Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from the core passage (2 Corinthians 5:11–21) and every chapter of the book. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE REUSE] and MUST use the exact recorded Burmese rendering — no deviation permitted. Terms new to this curriculum are marked [NEW TERM] and are proposed here for adjudication in subsequent Phase 1 steps; their risk tiers follow the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
A. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (2 Corinthians occurrences)
| Term | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Chapters occurring | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| god | ဘုရားသခင် | Critical | 1,3,4,5,6,9,11,13 | No deviation. |
| jesus | ယေရှု | Critical | 1,4,5,11,13 | No deviation. |
| lord | သခင် | Critical | 1,3,4,5,8,10,12,13 | No deviation. |
| holy_spirit | သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော် | Critical | 1,3,13 | Never ဝိညာဉ် alone. |
| grace | ကျေးဇူးတော် | Critical | 1,6,8,9,12,13 | Central to “Generosity and Grace in Giving” and “Power in Weakness” doctrines; never ကုသိုလ်/ကံကောင်းခြင်း. |
| righteousness | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း | Critical | 5,9 | Forensic standing; never ကုသိုလ်ကံ/သီလ. |
| resurrection | ထမြောက်ခြင်း | Critical | 4,5 | Never ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း/ပြန်လည်မွေးဖွားခြင်း. |
| sin | အပြစ် | High | 5 | Never အကုသိုလ်. |
| glory | ဘုန်းတော် | High | 1,3,4,10 | Never ဘုန်းကံ; God’s own radiant honor, not merit-power. |
| apostle | တမန်တော် | Medium | 1,11,12 | Distinguish from သံတမန် (ambassador, new term) and from false apostles (တမန်တော်အတု, new term). |
| saints | သန့်ရှင်းသူများ | Medium | 1 | Not an ascetic elite. |
| holy | သန့်ရှင်းသော | High | 13 | Moral/relational set-apartness. |
| church | အသင်းတော် | Medium | (implicit throughout; explicit temple imagery ch.6) | Extended by NEW term “temple of the living God,” ဗိမာန်တော်. |
| covenant | ပဋိညာဉ် | High | 3 | Extended by NEW compound “new covenant,” ပဋိညာဉ်သစ်. |
| father | အဖ | Critical | 1 | ”Father of mercies,” extended with NEW term ကရုဏာ. |
| exhort | တိုက်တွန်းနှိုးဆော်ခြင်း | Low | (implicit) | Distinguish from NEW comfort term နှစ်သိမ့်ခြင်း where sense is consolation rather than exhortation. |
| fellowship | မိတ်သဟာယ | Low | 8,13 | ”Fellowship of the Holy Spirit” (13:14); “fellowship in ministering” (8:4). |
| thanksgiving | ကျေးဇူးတင်ခြင်း | Low | 2,4,9 | Standard usage. |
| power_of_god | ဘုရားသခင်၏တန်ခိုးတော် | High | 4,10,12 | Central to “Power in Weakness” doctrine; never အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး. |
| gospel | သတင်းကောင်း | High | 2,4 | Combined with NEW term “message/word of reconciliation.” |
| imputed_righteousness (verb root: မှတ်တော်မူခြင်း) | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်းအဖြစ် မှတ်တော်မူခြင်း (positive form); negated form used at 5:19 | Critical | 5 | 5:19 applies the same forensic-accounting root verb negatively (“not counting trespasses”). |
B. New Terms Proposed for This Curriculum
| Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives | Grounded Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reconciliation | καταλλαγή | katallagē | သင့်မြတ်ခြင်း | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5 | ရှင်ပြန်ပေါင်းစည်းခြင်း (generic merger); နတ်ကို ချော့မော့ငြိမ်းချောင်းခြင်း (spirit-appeasement) | Must be God’s own initiative removing enmity through Christ, not mutual negotiation or ritual placation of an offended spirit as in nat-propitiation practice. |
| reconciled (verb) | καταλλάσσω | katallassō | သင့်မြတ်စေတော်မူ / သင့်မြတ်ကြပါလော့ (imper.) | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5 | ချော့မော့ငြိမ်းချောင်းခြင်း | Same as above; passive imperative at 5:20 must retain “receive,” not “achieve,” reconciliation. |
| ministry of reconciliation | διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς | diakonia tēs katallagēs | သင့်မြတ်ခြင်း၏အမှုတော် | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5 | ကြားခံပုဂ္ဂိုလ်၏အမှု (generic intermediary role) | Must be proclamation of an accomplished fact, not priestly/shamanic mediation that itself effects reconciliation. |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | ဖန်ဆင်းခြင်းအသစ် | Critical | New Creation in Christ | 5 | ကောင်းသောကံရလာဒ်ဖြစ်ခြင်း (good karmic outcome); စိတ်ပြောင်းလဲခြင်း (mere mental change) | Must be a decisive divine creative act, not a favorable rebirth outcome or a self-cultivated inner transformation. |
| ambassador | πρεσβεύω | presbeuō | သံတမန် | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5 | (none proposed; distinguished from apostle) | Diplomatic-envoy image; must not be conflated with တမန်တော် (foundational apostolic office). |
| conscience | συνείδησις | syneidēsis | အသိစိတ် | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1,5 | လူမှုအရှက်ရှိမှု (social shame-sensitivity alone) | Must answer to God, not merely to social honor/shame dynamics. |
| fear of the Lord | φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου | phobos tou Kyriou | သခင်ဘုရားကို ကြောက်ရွံ့ရိုသေခြင်း | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 5,7 | နတ်ကိုကြောက်ရွံ့ခြင်း (fear of spirits) | Reverent, relational awe before the personal Lord, not superstitious dread of an impersonal spiritual force. |
| according to the flesh | κατὰ σάρκα | kata sarka | ဇာတိအလိုအရ | Medium | Reconciliation with God; New Creation in Christ | 5 | ရှေးဘဝအရ (in a previous existence) | ဇာတိ root must not be read as “past-life,” but as “by external/human standards.” |
| new covenant | διαθήκη καινή | diathēkē kainē | ပဋိညာဉ်သစ် | Critical | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3 | ပဋိညာဉ်ဟောင်း၏ဆက်ခံသူ (mere successor agreement) | Must be taught as fulfilling, not merely supplementing, the old covenant. |
| letter (of the law) | γράμμα | gramma | စာလုံး | High | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3 | ကျမ်းစာတော် (Scripture itself) | Must not imply rejection of Scripture; names law-keeping apart from the Spirit. |
| veil | κάλυμμα | kalymma | မျက်နှာဖုံး | Medium | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3 | (none) | Requires OT narrative background (Moses’ veiled face) for low-OT-literacy hearers. |
| transformed | μεταμορφούμεθα | metamorphoumetha | ပြောင်းလဲခြင်း | High | The New Covenant versus the Old; Sanctification (extends baseline) | 3 | ဝိပဿနာဖြင့် စိတ်ပြောင်းလဲခြင်း (meditation-achieved mind-change) | Spirit-wrought, not self-achieved through meditative discipline. |
