. Present as a canonical-thematic teaching bridge only, never as if Micah’s own text supplies this phrase.
Glory
Approved rendering: Herrlichkeit
Transliteration: Herrlichkeit
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Available vocabulary for God’s theophany-of-judgment appearance (1:3) should teaching material invoke כָּבוֹד (kavod).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heiliger Geist
Transliteration: Heiliger Geist
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged) — included here for continuity reference. See ‘spirit_of_the_lord_ruach_yahweh’ below for Micah 3:8’s distinct Old Testament expression, which is continuous with but must not be over-read as fully identical in stated content to this NT Trinitarian doctrine.
Come Before
Approved rendering: treten vor
Transliteration: treten vor
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Rejected alternatives: kommen vor (acceptable variant, slightly weaker anxious tone)
Original: קדם (qadam), בַּמָּה אֲקַדֵּם
Category: Worship
NEW. Renders קדם (qadam), Micah 6:6’s opening question. Cf. Elberfelder ‘Womit soll ich vor den HERRN treten.’ Must preserve the anxious, insufficiency-driven tone that launches the 6:6-7 rhetorical escalation, not a calm liturgical formula.
Burnt Offerings
Approved rendering: Brandopfer
Transliteration: Brandopfer
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Original: עוֹלוֹת (olot); LXX ὁλοκαυτώματα
Category: Worship
NEW. Renders עוֹלוֹת (olot), Micah 6:6 — the costliest, wholly-consumed sacrifice class, the rhetorical starting point of 6:6-7’s escalation toward absurdity. Requires an OT sacrificial-system background gloss for low-OT-literacy German readers so the escalation’s rhetorical force is not lost. Never let bare ‘Opfer’ (which has drifted toward generic ‘victim’ in secular German, e.g. Unfallopfer) stand in for this specific cultic term.
Be Pleased With
Approved rendering: Gefallen haben an
Transliteration: Gefallen haben an
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Rejected alternatives: sich freuen über (loses the specific cultic-acceptance register)
Original: רָצָה (ratsah)
Category: Worship
NEW. Renders רָצָה (ratsah), Micah 6:7 — the technical cultic term for divine acceptance of an offering. Must retain the sacrificial-acceptance sense, not a generic ‘be happy about.‘
Require Darash
Approved rendering: fordern
Transliteration: fordern
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: erwarten (too weak, loses the covenant-lawsuit’s binding legal force)
Original: דָּרַשׁ (darash)
Category: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
NEW. Renders דָּרַשׁ (darash), Micah 6:8 — the covenant-lawsuit term for a legal/covenantal demand made by the divine Plaintiff, not a mere expectation.
Theophany Lord Comes Out
Approved rendering: Der HERR geht aus von seiner Stätte hervor
Transliteration: Der HERR geht aus von seiner Stätte hervor
Doctrine: Divine Judgment as Theophany
Original: יָצָא מִמְּקוֹמוֹ
Category: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
NEW. Renders יָצָא מִמְּקוֹמוֹ (yatsa mimekomo), Micah 1:3 — the Divine Warrior theophany-of-judgment genre (cf. Deuteronomy 33:2; Habakkuk 3:3), opening the covenant-lawsuit theme resolved at 6:8. Requires genre-background teaching, unfamiliar to most modern German readers.
High Places Bamot
Approved rendering: Kulthöhen
Transliteration: Kulthöhen
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Rejected alternatives: Höhen (loses the cultic-idolatry sense entirely, reads as mere geography)
Original: בָּמוֹת
Category: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
NEW. Renders בָּמוֹת (bamot), Micah 1:5. Elevated syncretistic/unauthorized worship sites; concrete evidence of the empty ritual the book condemns.
Idols Images Pesilim
Approved rendering: Götzenbilder
Transliteration: Götzenbilder
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Rejected alternatives: Bilder (too generic, risks misreading as art)
Original: פְּסִילִים / עֲצַבִּים
Category: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
NEW. Renders פְּסִילִים / עֲצַבִּים (pesilim/atsabim), Micah 1:7. Recurs conceptually in ch. 5’s Asherim material.
Oppress Ashaq
Approved rendering: unterdrücken
Transliteration: unterdrücken
Doctrine: Economic Injustice and Oppression
Original: עָשַׁק (ashaq)
Category: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
NEW. Renders עָשַׁק (ashaq), Micah 2:2 — economic exploitation, extortion, land seizure. Concrete social evidence of the mishpat-failure named at 6:8.
