Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Timothy
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. It does not replace it. All baseline terms retain their exact recorded Burmese rendering. This document (a) restates baseline terms reused in 2 Timothy for cross-reference, and (b) defines all new terms surfaced by the semantic analysis (07_semantic_analysis.md), each assigned a risk tier per the doctrine_risk_registry.json framework (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Instruction to Phase 2 pipeline: All “NEW” entries below must be appended to translation_memory.json (incrementing its version number) and to bible_term_registry.json / doctrine_risk_registry.json before segment translation of 2 Timothy begins.
Section 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (Romans TM)
| Term | Burmese Rendering | Risk | 2 Timothy Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | သတင်းကောင်း | High | 1:8, 1:10, 2:8, 4:5 | Reuse exactly; “my gospel” (2:8) = apostolic content Timothy must transmit unaltered. |
| grace | ကျေးဇူးတော် | Critical | 1:2, 1:9, 2:1 | Never merit-language; 1:9 “grace given before the ages began” reinforces unmerited, pre-temporal favor. |
| faith | ယုံကြည်ခြင်း | Medium | 1:5, 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:8, 3:10, 3:15, 4:7 | Object of faith (Christ Jesus) must stay explicit; distinguish from Buddhist သဒ္ဓါ per baseline note. |
| righteousness | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း | Critical | 2:22, 3:16, 4:8 | Anchors 4:8’s “crown of righteousness”; never a moral-merit score. |
| salvation | ကယ်တင်ခြင်း | Critical | 2:10, 3:15 | Never နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း. |
| apostle | တမန်တော် | Medium | 1:1 | Delegated-authority sent-one, not senior-monk figure. |
| called/calling | ခေါ်တော်မူသော / ခေါ်တော်မူခြင်း | High | 1:9 (“holy calling”) | Sovereign summons, not ကံဇာတာ. |
| holy | သန့်ရှင်းသော | High | 1:9, 3:15 | Set apart, morally pure. |
| sanctification | သန့်ရှင်းခြင်း | High | 2:21 | Spirit-enabled self-cleansing, not ritual purification. |
| resurrection | ထမြောက်ခြင်း | Critical | 2:8, 2:18 | Never ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း; 2:18’s false “already happened” claim requires an explicit refutation note. |
| lord | သခင် | Critical | 1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22 | Exclusive supreme authority throughout; very high frequency in this book. |
| jesus | ယေရှု | Critical | throughout | Standard form. |
| god | ဘုရားသခင် | Critical | throughout | Full compound always; never ဘုရား alone. |
| holy_spirit | သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော် | Critical | 1:14 | Never ဝိညာဉ် alone or နတ်ဝိညာဉ်. |
| father | အဖ | Critical | 1:2 | Never ဗြဟ္မာ. |
| peace | ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်း | Medium | 1:2, 2:22 | Relational peace, not vipassana-style mental stilling. |
| spiritual_gifts | ဝိညာဉ်ဆုကျေးဇူး | Medium | 1:6 (χάρισμα) | Spirit-given enablement, not merit-earned/occult power. |
| kingdom_of_god | ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော် | Medium | 4:1, 4:18 | 4:18 qualifies as “heavenly” — retain transcendent, non-political sense. |
| sin | အပြစ် | High | 3:6 | Moral transgression before a personal God. |
| gentiles | တစ်ပါးအမျိုးသား | Medium | 1:11 | Established term. |
| glory | ဘုန်းတော် | High | 2:10, 4:18 | Never ဘုန်းကံ. |
| power_of_god | ဘုရားသခင်၏တန်ခိုးတော် | High | 1:7, 1:8 (δύναμις) | Never အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး (amulet-potency). |
| seed_of_david | ဒါဝိဒ်၏အနွယ်ဝင် | High | 2:8 | Paired with resurrection in Paul’s gospel summary. |
| exhort | တိုက်တွန်းနှိုးဆော်ခြင်း | Low | 4:2 (παρακαλέω) | Encouragement sense active here, per baseline context rule. |
| thanksgiving | ကျေးဇူးတင်ခြင်း | Low | 1:3 | Standard. |
Section 2 — New Terms by Doctrine
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
| Term (Greek) | Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| θεόπνευστος | theopneustos | ဘုရားသခင် မှုတ်သွင်းတော်မူသော | Critical | ”God-breathed.” Anchor term. Never reduced to generic literary “inspiration”; never assimilated to Buddha’s self-attained enlightened insight grounding Tipitaka authority. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| γραφή | graphē | ကျမ်းစာတော် | High | ”Scripture.” Distinguish from Tipitaka; God’s own authoritative writing, not human-composed religious literature. |
| ἱερὰ γράμματα | hiera grammata | သန့်ရှင်းသောကျမ်းစာများ | High | ”Sacred writings,” 3:15; reuses သန့်ရှင်းသော [baseline: holy]. |
| ὠφέλιμος | ōphelimos | အကျိုးရှိသော | Low | ”Profitable.” |
| ἔλεγχος | elenchos | ပြစ်တင်ခြင်း | Medium | ”Reproof/conviction.” |
| ἐπανόρθωσις | epanorthōsis | ပြင်ဆင်ပေးခြင်း | Low-Medium | ”Correction.” |
| παιδεία | paideia | ဆုံးမပဲ့ပြင်ခြင်း | Medium | ”Training/discipline”; paired with ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း [Critical, baseline]. |
| ἄρτιος | artios | ပြည့်စုံသော | Low-Medium | ”Complete/proficient.” |
| ἐξαρτίζω (ἐξηρτισμένος) | exartizō | အပြည့်အစုံ လက်နက်တပ်ဆင်ပေးထားသော | High | ”Fully equipped.” Load-bearing for Sufficiency: Scripture alone fully equips; no supplementary authoritative source is needed. |
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
| Term (Greek) | Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| διδασκαλία / διδαχή | didaskalia / didachē | ဒေသနာ | High | ”Teaching/doctrine.” Established Myanmar Bible term, but collides with Buddhist dhamma-desana (monk’s sermon, self-attained insight). Retained per tradition-authority rule; mandatory translator note every occurrence distinguishing apostolic, Scripture-derived doctrine from dhamma-desana. |
| ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι | hygiainousa didaskalia / hygiainontes logoi | ကျန်းမာသော ဒေသနာတော် | High | ”Sound doctrine/words.” Anchor term for this doctrine. Health-versus-disease metaphor; carries the ဒေသနာ collision-risk above. |