| freedom | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | လွတ်လပ်ခြင်း | Medium | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3 | လွတ်မြောက်ခြင်း (already rejected for “salvation” in baseline) | Must not merge with the rejected salvation-alternative; names Spirit-given freedom from law’s condemnation specifically. |
| comfort / consolation | παράκλησις | paraklēsis | နှစ်သိမ့်ခြင်း | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1,7 | ကိလေသာငြိမ်းစေခြင်း (stilling of mental defilements, cf. baseline “peace” rejected alternative) | God’s own personal, relational comforting presence, not meditative equanimity from detachment. |
| affliction / suffering | θλῖψις | thlipsis | ဆင်းရဲဒုက္ခ | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1,4,6,11 | (retained term, but requires mandatory translator note) | ဒုက္ခ is the technical term for Buddhism’s First Noble Truth (existence is inherently unsatisfactory, escaped via detachment); Paul’s affliction is temporary, purposeful, hope-producing, and relationally borne with God’s comfort — not an existential condition to be escaped through non-attachment. Flag every occurrence for translator note. |
| sufferings of Christ | τὰ παθήματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ | ta pathēmata tou Christou | ခရစ်တော်၏ဆင်းရဲဒုက္ခများ | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1 | (same as above) | Same collision as affliction; additionally distinguish from ascetic self-mortification narratives. |
| weakness | ἀσθένεια | astheneia | အားနည်းခြင်း | High | Power in Weakness | 4,10,11,12,13 | (none proposed) | Must not be moralized as a virtue to cultivate; names acknowledged insufficiency through which God’s power operates. |
| sincerity | εἰλικρίνεια / ἁπλότης | eilikrineia / haplotēs | ရိုးဖြောင့်ခြင်း | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1,2,8,11 | ရိုးသားခြင်း (mere honesty, too thin) | Motives that would withstand divine scrutiny, not mere social honesty. |
| false apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι | pseudapostoloi | တမန်တော်အတု | Critical | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11 | ဆရာအတု (fake teacher, too weak) | Must mark deliberate counterfeits linked to demonic deception (11:14-15), not merely inferior rival teachers. |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς | Satanas | စာတန် (transliteration retained) | Critical | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 2,11,12 | မာရ်နတ် (Mara, the Buddhist tempter-deity opposing the Buddha’s enlightenment) | Must never be rendered with the Buddhist Mara figure or generic nat-spirit vocabulary; Satan is the singular, personal adversary of the one true God across all Scripture. |
| angel of light | ἄγγελος φωτός | angelos phōtos | အလင်းရောင်ဆောင်သော ကောင်းကင်တမန် | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11 | (none proposed) | Distinguish from ambivalent benevolent-seeming nats in folk practice; this is deliberate disguise by a personal evil being. |
| paradise / third heaven | παράδεισος / τρίτος οὐρανός | paradeisos / tritos ouranos | ပရဒိသု / ဘုရားသခင်၏ကောင်းကင်ဘုံ | Critical | Power in Weakness (context of Paul’s visions); Reconciliation/New Creation (eschatological hope) | 12 | နတ်ပြည်/ဒေဝလောက (deva-realm heavens within samsara) | Must be God’s own eternal presence, not an impermanent heavenly rebirth-station within the cycle of samsara. |
| thorn in the flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί | skolops tē sarki | ဇာတိကိုယ်၌ ဆူးချောင်းတစ်ခု | Medium | Power in Weakness | 12 | ယခင်ဘဝကံဆိုးကြောင့် ခံစားရသောဒဏ် (karmic retribution for a past-life wrong) | Purposive divine discipline producing humility and grace-dependence, not karmic punishment. |
| messenger of Satan | ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ | angelos Satana | စာတန်၏တမန် | Critical | Power in Weakness; Providence (extends baseline) | 12 | (none proposed) | Even this agent operates only within bounds God sovereignly permits, per baseline providence doctrine. |
| sufficient grace | ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου | arkei hē charis mou | ကျေးဇူးတော်သည် လုံလောက်ပါ၏ | Critical | Power in Weakness | 12 | ကုသိုလ်ကံဖြင့် ခံနိုင်ရည်ရှိခြင်း (able to endure through accumulated merit) | Unearned, freely given divine sufficiency operating through acknowledged weakness — not a merit-reward for endurance. |
| power made perfect in weakness | ἡ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείჳ τελειοῦται | hē dynamis en astheneia teleioutai | တန်ခိုးတော်သည် အားနည်းချက်၌ စုံလင်တော်မူ၏ | Critical | Power in Weakness | 12 | (none proposed) | Divine strength displayed through, not despite, acknowledged human insufficiency wholly dependent on grace — not weakness cultivated as an ascetic virtue. |
| signs of a (true) apostle | σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου | sēmeia tou apostolou | တမန်တော်ဖြစ်ကြောင်း လက္ခဏာသက်သေများ | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 12 | ဝေဇ္ဇာတန်ခိုး (weizza esoteric-adept power); ကာကွယ်တန်ခိုး (amulet potency) | Must be distinguished from occult adept-power or amulet-based supernatural displays already flagged in the baseline power_of_god entry. |
| temple of the living God | ναὸς Θεοῦ ζῶντος | naos Theou zōntos | ဗိမာန်တော် | Medium | Reconciliation with God (corporate); extends Church doctrine | 6 | ဘုရားကျောင်း/ဘုရားရိပ်သာ (pagoda/monastery, already rejected for “church”) | Reserved term for the Jerusalem temple; must not be rendered with pagoda/monastery vocabulary. |
| unequally yoked | ἑτεροζυγοῦντες | heterozygountes | မတူညီသော ဇက်ဖြင့် အတူတွဲမထမ်းကြနှင့် | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (holiness of partnership) | 6 | (none proposed) | Pastoral, not blanket-prohibitive, application needed in a majority-Buddhist social context. |
| godly sorrow | λύπη κατὰ Θεόν | lypē kata Theon | ဘုရားသခင်နှစ်သက်တော်မူသော ဝမ်းနည်းခြင်း | Medium | (supports Sanctification/Repentance, extends baseline) | 7 | ဝိပ္ပတိသာရ (self-directed karmic regret) | Relationally oriented toward God, producing salvation without regret — distinct from self-improvement-oriented remorse. |
| repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | နောင်တရခြင်း | Medium | (extends baseline sanctification/salvation) | 7 | (none proposed; established Myanmar Christian term) | Genuine turning evidenced by changed conduct, not mere private regret or ritual confession. |
| grace (of giving) | ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ | hē charis tou Theou | ကျေးဇူးတော် | Critical | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8,9 | (baseline term reused; contrast alternative rejected: ဒါန/ကုသိုလ်) | Giving as grateful response to grace received, contrasted explicitly with merit-seeking almsgiving (ဒါန) directed at accumulating ကုသိုလ်. |