Inheritance Nachalah
Approved rendering: Erbe
Transliteration: Erbe
Doctrine: Economic Injustice and Oppression
Original: נַחֲלָה (nachalah)
Category: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
NEW. Renders נַחֲלָה (nachalah), Micah 2:2 — inalienable, covenant-allotted tribal/family land. Requires a background gloss (cf. Naboth’s vineyard, 1 Kings 21) so the theological, not merely civil-legal, weight is not lost to modern German probate-law associations.
Hate Good Love Evil
Approved rendering: die das Gute hassen und das Böse lieben
Transliteration: die das Gute hassen und das Böse lieben
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: שֹׂנְאֵי טוֹב וְאֹהֲבֵי רָע
Category: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
NEW. Renders שֹׂנְאֵי טוֹב וְאֹהֲבֵי רָע, Micah 3:2 — a direct lexical inversion of 6:8’s ‘good’ (tov). Teach the two passages together.
Eat Flesh Of My People
Approved rendering: die das Fleisch meines Volkes essen
Transliteration: die das Fleisch meines Volkes essen
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: אֹכְלֵי שְׁאֵר עַמִּי
Category: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
NEW. Renders אֹכְלֵי שְׁאֵר עַמִּי, Micah 3:3 — a graphic cannibalism metaphor for systemic economic/judicial exploitation. Must be explicitly clarified as rhetorical hyperbole to avoid literalistic misreading.
Divination For Hire Qasam
Approved rendering: Wahrsagerei
Transliteration: Wahrsagerei
Doctrine: False Prophecy and Divination
Rejected alternatives: Weissagung (reserved exclusively for true prophecy; using it here would erase Micah’s own contrast)
Original: קָסַם (qasam)
Category: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
NEW. Renders קָסַם (qasam), Micah 3:5-7,11 — forbidden divination, mercenary false prophecy ‘for money.’ Must be kept strictly distinct from ‘Weissagung’ (true prophecy) — these are deliberate opposites in Micah’s argument, not synonyms.
Latter Days
Approved rendering: in den letzten Tagen
Transliteration: in den letzten Tagen
Doctrine: Eschatological Peace Among the Nations
Original: בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים (be’acharit hayamim), Micah 4:1. Avoid sensationalist, date-specific contemporary end-times association.
Daughter Of Zion
Approved rendering: Tochter Zion
Transliteration: Tochter Zion
Doctrine: Eschatological Peace Among the Nations
Original: בַּת־צִיּוֹן
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders בַּת־צִיּוֹן (bat-Tsiyon), personified Jerusalem/covenant community (4:8-10,13). Standard poetic personification.
Reign Of The Lord
Approved rendering: der HERR wird über sie herrschen
Transliteration: der HERR wird über sie herrschen
Doctrine: The Reign of the LORD (Kingdom of God Tie)
Original: וּמָלַךְ יְהוָה עֲלֵיהֶם
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders וּמָלַךְ יְהוָה עֲלֵיהֶם (u’malakh Yahweh aleihem), Micah 4:7, using the HERR divine-name convention. Present the baseline Reich Gottes connection as thematic, never as direct lexical equivalence.
Asherim
Approved rendering: Ascherapfähle
Transliteration: Ascherapfähle
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Rejected alternatives: Ascherim (bare transliteration, communicates nothing without a gloss)
Original: אֲשֵׁרִים
Category: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
NEW. Renders אֲשֵׁרִים, Micah 5:14 (MT 5:13) — Canaanite cult poles. Requires a historical-background gloss for readers unfamiliar with Canaanite cult objects; continues the idolatry-judgment theme from chapter 1.
Covenant Lawsuit Rib
Approved rendering: Rechtsstreit
Transliteration: Rechtsstreit
Doctrine: The Covenant Lawsuit (Rib) Genre
Original: רִיב (rib)
Category: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
NEW. Renders רִיב (rib), Micah 6:1-2 — the legal-dispute literary genre naming 6:1-8 as a whole (God as covenant plaintiff, mountains as witnesses). Names the genre so 6:6-8’s questions are read as courtroom rhetoric, not abstract philosophical musing.
Dishonest Scales
Approved rendering: falsche Waage
Transliteration: falsche Waage
Doctrine: Economic Injustice and Oppression
Original: מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה
Category: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
NEW. Renders מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה (mo’zeney mirmah), Micah 6:11. Concrete economic-injustice image, low lexical ambiguity.
Statutes Of Omri
Approved rendering: die Satzungen Omris
Transliteration: die Satzungen Omris
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: חֻקּוֹת עׇמְרִי
Category: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
NEW. Renders חֻקּוֹת עׇמְרִי (chuqqot Omri), Micah 6:16 — historical allusion to the idolatrous Northern-Kingdom dynasty. Background-knowledge risk (who was Omri?), not a lexical-difficulty risk; a brief historical footnote is recommended.
