Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Matthew 1–28 (English → Burmese)
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json for the Matthew curriculum. Baseline terms are reused exactly as recorded (marked “Baseline” in the Source column) and are listed here only for cross-reference and full-book coverage; new terms required by Matthew’s distinct vocabulary are marked “New” and are proposed for addition to the language package before Phase 2 translation begins. Risk tiers and review routing follow the same framework as doctrine_risk_registry.json.
A. Baseline Terms Reused in Matthew (No Change)
| Term (EN) | Burmese Term | Risk | Chapters (Matthew) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | ဘုရားသခင် | Critical | 1,3,4,5,6,19,22,26,27,28 | Never ဘုရား alone or နတ်သခင်. |
| Jesus | ယေရှု | Critical | 1–28 (throughout) | Standard Judson-tradition form. |
| Holy Spirit | သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော် | Critical | 1,3,4,12,28 | Never ဝိညာဉ် alone or နတ်ဝိညာဉ်. |
| Father (of God) | အဖ | Critical | 5(core v9),6,7,10,11,28 | Never ဗြဟ္မာ. |
| Son of God | ဘုရားသခင်၏သားတော် | Critical | 1,3,4,14,16,17,26,27 | Honorific “-တော်” reserved for Christ’s unique Sonship; distinguish from plural “sons of God” (new term, believers). |
| Lord | သခင် | Critical | 7,12,22 | Exclusive supreme authority, not a respected teacher. |
| Messiah / Christ | မေရှိယ / ခရစ်တော် | Critical | 1,11,16,22,23,24,26 | Never မိတ္တေယျ. |
| Resurrection | ထမြောက်ခြင်း | Critical | 12(sign of Jonah),22,27,28 | Never ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း. |
| Incarnation | လူ့ဇာတိခံယူခြင်း | Critical | 1 | Never ဘုရားလောင်း/နတ်ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း. |
| Grace | ကျေးဇူးတော် | Critical | 20 (laborers), 18 (forgiveness) | Never ကုသိုလ်/ကံကောင်းခြင်း. |
| Salvation | ကယ်တင်ခြင်း | Critical | 1(Jesus’ name),20(ransom) | Never နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း. |
| Righteousness | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း | Critical | 5(core v6,v10),5(v20),6 | Never ကုသိုလ်ကံ/သီလ. |
| Faith | ယုံကြည်ခြင်း | Medium | 8,9,14,15 | Object always Christ’s word/person. |
| Called | ခေါ်တော်မူသော | High | 4(fishers),22 | Distinguish from ဖိတ်ခေါ်ခြင်း. |
| Election | ရွေးကောက်ခြင်း | High | 22,24 | Never ကံဇာတာ/ကံကြမ္မာ. |
| Holy | သန့်ရှင်းသော | High | — (implicit, sanctification contexts) | Reused where relevant. |
| Sanctification | သန့်ရှင်းခြင်း | High | 3 (baptism contrast) | Distinguish from ritual bathing. |
| Church | အသင်းတော် | Medium | 16,18 | Never ဘုရားကျောင်း/ဘုရားရိပ်သာ. |
| Apostle | တမန်တော် | Medium | 10,28 | Distinguish from ဆရာတော်. |
| Kingdom of God | ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော် | Medium | 19(v24),21(v43) | Same referent as new term kingdom_of_heaven; teach as one reality, two phrasings. |
| Law | ပညတ်တရား | High | 5(core context),5(v17-18),12,22 | Never ဝိနည်း. |
| Sin | အပြစ် | High | 1(Jesus’ name),9,18,26 | Never အကုသိုလ်. |
| Gentiles | တစ်ပါးအမျိုးသား | Medium | 28 (all nations, ἔθνη) | Established term. |
| Glory | ဘုန်းတော် | High | 17 (transfiguration) | Never ဘုန်းကံ. |
| Peace | ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်း | Medium | 5(core v9),10,27(veil torn) | Distinguish from ကိလေသာငြိမ်းခြင်း. |
| Covenant | ပဋိညာဉ် | High | 26 (blood of the covenant) | Relational bond, not mere contract. |
| David | ဒါဝိဒ် | Medium | 1,9,15,20,21 | Established proper name. |
| Israel | ဣသရေလ | Medium | 2,9(v27),10,15 | Established proper name. |
