Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Mark 1–16 (English–Greek–Burmese)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire book of Mark. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [baseline reuse] and MUST use the exact recorded Burmese rendering; new terms proposed here for Mark are marked [NEW – Mark] and require Phase 1 Step 2 risk-registry confirmation before Phase 2 translation begins.
A. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (no changes)
| Term | Burmese | Transliteration | Risk (baseline) | Chapters in Mark | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | သတင်းကောင်း | thadin kaung | High | 1, 8, 10, 13, 14 | Mark 1:1 frames the whole book as εὐαγγέλιον |
| grace | ကျေးဇူးတော် | kyayzu-taw | Critical | (implicit throughout; explicit term rare in Mark) | Preserve baseline’s merit-vs-grace contrast if curriculum lessons draw it out |
| faith | ယုံကြည်ခြင်း | yun-kyi-chin | Medium | 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 | Object of faith = Jesus throughout |
| salvation | ကယ်တင်ခြင်း | kaetin-chin | Critical | 5, 6, 8, 10, 13 | σῴζω used for both physical healing and salvation — same Burmese term required in both senses |
| apostle | တမန်တော် | tamantaw | Medium | 3, 6 | The Twelve appointed and sent |
| called/calling | ခေါ်တော်မူသော / ခေါ်တော်မူခြင်း | khaw-taw-mu-thaw | High | 1, 2, 3 | Calling of the first disciples |
| holy | သန့်ရှင်းသော | thangyin-thaw | High | throughout (Holy Spirit compound) | — |
| holy_spirit | သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော် | thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw | Critical | 1, 3, 13 | Never confuse with ch.1’s ညစ်ညူးသောနတ်ဝိညာဉ် (unclean spirit) |
| kingdom_of_god | ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော် | Phayarthakhin i nainggan-taw | Medium | 1, 4, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 | Central Markan theme, “breaking in” |
| law | ပညတ်တရား | pyinnat tayar | High | 2, 7, 10, 12 | Mosaic Law, tradition-of-elders debates |
| sin | အပြစ် | a-pyit | High | 1, 2, 14 | Forgiveness of sins, Son of Man’s authority |
| gentiles | တစ်ပါးအမျိုးသား | tabar-amyothar | Medium | 7, 10, 11, 13 | Ch.10:42 uses in non-technical “worldly rulers” sense — flag context note |
| glory | ဘုန်းတော် | phon-taw | High | 8, 9, 10, 13 | Ties disciples’ misunderstanding (10:37) to true glory-through-cross |
| messiah | မေရှိယ | Mei-shi-ya | Critical | (conceptual background throughout) | Distinguish from ခရစ်တော် usage-context; see Christ entry below |
| prophet/prophecy | ပရောဖက် / ပရောဖက်ပြုချက် | parawpeq | Low | 1, 9, 13 | Elijah/Moses typology, OT fulfillment |
| covenant | ပဋိညာဉ် | padi-nyin | High | 14 | ”Blood of the covenant,” Last Supper |
| election | ရွေးကောက်ခြင်း | ywaykauk-chin | High | 13 | ”The elect,” end-times gathering |
| intercession | အသနားခံခြင်း | a-thanar-khan-chin | Medium | 14 | Gethsemane prayer (adjacent concept) |
| providence | ဘုရားသခင်၏ကြည့်ရှုစောင့်ရှောက်မှု | Phayarthakhin i kyi-shu-saung-shauk-hmu | High | 10, 14 | Divine passive constructions (ἡτοίμασται, παραδίδωμι) |
| resurrection | ထမြောက်ခြင်း | hta-myauk-chin | Critical | 9, 12, 16 | Never ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း (rebirth) |
| lord | သခင် | thakhin | High | 10, 11, 12 | Contrast with worldly κατακυριεύω in 10:42 |
| son_of_god | ဘုရားသခင်၏သားတော် | Phayarthakhin i tharadaw | Critical | 1, 3, 5, 15 | Centurion’s confession (15:39) brackets 1:1 |
| incarnation | လူ့ဇာတိခံယူခြင်း | lu-zarti khan-yu-chin | Critical | (background to Son of Man doctrine) | Underlies ἦλθεν in 10:45 |
| david/seed_of_david | ဒါဝိဒ် / ဒါဝိဒ်၏အနွယ်ဝင် | Dawid | Medium/High | 10, 11, 12 | Bartimaeus, triumphal entry |
| israel | ဣသရေလ | Israen | Medium | 12 | Shema citation |
| jesus | ယေရှု | Yayshu | Critical | throughout | — |
| god | ဘုရားသခင် | Phayarthakhin | Critical | throughout | — |
| father | အဖ | a-pha | Critical | 14 | Gethsemane |
| abba | အဗ္ဘ | Abba | High | 14 | Retained alongside အဖ |
B. New Terms for Mark (Proposed — pending Phase 1 Step 2 risk-registry confirmation)
| Term (English) | Original Greek | Transliteration | Burmese (proposed) | Category/Doctrine | Risk | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | လူသား | Jesus as Suffering Servant and Son of God | Critical | 2, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14 | Risk: reads as merely “an impressive human being” without Daniel 7 note; requires mandatory teaching note at every occurrence |
| servant (diakonos) | διάκονος | diakonos | အစေခံ / ခစားသူ | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Critical | 9, 10 | Rejected: any rendering implying merit-generating generosity (ကုသိုလ်-adjacent dāna framing) |
| slave (doulos) | δοῦλος | doulos | ကျွန် | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Critical | 10 | Retain full weight of total bondage/ownership; do not soften to “helper” |
| ransom | λύτρον | lytron | ရွေးနှင်းရာအဖိုးအခ | The Ransom for Many | Critical | 10 | Rejected: any rendering reducing to merit-transfer (ကုသိုလ်ဝေဖန်ခြင်း); this is substitutionary payment, not surplus-merit sharing |
| in place of / for (substitutionary) | ἀντὶ (πολλῶν) | anti (pollōn) | အစားထိုး (…အတွက်) | The Ransom for Many | Critical | 10 | Rejected: အတွက် alone (“for the benefit of”), which loses substitution |
| authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | အခွင့်အာဏာ | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | High | 1, 2, 6, 10, 11 | Rejected: အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး (amulet/relic potency); weizza-adept acquired-power framing |
| unclean spirit / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton / daimonion | ညစ်ညူးသောနတ်ဝိညာဉ် / နတ်ဆိုး | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | High | 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 | Deliberately uses နတ်ဝိညာဉ် (forbidden for Holy Spirit) — must be visibly distinguished from Holy Spirit terminology in every teaching context |
| baptism / baptize | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | ဗတ္တိဇံ / ဗတ္တိဇံခံခြင်း | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Necessity of the Cross (metaphorical sense, 10:38-39) | Medium | 1, 10 | Distinguish literal (ch.1) from suffering-metaphor (ch.10) senses via translator note |