| παραθήκη | parathēkē | အပ်ထားသောအရာတော် | High | ”The entrusted deposit.” Anchor term shared with Faithful Transmission below. Fixed trust to preserve unaltered, not personal property to modify. |
| φυλάσσω | phylassō | ထိန်းသိမ်းစောင့်ရှောက်ခြင်း | High | ”Guard/keep safe.” Active, vigilant preservation. |
| ὑποτύπωσις | hypotypōsis | ပုံစံတော် | Medium-High | ”Pattern/model” (of sound words, 1:13). |
| ὀρθοτομέω | orthotomeō | ဖြောင့်တန်းစွာ ကိုင်တွယ်ခြင်း | High | ”Rightly handle” (the word of truth). Interpretive integrity, not creative reinterpretation. |
| γάγγραινα | gangraina | အနာစိမ်း (ပျံ့နှံ့ခြင်း) | Medium-High | ”Gangrene.” False teaching’s contagious, destructive spread — parallel metaphor to ကျန်းမာသောဒေသနာ. |
| βέβηλος κενοφωνία | bebēlos kenophōnia | အကျိုးမရှိသော အချည်းနှီးစကား | Medium | ”Irreverent empty chatter.” |
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
| Term (Greek) | Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| παραθήκη | parathēkē | အပ်ထားသောအရာတော် | High | Shared anchor with Guarding Sound Doctrine (see above); the Paul→Timothy→faithful men chain (2:2) is the doctrine’s defining image. |
| πιστός (ἄνθρωπος) | pistos (anthrōpos) | သစ္စာရှိသော (လူ) | High | ”Faithful (man).” Transmission integrity depends on faithfulness of each link, not mere willingness. |
| ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται | ho logos tou theou ou dedetai | ဘုရားသခင်၏နှုတ်ကပတ်တော်မူကား အနှောင်အဖွဲ့ မရှိ | High | ”The word of God is not bound/chained.” Gospel’s unstoppable spread despite the messenger’s suffering. |
| εὐαγγελιστής | euangelistēs | သတင်းကောင်းကြေညာသူ | Medium | ”Evangelist.” Built on သတင်းကောင်း [baseline: gospel]. |
| διακονία | diakonia | အမှုတော် | Low-Medium | ”Ministry/service.” Established Myanmar Christian usage. |
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
| Term (Greek) | Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| κηρύσσω (κήρυξον τὸν λόγον) | kēryssō | နှုတ်ကပတ်တော်ကို ဟောပြောလော့ | High | ”Preach the word!” Herald’s authoritative public proclamation, not private opinion-sharing. Central imperative of 4:2. |
| λόγος (τὸν λόγον) | logos | နှုတ်ကပတ်တော် | Medium-High | ”The word” (= the gospel/Scripture message here, not the Christological Logos-title). Context must disambiguate from John 1:1 usage. |
| διαμαρτύρομαι | diamartyromai | အလေးအနက် မှာကြားခြင်း | High | ”Solemnly charge/testify.” Judicial solemnity before God and Christ as witnesses (4:1). |
| ἔλεγξον / ἐπιτίμησον | elenxon / epitimēson | ပြစ်တင်ဆုံးမလော့ / အပြစ်တင်ရှုတ်ချလော့ | Medium | ”Reprove! Rebuke!” Paired pastoral imperatives in 4:2. |
| εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως | eukairōs akairōs | အချိန်ရသည်ဖြစ်စေ၊ မရသည်ဖြစ်စေ | Low | ”In season, out of season.” Idiomatic; render naturally, not literally. |
| μακροθυμία | makrothymia | စိတ်ရှည်ခြင်း | Low | ”Patience/longsuffering.” |
| κριτής (δίκαιος κριτής) | kritēs | တရားသူကြီး (ဖြောင့်မတ်တော်မူသော) | High | ”The righteous Judge” (4:8). Personal divine judgment, not impersonal karmic law. |
| κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | krinein zōntas kai nekrous | အသက်ရှင်သူများနှင့် သေလွန်သူများကို စစ်ကြောစီရင်ခြင်း | High | ”Judge the living and the dead.” Presumes future bodily resurrection of the dead for judgment; connect to ထမြောက်ခြင်း [Critical, baseline]. |
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
| Term (Greek) | Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ἔσχαται ἡμέραι | eschatai hēmerai | နောက်ဆုံးသောနေ့ရက်များ | Medium-High | ”Last days.” Must remain linear/unrepeated, never assimilated to Buddhist cyclical world-age (kappa) decline-and-renewal cosmology. |
| ἀλήθεια / ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας | alētheia / epignōsis alētheias | သမ္မာတရား / သမ္မာတရားကို ကျွမ်းကျင်စွာ သိခြင်း | High | ”Truth / knowledge of the truth.” သမ္မာ echoes Pali sammā (“right,” Noble Eightfold Path vocabulary); retained per established tradition but requires note that this names a specific, revealed, apostolic body of doctrine, not a generalized “rightness” attainable by disciplined practice. |
| μῦθος | mythos | ဒဏ္ဌာရီ | Medium-High | ”Myth/fable.” Contrasted with historical, apostolically-verified truth; note the risk of assimilation to traditional legend/jataka-adjacent narrative genres. |
| εὐσέβεια / μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας | eusebeia / morphōsis eusebeias | ဘုရားဝတ်ကို ကိုးကွယ်ခြင်း / ဘုရားဝတ်၏ အသွင်အပြင် | High | ”Godliness / form of godliness.” Warns that outward religious performance (heavily emphasized in Burmese religious culture) can mask denial of God’s actual transforming power. |
| διάβολος | diabolos | မာရ်နတ် | Critical | ”Devil.” Established Myanmar Christian term, but မာရ် is the same name as Māra, the Buddhist tempter-deity opposing the Buddha’s enlightenment within an impersonal cosmology. Biblical devil = real personal fallen spirit in active opposition to the one true God. Retained per tradition-authority rule; mandatory theologian review every occurrence (2:26, and implicitly 3:1-9). |
| γόης | goēs | လှည့်ဖျားသူ | Medium-High | ”Impostor/sorcerer.” Avoid rendering that suggests literal occult sorcery (risk of association with Burmese weizza adept tradition); emphasis is religious deception. |
| ἀνάστασις (false claim, 2:18) | anastasis | ထမြောက်ခြင်း (မှားယွင်းသောဆိုချက်) | Critical | 2:18’s “resurrection already happened” is a condemned false teaching, not a redefinition. Elevated risk of confusion with rebirth-cycle thinking; mandatory refutation note. |
| ἀποστρέφω / ἐκτρέπω / ἀφίστημι | apostrephō / ektrepō / aphistēmi | မျက်နှာလွှဲခြင်း / လွှဲသွားခြင်း / ကျ�ောခိုင်းခြင်း | Medium | ”Turn away from / be diverted / fall away.” Apostasy-motion vocabulary family. |