| Prophet | ပရောဖက် | Low | 2,5(core v12),7,11,23 | Distinguish from ဗေဒင်ဆရာ. |
| Prophecy / fulfilled | ပရောဖက်ပြုချက် / ပြည့်စုံစေခြင်း | High | 1,2,5,11,12,21,24 | See extended “fulfill” entry below (Section B). |
| Exhort / comfort | တိုက်တွန်းနှိုးဆော်ခြင်း | Low | 5(core v4, context) | Context-sensitive with comfort sense. |
| Seed of David | ဒါဝိဒ်၏အနွယ်ဝင် | High | 1 (genealogy background) | Descent-language; distinct from new term son_of_david (direct address title). |
| Providence | ဘုရားသခင်၏ကြည့်ရှုစောင့်ရှောက်မှု | High | 6 (seek first the kingdom, anxiety) | Never ကံ. |
| Mission | သာသနာပြုလုပ်ငန်း | Medium | 10,28 | Translator note on Sasana-institutional connotation retained. |
| Power of God | ဘုရားသခင်၏တန်ခိုးတော် | High | (implicit throughout miracles) | Never အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး. |
B. New Terms Introduced for the Matthew Curriculum
| Term (EN) | Category | Risk | Original (Greek, translit.) | Burmese Term (translit.) | Rejected Alternatives | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Heaven | Kingdom | Critical | βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν (basileia tōn ouranōn) | ကောင်းကင်နိုင်ငံတော် (kaungkin-nainggan-taw) | ဘုန်းတော်နိုင်ငံ; နတ်ပြည် | 3,4,5(core),6,7,10,11,13,18,19,25 | Never confuse with the merit-attained, impermanent heavenly realms (နတ်ပြည်) of Buddhist cosmology. Must be taught as identical in referent to baseline kingdom_of_god, under Matthew’s characteristic “heaven” phrasing. |
| Son of Man | Christology | Critical | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (ho huios tou anthrōpou) | လူသား (lu-thar) | လူသားသား; လူ့ဇာတိရှိသူ | 8,9,11,12,13,16,17,20,24,25,26 | Never flattened to “a human being” generically; carries full Danielic divine-authority/eschatological-glory freight. Jesus’ preferred self-designation. |
| Son of David (title) | Christology / Davidic Covenant | High | υἱὸς Δαυίδ (huios Dauid) | ဒါဝိဒ်၏သားတော် (Dawid i tharadaw) | ဒါဝိဒ်၏သား (without honorific) | 1,9,15,20,21 | Distinct from baseline seed_of_david (descent-language); this is a direct messianic title of address/acclamation, retaining honorific “-တော်.” |
| Virgin | Christology / Incarnation | Critical | παρθένος (parthenos) | ကညာမ (kanya-ma) | အပျို (ambiguous secular term) | 1, 25 (distinct sense) | Ch.1: literal, miraculous, unique virginal conception by the Holy Spirit — never assimilated to nat-spirit conception tales or Jataka birth legends. Ch.25: distinct wedding-attendant sense, not incarnational. |
| Immanuel | Christology | Critical | Ἐμμανουήλ (Emmanouēl) | ဣမ္မာနွေလ (transliteration) + gloss ငါတို့နှင့်အတူရှိတော်မူသောဘုရား | — | 1 | Gloss (“God with us”) must always accompany the transliteration. |
| Devil / Satan | Spiritual Warfare | Critical | διάβολος / Σατανᾶς (diabolos / Satanas) | မာရ်နတ် (Mareknat) / စာတန် (Satan) | — (မာရ်နတ် retained as established usage despite collision) | 4,12(implicit, Beelzebul),13(weeds sower) | CRITICAL COLLISION: မာရ်နတ် borrows the name of the Buddhist tempter-deity Māra. Retained as established Myanmar Christian usage but requires sustained translator notes distinguishing the singular biblical Satan (a defeated, created adversary under God’s sovereignty) from Māra (a being within an endless samsaric cycle). |
| Repentance | Salvation | High | μετάνοια / μετανοέω (metanoia / metanoeō) | နောင်တရခြင်း (naung-ta-ya chin) | ဝန်ချတောင်းပန်ခြင်း | 3,4 | Distinguish from ritual confession before the Triple Gem; requires relational reorientation toward the personal God, with sorrow and fruit. |