| repentance | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | နောင်တရခြင်း | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Medium | 1 | Distinguish from merit-restoring confession practices |
| kingdom has drawn near | ἤγγικεν | ēngiken | နီးကပ်လာပြီ | Kingdom of God Breaking In | High | 1 | Preserve “already begun, still unfolding” perfect-tense force |
| leprosy / cleanse | λέπρα / καθαρίζω | lepra / katharizō | နူနာ / စင်ကြယ်စေခြင်း | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness | Medium | 1 | စင်ကြယ် appropriate HERE (ritual purity), unlike baseline’s caution for “holy” |
| authority to forgive sins | ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας | aphienai hamartias | အပြစ်ဖြေလွှတ်ခြင်း | Jesus’ Authority over Sin; Deity of Christ | High | 2 | Reserve for divine forgiveness, not ordinary interpersonal pardon vocabulary |
| sinner | ἁμαρτωλός | hamartōlos | အပြစ်ရှိသူ | Universal Human Accountability (Markan pastoral application) | Medium | 2 | — |
| Pharisee | Φαρισαῖος | Pharisaios | ဖာရိရှဲ | Kingdom of God Breaking In (conflict narratives) | Low | 2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 12 | Proper noun; minor “strict monk” mapping risk, cultural note only |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | sabbaton | ဥပုသ်နေ့ | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Critical | 2 | COLLISION: existing Buddhist Uposatha observance-day term; mandatory teaching note on creation/covenant vs. lunar-precept basis |
| Beelzebul | Βεελζεβούλ | Beelzeboul | ဗေလဇေဗုလ် | Messianic Secret / Authority over demons | Low | 3 | Proper noun |
| blasphemy (against the Spirit) | βλασφημία | blasphēmia | ဘုရားကိုကဲ့ရဲ့ပြောဆိုခြင်း | Jesus’ Authority over Sin (unforgivable sin) | High | 3, 14 | Must be visibly linked to Holy Spirit term; pastoral misapplication risk re: unforgivable sin |
| will of God (true kinship) | τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ | to thelēma tou theou | ဘုရားသခင်၏အလိုတော် | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Medium | 3 | — |
| parable | παραβολή | parabolē | ဥပမာ | Messianic Secret; Kingdom teaching | Low | 4 | Established Pali-loan term already standard in Myanmar Bible; low doctrinal freight |
| mystery / secret of kingdom | μυστήριον | mystērion | နက်နဲသောအရာ | Messianic Secret | Medium | 4 | Distinguish God-given disclosure from self-attained esoteric knowledge |
| fear | φόβος / φοβέομαι | phobos / phobeomai | ကြောက်ရွံ့ခြင်း | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 16 | Track consistently as a recurring motif contrasted with faith |
| Legion | Λεγιών | Legiōn | လေဂျုန် | Jesus’ Authority over demons | Low | 5 | Proper noun |
| Talitha koum | Ταλιθὰ κούμ | Talitha koum | တလိသ ကုမ် | Jesus’ Authority over sickness/death | Low-Medium | 5 | Retain Aramaic with built-in Markan gloss, per Abba convention |
| bread | ἄρτος | artos | ပေါင်မုန့် | Kingdom of God Breaking In; foreshadows Last Supper | Low | 6 | Render consistently with 14:22 |
| ”I am” (theophanic) | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | ငါပင်ဖြစ်သည် | Deity of Christ; Messianic Secret | High | 6, 14 | Cross-reference 6:50 with climactic 14:62; render identically in both |
| tradition of the elders | ἡ παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων | hē paradosis tōn presbyterōn | ရှေးလူကြီးတို့၏ဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်း | Kingdom of God Breaking In (purity reordering) | Medium | 7 | Not a rejection of Torah itself, only of humanly-devised tradition elevated above it |
| corban | κορβᾶν | korban | ကုရဗန် | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Low | 7 | Transliterated technical term |
| common/defiled (ritual) | κοινός | koinos | ညစ်ညမ်းစေသော | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Medium | 7 | Distinguish from demonic ἀκάθαρτος despite shared “unclean” vocabulary root |
| Ephphatha | ἐφφαθά | ephphatha | ဧဖသ | Jesus’ Authority over sickness | Low | 7 | Retain Aramaic with gloss |
| Christ | ὁ Χριστός | ho Christos | ခရစ်တော် | Jesus as Suffering Servant and Son of God; Messianic Secret | Critical | 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15 | Distinct usage-register from မေရှိယ; never မိတ္တေယျ; teach the relationship between the two Burmese forms |
| command to silence (Messianic Secret formula) | ἐπιτιμᾶ αὐτοῖς…μηδενί | epitima autois…mēdeni | ဆုံးမပြီး မည်သူ့ကိုမျှမပြောရန်တားမြစ်ခြင်း | The Messianic Secret | High | 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 | Render identically across all occurrences to preserve the literary pattern |
| suffer / must suffer | παθεῖν / πάσχω | pathein / paschō | ဆင်းရဲဒုက္ခခံရမည် | The Necessity of the Cross | Critical | 8, 9, 10, 14, 15 | COLLISION with Buddhist dukkha (First Noble Truth); mandatory note distinguishing voluntary redemptive suffering-for-others from universal existential dukkha |
| cross | ὁ σταυρός | ho stauros | လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင် | The Necessity of the Cross | Medium | 8, 15 | Preserve literal, shameful-execution-device force |
| life/soul (to be lost/saved/given) | ἡ ψυχή | hē psychē | အသက် | The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many | High | 8, 10 | Reserve ဝိညာဉ် exclusively for πνεῦμα; never interchange with ψυχή |
| transfiguration | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | ပုံသဏ္ဌာန်ပြောင်းလဲသွားခြင်း | Jesus as Suffering Servant and Son of God | Medium | 9 | Distinguish from folk shape-shifting motifs; this reveals pre-existing glory |
| unbelief | ἀπιστία | apistia | မယုံကြည်ခြင်း | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | 9 | Pastoral note: honest doubt-with-faith is received by Christ |
| Gehenna / hell | γέεννα | geenna | ငရဲ | The Necessity of the Cross / final judgment | Critical | 9 | COLLISION with Buddhist naraka (temporary hell-realm within samsara); mandatory note on finality/irreversibility |