| πλάνος / πλανάω | planos / planaō | လှည့်ဖျားသူ / လှည့်ဖျားခြင်း | Medium | ”Deceiver / to deceive.” Reciprocal deceiving-and-being-deceived (3:13). |
| κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν | knēthomenoi tēn akoēn | နားကြည်ချင်သောစကားကိုသာ လိုချင်ခြင်း | Medium | ”Itching ears” idiom — render meaning, not literal image. |
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
| Term (Greek) | Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| κακοπαθέω / πάθημα | kakopatheō / pathēma | ဒုက္ခဆင်းရဲခြင်းကို ခံခြင်း | High | ”Endure suffering / suffering.” ဒုက္ခ = Pali dukkha (First Noble Truth); mandatory note distinguishing chosen, hope-filled, Christ-uniting suffering from the impersonal universal dukkha escaped through detachment/the Eightfold Path. |
| ὑπομένω | hypomenō | ခံနိုင်ရည်ရှိစွာ တည်ကြည်ခြင်း | High | ”Endure.” Organically connected to reign-with-Christ promise (2:12), not a separate merit transaction. |
| ἐπαισχύνομαι | epaischynomai | ရှက်ခြင်းမရှိ | Medium-High | ”Be ashamed (of).” Anchors costly public identification with Christ against honor/shame social pressure. |
| στρατιώτης / ἀθλέω / γεωργός | stratiōtēs / athleō / geōrgos | စစ်သည်တော် / ပြိုင်ပွဲဝင်သူ / လယ်လုပ်သူ | Low-Medium | Three metaphors of disciplined endurance (soldier, athlete, farmer), each pointing toward future reward. |
| διωγμός | diōgmos | နှိပ်စက်ညှဉ်းပန်းမှု | Medium | ”Persecution.” |
| ῥύομαι | rhyomai | ကယ်နှုတ်ခြင်း | Medium | ”Rescue/deliver.” |
| νήφω | nēphō | သတိရှိစွာနေခြင်း | Low-Medium | ”Be sober/watchful.” |
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
| Term (Greek) | Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης | stephanos tēs dikaiosynēs | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း၏ အောင်သရဖူ | High | ”Crown of righteousness.” Victor’s-wreath imagery (not royal diadem); awarded by grace-enabled faithful endurance through the righteous Judge, never earned independently as karmic merit. Anchor term. |
| ἀγών / δρόμος | agōn / dromos | စစ်ပွဲ / ပြေးရသောပွဲ | Medium | ”Fight / race.” “I have fought… finished…” (4:7) — completed, faithful endurance forming the basis, not the earning cause, of the crown. |
| τηρέω (τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα) | tēreō | ယုံကြည်ခြင်းကို စောင့်ရှောက်ခြင်း | High | ”I have kept the faith.” Echoes φυλάσσω/παραθήκη guarding vocabulary. |
| ἀποδίδωμι | apodidōmi | ချီးမြှင့်တော်မူခြင်း | Medium | ”Award/give back” (the crown). |
| ἀγαπάω τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ | agapaō tēn epiphaneian autou | ကိုယ်တော်၏ ကြွလာတော်မူခြင်းကို ချစ်မြတ်နိုးခြင်း | High | ”Loved his appearing.” Reward is for all such believers — universal among the faithful, not an ascetic elite. |
| ἐπιφάνεια | epiphaneia | ထင်ရှားစွာ ကြွလာတော်မူခြင်း | High | ”Appearing.” Used of both Christ’s incarnate coming (1:10) and his future return (4:1, 4:8) — single historical bodily events, never a repeatable spiritual manifestation/possession. |
| σωτήρ | sōtēr | ကယ်တင်ရှင် | High | ”Savior.” Personal title built on ကယ်တင်ခြင်း [Critical, baseline]. |
| ἀφθαρσία | aphtharsia | မပျက်စီးနိုင်ခြင်း | Medium-High | ”Immortality/incorruption.” Embodied, everlasting life secured by Christ’s resurrection victory — not self-attained cessation of rebirth. |
Supporting Vocabulary (Low-Medium risk, various chapters)
| Term (Greek) | Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ἔλεος | eleos | ကရုဏာတော် | Medium-High | ”Mercy.” Distinguish from self-cultivated Buddhist karuna meditation-virtue; biblical mercy originates in God’s character toward the guilty. |
| μετάνοια | metanoia | နောင်တရခြင်း | High | ”Repentance.” God-granted turning leading to forgiveness through Christ, not self-generated remorse that offsets demerit. |
| συνείδησις | syneidēsis | သတိဆိုင်ရာသိမှု (ကြည်လင်သောစိတ်) | Medium | ”Conscience.” God-given inner witness, not karmic self-monitoring. |
| πνεῦμα δειλίας / δυνάμεως… σωφρονισμοῦ | pneuma deilias / dynameōs… sōphronismou | ကြောက်တတ်သောစိတ် / တန်ခိုးတော်၊ မေတ္တာတော်နှင့် မိမိကိုယ်ကို ချုပ်တည်းနိုင်သောစိတ် | High | ”Spirit of fear / of power, love, self-control.” A God-given disposition, not an independent spirit-being; avoid nat-spirit/possession framing. |
| ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν | epithesis tōn cheirōn | လက်တင်ခြင်း | Medium | ”Laying on of hands” (ordination). Low collision risk with local custom. |
| σκεῦος | skeuos | ခွက်ယောက် | Low | ”Vessel,” honor/dishonor metaphor (2:20-21). |
| σφραγίς | sphragis | တံဆိပ် | Low | ”Seal” (2:19). |
| παγίς | pagis | ကျော့ကွင်း | Medium | ”Snare” (of the devil, 2:26). |
| ἀνάλυσις | analysis | ခွာသွားရသည့်အချိန် | Medium | ”Departure” (euphemism for death, 4:6) — purposeful, hope-filled, not annihilation or cyclical uncertainty. |
| σπένδομαι | spendomai | သွန်းလောင်းရာယဇ်ကဲ့သို့ သွန်းလောင်းခြင်းခံရခြင်း | Medium-High | ”Poured out as a libation” (4:6). Clarify: self-sacrificial gospel service to God through Christ, not a ritual merit-offering to a spirit or Buddha image. |
| ἐγκαταλείπω | egkataleipō | စွန့်ပစ်ခြင်း | Medium | ”Forsake/abandon” (Demas, 4:10 — a real case of apostasy through love of the present age). |
| ἐνοικέω | enoikeō | ကျိန်းဝပ်တော်မူခြင်း | High | ”Dwell in” (the Holy Spirit indwelling, 1:14) — reinforces သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော် [Critical, baseline] as permanent, personal indwelling presence. |
| θέλημα θεοῦ | thelēma theou | ဘုရားသခင်၏အလိုတော် | Low-Medium | ”Will of God.” |
| ἐπαγγελία ζωῆς | epangelia zōēs | အသက်တာနှင့်ဆိုင်သောကတိတော် | Medium | ”Promise of life” — resurrection life in Christ, not this-worldly prosperity or favorable rebirth. |
Version Control Note
This glossary is version 1.0, extending Romans TM v1. Upon ingestion into the shared translation_memory.json:
- Every “New” row above becomes a new keyed entry.