| Baptism / baptize | Church / Salvation | High | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω (baptisma / baptizō) | ဗတ္တိဇံ ခံယူခြင်း / ဗတ္တိဇံပေးခြင်း (Battizan) | ရေချိုးသန့်စင်ခြင်း | 3, 28 | Distinguish from ritual/ceremonial water purification. Ch.28: Trinitarian formula, Critical-tier context. |
| Disciple | Discipleship | Medium | μαθητής (mathētēs) | တပည့်တော် (tapyedaw) | — | 5(core v1),10,28(μαθητεύω verb form) | Total, exclusive, life-reordering allegiance, not temporary academic apprenticeship. |
| Teacher / Rabbi | Authority of Teaching | Medium | διδάσκαλος / ῥαββί (didaskalos / rhabbi) | ဆရာ / ရဗ္ဗိ (transliteration) | ဆရာတော် | 5(core v2, teaching verb),23(v8) | Distinguish from senior-monk honorific ဆရာတော် (already rejected for baseline apostle). |
| Pharisees | Religious Groups | Medium | Φαρισαῖοι (Pharisaioi) | ဖာရိရှဲ (Farisheh) | — | 5,9,12,15,16,19,22,23 | Transliterated proper-name-like term; established usage. |
| Scribes | Religious Groups | Medium | γραμματεῖς (grammateis) | ကျမ်းတတ်ဆရာ (kyan-htat-hsaya) | — | 5(v20),7,12,15,23 | Distinct religious-legal class; avoid conflating with generic “teacher.” |
| Sadducees | Religious Groups | Low | Σαδδουκαῖοι (Saddoukaioi) | ဇဒ္ဒုကဲ (Zaddukeh) | — | 16,22 | Transliterated proper-name-like term. |
| Blessed | Kingdom Ethics | Critical | μακάριος (makarios) | မင်္ဂလာရှိသော (mingala-shi-thaw) | — (retained despite collision; established liturgical usage) | 5(core, all vv.),11(v6),13(v16) | CRITICAL COLLISION with the Buddhist Mangala Sutta’s auspiciousness framework. God’s favor-verdict, not merit-earned auspicious fortune. Mandatory translator note on every occurrence. |
| Poor in spirit | Kingdom Ethics | High | πτωχὸς τῷ πνεύματι (ptōchos tō pneumati) | ဝိညာဉ်တွင် ဆင်းရဲသော | — | 5(core v3) | Total dependence on grace, not literal poverty or personal deficiency. |
| Meek | Kingdom Ethics | Medium | πραΰς (praus) | နူးညံ့သိမ်မွေ့သော | — | 5(core v5),11(v29),21(v5) | Strength under control (Christlike), not mere social deference. |
| Mourn / comforted | Kingdom Ethics | Medium | πενθέω / παρακαλέω (pentheō / parakaleō) | ဝမ်းနည်းသော / နှစ်သိမ့်ခြင်းခံရမည် | — | 5(core v4) | Comfort given by God, not self-produced equanimity. |
| Hunger and thirst for righteousness | Kingdom Ethics / Righteousness | Critical | πεινᾶν καὶ διψᾶν τὴν δικαιοσύνην | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်းကို ဆာငတ်သော | — | 5(core v6) | Inherits baseline righteousness Critical risk; not ascetic craving for merit. |
| Merciful | Kingdom Ethics | Medium | ἐλεήμων (eleēmōn) | သနားကြင်နာသော | — | 5(core v7),18(unmerciful servant),9(v13) | Distinguish from self-cultivated loving-kindness meditation for personal merit. |
| Pure in heart | Kingdom Ethics | High | καθαρὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ (katharos tē kardia) | နှလုံးသားစင်ကြယ်သော | — | 5(core v8) | Reuses baseline-flagged စင်ကြယ် (ritual-purity risk); must be redirected to moral-relational sincerity, distinguished from meditative mind-purification. |
| Peacemakers | Kingdom Ethics | Medium | εἰρηνοποιός (eirēnopoios) | ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်းကိုပြုသူ | — | 5(core v9) | Active reconciliation, not passive social-harmony keeping. |
| Sons of God (believers, plural) | Adoption | Critical | υἱοὶ Θεοῦ (huioi Theou) | ဘုရားသခင်၏သားများ (no honorific) | ဘုရားသခင်၏သားတော် (reserved for Christ) | 5(core v9) | Must never carry the “-တော်” honorific reserved exclusively for Christ’s unique Sonship. |