| equality | ἰσότης | isotēs | ညီမျှခြင်း | Low-Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8 | (none proposed) | Mutual sufficiency, not enforced redistribution or identical wealth. |
| cheerful giver | ἱλαρὸς δότης | hilaros dotēs | စိတ်ရွှင်လန်းစွာ လှူဒါန်းသောသူ | High (borderline Critical) | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9 | (verb လှူဒါန်း retained but flagged) | Highest-stakes collision point with Buddhist ဒါန (dana) merit-almsgiving; requires mandatory theologian review at every occurrence per escalation rules. |
| sowing and reaping | σπείρων…θερίσει | speirōn…therisei | မျိုးစေ့ကြဲခြင်း / ရိတ်သိမ်းခြင်း | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9 | ကံအကြောင်းအကျိုး (impersonal karmic cause-and-effect) | Must describe God’s personal, gracious response to generosity, not an impersonal self-operating karmic law. |
| sufficiency | αὐτάρκεια | autarkeia | လိုအင်ပြည့်စုံခြင်း / လုံလောက်ခြင်း | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving; Power in Weakness | 9 | ကိလေသာလွတ်ငြိမ်းမှု (desirelessness through detachment) | God-supplied provision received, not self-generated equanimity through detachment. |
| weapons not of the flesh | ὅπλα…οὐ σαρκικά | hopla…ou sarkika | လက်နက်များသည် ဇာတိပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာမဟုတ် | High | Power in Weakness | 10 | (none proposed) | Spiritual, God-empowered means, contrasted with worldly rhetorical or coercive tactics. |
| strongholds | ὀχυρώματα | ochyrōmata | ခံတပ်များ | Medium | Power in Weakness | 10 | (none proposed) | Clear military metaphor; entrenched pride and false reasoning. |
| commendation | συνιστάνω | synistanō | ထောက်ခံခြင်း | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 3,5,10 | (none proposed) | True validation is God’s own evaluation, not self-praise or monk-style peer endorsement-seeking. |
| aroma / fragrance of Christ | ὀσμὴ / εὐωδία Χριστοῦ | osmē / euōdia Christou | ခရစ်တော်၏ အနံ့ရသာ | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2 | ပန်းနံ့သာပူဇော်ခြင်း (incense/flower offering ritual) | Metaphor for the gospel’s effect on hearers, not a literal ritual offering to an image or spirit. |
| peddlers (of God’s word) | καπηλεύοντες | kapēleuontes | ကုန်သွယ်ရောင်းဝယ်သကဲ့သို့ ပြုမူသူများ | Low-Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2 | (none proposed) | Contrast with sincerity; relevant to monetized-ministry sensitivities. |
| tent / earthly dwelling | σκῆνος / ἐπίγειος οἰκία | skēnos / epigeios oikia | တဲရာ / မြေကြီးအိမ် | Medium | New Creation in Christ (eschatological body hope) | 5 | ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ရာခန္ဓာကိုယ် (a body for rebirth) | Awaiting a future resurrection body, not discarding a body for rebirth elsewhere. |
| groan | στενάζομεν | stenazomen | ညည်းတွားခြင်း | Low | New Creation in Christ | 5 | (none proposed) | Longing for future resurrection body. |
| judgment seat of Christ | βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ | bēma tou Christou | ခရစ်တော်၏ တရားစီရင်ပလ္လင်တော် | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Reconciliation with God | 5 | ကံစာရင်းရှင်းရာ (karmic ledger-settling) | Christ’s own personal final evaluation of believers, not an impersonal karmic tally determining rebirth. |
| Father of mercies | πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν | patēr tōn oiktirmōn | ကရုဏာတော်၏အဖ | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1 | (none proposed; ကရုဏာ retained with note) | Personal Father’s disposition toward his children, not an impersonal cultivated virtue extended equally to all beings. |
| seal / guarantee | σφραγίζω / ἀρραβών | sphragizō / arrabōn | တံဆိပ်ခတ်တော်မူ / အာမခံအဖြစ် ပေးအပ်တော်မူ | High | (extends baseline Holy Spirit/assurance doctrine) | 1,5 | ငွေစေ့စပ်စာချုပ် (revocable commercial contract) | God’s own unbreakable assurance, not a negotiable, revocable pledge. |
| promise | ἐπαγγελία | epangelia | ကတိတော် | Medium | The New Covenant versus the Old | 1,7 | (none proposed) | Requires OT promise-fulfillment background teaching. |
| jars of clay | ὀστράκινα σκεύη | ostrakina skeuē | မြေအိုးများ | Low | Power in Weakness | 4 | (none proposed) | Frailty of the messenger contrasted with the treasure’s divine source. |
| inner / outer man | ἔσω / ἔξω ἄνθρωπος | esō / exō anthrōpos | အတွင်းလူ / အပြင်လူ | Medium | (extends baseline sanctification doctrine) | 4 | ခန္ဓာငါးပါး၏ တစ်စိတ်တစ်ပိုင်း (Buddhist five-aggregate analysis) | Single person progressively renewed by the Spirit, not evidence of an illusory composite self per anatta analysis. |
| eternal weight of glory | αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης | aiōnion baros doxēs | ထာဝရဘုန်းတော်၏ အလေးချိန် | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4 | (extends baseline glory term) | Present affliction endured in hope of certain future glory, not transcended through detachment. |
| Christ in you | Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν | Christos en hymin | ခရစ်တော်သည် သင်တို့၌ ရှိတော်မူ၏ | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship; Reconciliation with God | 13 | နတ်ဝင်ခြင်း (spirit possession) | Permanent, non-displacing personal indwelling of the risen Christ by his Spirit, not a temporary trance-possession state. |
| test yourselves | δοκιμάζετε | dokimazete | ကိုယ်ကိုကိုယ် စစ်ဆေးကြလော့ | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 13 | ကံကောင်းမကောင်း တွက်ချက်ခြင်း (assessing one’s karmic merit balance) | Examining genuine union with Christ, not tallying accumulated merit. |
| Trinitarian benediction | χάρις…ἀγάπη…κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος | charis…agapē…koinōnia tou Hagiou Pneumatos | ကျေးဇူးတော် / မေတ္တာတော် / မိတ်သဟာယ | Critical | (anchors Trinity teaching across curriculum) | 13 | (each component baseline term reused exactly) | All three Persons must remain distinctly named using their exact baseline renderings to preserve Trinitarian clarity in this closing formula. |
C. Risk Summary for This Curriculum
| Risk Tier | Count (new terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 13 | Human theologian review, every occurrence |
| High | 15 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 17 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 6 | Automated review sufficient |
Highest-priority collision points flagged for this curriculum (in addition to all baseline Critical items, which remain fully in force):
- ဒုက္ခ (dukkha) for affliction/suffering — direct terminological overlap with Buddhism’s First Noble Truth; mandatory translator note at every occurrence.