| divorce / adultery | ἀπολύω / μοιχεία | apolyō / moicheia | ကွာရှင်းခြင်း / မှားယွင်းခြင်း | Kingdom ethics (marriage) | Medium | 10 | Pastoral sensitivity in application, not lexical collision |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | ထာဝရအသက် | Salvation (Markan wealth/discipleship narrative) | High | 10 | Distinguish personal, relational, gift-received life from impersonal existence-stream notions |
| ”Good” (of God alone) | ἀγαθός | agathos | ကောင်းမြတ်သော | Deity of Christ | Medium-High | 10 | Teach as a Socratic probe, not a denial of Christ’s deity |
| have mercy | ἐλέησον | eleēson | သနားတော်မူပါ | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | 10 | Distinguish from ကရုဏာ (cultivated meditative compassion); this is a direct plea to a person for intervention |
| Hosanna | Ὡσαννά | hōsanna | ဟောရှဏ္ဏ | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Low | 11 | Transliterated; gloss “save now,” related to salvation term |
| house of prayer / den of robbers | οἶκος προσευχῆς / σπήλαιον λῃστῶν | oikos proseuchēs / spēlaion lēstōn | ဆုတောင်းရာအိမ် / ဓားပြများ၏ခိုအောင်းရာ | Necessity of the Cross (Temple judgment) | Medium | 11 | Requires Isaiah/Jeremiah OT cross-reference note |
| cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας | kephalē gōnias | အထောင့်ချုပ်ကျောက် | Necessity of the Cross | Medium | 12 | Requires Psalm 118 background note |
| love (command) | ἀγαπάω/ἀγάπη | agapaō / agapē | ချစ်ခြင်းမေတ္တာ | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | High | 12 | COLLISION-adjacent: မေတ္တာ is the Buddhist brahmavihara term; note distinguishes covenantal, self-giving, commanded love from a cultivated impartial meditative virtue |
| abomination of desolation | τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως | to bdelygma tēs erēmōseōs | ရွံရှာစက်ဆုပ်ဖွယ်သောပျက်စီးမှု | Fulfillment of Prophecy (Markan apocalyptic) | High | 13 | Requires Daniel background note; reinforces linear (not cyclical) history doctrine |
| this generation | ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη | hē genea hautē | ဤလူမျိုးဆက် | Fulfillment of Prophecy | Medium | 13 | Exegetical referent debate; flag for theologian review |
| watch / be alert | γρηγορεῖτε | grēgoreite | နိုးနိုးကြားကြားနေခြင်း | Kingdom of God Breaking In (eschatological vigilance) | Low | 13 | — |
| betray / hand over | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | အပ်နှံခြင်း / သစ္စာဖောက်၍အပ်နှံခြင်း | Necessity of the Cross; Providence | High | 14, 15 | Same verb for Judas’ treachery and God’s sovereign plan; track all occurrences consistently |
| body / blood of the covenant | τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης | to sōma mou / to haima mou tēs diathēkēs | ကိုယ်ခန္ဓာတော် / ပဋိညာဉ်တော်၏အသွေးတော် | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | Critical | 14 | Cross-reference to 10:45’s “ransom for many” mandatory |
| crucify | σταυρόω | stauroō | လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင်တင်ခြင်း | The Necessity of the Cross | Critical | 15 | Preserve full historical/physical specificity; no euphemism |
| King of the Jews | ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | ho basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | ယုဒရှင်ဘုရင် | Necessity of the Cross (irony of enthronement) | Medium | 15 | Cross-reference to 10:37’s throne-request irony |
| cry of dereliction | Ἐλωῖ ἐλωῖ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανί | Elōi elōi, lema sabachthani | ဧလွှိ ဧလွှိ လမာ ရာဗခသနိ | Jesus as Suffering Servant | High | 15 | Careful Trinitarian teaching note required; retain Aramaic + built-in gloss |
| Temple curtain | τὸ καταπέτασμα | to katapetasma | ဗိမာန်တော်ကန့်လန့်ကာ | Necessity of the Cross | Medium | 15 | Requires Tabernacle/Temple background note |
| Textual note: longer ending | Mark 16:9-20 | — | (n/a — textual-critical flag, not a lexical term) | Kingdom of God Breaking In / Authority over sickness (disputed) | High | 16 | Flag manuscript-tradition status; avoid building core doctrine solely on this section without qualification |
C. Risk Tier Summary (Mark-specific new terms)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 10 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 15 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 15 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 9 | Automated review sufficient |
This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json for Mark in Phase 1 Step 2 (Doctrine & Risk Registry), following the exact schema established by the baseline Romans Language Package.
Critical Risk Terms
Body Blood Of Covenant
Approved rendering: ကိုယ်ခန္ဓာတော် / ပဋိညာဉ်တော်၏အသွေးတော်
Transliteration: ko-khanda-taw / padi-nyin-taw i a-thway-taw
Doctrine: Covenant Blood and the Last Supper
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Atonement
NEW TERM (Mark). Last Supper institution words (14:22-24), echoing Exodus 24:8 and Jeremiah 31:31-34. Must be cross-referenced explicitly with 10:45’s ‘ransom for many’ as the liturgical/narrative fulfillment of that saying; mandatory theologian review.
Christ
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်
Transliteration: Khayitto
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: မိတ္တေယျ
Original: ὁ Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (Mark). The Greek translation of ‘Messiah,’ used as Jesus’ name-title throughout Mark (1:1; 8:29; 9:41; 12:35; 13:21; 14:61; 15:32). Same forbidden-substitution class as messiah — never associate with မိတ္တေယျ. Peter’s confession (8:29) is the narrative hinge of the book, immediately redefined by the first passion prediction (8:31). Teach ခရစ်တော် and မေရှိယ as one reality named two ways, not two figures.
Crucify
Approved rendering: လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင်တင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: let-war-kat-tai-tin-chin
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (Mark). The narrated fulfillment (ch.15) of every passion prediction since 8:31. Must retain full historical, physical, shameful specificity of Roman crucifixion; no euphemism.
Father
Approved rendering: အဖ
Transliteration: a-pha
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Addressed by Jesus in Gethsemane (14:36). Never ဗြဟ္မာ.