| Persecuted for righteousness | Discipleship | Medium-High | δεδιωγμένοι ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်းကြောင့် နှောင့်ယှက်ညှဉ်းဆဲခြင်းခံရသော | — | 5(core v10) | Pastorally live given real social/familial cost of conversion in Myanmar context. |
| Reward | Kingdom Ethics / Grace | High | μισθός (misthos) | ဆုလာဘ် (su-larhat) | ကုသိုလ်ဆုလာဘ် | 5(core v12),6,10,20 | Grace-given, not merit-transaction reward; avoid karmic-reward framing. |
| Fulfill (prophecy/Law) | Fulfillment of Prophecy | High | πληρόω (plēroō) | ပြည့်စုံစေခြင်း (pyi-sohn say chin) | — | 1,2,5(v17),12(sign of Jonah),21 | Linear, historical, one-time fulfillment; never cyclical kalpa recurrence. |
| Law and the Prophets | Fulfillment of Prophecy | High | ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται | ပညတ်တရားနှင့်ပရောဖက်ကျမ်းများ | — | 5(v17),7(v12),22(v40) | Combination of two baseline-reused terms. |
| Perfect | Righteousness | High | τέλειος (teleios) | စုံလင်သော (soun-lin-thaw) | — | 5(v48) | Spirit-enabled wholehearted love, not flawless self-achieved moral perfection. |
| Hypocrite | Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees | Medium | ὑποκριτής (hypokritēs) | လျှို့ဝှက်ကြောင်ဖျင်းသူ | — | 6,7(v5,v15),15,23 | Pretense before God specifically; public religious performance without inward reality. |
| Authority | Authority of Teaching | High/Critical | ἐξουσία (exousia) | အခွင့်အာဏာ (a-khwin-arna) | — | 7(v29),8,9(v6),12,16,21,28(v18) | Inherent divine authority, not derived scholarly or political/military power. Reaches Critical tier at 28:18 (“all authority”). |
| Narrow gate/way | Discipleship | Medium | στενὴ πύλη/ὁδός | ကျဉ်းသောတံခါး | — | 7 | Exclusivity must not be softened into religious pluralism. |
| False prophets | Discernment | Medium | ψευδοπροφῆται (pseudoprophētai) | မိစ္ဆာပရောဖက် | — | 7,24 | Tested by fruit; discernment doctrine. |
| Tax collectors and sinners | Grace / Mission | Medium | τελῶναι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοί | အခွန်ခံသူများနှင့် အပြစ်ရှိသူများ | — | 9 | Grace extended to the socially despised, not merely social inclusion. |
| New wine, new wineskins | Kingdom / Fulfillment | Medium | οἶνος νέος / ἀσκοὶ καινοί | အသစ်သောဝိုင်ရည် / အသစ်သောစည်ပုံ | — | 9 | Kingdom’s newness vs. unreformed old religious forms. |
| Not peace but a sword | Discipleship | High | οὐκ…εἰρήνην ἀλλὰ μάχαιραν | ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်းကို မဆောင်၊ ဓားကိုသာ ဆောင်ခြင်း | — | 10 | Figurative familial/relational division, never literal violence. |
| Take up the cross / lose life to find it | Discipleship | Critical | ἄρας τὸν σταυρόν / ὁ εὑρὼν τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπολέσει | လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင်ကို ထမ်းရွက်ခြင်း / အသက်ရှင်ရန် အသက်ကိုစွန့်ခြင်း | — | 10,16 | Requires historical crucifixion background; total costly allegiance, not vague endurance idiom. |
| The one who is to come | Messianic Promise | High | ὁ ἐρχόμενος (ho erchomenos) | ကြွလာမည့်သူ | — | 11 | Messianic self-reference; requires OT expectation background. |
| Yoke / rest | Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees | Medium-High | ζυγός / ἀνάπαυσις | ဝန်ထုပ် / အနားယူခြင်း | — | 11 | Rest found in relationship with Christ, not a lighter precept-list. |