- Version number increments to 2.
- All Critical/High entries above are flagged for mandatory human theologian review before first use in Phase 2 segment translation, per the escalation rules in
12_ai_translation_requirements.md. - Native-speaker review is sufficient for entries marked Medium; automated review is sufficient for entries marked Low.
Critical Risk Terms
Appearing Epiphaneia
Approved rendering: ထင်ရှားစွာ ကြွလာတော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: epiphaneia
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and Christ’s Appearing
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း (nat-spirit descent, rejected per baseline incarnation rule)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
Christ’s visible manifestation — first coming (1:10) and future return (4:1, 4:8). Must never be rendered through language suggesting a nat spirit’s temporary manifestation/possession, nor as a repeatable spiritual visitation; each occurrence names a single, historical, bodily event. Also resist Jehovah’s Witnesses’ earthly-restoration reframing of this term.
Devil Diabolos
Approved rendering: မာရ်နတ်
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Spiritual Opposition and the Devil
Original: διάβολος
Category: Apostasy
2:26. Established Myanmar Christian term, but မာရ် shares its root name with Māra, the Buddhist tempter-deity — a lesser cosmological figure operating within an impersonal karmic universe. The biblical devil is a real personal fallen spirit in active, personal opposition to the one true God, exercising real (though limited and ultimately defeated) power to ensnare through false teaching. Retained per established-tradition authority; mandatory theologian review on every occurrence.
False Resurrection Claim
Approved rendering: ထမြောက်ခြင်း (မှားယွင်းသောဆိုချက်)
Transliteration: anastasin ēdē gegonenai
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι
Category: Eschatology
2:18, a condemned false teaching that ‘the resurrection has already happened’ (spiritualized-only, denying a future bodily resurrection). This is a heresy Paul refutes, not a redefinition. Elevated risk that Burmese readers may misread it as compatible with rebirth-cycle categories; mandatory translator note distinguishing this false teaching from any rebirth concept. Never gloss using ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း.
Father
Approved rendering: အဖ
Transliteration: a-pha
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ဗြဟ္မာ. Used in the 1:2 greeting formula.
God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရား, နတ်သခင်
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: always the full compound, never ဘုရား alone. Invoked throughout, including 4:1’s solemn charge ‘before God and Christ Jesus.‘
Grace
Approved rendering: ကျေးဇူးတော်
Transliteration: kyayzu-taw
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်, ကံကောင်းခြင်း, ဝါသနာတော်
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ကုသိုလ်/ကံကောင်းခြင်း. 2 Timothy 1:9’s ‘not because of our works… before the ages began’ is among the Pastorals’ most explicit anti-merit statements; the pre-temporal timing must be retained to show grace precedes and is independent of all merit-making.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်
Transliteration: thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ဝိညာဉ်, ဝိညာဉ်
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ဝိညာဉ် alone or နတ်ဝိညာဉ်. 1:14 describes the Spirit as indwelling (‘who dwells in us’) to enable guarding of the entrusted deposit — permanent divine personal presence, not a nat or impermanent consciousness-stream.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ယေရှု
Transliteration: Yayshu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ရှင်ယေရှု
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard Myanmar Bible form; used throughout 2 Timothy.
Lord
Approved rendering: သခင်
Transliteration: thakhin
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရင်, ဆရာသခင်
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Very high frequency in 2 Timothy (1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22); must retain exclusive supreme authority throughout, never one respected teacher among many.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ထမြောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: hta-myauk-chin
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း, ပြန်လည်မွေးဖွားခြင်း
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း. 2:8’s gospel summary (‘risen from the dead, the seed of David’) parallels Romans 1:3-4. 2:18’s condemned false claim that ‘the resurrection has already happened’ requires a mandatory refutation note distinguishing the heresy from any rebirth-cycle reading.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: pyaungmat-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ကံ, သီလ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ကုသိုလ်ကံ/သီလ. Anchors 2 Timothy 4:8’s ‘crown of righteousness’ and 3:16’s ‘training in righteousness’; never a moral-merit score earned independently of Christ.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ကယ်တင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: kaetin-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း, လွတ်မြောက်ခြင်း
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း. 2 Timothy 3:15 ties salvation to Scripture’s purpose ‘through faith in Christ Jesus’ — the object of faith must remain explicit, not generalized wisdom-attainment.
Theopneustos
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင် မှုတ်သွင်းတော်မူသော
Transliteration: theopneustos (God-breathed)
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: လှုံ့ဆော်ခံရသော (generic ‘inspired’, too weak), ဉာဏ်အလင်းရသော (attained enlightened insight, Buddhist paññā register)
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
3:16 anchor term, ‘God-breathed.’ Never softened to generic literary inspiration; never assimilated to the Tipitaka’s authority, which rests on the Buddha’s own self-attained insight rather than a personal God speaking through chosen human authors. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Be Ashamed
Approved rendering: ရှက်ခြင်းမရှိ
Transliteration: epaischynomai
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἐπαισχύνομαι
Category: Suffering
1:8, 1:12, 1:16, ‘not ashamed’ of the testimony/gospel/chains. Anchors public, costly identification with Christ in an honor/shame culture; softening this removes real social-cost confrontation for first-generation believers from a Buddhist-majority context.
Called
Approved rendering: ခေါ်တော်မူသော
Transliteration: khaw-taw-mu-thaw
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ဖိတ်ခေါ်ခြင်း
Original: κλητός / κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Timothy 1:9 ‘called us with a holy calling’ — sovereign summons, not ကံဇာတာ or a revocable invitation.
Calling
Approved rendering: ခေါ်တော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: khaw-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ကံဇာတာ
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never ကံဇာတာ/ကံကြမ္မာ. Noun form of the ‘holy calling’ of 1:9.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း၏ အောင်သရဖူ
Transliteration: stephanos tēs dikaiosynēs
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: သရဖူ alone (royal diadem connotation, rejected in favor of the victor’s-wreath compound)
Original: στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Reward
4:8, anchor term. στέφανος is an athletic victor’s garland, not a royal diadem (διάδημα), chosen deliberately to avoid a political-kingship reading. Flows from grace-enabled faithful endurance through the righteous Judge; must never be assimilated to the ကုသိုလ် merit-ledger reward system cashed in independently of Christ’s finished work.