- လှူဒါန်း (dana-verb) for “cheerful giver”/giving — direct overlap with merit-based almsgiving; mandatory theologian review at every occurrence, central to the “Generosity and Grace in Giving” doctrine.
- စာတန် (Satan) vs. မာရ်နတ် (Mara) — must never be conflated; central to “Genuine versus False Apostleship.”
- ပရဒိသု (Paradise) vs. နတ်ပြည်/ဒေဝလောက (deva-realm heavens) — eschatological collision requiring careful cosmological distinction.
- ကံအကြောင်းအကျိုး (karmic cause-and-effect) as a false parallel for “sowing and reaping” language in giving passages.
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. All baseline entries remain binding for any term that recurs in 2 Corinthians.
Critical Risk Terms
Died For All
Approved rendering: လူအပေါင်းတို့အတွက် အသေခံတော်မူ
Transliteration: lu a-paung-tou a-twet a-thay-khan-taw-mu
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: အတူတကွ အသေခံသကဲ့သို့ ဖော်ပြခြင်း (died merely alongside/like)
Original: εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM (5:14-15). Must preserve substitutionary ‘on behalf of’ (အတွက်/ကိုယ်စား), not merely shared solidarity in death.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: တမန်တော်အတု
Transliteration: tamantaw a-tu
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ဆရာအတု
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (11:13), built on baseline apostle. Must clearly mark deliberate counterfeits linked to demonic deception (11:14-15), not merely rival or lesser teachers.
Father
Approved rendering: အဖ
Transliteration: a-pha
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in 1:3 as ‘Father of mercies’ (ကရုဏာတော်၏အဖ). Never ဗြဟ္မာ.
God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရား, နတ်သခင်
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs throughout 2 Corinthians (1:2-3, 3:5, 4:6-7, 5:18-21, 6:16, 13:14). CRITICAL: never ဘုရား alone or နတ်သခင်.
Grace
Approved rendering: ကျေးဇူးတော်
Transliteration: kyayzu-taw
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်, ကံကောင်းခြင်း, ဝါသနာတော်
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. New high-stakes application context in this book: 2 Cor 8-9 (grace-motivated giving, contrasted with လှူဒါန်း/ဒါန merit-almsgiving) and 12:9 (sufficient grace amid weakness). Never ကုသိုလ်/ကံကောင်းခြင်း.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်
Transliteration: thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw
Doctrine: Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ဝိညာဉ်, ဝိညာဉ်
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Central to ch.3 (ministry of the Spirit, 3:6-8, 3:17-18) and the Trinitarian benediction (13:14). Never ဝိညာဉ် alone or နတ်ဝိညာဉ်.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်းအဖြစ် မှတ်တော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: pyaungmat-chin a-phyit hmat-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်စုဆောင်းခြင်း
Original: ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. This verb root (မှတ်တော်မူခြင်း, ‘to credit/reckon’) is applied in negated form at 5:19 (‘not counting their trespasses’); see the new term ‘not_counting_trespasses’ below for that specific construction.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ယေရှု
Transliteration: Yayshu
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: ရှင်ယေရှု
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs throughout 2 Corinthians, notably 4:5, 4:14, 5:18, 11:4, 13:14.
Lord
Approved rendering: သခင်
Transliteration: thakhin
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရင်, ဆရာသခင်
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in 1:2-3, 3:17-18, 4:5, 5:11 (‘fear of the Lord’), 10:17-18, 13:14.
Made Him To Be Sin
Approved rendering: အပြစ်ဖြစ်စေတော်မူ
Transliteration: a-pyit phyit-say-taw-mu
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: အပြစ်ဒဏ်ခံရခြင်းအဖြစ်သာ ဖော်ပြခြင်း (softened to ‘was punished for sin’)
Original: τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν … ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM (5:21). Requires theologian review at every occurrence; must retain the sharp substitutionary paradox precisely, without softening to a generic karmic-consequence-bearing framework.
Messenger Of Satan
Approved rendering: စာတန်၏တမန်
Transliteration: Satan i taman
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Deception
Original: ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM (12:7), combines the Satan entry with baseline providence doctrine. Even this agent operates only within bounds God sovereignly permits for the believer’s good.
Ministry Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: သင့်မြတ်ခြင်း၏အမှုတော်
Transliteration: thin-myat-chin i a-hmu-taw
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: ကြားခံပုဂ္ဂိုလ်၏အမှု
Original: διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM (5:18). Must be distinguished from priestly or shamanic mediation that itself effects reconciliation; the minister proclaims, not performs, a reconciliation God has already accomplished.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: ပဋိညာဉ်သစ်
Transliteration: padi-nyin-thit
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: ပဋိညာဉ်ဟောင်း၏ဆက်ခံသူ
Original: διαθήκη καινή
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (3:6). Must be taught as fulfilling, not merely supplementing, the Mosaic covenant; requires OT background.
New Creation
Approved rendering: ဖန်ဆင်းခြင်းအသစ်
Transliteration: phan-hsin-chin a-thit
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: ကောင်းသောကံရလာဒ်ဖြစ်ခြင်း, စိတ်ပြောင်းလဲခြင်း
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: New Creation
NEW TERM (5:17). Uses ဖန်ဆင်း, the verb reserved in Myanmar Bible usage for God’s Genesis creative act. Must never suggest a favorable rebirth outcome within samsara or a self-cultivated meditative transformation. Always paired with ‘in Christ’ in the same clause.
Not Counting Trespasses
Approved rendering: အပြစ်များကို မှတ်တော်မမူ
Transliteration: a-pyit-myar ko hmat-taw-ma-mu
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος αὐτοῖς τὰ παραπτώματα
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM, negation of the baseline imputed_righteousness verb root (5:19). Must preserve the forensic-accounting sense already fixed for imputed righteousness; sins are legally not charged, not merely overlooked casually.