For Many Substitution
Approved rendering: အစားထိုး (…အတွက်)
Transliteration: a-sar-htoe (…a-twet)
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: အတွက် alone (benefit-only framing, no substitution)
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Atonement
NEW TERM (Mark). ἀντὶ πολλῶν, ‘in place of many’ (10:45). A rendering using only အတွက် (‘for the benefit of’) reduces Christ’s death to a benevolent act performed on others’ behalf rather than a death undergone IN THEIR PLACE. Doctrinally load-bearing; mandatory theologian review.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: ငရဲ
Transliteration: nga-yeh
Doctrine: Gehenna and Final Judgment
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (Mark). CRITICAL COLLISION: ငရဲ (naraka) in Burmese Buddhist cosmology is a temporary hell-realm within an ongoing rebirth cycle; Gehenna (9:43-48) is a FINAL, irreversible judgment outcome before a personal God. Requires the same mandatory teaching note and theologian review pattern as the baseline’s resurrection/nirvana caution.
God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရား, နတ်သခင်
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Never ဘုရား alone or နတ်သခင်.
Grace
Approved rendering: ကျေးဇူးတော်
Transliteration: kyayzu-taw
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်, ကံကောင်းခြင်း, ဝါသနာတော်
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. The explicit noun is rare in Mark’s own text, but the grace-versus-merit contrast underlies every healing/forgiveness narrative (e.g., 2:5-12) where Jesus grants freely what no ritual, payment, or merit-transaction could purchase. Never ကုသိုလ် or ကံကောင်းခြင်း.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်
Transliteration: thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ဝိညာဉ်, ဝိညာဉ်
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. CRITICAL COLLISION MANAGEMENT: Mark’s own narrative places the Holy Spirit in close proximity to ‘unclean spirits’ (ညစ်ညူးသောနတ်ဝိညာဉ်). The two must remain visibly distinct at every co-occurrence (ch.1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13) so readers do not conclude the Holy Spirit is simply ‘a good nat.’ Never ဝိညာဉ် alone or နတ်ဝိညာဉ်.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: လူ့ဇာတိခံယူခြင်း
Transliteration: lu-zarti khan-yu-chin
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရားလောင်းအဖြစ်မွေးဖွားခြင်း, နတ်ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (theological background to Mark’s Son of Man ‘coming’)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Theological background to the Son of Man’s ‘coming’ language (10:45; cf. 1:24). Never ဘုရားလောင်းအဖြစ်မွေးဖွားခြင်း or နတ်ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ယေရှု
Transliteration: Yayshu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ရှင်ယေရှု
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Standard Myanmar Bible form throughout the whole book.
Lord
Approved rendering: သခင်
Transliteration: thakhin
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရင်, ဆရာသခင်
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Claimed over the Sabbath (2:28); must be VISIBLY DISTINCT from the oppressive-rule vocabulary used for κατακυριεύουσιν (10:42) so Mark’s wordplay survives: worldly ‘lords’ dominate, but the true Lord serves.
Messiah
Approved rendering: မေရှိယ
Transliteration: Mei-shi-ya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: အရေးတော်ပုံလာမည့်သူ, မိတ္တေယျ
Original: מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Names the OT-promise concept as such; see ‘christ’ entry below for the Greek name-title ὁ Χριστός used narratively of Jesus throughout Mark. Never မိတ္တေယျ (Metteyya).
Ransom
Approved rendering: ရွေးနှင်းရာအဖိုးအခ
Transliteration: ywe-hnin-yar a-pho-a-kha
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ဝေဖန်ခြင်း (merit-transfer)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Atonement
NEW TERM (Mark). Single highest-stakes term in the core passage (10:45); echoed conceptually at 14:24. Burmese karma theory holds each person strictly accountable for their own actions; there is no framework for a substitutionary death satisfying another’s debt. The closest cultural analogue (merit-transference to the deceased) transfers SURPLUS MERIT, categorically different from a legal-penalty-satisfying death. Mandatory theologian review and explanatory note at every occurrence.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ထမြောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: hta-myauk-chin
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း, ပြန်လည်မွေးဖွားခြင်း
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Covers BOTH the general future resurrection debated with the Sadducees (12:18-27) and Christ’s own specific, historical resurrection (16:6) — the SAME term is required for both; 16:6 is the historical fulfillment guaranteeing the hope taught in ch.12. Never ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: ဥပုသ်နေ့
Transliteration: u-boat-nay
Doctrine: Sabbath and Purity Reordering
Original: σάββατον
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). CRITICAL COLLISION: ဥပုသ် (uposatha) is the standing Burmese-Buddhist lunar-calendar merit-observance day; using it for the Mosaic Sabbath risks assimilating a creation-and-covenant institution into a precept-observance/merit framework, obscuring Jesus’ own christological reframing (‘the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath,’ 2:28). Mandatory teaching note and theologian review at every occurrence (2:23-28; 3:1-6; 6:2; 16:1-2).
Salvation
Approved rendering: ကယ်တင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: kaetin-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း, လွတ်မြောက်ခြင်း
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. CRITICAL: in Mark the SAME Greek verb σῴζω covers both physical healing (5:23,28,34; 6:56; 10:52) and salvation from sin/death — the identical Burmese term ကယ်တင်ခြင်း must be used in both senses so the theological link (healing as a sign of the fuller salvation) is visible. Never နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း.
Servant
Approved rendering: အစေခံ
Transliteration: a-say-khan
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: ခစားသူ (court-register alternative, not adopted)
Original: διάκονος / διακονέω
Category: Servanthood
NEW TERM (Mark). ‘Whoever would be great among you must be your servant’ (9:35; 10:43); Jesus himself came ‘not to be served but to serve’ (10:45). CRITICAL: must not collapse into the dāna/ကုသိုလ် merit-generosity frame (a giver accrues merit by serving a ‘worthier’ recipient such as a monk). Christlike service expects no merit return. Theologian review required at every occurrence.
Slave
Approved rendering: ကျွန်
Transliteration: kyun
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: ကူညီသူ (softened ‘helper’)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
NEW TERM (Mark). ‘Whoever would be first among you must be slave of all’ (10:44) — the most extreme term for total self-giving. Must retain full force of total ownership/bondage (cf. Burmese historical ကျွန်စား); a translator note should clarify this is a voluntary self-giving posture modeled by Christ (10:45), not an imposed social status.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏သားတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i tharadaw
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ့သား, နတ်သား
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Announced at 1:1, confessed by demons (3:11; 5:7), declared by the Father (1:11; 9:7), and confessed climactically by the Gentile centurion at the cross (15:39), bracketing 1:1. Never နတ်သား/ဗြဟ္မာ့သား.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: လူသား
Transliteration: lu-thar
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (Mark). Jesus’ preferred self-designation (2:10,28; 8:31,38; 9:9,12,31; 10:33,45; 13:26; 14:21,41,62). CRITICAL: Burmese readers may hear this as simply ‘an impressive human being’ (arahant-comparable), missing the Daniel 7:13-14 apocalyptic-authority sense of the one who receives eternal dominion and judges in glory. Mandatory teaching note at every occurrence.