Dwell In Enoikeo
Approved rendering: ကျိန်းဝပ်တော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: enoikeō
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐνοικέω
Category: God
1:14, ‘the Holy Spirit who dwells in us.’ Reinforces သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော် [Critical, inherited] as permanent, personal indwelling presence enabling the guarding of the entrusted deposit — not an impermanent consciousness-stream or nat-possession event.
Endure Hypomeno
Approved rendering: ခံနိုင်ရည်ရှိစွာ တည်ကြည်ခြင်း
Transliteration: hypomenō
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ὑπομένω
Category: Suffering
2:12, ‘if we endure, we will also reign with him.’ Organically connected to the promise of reigning with Christ, not a separate merit transaction that purchases the reward.
Endure Suffering
Approved rendering: ဒုက္ခဆင်းရဲခြင်းကို ခံခြင်း
Transliteration: kakopatheō / pathēma
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: κακοπαθέω / πάθημα
Category: Suffering
1:8, 1:12, 2:3, 2:9-12, 3:10-12, 4:5. ဒုက္ခ (Pali dukkha, the First Noble Truth) names an impersonal universal condition escaped through detachment via the Eightfold Path. Christian suffering-for-the-gospel is chosen, purposeful, hope-filled, union-with-Christ endurance tied to a specific future reward (2:12) — a standing translator/theologian note is required at every occurrence; prefer compounding with an explicit object (e.g. ‘suffering endured for the gospel’s sake’) rather than leaving the bare noun unqualified.
Entrusted Deposit
Approved rendering: အပ်ထားသောအရာတော်
Transliteration: parathēkē
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ငွေစုစာရင်း (merit-ledger deposit, rejected)
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Doctrine
1:12, 1:14, and underlying 2:2. Shared anchor with Guarding Sound Doctrine. No precise Burmese cultural analogue for a fixed, legally binding trust returned unaltered; requires explicit teaching (banking/legal-deposit illustration) distinguishing it from an organically developing teacher-lineage. Must not absorb ‘Local Church’ movement mystical connotations of ‘the deposit.‘
Faithful Man
Approved rendering: သစ္စာရှိသော
Transliteration: pistos
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: πιστός
Category: Ministry
2:2, ‘faithful men’ — the third link in the Paul-Timothy-faithful men-others transmission chain. Transmission integrity depends on faithfulness, not mere willingness or credential.
Fully Equipped Exartizo
Approved rendering: အပြည့်အစုံ လက်နက်တပ်ဆင်ပေးထားသော
Transliteration: exartizō
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐξαρτίζω
Category: Scripture
3:17, ‘fully equipped for every good work.’ Load-bearing for Sufficiency of Scripture: must retain completeness — Scripture alone equips, needing no supplementary authoritative source. Must not be taught as compatible with LDS-style ongoing revelation or Catholic/Orthodox Scripture-plus-Tradition models.
Glory
Approved rendering: ဘုန်းတော်
Transliteration: phon-taw
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းကံ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never ဘုန်းကံ. Used in 2:10 (‘eternal glory’) and 4:18’s closing doxology.
Godliness Eusebeia
Approved rendering: ဘုရားဝတ်ကို ကိုးကွယ်ခြင်း (အသွင်အပြင်သာရှိသော)
Transliteration: eusebeia / morphōsis eusebeias
Doctrine: Godliness: True versus False Religious Form
Original: εὐσέβεια / μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας
Category: Apostasy
3:5, ‘having a form of godliness but denying its power.’ Especially sensitive in Burmese religious culture’s heavy emphasis on visible, ritually correct devotional practice as public evidence of genuine faith; must not be softened into generic anti-hypocrisy language.
Gospel
Approved rendering: သတင်းကောင်း
Transliteration: thadin kaung
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ဓမ္မသတင်း, ကောင်းသောအကြောင်းအရာ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Established Myanmar Bible term meaning ‘good news’; must be qualified as the unique announcement of salvation through Christ. In 2 Timothy, ‘my gospel’ (2:8) names the fixed apostolic content Timothy must guard (paraq(paraq(entrusted_deposit)) and transmit unaltered, not an evolving message.
Graphe
Approved rendering: ကျမ်းစာတော်
Transliteration: graphē
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ပိဋကတ် (Tipitaka)
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
3:16, ‘all Scripture.’ Must be distinguished from the Tipitaka, whose authority rests on the Buddha’s enlightened insight rather than a personal God speaking through human authors.
Guard Phylasso
Approved rendering: ထိန်းသိမ်းစောင့်ရှောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: phylassō
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Doctrine
1:12, 1:14. Active, vigilant preservation of the entrusted deposit, not passive custody.
Holy
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသော
Transliteration: thangyin-thaw
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: စင်ကြယ်သော
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Used of the ‘holy calling’ (1:9) and the ‘sacred/holy writings’ (3:15, ἱερὰ γράμματα).
Immortality Aphtharsia
Approved rendering: မပျက်စီးနိုင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: aphtharsia
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Christology
1:10, ‘life and immortality’ brought to light through the gospel. Must convey embodied, everlasting life secured by Christ’s resurrection victory over death — not a disembodied, self-attained cessation of rebirth (nirvana), nor an eternal-soul concept foreign to Theravada anatta teaching. Requires deliberate positive framing, since the audience’s cultural default treats continued existence as the problem, not the promise.
Judge Krites
Approved rendering: တရားသူကြီး (ဖြောင့်မတ်တော်မူသော)
Transliteration: kritēs
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and Christ’s Appearing
Original: κριτής
Category: Eschatology
4:8, ‘the righteous Judge’ who will award the crown. Personal, righteous divine judgment, not impersonal ကံ (karmic cause-and-effect).
Judge Living And Dead
Approved rendering: အသက်ရှင်သူများနှင့် သေလွန်သူများကို စစ်ကြောစီရင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: krinein zōntas kai nekrous
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Eschatology
4:1. Christ’s eschatological judgment of all humanity; presumes a future bodily resurrection of the dead for judgment. Connects to ထမြောက်ခြင်း [resurrection, Critical] — never rendered through a rebirth framework.
Kept The Faith
Approved rendering: ယုံကြည်ခြင်းကို စောင့်ရှောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: tēreō
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τηρέω
Category: Reward
4:7, ‘I have kept the faith.’ Echoes φυλάσσω/παραθήκη guarding vocabulary, same theological family as Guarding Sound Doctrine — what was ‘kept’ is the received apostolic trust, not a self-generated store of merit.