Godly One Chasid
Approved rendering: der Fromme
Transliteration: der Fromme
Doctrine: Hope Amid Lament
Original: חָסִיד (chasid)
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders חָסִיד (chasid), Micah 7:2 — one characterized by chesed, lamented as vanished from society. Shares its Hebrew root directly with ‘love_kindness_chesed’; teaching material should surface this root-connection explicitly, linking chapters 6 and 7.
Wait For The Lord Qavah
Approved rendering: harren auf
Transliteration: harren auf
Doctrine: Hope Amid Lament
Original: קָוָה (qavah)
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders קָוָה (qavah), Micah 7:7 — confident, expectant hope, the prophet’s pivot from lament to hope. Ensure the confident, expectant sense is not read as passive resignation.
Cast Sins Into Sea
Approved rendering: unsere Sünden in die Tiefen des Meeres werfen
Transliteration: unsere Sünden in die Tiefen des Meeres werfen
Doctrine: Divine Pardon and the ‘Micah’ Name Wordplay
Original: וְתַשְׁלִיךְ … בִּמְצֻלוֹת יָם כָּל־חַטֹּאותָם
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders וְתַשְׁלִיךְ … בִּמְצֻלוֹת יָם (v’tashlikh … bimtsulot yam), Micah 7:19 — vivid image of complete, final forgiveness. Note its living use today in Jewish Tashlich liturgy (Rosh Hashanah); do not present as though uniquely or originally a Christian image.
Faithfulness Emet
Approved rendering: Treue
Transliteration: Treue
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness to Abraham and Jacob
Original: אֱמֶת, paired with חֶסֶד
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders אֱמֶת (emet), paired with chesed at Micah 7:20 — closes the book grounding forgiveness in the Abrahamic covenant oath. Must pair consistently with ‘Güte’ (the chesed rendering fixed at 6:8) so learners can trace the emet-chesed word-pair. Ties to the Abrahamic covenant doctrine already established in this pipeline’s Galatians package.
Low Risk Terms
Jacob Proper Name
Approved rendering: Jakob
Transliteration: Jakob
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: יַעֲקֹב
Category: Covenant
NEW to Micah. Renders יַעֲקֹב (Ya’aqov), used poetically throughout (1:5; 2:12; 3:1,8,9; 5:7-8; 7:20) as a synonym for the covenant people, parallel to ‘Israel.’ Standard German proper-name convention. Light background note recommended clarifying its poetic-synonym function.
Prophet
Approved rendering: Prophet
Transliteration: Prophet
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Renders נָבִיא (navi); Micah identifies himself as a true prophet empowered by the Spirit (3:8), contrasted with mercenary false prophets (3:5-7,11).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: Weissagung
Transliteration: Weissagung
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: — (contrasted with קָסַם, qasam, false divination)
Category: Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Reserved strictly for true, God-inspired prophecy. Must be kept lexically and conceptually distinct from ‘Wahrsagerei’ (see ‘divination_for_hire_qasam’) — these are opposites in Micah 3’s central contrast, not synonyms.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Bethlehem is named as David’s royal city of origin at Micah 5:2.
God On High
Approved rendering: Gott in der Höhe
Transliteration: Gott in der Höhe
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Original: אֱלֹהֵי מָרוֹם
Category: Worship
NEW. Renders אֱלֹהֵי מָרוֹם (Elohei marom), Micah 6:6 — God’s transcendence and exaltation. No competing German cultural concept; low ambiguity.
Told Declared
Approved rendering: kundgetan
Transliteration: kundgetan
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Original: הִגִּיד (higgid)
Category: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
NEW. Renders הִגִּיד (higgid), Micah 6:8 — authoritative divine disclosure answering 6:6-7’s anxious ritual-questions with a decisive revelation already given.
Good Tov
Approved rendering: das Gute
Transliteration: das Gute
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Original: טוֹב (tov)
Category: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
NEW. Renders טוֹב (tov), Micah 6:8. Teach explicitly alongside 3:2’s leaders ‘who hate good’ (see ‘hate_good_love_evil’) to surface the book’s deliberate lexical contrast.
Vine And Fig Tree
Approved rendering: ein jeder unter seinem Weinstock und Feigenbaum
Transliteration: ein jeder unter seinem Weinstock und Feigenbaum
Doctrine: Eschatological Peace Among the Nations
Original: אִישׁ תַּחַת גַּפְנוֹ וְתַחַת תְּאֵנָתוֹ
Category: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
NEW. Renders אִישׁ תַּחַת גַּפְנוֹ וְתַחַת תְּאֵנָתוֹ, Micah 4:4. Well-attested idiom with a natural German equivalent.
Referenced passages