Suffer
Approved rendering: ဆင်းရဲဒုက္ခခံရမည်
Transliteration: sin-yeh-dok-kha khan-ya-mi
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: παθεῖν / πάσχω
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM (Mark). ‘The Son of Man MUST suffer many things’ (8:31; 9:12,31; 10:33-34,45), δεῖ framing suffering as divinely necessary. CRITICAL COLLISION with ဒုက္ခ, the First Noble Truth’s universal, impersonal existential suffering escaped through detachment. Christ’s suffering is voluntary, historical, once-for-all, REDEMPTIVE FOR OTHERS — embraced, not escaped. Mandatory theologian review and explanatory note at every passion-prediction occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: အဗ္ဘ
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Preserved in Jesus’ Gethsemane prayer (14:36), ‘Ἀββά ὁ πατήρ’ — retain alongside အဖ per baseline convention.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: ရွံရှာစက်ဆုပ်ဖွယ်သောပျက်စီးမှု
Transliteration: ywan-shar-set-souk-phwe-thaw pyet-si-hmu
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy (Markan Apocalyptic Discourse)
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (Mark). Echoes Daniel 9:27/11:31/12:11, signaling the onset of severe tribulation (13:14). Requires explicit teaching connecting it to Daniel’s prophecy and reinforcing linear (not cyclical) history.
Authority
Approved rendering: အခွင့်အာဏာ
Transliteration: a-khwint-a-nar
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Miracles
NEW TERM (Mark). ἐξουσία — Jesus teaches and casts out demons ‘with authority’ (1:22,27), forgives sins by this authority (2:10); contrastively invoked of worldly rulers’ coercive rule (10:42). Must be inherent, self-possessed authority exercised by Jesus’ own word, never the acquired, ritual-dependent potency of amulets, relics, or a weizza-adept, nor a nat’s territorial dominion.
Betray Hand Over
Approved rendering: အပ်နှံခြင်း / သစ္စာဖောက်၍အပ်နှံခြင်း
Transliteration: a-hnan-chin / thit-sar-phauk-yway a-hnan-chin
Doctrine: Divine Sovereignty amid Betrayal
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Providence
NEW TERM (Mark). παραδίδωμι — the SAME verb narrates Judas’ treachery and God’s sovereign redemptive plan (14:10,18,21,41-42,44; 15:1,10,15). Track all occurrences consistently so God’s sovereign purpose accomplished THROUGH, not despite, human treachery remains visible; never reduce to ကံ.
Blasphemy Against Spirit
Approved rendering: ဘုရားကိုကဲ့ရဲ့ပြောဆိုခြင်း
Transliteration: bu-yar-ko keh-yeh-pyaw-so-chin
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία / βλασφημέω
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (Mark). Speech attributing the Holy Spirit’s manifest work to a demonic source (3:28-30), the only sin Mark explicitly calls unforgivable. Must be built visibly around သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော် so readers identify WHAT is blasphemed. High pastoral-misapplication risk (fear that ordinary doubt is this sin); theologian review required.
Called
Approved rendering: ခေါ်တော်မူသော
Transliteration: khaw-taw-mu-thaw
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ဖိတ်ခေါ်ခြင်း
Original: καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Mark dramatizes calling narratively — an immediate, life-altering summons (‘immediately they left their nets,’ 1:16-20; 2:14; 3:13-19) rather than a revocable invitation. Distinguish from ကံဇာတာ.
Calling
Approved rendering: ခေါ်တော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: khaw-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ကံဇာတာ
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Never conflate with ကံဇာတာ (astrologically fixed fate).
Covenant
Approved rendering: ပဋိညာဉ်
Transliteration: padi-nyin
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: သဘောတူညီချက်
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Specifically ‘my blood of the covenant, poured out for many’ (14:24), which must be cross-referenced with 10:45’s ‘ransom for many.‘
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: ဧလွှိ ဧလွှိ လမာ ရာဗခသနိ
Transliteration: Eloi Eloi lema sabachthani
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: Ἐλωῖ ἐλωῖ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (Mark). Aramaic quoting Psalm 22:1 (15:34). Retain with Mark’s own supplied gloss, per the established Aramaic-saying convention. Requires theologian review on teaching the reality of dereliction without implying rupture within the Trinity’s eternal relations.
Election
Approved rendering: ရွေးကောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: ywaykauk-chin
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ကံဇာတာ, ကံကြမ္မာ
Original: ἐκλεκτός / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. ‘The elect’ gathered by the Son of Man at the end (13:20,22,27). Never ကံဇာတာ/ကံကြမ္မာ.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ထာဝရအသက်
Transliteration: tha-wa-ra a-thet
Doctrine: Eternal Life and the Peril of Wealth
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (Mark). ζωὴ αἰώνιος (10:17,30). Must be personal, relational, unending life received by grace, not self-attained through merit-accumulating good deeds; the rich man’s ‘what must I DO’ assumption is directly corrected within the passage (10:27).
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: အပြစ်ဖြေလွှတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: a-pyit hpyay-hlwut-chin
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: ခွင့်လွှတ်ခြင်း (ordinary interpersonal pardon)
Original: ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (Mark). ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας — a divine prerogative Jesus claims (2:5-10), an implicit claim to deity. Must not be flattened to a general ‘letting go’ of a grievance; reserve for God’s/Christ’s forgiveness.
Glory
Approved rendering: ဘုန်းတော်
Transliteration: phon-taw
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းကံ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Every occurrence in Mark 10 and 13 must carry a note that glory is reached only THROUGH the cup and the cross (10:37-39,45), not instead of it; revealed proleptically at the Transfiguration (9:2-8). Avoid ဘုန်းကံ (merit-power).
Gospel
Approved rendering: သတင်းကောင်း
Transliteration: thadin kaung
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ဓမ္မသတင်း, ကောင်းသောအကြောင်းအရာ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Mark 1:1 uses this word to title the entire book (‘the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God’); recurs at 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9. Must convey an authoritative announcement of salvation, not a generic pleasant report.