Last Days
Approved rendering: နောက်ဆုံးသောနေ့ရက်များ
Transliteration: eschatai hēmerai
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Eschatology
3:1. Must remain strictly linear and unrepeated, moving toward Christ’s one final, decisive return; never assimilated to the cyclical kappa (world-age) decline-and-renewal cosmology culminating in a future Buddha (Metteyya).
Loved His Appearing
Approved rendering: ကိုယ်တော်၏ ကြွလာတော်မူခြင်းကို ချစ်မြတ်နိုးခြင်း
Transliteration: agapaō tēn epiphaneian autou
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀγαπάω τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ
Category: Reward
4:8, ‘to all who have loved his appearing.’ Universal scope among believers must be retained — the crown is for all such believers, not an ascetic elite (cf. baseline’s saints/ရဟန္တာ note).
Mercy Eleos
Approved rendering: ကရုဏာတော်
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Mercy and Compassion
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
1:2, 1:16, 1:18. Must not collapse into the Buddhist virtue of karuna cultivated through meditation for one’s own spiritual advancement; biblical mercy originates in God’s character and is directed toward the guilty for their rescue.
Poured Out Libation
Approved rendering: သွန်းလောင်းရာယဇ်ကဲ့သို့ သွန်းလောင်းခြင်းခံရခြင်း
Transliteration: spendomai
Doctrine: Christian Ministry and Service
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Ministry
4:6, ‘I am already being poured out as a libation.’ Pouring-out/offering language risks evoking Buddhist/animist devotional offerings made at pagodas or to nats for merit or favor; requires a translator note clarifying self-sacrificial gospel service to God through Christ, not a ritual merit- or favor-seeking offering.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏တန်ခိုးတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i tankhoe-taw
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး (amulet/relic potency). Used in 1:7-8 (given to Timothy, not a spirit of timidity) and denied in mere outward religious form (3:5).
Preach Kerysso
Approved rendering: ဟောပြောလော့
Transliteration: kēryssō
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Ministry
4:2, central imperative. A herald’s authoritative, delegated public proclamation of a ruler’s message, not private opinion-sharing or the more contemplative register of dhamma-desana. Never leave object-less; always pair with နှုတ်ကပတ်တော်.
Repentance Metanoia
Approved rendering: နောင်တရခြင်း
Transliteration: metanoia
Doctrine: Repentance and Conscience
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
2:25, ‘God may perhaps grant them repentance.’ Must be taught as God-granted turning leading to forgiveness through Christ’s finished work, not self-generated remorse that offsets accumulated demerit, nor confession performed to restore standing within a merit-based system.
Rightly Handle
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်တန်းစွာ ကိုင်တွယ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: orthotomeō
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὀρθοτομέω
Category: Doctrine
2:15, ‘rightly handling the word of truth.’ Disciplined interpretive integrity, not creative reinterpretation of the entrusted deposit.
Sacred Writings
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောကျမ်းစာများ
Transliteration: hiera grammata
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
3:15, the writings Timothy has known ‘from infancy.’ Reuses သန့်ရှင်းသော [holy]; must not be reduced to generic respected religious literature.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းခြင်း
Transliteration: thangyin-chin
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ရေချိုးသန့်စင်ခြင်း
Original: ἁγιάζω / ἐκκαθαίρω
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Timothy 2:21’s self-cleansing must be taught as Spirit-enabled response to grace, not self-directed ritual purification comparable to precept-observance for merit.
Savior Soter
Approved rendering: ကယ်တင်ရှင်
Transliteration: sōtēr
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
1:10, ‘our Savior Christ Jesus.’ Builds on ကယ်တင်ခြင်း [salvation, Critical, inherited]; must retain a personal rescuing title, not a generic honorific.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: ဒါဝိဒ်၏အနွယ်ဝင်
Transliteration: Dawid i anwe-win
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 2:8, part of Paul’s compact gospel summary paired with resurrection, directly paralleling Romans 1:3-4.
Sin
Approved rendering: အပြစ်
Transliteration: a-pyit
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: အကုသိုလ်
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. 3:6 describes women ‘weighed down with sins’; moral transgression before a personal God, not အကုသိုလ် (karmic demerit).
Solemn Charge
Approved rendering: အလေးအနက် မှာကြားခြင်း
Transliteration: diamartyromai
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
4:1, ‘I solemnly charge you’ before God and Christ Jesus as witnesses. Judicial solemnity; must not be softened into casual pastoral encouragement.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: ကျန်းမာသော ဒေသနာတော်
Transliteration: hygiainousa didaskalia
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Doctrine
4:3, anchor term. Health-versus-disease metaphor is culturally accessible and low-risk; the compound noun carries the same ဒေသနာ collision risk and requires a standing translator note.
Spirit Of Power Love Self Control
Approved rendering: တန်ခိုးတော်၊ မေတ္တာတော်နှင့် မိမိကိုယ်ကို ချုပ်တည်းနိုင်သောစိတ်
Transliteration: pneuma dynameōs kai agapēs kai sōphronismou
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ
Category: God
1:7, contrasted with ‘a spirit of fear/timidity’ (ကြောက်တတ်သောစိတ်). This is a God-given disposition of the person’s own စိတ်, not an independent spirit-being; must not be misread through a nat-spirit-possession framework, even though this is not the Holy Spirit’s proper name here.
Teaching Doctrine
Approved rendering: ဒေသနာ
Transliteration: didaskalia / didachē
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: διδασκαλία / διδαχή
Category: Doctrine
3:16, 4:2. Established Myanmar Bible rendering but collides with the standard word for a Buddhist monk’s dhamma-sermon (Pali desana), whose authority is teacher-centered and commentarially evolving. Retained per established-tradition authority; mandatory translator note on every occurrence distinguishing apostolic, Scripture-derived, Christ-centered doctrine from a monk’s self-attained dhamma-desana transmitted through the sangha.
The Word Logos
Approved rendering: နှုတ်ကပတ်တော်
Transliteration: logos
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: λόγος
Category: Ministry
4:2, ‘the word’ to be preached — the apostolic gospel/Scripture message as a whole, distinguished from the Christological Logos-title of John 1:1.
Truth Aletheia
Approved rendering: သမ္မာတရား
Transliteration: alētheia / epignōsis alētheias
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀλήθεια / ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Apostasy
4:4, 3:7-8. သမ္မာ echoes Pali sammā (‘right/correct,’ Noble Eightfold Path vocabulary). Retained per established-tradition authority; requires a note that this names a specific, revealed, Christ-centered body of apostolic doctrine, not a generalized rightness attainable through diligent practice.