Paradise Third Heaven
Approved rendering: ပရဒိသု / ဘုရားသခင်၏ကောင်းကင်ဘုံ
Transliteration: paradithu / phayarthakhin i kaunggin-bon
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope of the Resurrection Body
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ပြည်, ဒေဝလောက
Original: παράδεισος / τρίτος οὐρανός
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (12:2-4). Must be sharply distinguished from impermanent deva-realm heavens within samsara; God’s own eternal presence, not a rebirth-station.
Power Made Perfect In Weakness
Approved rendering: တန်ခိုးတော်သည် အားနည်းချက်၌ စုံလင်တော်မူ၏
Transliteration: tankhoe-taw thi ar-nay-chet-hnyi son-lin-taw-mu-i
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἡ δύναμις … ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελειοῦται
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM, extends baseline power_of_god (12:9-10). Must not be moralized into weakness itself as a cultivated virtue; God’s power displayed through, not despite, acknowledged human insufficiency wholly dependent on grace.
Reconciled
Approved rendering: သင့်မြတ်စေတော်မူ / သင့်မြတ်ကြပါလော့
Transliteration: thin-myat-say-taw-mu / thin-myat-kya-par-law
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: ချော့မော့ငြိမ်းချောင်းခြင်း
Original: καταλλάσσω
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. God is the subject at 5:18-19; the passive imperative at 5:20 (‘be reconciled’) must retain the sense of receiving an already-accomplished reconciliation, not performing ritual acts or merit-making to earn it.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: သင့်မြတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: thin-myat-chin
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: ရှင်ပြန်ပေါင်းစည်းခြင်း, နတ်ကို ချော့မော့ငြိမ်းချောင်းခြင်း
Original: καταλλαγή
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. Core-passage term (5:18-20). Must be taught as God’s own initiative removing enmity through Christ, never mutual negotiation or ritual placation of an offended spirit as in nat-propitiation practice.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ထမြောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: hta-myauk-chin
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း, ပြန်လည်မွေးဖွားခြင်း
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 4:14 and underlies 5:15 (‘was raised for them’). Never ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း/ပြန်လည်မွေးဖွားခြင်း; mandatory translator note at every occurrence.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: pyaungmat-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ကံ, သီလ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Core-passage occurrence at 5:21 (‘the righteousness of God’), also 9:9-10. Forensic, credited standing; never ကုသိုလ်ကံ/သီလ.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ကယ်တင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: kaetin-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း, လွတ်မြောက်ခြင်း
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 6:2 (‘now is the day of salvation’) and 7:10 (‘salvation without regret’). Never နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း.
Satan
Approved rendering: စာတန်
Transliteration: Satan
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Deception
Rejected alternatives: မာရ်နတ်
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM, retained as transliteration (2:11, 11:14, 12:7). CRITICAL: never မာရ်နတ် (Mara, the Buddha’s tempter-adversary) nor conflated with the ranked nat-spirit hierarchy. Satan is the singular, personal adversary of the one true God across all Scripture.
Sufficient Grace
Approved rendering: ကျေးဇူးတော်သည် လုံလောက်ပါ၏
Transliteration: kyayzu-taw thi lon-lauk-par-i
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ကံဖြင့် ခံနိုင်ရည်ရှိခြင်း
Original: ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM, extends baseline grace (12:9). The central verse of ‘Power in Weakness’; unearned, freely given sufficiency operating precisely where human strength fails, not a merit-reward for enduring hardship well.
Trinitarian Benediction
Approved rendering: ကျေးဇူးတော် / မေတ္တာတော် / မိတ်သဟာယ
Transliteration: kyayzu-taw / myitta-taw / meikthahaya
Doctrine: Trinitarian Benediction
Original: ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: Trinity
NEW TERM combining baseline grace, love_of_christ, and fellowship, each reused exactly (13:14). Every component term must retain its exact rendering so the Trinitarian distinctness of the benediction is not blurred.
High Risk Terms
Affliction Suffering
Approved rendering: ဆင်းရဲဒုက္ခ
Transliteration: sin-yay-douk-kha
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. MAJOR CULTURAL COLLISION: ဒုက္ခ is the technical term for Buddhism’s First Noble Truth. Retained (no viable substitute exists) but MANDATORY translator note at every occurrence (1:4, 4:17, 6:4, 7:4, 11:23-29) distinguishing Paul’s temporary, purposeful, relationally-comforted affliction from the existential condition Buddhism resolves through detachment.
Ambassador
Approved rendering: သံတမန်
Transliteration: thantaman
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (5:20). Diplomatic-envoy image for every believer’s gospel-bearing role; must be kept distinct from တမန်တော် (baseline apostle, a foundational directly-commissioned office). Translator note recommended.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: အလင်းရောင်ဆောင်သော ကောင်းကင်တမန်
Transliteration: a-lin-yaung-saung-thaw kaunggin-taman
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Deception
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM (11:14). Must be clear this is a personal evil being’s deliberate disguise, not the ambivalent dual nature ascribed to some benevolent-seeming folk nats.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: စိတ်ရွှင်လန်းစွာ လှူဒါန်းသောသူ
Transliteration: seit-shwin-lan-swar lhu-dan-thaw-thu
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (9:7). HIGHEST-STAKES COLLISION in this curriculum: လှူဒါန်း is the standard verb for Buddhist ဒါန almsgiving performed to accumulate ကုသိုလ်. No substitute verb exists. MANDATORY theologian review at every occurrence; giving must be taught strictly as a grace-response, evaluated by cheerful disposition, never merit-size or recipient merit-value.
Christ In You
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်သည် သင်တို့၌ ရှိတော်မူ၏
Transliteration: Khayitto thi thin-tou-hnyi shi-taw-mu-i
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ (Extended: Christ’s Indwelling)
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ဝင်ခြင်း
Original: Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (13:5), extends baseline Christian identity doctrine. Must be distinguished from mediumistic/nat-possession folk practice; permanent, non-displacing indwelling of the risen Christ by his Spirit, not a temporary trance-state occupation.
Comfort Consolation
Approved rendering: နှစ်သိမ့်ခြင်း
Transliteration: nhait-thate-chin
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: ကိလေသာငြိမ်းစေခြင်း
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM (1:3-7, 7:4-7). Must convey God’s own personal, relational comforting presence, not Buddhist-style equanimity achieved by detaching from desire.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ပဋိညာဉ်
Transliteration: padi-nyin
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: သဘောတူညီချက်
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Root term for ch.3’s central ‘new covenant’ (ပဋိညာဉ်သစ်) contrast with the Mosaic covenant; requires OT background.