Holy
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသော
Transliteration: thangyin-thaw
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: စင်ကြယ်သော
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Occurs mainly in the compound ‘Holy Spirit’ in Mark; keep distinct from the ritual-purity vocabulary (စင်ကြယ်) correctly used for the leprosy-cleansing narrative (Mark 1:40-45), which is a deliberate, narrower exception.
I Am Theophanic
Approved rendering: ငါပင်ဖြစ်သည်
Transliteration: ngar-pin-phyit-thi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Mark)
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (Mark). ἐγώ εἰμι — spoken to the terrified disciples on the water (6:50) and climactically under oath before the Sanhedrin (14:62), echoing Exodus 3:14. Render IDENTICALLY at both occurrences so the connection is traceable; flag both for cross-reference.
Kingdom Drawn Near
Approved rendering: နီးကပ်လာပြီ
Transliteration: ni-kat-lar-pi
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: ကြလာလိမ့်မည် (future-only ‘will come’)
Original: ἤγγικεν
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). ἤγγικεν (1:15), perfect tense: ‘has drawn near,’ an action completed with continuing present effect. Must not be flattened into a purely future-only rendering, which would blunt Mark’s central already/not-yet kingdom announcement.
Law
Approved rendering: ပညတ်တရား
Transliteration: pyinnat tayar
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ဝိနည်း
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Subject of repeated controversy narratives (Sabbath, purity, divorce, greatest commandment; chs. 2, 7, 10, 12). Never ဝိနည်း (Buddhist monastic Vinaya).
Life Soul
Approved rendering: အသက်
Transliteration: a-thet
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ဝိညာဉ် (reserved exclusively for πνεῦμα)
Original: ἡ ψυχή
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM (Mark). ψυχή, ‘lost’ or ‘saved’ (8:35-36), given as a ransom (10:45). Must be rendered အသက် (‘life’), NEVER ဝိညာဉ; confusing the two would blur the Son laying down his personal life in death with a notion of releasing a spirit-entity, colliding with the baseline’s Holy Spirit reservation.
Longer Ending Textual Note
Approved rendering: n/a
Transliteration: n/a
Doctrine: Textual Reliability of Mark 16:9-20
Original: Mark 16:9-20
Category: Scripture
NEW TERM (Mark) — TEXTUAL-CRITICAL FLAG, not a lexical term. Mark 16:9-20 is absent from the earliest manuscripts (Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus). Any curriculum content drawing on this section (sign-gifts, snake-handling, 16:17-18) must carry an explicit manuscript-status note and must not be the sole basis for ‘Kingdom of God Breaking In’ or ‘Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature’ doctrine. Theologian review required before devotional use.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: ချစ်ခြင်းမေတ္တာ
Transliteration: chit-chin-myit-ta
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment: Love of God and Neighbor
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Servanthood
NEW TERM (Mark). Covenantal, willed, self-giving love summarizing the whole law (12:28-31, citing Deut 6:5/Lev 19:18). COLLISION-ADJACENT: မေတ္တာ is the Pali-Buddhist term for cultivated, impartial loving-kindness (a brahmavihara); this compound is retained as the established Myanmar Bible phrase, but requires a note distinguishing biblical ἀγάπη — commanded, covenantal, culminating in the cross (10:45) — from mettā as a cultivated inner virtue without necessary covenantal grounding or costly self-sacrifice.
Messianic Secret Formula
Approved rendering: ဆုံးမပြီး မည်သူ့ကိုမျှမပြောရန်တားမြစ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: soun-ma-pyi… ta-myit-chin
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐπιτιμᾶ αὐτοῖς…μηδενί
Category: MessianicSecret
NEW TERM (Mark). Recurring silencing formula (1:34,44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9). Must render IDENTICALLY at every occurrence so Burmese readers can recognize the deliberate literary/theological pattern of progressive revelation withheld until understandable through the cross.
Providence
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏ကြည့်ရှုစောင့်ရှောက်မှု
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i kyi-shu-saung-shauk-hmu
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: ကံ
Original: ἡτοίμασται / παραδίδωμι (divine passive constructions)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Expressed grammatically through ‘divine passive’ verbs (ἡτοίμασται, 10:40; παραδίδωμι, 14:41) where God is the unstated agent. Never ကံ.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: ဒါဝိဒ်၏အနွယ်ဝင်
Transliteration: Dawid i anwe-win
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ (conceptual background)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Background presupposition of Bartimaeus’ and the crowd’s messianic acclamations (10:47-48; 11:10). Requires OT covenant background teaching.
Sin
Approved rendering: အပြစ်
Transliteration: a-pyit
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: အကုသိုလ်
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Object of Jesus’ forgiving authority (2:5-10) and root of the human condition his authority addresses. Never အကုသိုလ် (karmic demerit).
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: ညစ်ညူးသောနတ်ဝိညာဉ်
Transliteration: nyit-nyu-thaw nat-weinnyin
Doctrine: Unclean Spirits and Exorcism
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Miracles
NEW TERM (Mark). An evil, defiling spiritual being cast out by Jesus’ word (1:23-27; 3:11,22-30; 5:1-20; 6:7,13; 7:25-30; 9:17-29). DELIBERATE COLLISION with Burmese nat-veneration’s malevolent-spirit category; must be visibly distinct from သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော် (Holy Spirit) at every co-occurrence, with a paired teaching note so learners do not conclude the Holy Spirit is simply ‘a good nat.‘
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: တမန်တော်
Transliteration: tamantaw
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ဆရာတော်, ဆရာကြီး
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Applies to the Twelve, chosen and sent (3:14; 6:7-13,30). Distinguish from ဆရာတော် (senior-monk connotation).
Baptism
Approved rendering: ဗတ္တိဇံ / ဗတ္တိဇံခံခြင်း
Transliteration: bap-ti-zan / bap-ti-zan khan-chin
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). John’s literal water-rite baptism of repentance (1:4-5,8-9) is stretched metaphorically to Jesus’ suffering at 10:38-39. A translator note must distinguish the literal (ch.1) from the metaphorical ‘immersion in suffering’ (ch.10) sense, or the passion-prediction force of 10:38-39 is lost.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: အထောင့်ချုပ်ကျောက်
Transliteration: a-htaung-choke-kyauk
Doctrine: Temple Judgment and New Access to God
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (Mark). Quoting Psalm 118:22 to conclude the Parable of the Tenants (12:10-11); the rejected son/stone becomes the foundation, tying rejection, death, and vindication together. Requires the Psalm 118 background note.