Word Not Bound
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏နှုတ်ကပတ်တော်မူကား အနှောင်အဖွဲ့ မရှိ
Transliteration: ho logos tou theou ou dedetai
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται
Category: Ministry
2:9. The gospel’s unstoppable spread despite Paul’s literal imprisonment; anchors both Faithful Transmission and Perseverance under Suffering.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: တမန်တော်
Transliteration: tamantaw
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ဆရာတော်, ဆရာကြီး
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Paul’s self-designation (1:1) grounds his authority to charge Timothy; distinguish from a senior-monk teaching role.
Award Apodidomi
Approved rendering: ချီးမြှင့်တော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: apodidōmi
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀποδίδωμι
Category: Reward
4:8, ‘the Lord will award’ the crown. The Judge gives; the believer does not extract the reward by right of merit alone.
Complete Artios
Approved rendering: ပြည့်စုံသော
Transliteration: artios
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἄρτιος
Category: Scripture
3:17, ‘complete, proficient’ — the goal of Scripture’s work in the believer, setting up ἐξαρτίζω’s sufficiency claim in the same verse.
Conscience Syneidesis
Approved rendering: သတိဆိုင်ရာသိမှု (ကြည်လင်သောစိတ်)
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Repentance and Conscience
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Ethics
1:3, ‘clear conscience.’ A God-given inner witness, not karmic self-monitoring of a merit/demerit balance.
Correction Epanorthosis
Approved rendering: ပြင်ဆင်ပေးခြင်း
Transliteration: epanorthōsis
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐπανόρθωσις
Category: Scripture
3:16, ‘correction, restoration’; rare word with an architectural ‘straightening’ background, low collision risk.
Deceiver Planos
Approved rendering: လှည့်ဖျားလျက်၊ လှည့်ဖျားခြင်းခံလျက်
Transliteration: planos / planaō
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: πλάνος / πλανάω
Category: Apostasy
3:13, reciprocal deceiving and being deceived among last-days false teachers and their followers.
Departure Analysis
Approved rendering: ခွာသွားရသည့်အချိန်
Transliteration: analysis
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: သေခြင်း (generic ‘dying’, rejected as too flat)
Original: ἀνάλυσις
Category: Eschatology
4:6, euphemism for death as purposeful going (ship unmooring / tent striking); must not be flattened into a generic ‘dying’ or read as entry into an uncertain next rebirth.
Empty Chatter
Approved rendering: အကျိုးမရှိသော အချည်းနှီးစကား
Transliteration: bebēlos kenophōnia
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: βέβηλος κενοφωνία
Category: Doctrine
2:16, ‘irreverent empty chatter’ to be avoided.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: သတင်းကောင်းကြေညာသူ
Transliteration: euangelistēs
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
4:5, built on သတင်းကောင်း [gospel, inherited].
Faith
Approved rendering: ယုံကြည်ခြင်း
Transliteration: yun-kyi-chin
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: သဒ္ဓါတရား
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith must stay identifiable as Christ. In 2 Timothy 4:7 (‘kept the faith’), the term additionally names the transmitted body of apostolic belief; distinguish from experiential confidence (သဒ္ဓါ) in a self-verified teaching.
Fight Race
Approved rendering: စစ်ပွဲ / ပြေးရသောပွဲ
Transliteration: agōn / dromos
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀγών / δρόμος
Category: Reward
4:7, ‘I have fought the good fight… finished the race.’ Completed, faithful endurance forming the basis, not the earning cause, of the crown that follows.
Forsake Egkataleipo
Approved rendering: စွန့်ပစ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: egkataleipō
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐγκαταλείπω
Category: Apostasy
4:10, ‘Demas… having loved the present age, forsook me.’ A named, real, sobering case of apostasy through worldly love, contrasted with ‘loved his appearing’ (4:8).
Gangrene Metaphor
Approved rendering: အနာစိမ်း ပျံ့နှံ့ခြင်း
Transliteration: gangraina
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Doctrine
2:17. Parallels the ကျန်းမာသောဒေသနာ health metaphor; false doctrine is an actively spreading disease, not a harmless variant opinion.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: တစ်ပါးအမျိုးသား
Transliteration: tabar-amyothar
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: လူမျိုးခြား
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 1:11, ‘a teacher of the Gentiles.‘
Impostor Goes
Approved rendering: လှည့်ဖျားသူ
Transliteration: goēs
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: ဝိဇ္ဇာဆရာ (weizza-adept, rejected — risks occult-tradition association)
Original: γόης
Category: Apostasy
3:13, ‘impostors’ who deceive and are deceived. Avoid a rendering implying literal occult sorcery; emphasis is religious deception, not literal magic.
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: နားကြည်ချင်သောစကားကိုသာ လိုချင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: knēthomenoi tēn akoēn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
4:3. Idiom for craving novel, flattering teaching; do not translate literally as a physical itch — preserve the doctrinal point over idiomatic literalism.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i nainggan-taw
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းတော်နိုင်ငံ
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. 4:1 (‘his kingdom’) and 4:18 (‘his heavenly kingdom’) — the latter specifically qualifies as transcendent; never conflate with an earthly, political nainggan.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: လက်တင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: epithesis tōn cheirōn
Doctrine: Christian Ministry and Service
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Church
1:6, the ordination act through which Timothy’s gift was given; a recognized practice with low collision risk with Burmese religious custom.
Ministry Diakonia
Approved rendering: အမှုတော်
Transliteration: diakonia
Doctrine: Christian Ministry and Service
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
4:5, the office Timothy is to fully carry out; established Myanmar Christian usage, low collision risk.
Myth Mythos
Approved rendering: ဒဏ္ဌာရီ
Transliteration: mythos
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μῦθος
Category: Apostasy
4:4. ဒဏ္ဌာရီ is also used for traditional legendary/jataka-adjacent narrative genres; requires a note that Scripture’s truth-claim is historical and apostolically verified, unlike invented legend.
Pattern Hypotyposis
Approved rendering: ပုံစံတော်
Transliteration: hypotypōsis
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑποτύπωσις
Category: Doctrine
1:13, ‘pattern of sound words’ Timothy must hold to; a fixed pattern, not free innovation.
Peace
Approved rendering: ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: nyein-thet-chin
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ကိလေသာငြိမ်းခြင်း
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Used in the 1:2 greeting formula and the 2:22 character list; relational peace, not vipassana-style mental stilling.
Persecution Diogmos
Approved rendering: နှိပ်စက်ညှဉ်းပန်းမှု
Transliteration: diōgmos
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: διωγμός
Category: Suffering
3:11, Paul’s endured persecutions; carries the same ဒုက္ခ-collision caution as endure_suffering.