Eternal Weight Of Glory
Approved rendering: ထာဝရဘုန်းတော်၏ အလေးချိန်
Transliteration: htawara phontaw i a-lay-chein
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM (4:17), extends baseline glory. Present affliction is ‘light and momentary’ compared to future glory; endured in hope, not transcended through detachment.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: သခင်ဘုရားကို ကြောက်ရွံ့ရိုသေခြင်း
Transliteration: thakhin-phayar ko kyauk-ywan yo-thay-chin
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ကိုကြောက်ရွံ့ခြင်း
Original: φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM (5:11). Full phrase required every time; bare ကြောက်ရွံ့ခြင်း evokes fear of nats, ghosts, or karmic retribution. Reverent, relational awe before the personal Lord, not superstitious dread.
Forgive
Approved rendering: ခွင့်လွှတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: khwin-hlut-chin
Doctrine: Godly Sorrow and Repentance
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (2:7-10), shares the root of baseline grace (χάρις). Must retain the grace-basis of forgiveness — pardon freely extended, not earned back through penance or restored merit.
Glory
Approved rendering: ဘုန်းတော်
Transliteration: phon-taw
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းကံ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Central to ch.3-4 (fading vs. surpassing glory of the covenants) and extended by the new term ‘eternal weight of glory’ (4:17). Never ဘုန်းကံ.
Gospel
Approved rendering: သတင်းကောင်း
Transliteration: thadin kaung
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ဓမ္မသတင်း, ကောင်းသောအကြောင်းအရာ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:12, 4:3-4. Combined in 5:19 with the new ‘message of reconciliation’ as one and the same proclamation.
Holy
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသော
Transliteration: thangyin-thaw
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: စင်ကြယ်သော
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies ‘saints’ (1:1) and ‘holy kiss’ (13:12). Moral/relational set-apartness, not ritual purity.
In Christ
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်၌
Transliteration: Khayitto-hnyi
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: ခရစ်တော်၏ သွန်သင်ချက်ကို လိုက်နာခြင်း
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: New Creation
NEW TERM (structural, extends baseline Christian identity doctrine). The condition for becoming a new creation (5:17); must not be diluted to ‘following Christ’s teaching’ but retained as organic spiritual union.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်၏ တရားစီရင်ပလ္လင်တော်
Transliteration: Khayitto i tayar-si-yin pallin-taw
Doctrine: Eschatological Accountability (Judgment Seat of Christ)
Rejected alternatives: ကံစာရင်းရှင်းရာ
Original: τὸ βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (5:10). Must be distinguished from the karmic weighing/accounting metaphors of Burmese Buddhist moral imagination; Christ’s own personal, final evaluation, not an impersonal karmic tally.
Letter Of The Law
Approved rendering: စာလုံး
Transliteration: sa-lone
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: ကျမ်းစာတော်
Original: γράμμα
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (3:6). Must not collapse into a wholesale rejection of Scripture’s written form; names law-keeping apart from the Spirit.
Love Of Christ
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်၏မေတ္တာတော်
Transliteration: Khayitto i myitta-taw
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: God
NEW TERM (5:14). မေတ္တာ is a major Buddhist virtue (cultivated loving-kindness extended impartially to all beings); must be taught as Christ’s specific, historical, self-sacrificial love for particular sinners at the cross, not a cultivated impersonal benevolence.
Ministry Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: ဝိညာဉ်တော်၏ အမှုတော်
Transliteration: weinnyin-taw i a-hmu-taw
Doctrine: Ministry of the Spirit
Original: διακονία τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (3:6-8). Contrasts Moses’ fading, letter-based ministry with the enduring, Spirit-empowered new-covenant ministry; must retain the Spirit’s actual personal, life-giving activity.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏တန်ခိုးတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i tankhoe-taw
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the ‘Power in Weakness’ doctrine (4:7, 10:4, 12:9); never အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး (relic/amulet potency).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းခြင်း
Transliteration: thangyin-chin
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ရေချိုးသန့်စင်ခြင်း
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies 7:1 (‘let us cleanse ourselves… perfecting holiness’) and connects to the new term ‘transformed’ (3:18).
Seal Guarantee
Approved rendering: တံဆိပ်ခတ်တော်မူ / အာမခံအဖြစ် ပေးအပ်တော်မူ
Transliteration: tazate-khat-taw-mu / arma-khan-a-phyit pay-at-taw-mu
Doctrine: Assurance via the Spirit’s Seal and Guarantee
Rejected alternatives: ငွေစေ့စပ်စာချုပ်
Original: σφραγίζω / ἀρραβών
Category: God
NEW TERM (1:21-22, 5:5), extends baseline Holy Spirit doctrine. Must not be read as a negotiable, revocable commercial pledge; God’s own unbreakable assurance.
Signs Of A True Apostle
Approved rendering: တမန်တော်ဖြစ်ကြောင်း လက္ခဏာသက်သေများ
Transliteration: tamantaw phyit-kyaung laikkhana thet-thay-myar
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ဝေဇ္ဇာတန်ခိုး, ကာကွယ်တန်ခိုး
Original: τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (12:12), extends baseline apostle. Must be distinguished from occult weizza (esoteric-adept) power or amulet potency already flagged in baseline power_of_god.
Sin
Approved rendering: အပြစ်
Transliteration: a-pyit
Doctrine: Sin
Rejected alternatives: အကုသိုလ်
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Central to 5:19 (‘not counting their trespasses’) and 5:21 (‘made him to be sin’). Never အကုသိုလ်.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: မျိုးစေ့ကြဲခြင်း / ရိတ်သိမ်းခြင်း
Transliteration: myo-say kyeh-chin / yate-thain-chin
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: ကံအကြောင်းအကျိုး
Original: ὁ σπείρων … θερίσει
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (9:6). Closely parallels popular karma-causation folk sayings; must be taught as God’s own personal, gracious response to a giver’s generosity, not an impersonal self-operating mechanism.
Sufferings Of Christ
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်၏ ဆင်းရဲဒုက္ခများ
Transliteration: Khayitto i sin-yay-douk-kha-myar
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: τὰ παθήματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM (1:5). Same ဒုက္ခ collision as affliction; additionally must not be confused with the Buddha’s own renunciatory suffering narratives.
Transformed
Approved rendering: ပြောင်းလဲခြင်း
Transliteration: pyaung-lai-chin
Doctrine: Sanctification and Progressive Transformation
Rejected alternatives: ဝိပဿနာဖြင့် စိတ်ပြောင်းလဲခြင်း
Original: μεταμορφούμεθα
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (3:18). Must be sharply distinguished from Buddhist meditative mind-transformation achieved through disciplined practice; this is the Spirit’s ongoing work upon the believer beholding Christ.