Cross
Approved rendering: လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင်
Transliteration: let-war-kat-tai
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ὁ σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM (Mark). ‘Take up your cross’ (8:34) as costly, potentially fatal discipleship. Must preserve the literal, shameful-execution-device sense; never soften to a generic metaphor for ‘burden’ or ‘trial.‘
David
Approved rendering: ဒါဝိဒ်
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Cited in the Sabbath-grain debate (2:25-26), the psalm-authorship debate (12:35-37), and Bartimaeus’ messianic address (10:47-48).
Divorce Adultery
Approved rendering: ကွာရှင်းခြင်း / မှားယွင်းခြင်း
Transliteration: kwar-shin-chin / hmar-ywin-chin
Doctrine: Kingdom Ethics: Marriage, Family, and the Will of God
Original: ἀπολύω / μοιχεία
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM (Mark). Jesus grounds marriage in the creation order (10:6-9) rather than the Mosaic concession for divorce. Primary risk is pastoral-application sensitivity, not lexical collision.
Faith
Approved rendering: ယုံကြည်ခြင်း
Transliteration: yun-kyi-chin
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: သဒ္ဓါတရား
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Mark repeatedly pairs faith with its opposite, fear (4:40; 5:36; 9:23-24; 16:8); object of faith must always recoverable as Jesus himself, distinguished from သဒ္ဓါ’s experiential confidence in a verified teaching.
Fear
Approved rendering: ကြောက်ရွံ့ခြင်း
Transliteration: kyauk-ywan-chin
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος / φοβέομαι
Category: Discipleship
NEW TERM (Mark). Recurring motif contrasted with faith (4:40; 5:36; 6:45-52; 9:23-24; 10:32; 16:8). Must be rendered consistently across every occurrence so the deliberate Marcan pattern is traceable.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: တစ်ပါးအမျိုးသား
Transliteration: tabar-amyothar
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: လူမျိုးခြား
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. CONTEXT-SENSITIVE: at 10:42, ἐθνῶν refers generally to worldly/pagan political rulers (contrasted with Jesus’ servant-model), NOT the Jew/Gentile salvation-historical category active at 7:26 (Syrophoenician woman) and 13:10. Flag the distinction per occurrence.
Good Agathos
Approved rendering: ကောင်းမြတ်သော
Transliteration: kaung-myat-thaw
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Mark)
Original: ἀγαθός
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (Mark). ‘Why do you call me good? No one is good except God alone’ (10:18). A teaching note is required so this is not misread as Jesus denying his own deity, but understood as a Socratic probe.
Have Mercy
Approved rendering: သနားတော်မူပါ
Transliteration: tha-nar-taw-mu-par
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: ကရုဏာ (cultivated meditative compassion)
Original: ἐλέησον
Category: Faith
NEW TERM (Mark). ἐλέησον — Bartimaeus’ cry to Jesus as ‘Son of David’ (10:47-48). Must be distinguished from ကရုဏာ, the brahmavihara’s cultivated meditative virtue; this is a direct personal plea for intervention addressed to a specific divine-messianic person.
House Of Prayer Den Of Robbers
Approved rendering: ဆုတောင်းရာအိမ် / ဓားပြများ၏ခိုအောင်းရာ
Transliteration: su-taung-yar-eain / dar-pyar-myar i kho-aung-yar
Doctrine: Temple Judgment and New Access to God
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς / σπήλαιον λῃστῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). Temple’s intended purpose (Isa 56:7) contrasted with its corrupted use (Jer 7:11), cited at the Temple-clearing (11:15-17). Requires OT cross-reference note.
Intercession
Approved rendering: အသနားခံခြင်း
Transliteration: a-thanar-khan-chin
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ကိုးကွယ်ခြင်း
Original: προσεύχομαι (in the Gethsemane sense)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Modeled climactically in Jesus’ Gethsemane prayer (14:32-39). Distinguish from petitioning the 37 nats.
Israel
Approved rendering: ဣသရေလ
Transliteration: Israen
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Invoked in the Shema citation within the greatest-commandment pericope (12:29).
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: ယုဒရှင်ဘုရင်
Transliteration: Yuda-shin-ba-yin
Doctrine: Davidic and Messianic Acclamation
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (Mark). Pilate’s charge-title, used mockingly and inscribed on the cross (15:18,26). Teaching note should draw the direct line back to 10:37’s throne-request irony, now fulfilled through suffering, not conquest.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i nainggan-taw
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းတော်နိုင်ငံ
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Mark’s central organizing theme (1:15; 4:11,26,30; 9:1,47; 10:14-15,23-25; 12:34; 14:25; 15:43). Distinguish from a political, territorial nainggan; must not collapse the already/not-yet tension into a purely future-only reading.
Koinos Defiled
Approved rendering: ညစ်ညမ်းစေသော
Transliteration: nyit-nyan-say-thaw
Doctrine: Sabbath and Purity Reordering
Original: κοινός
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). κοινός — ritual defilement through contact/eating, relocated by Jesus to the human heart (7:15-23). Must be kept visibly distinct from the demonic πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον despite a shared ‘unclean’ root; the referents (defiling practice vs. demonic being) must not be confused.
Leprosy Cleanse
Approved rendering: နူနာ / စင်ကြယ်စေခြင်း
Transliteration: nu-nar / sin-kyeh-say-chin
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: λέπρα / λεπρός / καθαρίζω
Category: Miracles
NEW TERM (Mark). Jesus’ cleansing of the leper (1:40-45) restores both physical health and Mosaic covenant-community standing. Here, unlike the baseline’s caution against စင်ကြယ် for ‘holy,’ this term IS the correct register, since the passage concerns Mosaic ritual-purity restoration specifically, not moral holiness.
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: နက်နဲသောအရာ
Transliteration: nak-nay-thaw a-yar
Doctrine: Mystery and Parable as Kingdom Teaching Method
Rejected alternatives: ဝေဒနာလျှို့ဝှက်ချက် (esoteric attained secret)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: MessianicSecret
NEW TERM (Mark). ‘The secret of the kingdom of God has been given to you’ (4:11). Must avoid any connotation of esoteric knowledge attained through personal spiritual effort (a pattern with resonance in weizza traditions); disclosed by God’s gift, not self-attained.
Repentance
Approved rendering: နောင်တရခြင်း
Transliteration: naung-ta-ya-chin
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). Paired with faith as the response opening participation in the in-breaking kingdom (1:15). Must be a decisive reorientation toward the personal forgiving God, not a ritual act restoring one’s own merit standing.