Promise Of Life
Approved rendering: အသက်တာနှင့်ဆိုင်သောကတိတော်
Transliteration: epangelia zōēs
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ἐπαγγελία ζωῆς
Category: Salvation
1:1, ‘the promise of life that is in Christ Jesus.’ The life promised is resurrection life in Christ, not this-worldly prosperity or a favorable rebirth.
Reproof Elenchos
Approved rendering: ပြစ်တင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: elenchos
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἔλεγχος
Category: Scripture
3:16, one of Scripture’s four purposes; forensic sense of exposing fault, kept distinct from casual criticism.
Reprove Rebuke
Approved rendering: ပြစ်တင်ဆုံးမလော့ / အပြစ်တင်ရှုတ်ချလော့
Transliteration: elenxon / epitimēson
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἔλεγξον / ἐπιτίμησον
Category: Ministry
4:2. Two of the pastoral triad’s imperatives; must be framed within pastoral care and patience (μακροθυμία), not harsh condemnation. Keep as two distinct verbs, never collapsed into one softer verb.
Rescue Rhyomai
Approved rendering: ကယ်နှုတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: rhyomai
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Suffering
3:11, 4:17-18, ‘the Lord rescued/will rescue me.’ Rescue by a personal Lord, connecting to salvation vocabulary, not impersonal fortune.
Snare Pagis
Approved rendering: ကျော့ကွင်း
Transliteration: pagis
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: παγίς
Category: Apostasy
2:26, ‘the devil’s snare’ — paired with the မာရ်နတ် [Critical] collision note; the snare vocabulary itself is standard.
Soldier Athlete Farmer
Approved rendering: စစ်သည်တော် / ပြိုင်ပွဲဝင်သူ / လယ်လုပ်သူ
Transliteration: stratiōtēs / athleō / geōrgos
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: στρατιώτης / ἀθλέω / γεωργός
Category: Suffering
2:3-6. Three metaphors of disciplined perseverance toward a future reward; connect forward to 4:7-8’s crown imagery.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ဝိညာဉ်ဆုကျေးဇူး
Transliteration: weinnyin su kyayzu
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: တန်ခိုးဗလ
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 1:6, the χάρισμα Timothy received through Paul’s laying on of hands; Spirit-given enablement, not merit-earned or occult power.
Training Paideia
Approved rendering: ဆုံးမပဲ့ပြင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: paideia
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: παιδεία
Category: Scripture
3:16, ‘training/discipline in righteousness’; paired with ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း [Critical]; must not slip into moral-merit self-improvement framing.
Turn Away Apostrepho
Approved rendering: မျက်နှာလွှဲခြင်း / လွှဲသွားခြင်း
Transliteration: apostrephō / ektrepō
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀποστρέφω / ἐκτρέπω
Category: Apostasy
4:4. Deliberate, willful motion away from revealed truth toward myths, not passive drift.
Low Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: ဒါဝိဒ်
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Established Myanmar Bible proper-name form; underlies seed_of_david (2:8).
Demas
Approved rendering: ဒေမတ်
Transliteration: Dēmas
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
4:10, named case study of apostasy through love of the present age; see forsake_egkataleipo.
Exhort
Approved rendering: တိုက်တွန်းနှိုးဆော်ခြင်း
Transliteration: taik-tun hnoso-chin
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 4:2, third imperative of the pastoral triad (παρακαλέω); encouragement sense active here per baseline’s context-sensitive rule.
Hymenaeus And Philetus
Approved rendering: ဟုမေနေအုနှင့် ဖိလေတု
Transliteration: Hymenaios and Philētos
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
2:17, named false teachers responsible for the false resurrection claim; standard proper-name transliteration.
In Season Out Of Season
Approved rendering: အချိန်ရသည်ဖြစ်စေ၊ မရသည်ဖြစ်စေ
Transliteration: eukairōs akairōs
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως
Category: Ministry
4:2. Idiomatic merism; render the meaning naturally, not the literal ‘well-timed, ill-timed’ image.
Jannes And Jambres
Approved rendering: ယန္နေနှင့် ယံဗြေ
Transliteration: Iannēs and Iambrēs
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
3:8, extra-biblical Jewish-tradition names for Moses’ Egyptian magician-opponents; requires an explanatory footnote since OT narrative literacy is assumed low for first-generation believers.
Lois And Eunice
Approved rendering: လောဣးဒ်နှင့် ဥနိတ်ကေ
Transliteration: Lois and Eunikē
Doctrine: Generational Faith Transmission
1:5, Timothy’s grandmother and mother; a positive cultural bridge for family-based faith transmission, resonant with Burmese family religious structures.
Onesiphorus
Approved rendering: သြနေသိမ်ဖော်ရု
Transliteration: Onēsiphoros
Doctrine: Mercy and Compassion
1:16, 1:18, recipient of Paul’s prayer for mercy; standard proper-name transliteration.
Patience Makrothymia
Approved rendering: စိတ်ရှည်ခြင်း
Transliteration: makrothymia
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Ministry
4:2, accompanying correction; standard vocabulary.
Paul
Approved rendering: ပေါလု
Transliteration: Paulu
Doctrine: Apostleship
Established Myanmar Bible proper-name form for the letter’s author; standard transliteration per baseline convention.
Profitable Ophelimos
Approved rendering: အကျိုးရှိသော
Transliteration: ōphelimos
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ὠφέλιμος
Category: Scripture
3:16, ‘profitable/beneficial.’ Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Seal Sphragis
Approved rendering: တံဆိပ်
Transliteration: sphragis
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: σφραγίς
Category: Church
2:19, ‘this seal’ — God’s foundation standing firm; standard legal/architectural metaphor.
Sober Nepho
Approved rendering: သတိရှိစွာနေခြင်း
Transliteration: nēphō
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: νήφω
Category: Suffering
4:5, ‘be sober/watchful in all things’; metaphorical spiritual alertness from literal sobriety.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ကျေးဇူးတင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: kyayzu-tin-chin
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: χάριν ἔχω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 1:3, Paul’s opening thanksgiving.
Timothy
Approved rendering: တိမောသေ
Transliteration: Timawthei
Doctrine: Generational Faith Transmission
The letter’s recipient; standard Myanmar Bible proper-name form.
Vessel Skeuos
Approved rendering: ခွက်ယောက်
Transliteration: skeuos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: σκεῦος
Category: Ethics
2:20-21, ‘vessel unto honor/dishonor’; standard household-utensil metaphor.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏အလိုတော်
Transliteration: thelēma theou
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: θέλημα θεοῦ
Category: God
1:1, the basis of Paul’s apostleship; standard vocabulary.
Referenced passages