Weakness
Approved rendering: အားနည်းခြင်း
Transliteration: ar-nay-chin
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀσθένεια
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM (4:7-12, 10:3-5, 11:30, 12:9-10, 13:4). Must not be moralized as a virtue to cultivate in itself; God’s power is displayed through, not because of, weakness.
Weapons Not Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: လက်နက်များသည် ဇာတိပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာမဟုတ်
Transliteration: laknat-myar-thi zarti-pain-hsaing-yar-ma-hote
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: τὰ ὅπλα … οὐ σαρκικά
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM (10:4), reuses ဇာတိ vocabulary. Spiritual, God-empowered means contrasted with worldly rhetorical or coercive tactics.
Medium Risk Terms
According To The Flesh
Approved rendering: ဇာတိအလိုအရ
Transliteration: zarti-a-lo-a-ya
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: ရှေးဘဝအရ
Original: κατὰ σάρκα
Category: New Creation
NEW TERM (5:16). Reuses the ဇာတိ root anchored by the baseline incarnation term; must be clearly bounded to mean ‘by external/human standards,’ never ‘in a previous incarnation/life.‘
Apostle
Approved rendering: တမန်တော်
Transliteration: tamantaw
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ဆရာတော်, ဆရာကြီး
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:1, 11:13, 12:12. Must stay distinct from the new terms သံတမန် (ambassador, every believer’s role) and တမန်တော်အတု (false apostles).
Aroma Of Christ
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်၏ အနံ့ရသာ
Transliteration: Khayitto i a-nan-ya-thar
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: ပန်းနံ့သာပူဇော်ခြင်း
Original: ὀσμὴ / εὐωδία Χριστοῦ
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (2:14-16). Watch collision with incense/flower offerings presented to Buddha images or nats; metaphor for the gospel’s effect on hearers, not a literal ritual offering.
Boast
Approved rendering: ကြွားဝါခြင်း
Transliteration: kywar-war-chin
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καύχημα / καυχάομαι
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (5:12; chs. 10-12). Not condemned outright but must be ‘in the Lord’; requires careful contextual framing rather than a blanket negative rendering.
Church
Approved rendering: အသင်းတော်
Transliteration: athin-taw
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရားကျောင်း, ဘုရားရိပ်သာ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in ch.6 by the new term ‘temple of the living God.’ Never ဘုရားကျောင်း/ဘုရားရိပ်သာ.
Commend
Approved rendering: ထောက်ခံခြင်း
Transliteration: htaukkhan-chin
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνιστάνω
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (3:1, 5:12, 10:18). Watch for collision with seeking a senior monk’s public endorsement as a status marker; true commendation is the Lord’s own evaluation.
Conscience
Approved rendering: အသိစိတ်
Transliteration: a-thi-seit
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: လူမှုအရှက်ရှိမှု
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Faith
NEW TERM (1:12, 5:11). Established Burmese term; must not be reduced to social shame-avoidance — biblical conscience answers to God, not merely social opinion.
Deceitful Workmen
Approved rendering: လိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြားသော လုပ်သားများ
Transliteration: lein-lay-hlaesh-phyar-thaw lote-thar-myar
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἐργάται δόλιοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (11:13). Emphasizes intentional deception, distinct from honest doctrinal disagreement.
Faith
Approved rendering: ယုံကြည်ခြင်း
Transliteration: yun-kyi-chin
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: သဒ္ဓါတရား
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:24, 4:13, 5:7 (‘we walk by faith, not by sight’), 8:7, 13:5. Object of faith must remain Christ, never a generic confidence.
Father Of Mercies
Approved rendering: ကရုဏာတော်၏အဖ
Transliteration: karuna-taw i a-pha
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ὁ πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν
Category: God
NEW TERM (1:3), combines baseline အဖ with ကရုဏာ. ကရုဏာ is also a major cultivated Buddhist virtue; must be anchored as a personal Father’s disposition toward his own children, not an impersonal cultivated virtue.
Freedom
Approved rendering: လွတ်လပ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: lut-lut-chin
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: လွတ်မြောက်ခြင်း
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (3:17). Must not merge with လွတ်မြောက်ခြင်း, already rejected in the baseline as an alternative for ‘salvation’; names Spirit-given freedom from the law’s condemnation specifically.
Godly Sorrow
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်နှစ်သက်တော်မူသော ဝမ်းနည်းခြင်း
Transliteration: phayarthakhin hnaithset-taw-mu-thaw wunnair-chin
Doctrine: Godly Sorrow and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: ဝိပ္ပတိသာရ
Original: λύπη κατὰ Θεόν
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (7:9-10). Distinguish from self-directed karmic regret; relationally oriented toward God, producing salvation without regret.
Inner Outer Man
Approved rendering: အတွင်းလူ / အပြင်လူ
Transliteration: a-twin-lu / a-pyin-lu
Doctrine: Sanctification and Progressive Transformation
Rejected alternatives: ခန္ဓာငါးပါး၏ တစ်စိတ်တစ်ပိုင်း
Original: ὁ ἔσω / ὁ ἔξω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (4:16). Must avoid resonance with Buddhist anatta (no-self) analysis of aggregates; same single person renewed by the Spirit, not evidence of an illusory composite self.
Jealousy For The Church
Approved rendering: စောင့်ရှောက်လိုစိတ်
Transliteration: saung-shauk-lo-seit
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ζῆλος
Category: Church
NEW TERM (11:2). Must be distinguished from petty envy; covenantal, marital-fidelity imagery applied to the church’s relationship with Christ.
Made Manifest
Approved rendering: ထင်ရှားစေခြင်း
Transliteration: htin-shar-say-chin
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: φανερόω
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (5:11). Must not be rendered merely as ‘famous/well-known,’ which loses the sense of transparency before God specifically.
Peace
Approved rendering: ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: nyein-thet-chin
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ကိလေသာငြိမ်းခြင်း
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 13:11 (‘live in peace’). Never ကိလေသာငြိမ်းခြင်း (meditative stilling of defilements).
Promise
Approved rendering: ကတိတော်
Transliteration: kati-taw
Doctrine: Fulfillment of God’s Promises
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (1:20, 7:1). Requires OT covenant-promise background teaching for hearers with low OT literacy.
Repentance
Approved rendering: နောင်တရခြင်း
Transliteration: naung-ta-ya-chin
Doctrine: Godly Sorrow and Repentance
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (7:9-10), established Myanmar Christian usage. Genuine turning evidenced by changed conduct, not mere private regret or ceremonial confession.