Sinner
Approved rendering: အပြစ်ရှိသူ
Transliteration: a-pyit-shi-thu
Doctrine: Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (Mark). Built on the baseline sin term. Jesus deliberately shares table fellowship with ‘sinners’ (2:15-17), demonstrating the gospel’s reach to the religiously excluded.
Son Of David Address
Approved rendering: ဒါဝိဒ်၏သား
Transliteration: Dawid i thar
Doctrine: Davidic and Messianic Acclamation
Original: ὁ υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (Mark). Blind Bartimaeus’ direct messianic royal address (10:47-48), built on baseline ဒါဝိဒ်; sets up the triumphal entry’s Davidic acclaim in ch.11.
Temple Curtain
Approved rendering: ဗိမာန်တော်ကန့်လန့်ကာ
Transliteration: bi-man-daw kant-lan-kar
Doctrine: Temple Judgment and New Access to God
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα
Category: Atonement
NEW TERM (Mark). Torn ‘from top to bottom’ at Jesus’ death (15:38), symbolizing direct, unmediated access to God now opened through Christ. Requires OT Tabernacle/Temple background note.
This Generation
Approved rendering: ဤလူမျိုးဆက်
Transliteration: thi lu-myo-set
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy (Markan Apocalyptic Discourse)
Original: ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (Mark). ‘This generation will not pass away until all these things take place’ (13:30). Primarily an interpretive/exegetical challenge rather than a Burmese-language collision risk; flag for theologian review regarding the intended referent.
Tradition Of Elders
Approved rendering: ရှေးလူကြီးတို့၏ဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်း
Transliteration: shay-lu-gyi-tou i da-lay htoun-dan
Doctrine: Sabbath and Purity Reordering
Original: ἡ παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). Oral legal tradition regulating ritual practices like handwashing (7:1-13). Not a blanket rejection of tradition or the Law itself — only of humanly-devised practice elevated above God’s actual command.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: ပုံသဏ္ဌာန်ပြောင်းလဲသွားခြင်း
Transliteration: poun-thantan pyaung-lae-thwar-chin
Doctrine: Transfiguration: Glory Momentarily Revealed
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (Mark). Visible change of outward form revealing Jesus’ hidden divine glory (9:2-8). Must be distinguished from nat/weizza shape-shifting folk motifs; this reveals ALREADY-PRESENT divine glory, not an acquired magical transformation.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: မယုံကြည်ခြင်း
Transliteration: ma-yun-kyi-chin
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith
NEW TERM (Mark). Built on the baseline faith term. ‘I believe; help my unbelief’ (9:24) — pastoral note: an honest, Christ-honored confession, not a condemnation.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏အလိုတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i a-lo-taw
Doctrine: Kingdom Ethics: Marriage, Family, and the Will of God
Original: τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). Redefines true kinship with Jesus (3:31-35) around obedience rather than blood relation.
Low Risk Terms
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: ဗေလဇေဗုလ်
Transliteration: Belazebulu
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Miracles
NEW TERM (Mark). Proper noun for the accusers’ name for the prince of demons (3:22); Jesus refutes the accusation with the ‘divided kingdom’ logic (3:23-27).
Bread
Approved rendering: ပေါင်မုန့်
Transliteration: paung-moun
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ἄρτος
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). Sign of Jesus’ provision in the feeding narratives (6:35-44), anticipating the Last Supper’s bread (14:22). Render consistently in both passages to preserve the deliberate forward link.
Corban
Approved rendering: ကုရဗန်
Transliteration: Korban
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: κορβᾶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). A vow dedicating property to the Temple, exploited to exempt one from supporting aging parents (7:11). Transliterated technical term, per the Greek text’s own practice.
Ephphatha
Approved rendering: ဧဖသ
Transliteration: Ephphatha
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἐφφαθά
Category: Miracles
NEW TERM (Mark). Aramaic, ‘be opened’ (7:34). Retain transliteration with Mark’s own built-in gloss, per the Talitha koum convention.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: ဟောရှဏ္ဏ
Transliteration: Hosanna
Doctrine: Davidic and Messianic Acclamation
Original: Ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). Liturgical acclamation of messianic welcome (11:9-10). Retained as transliteration; gloss ‘save now’ (related to salvation term) useful in teaching notes.
Legion
Approved rendering: လေဂျုန်
Transliteration: Legyun
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Miracles
NEW TERM (Mark). Proper noun (a Roman military unit, ~6,000 soldiers) given by the Gerasene demoniac (5:9), dramatizing the scale of demonic oppression Jesus overcomes.
Parable
Approved rendering: ဥပမာ
Transliteration: upama
Doctrine: Mystery and Parable as Kingdom Teaching Method
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). Established Pali-loan term already standard across Myanmar Bible tradition, functioning generically as ‘illustration/simile’ without strong Buddhist-doctrinal freight; retained rather than coined.
Pharisee
Approved rendering: ဖာရိရှဲ
Transliteration: Pharisheh
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Φαρισαῖος
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (Mark). Proper-noun category; recurring antagonists (chs. 2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 12). Minor risk of Burmese readers loosely mapping Pharisees onto a ‘strict monk’ category; worth a brief cultural note but not a doctrinal risk.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ပရောဖက်ပြုချက်
Transliteration: parawpeq-pyu-chet
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ဗေဒင်စာတမ်း
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Distinct from ဗေဒင် forecasting.
Prophet
Approved rendering: ပရောဖက်
Transliteration: parawpeq
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ဗေဒင်ဆရာ
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; retained exactly for Mark. Elijah/Moses typology at the Transfiguration (9:4) and popular speculation about Jesus (6:15; 8:28). Do not confuse with ဗေဒင်ဆရာ.
Talitha Koum
Approved rendering: တလိသ ကုမ်
Transliteration: Talitha koum
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Ταλιθὰ κούμ
Category: Miracles
NEW TERM (Mark). Aramaic, ‘little girl, arise’ (5:41). Retain transliteration with Mark’s own built-in gloss, per the baseline Abba convention.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: နိုးနိုးကြားကြားနေခြင်း
Transliteration: nou-nou-kyar-kyar nay-chin
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy (Markan Apocalyptic Discourse)
Original: γρηγορεῖτε
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (Mark). γρηγορεῖτε — vigilant readiness for the Son of Man’s return (13:33-37), the practical outworking of the already/not-yet kingdom reality.
Referenced passages