Saints
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသူများ
Transliteration: thangyin thu myar
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ရဟန္တာ, ရှင်ရဟန်း
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:1, addressed to ‘all the saints throughout Achaia.’ Not an ascetic elite comparable to ရဟန္တာ.
Sincerity
Approved rendering: ရိုးဖြောင့်ခြင်း
Transliteration: yo-phyaung-chin
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: ရိုးသားခြင်း
Original: εἰλικρίνεια / ἁπλότης
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (1:12, 2:17, 8:8, 11:3). Should not be flattened to mere ordinary honesty; carries the sense of motives tested and approved by God.
Strongholds
Approved rendering: ခံတပ်များ
Transliteration: khantap-myar
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ὀχυρώματα
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM (10:4-5). Clear military metaphor; entrenched pride and false reasoning.
Sufficiency
Approved rendering: လိုအင်ပြည့်စုံခြင်း / လုံလောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: lo-in pyi-son-chin
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: ကိလေသာလွတ်ငြိမ်းမှု
Original: αὐτάρκεια
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (9:8). God-supplied provision received, not self-generated equanimity through detachment.
Temple Of The Living God
Approved rendering: ဗိမာန်တော်
Transliteration: baydan-taw
Doctrine: Church as God’s Temple
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရားကျောင်း, ဘုရားရိပ်သာ
Original: ναὸς Θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Church
NEW TERM (6:16), extends baseline church doctrine. ဗိမာန်တော် is reserved for the Jerusalem temple; never pagoda/monastery vocabulary already forbidden for ‘church.‘
Tent Earthly Dwelling
Approved rendering: တဲရာ / မြေကြီးအိမ်
Transliteration: tay-yar / myay-gyi-eain
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope of the Resurrection Body
Rejected alternatives: ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ရာခန္ဓာကိုယ်
Original: σκῆνος / ἡ ἐπίγειος οἰκία
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (5:1). Must connect to the baseline resurrection doctrine; awaiting a future resurrected body, not a soul discarding a body to be reborn elsewhere.
Test Yourselves
Approved rendering: ကိုယ်ကိုကိုယ် စစ်ဆေးကြလော့
Transliteration: ko-ko-ko sit-say-kya-law
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ (Extended: Christ’s Indwelling)
Rejected alternatives: ကံကောင်းမကောင်း တွက်ချက်ခြင်း
Original: ἑαυτοὺς πειράζετε / δοκιμάζετε
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (13:5). Distinguish from self-examination as accumulating merit or purifying karma; examines genuine union with Christ.
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: ဇာတိကိုယ်၌ ဆူးချောင်းတစ်ခု
Transliteration: zarti-ko-hnyi su-chaung ta-khu
Doctrine: Providence in Suffering (Thorn in the Flesh)
Rejected alternatives: ယခင်ဘဝကံဆိုးကြောင့် ခံစားရသောဒဏ်
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM (12:7). Must be taught as purposive divine discipline producing humility and grace-dependence, not karmic punishment for past wrongdoing.
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: မတူညီသော ဇက်ဖြင့် အတူတွဲမထမ်းကြနှင့်
Transliteration: ma-tu-nyi-thaw zet-hpyin a-tu-twe ma-htan-kya-nhaint
Doctrine: Holiness of Partnership (Unequal Yoking)
Original: μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες
Category: Church
NEW TERM (6:14). Application to interfaith/interreligious partnership is culturally sensitive; teach pastorally, not as a blanket prohibition of ordinary social relationships.
Veil
Approved rendering: မျက်နှာဖုံး
Transliteration: myet-hna-phon
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (3:13-16). Requires OT narrative background (Moses’ veiled face, Exodus 34) for hearers with low OT literacy.
Low Risk Terms
Controls Compels
Approved rendering: တွန်းအားပေးခြင်း
Transliteration: tun-ar-pay-chin
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνέχει
Category: Faith
NEW TERM (5:14). Low collision risk; straightforward constraining-force imagery for Christ’s love as Paul’s singular motive.
Eagerness Readiness
Approved rendering: စိတ်အားထက်သန်ခြင်း
Transliteration: seit-ar-htet-than-chin
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: προθυμία
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (8:11-12). Right giving flows from a willing heart, matched by follow-through in action.
Equality
Approved rendering: ညီမျှခြင်း
Transliteration: nyi-hmyit-chin
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (8:13-15). Mutual, reciprocal sufficiency among believers, not enforced redistribution or identical wealth.
Exhort
Approved rendering: တိုက်တွန်းနှိုးဆော်ခြင်း
Transliteration: taik-tun hnoso-chin
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from the new comfort term (နှစ်သိမ့်ခြင်း) used for the consoling sense of the same Greek root παρακαλέω in ch.1 and 7.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: မိတ်သဟာယ
Transliteration: meikthahaya
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: သူငယ်ချင်းဖွဲ့ခြင်း
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 8:4 (fellowship in giving) and 13:14 (fellowship of the Holy Spirit, closing the Trinitarian benediction).
Groan
Approved rendering: ညည်းတွားခြင်း
Transliteration: nyi-nyi-twar-chin
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope of the Resurrection Body
Original: στενάζομεν
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (5:2, 5:4). Believers’ present longing for the future resurrection body; conveys burdened longing, not despair.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောနမ်းခြင်း
Transliteration: thangyin-thaw nan-chin
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
NEW TERM (13:12), combines baseline holy and fellowship vocabulary. Literal gesture requires a culturally appropriate contextual note since it is not customary Burmese greeting practice; the theological point (set-apart familial affection) matters more than the literal gesture.
Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: မြေအိုးများ
Transliteration: myay-o-myar
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ὀστράκινα σκεύη
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM (4:7). Frailty of the messenger contrasted with the treasure’s divine source. Clear agrarian/domestic image.
Outward Appearance
Approved rendering: အပြင်အသွင်
Transliteration: a-pyin-a-thwin
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πρόσωπον
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (5:12). Low collision; straightforward external/internal contrast.
Peddlers
Approved rendering: ကုန်သွယ်ရောင်းဝယ်သကဲ့သို့ ပြုမူသူများ
Transliteration: kon-thway-yaung-way-tha-kaethou pyu-mu-thu-myar
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καπηλεύοντες
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (2:17). Contrast with sincerity; relevant to sensitivities about the gospel being monetized.
Persuade
Approved rendering: ဖျောင်းဖျစေခြင်း
Transliteration: phyaung-pya-say-chin
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πείθω
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (5:11). Keep distinct from persuasive rhetoric for personal gain associated with itinerant fortune-tellers or donation-seeking preachers.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ကျေးဇူးတင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: kyayzu-tin-chin
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:14, 4:15, 9:11-12.
Referenced passages