| Sabbath / Lord of the Sabbath | Law / Lordship | High | σάββατον / κύριος τοῦ σαββάτου | ဥပုသ်နေ့ / သခင် (baseline) | — | 12 | ဥပုသ်နေ့ also names the Buddhist Uposatha observance day; distinguish covenantal creation-rest from merit-generating observance. |
| Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit | Salvation Warning | Critical | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα | သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်ကို ကဲ့ရဲ့ခြင်း | — | 12 | Precise definition needed (settled hostile rejection) to avoid inducing false despair. |
| Sign of Jonah | Fulfillment / Resurrection | High | τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ | ယောနာ၏အမှတ်လက္ခဏာ | — | 12 | Prophetic type of the Resurrection; requires Jonah narrative background. |
| Parable | Teaching Form | Medium | παραβολή (parabolē) | ပုံဥပမာ (pon-upama) | — | 13 | Revelatory (reveals/conceals per hearer response), not a generic wisdom-simile as in Dhamma teaching. |
| Mysteries of the kingdom | Kingdom | High | τὰ μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας | နိုင်ငံတော်၏လျှို့ဝှက်ချက်များ | — | 13 | Disclosed by grace, not attained through meditative insight. |
| End of the age | Judgment / Eschatology | Critical | συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος (synteleia tou aiōnos) | ကမ္ဘာအဆက်ဆုံးချိန် | — | 13,24,28 | Linear, final, one-time consummation; never a recurring kalpa’s end within Buddhist cosmology’s beginningless world-cycles. |
| Weeds / harvest (judgment imagery) | Judgment | High | ζιζάνια / θερισμός | ကြိမ်ပင် / ရိတ်သိမ်းချိန် | — | 13 | Final separation at judgment, tied to end-of-age doctrine. |
| Hidden treasure / pearl | Kingdom Worth | Medium | θησαυρός / μαργαρίτης | ဘဏ္ဍာချုပ် / ပုလဲ | — | 13 | Joyful response to grace-given worth, not merit-earning renunciation. |
| Tradition of men | Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees | High | παράδοσις (paradosis) | လူတို့ဆက်ခံထားသော ထုံးတမ်း | — | 15 | Human tradition must not rival God’s own commandment; pastorally sensitive re: Burmese customary practice. |
| Church (founding) | Church | Medium | ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia) [Matthew’s first occurrence] | အသင်းတော် (baseline) | — | 16,18 | Baseline term; new significance as Matthew’s founding text for church doctrine. |
| Keys of the kingdom / bind and loose | Church Authority | High | κλεῖς τῆς βασιλείας / δέω / λύω | နိုင်ငံတော်၏သော့ချက်များ / ချုပ်ခြင်းနှင့်လွှတ်ခြင်း | — | 16,18 | Delegated authoritative declaration, not magical/incantational binding power (weizza practice risk). |
| Transfigured | Deity of Christ | High | μετεμορφώθη (metemorphōthē) | ရုပ်တော်ပြောင်းလဲခြင်း | — | 17 | Momentary disclosure of pre-existing glory, not a change of being or shape-shifting folklore motif. |
| Stumbling block (skandalon) | Church Discipline | Medium-High | σκάνδαλον / σκανδαλίζω | ထိမိဆုံးရှုံးစေခြင်း | — | 18 | Spiritual endangerment of another’s faith, not mere social offense. |
| Church discipline (procedure) | Church Discipline | High | ἐὰν ἁμαρτήσῃ…εἰπὲ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ | အသင်းတော်ကို ပြောပြခြင်း | — | 18 | Restorative process aimed at reconciliation, not punitive shunning. |
| Forgive (unlimited) | Church Discipline / Grace | High | ἀφίημι (aphiēmi) | ခွင့်လွှတ်ခြင်း | — | 18 | Grace-shaped asymmetry (forgiven much, therefore forgive); not reciprocal merit-exchange. |
| What God has joined together | Marriage | Medium | ὁ Θεὸς συνέζευξεν | ဘုရားသခင် ဖက်စည်းတော်မူသောအရာ | — | 19 | Creation-ordinance, God’s own binding act. |
| Eunuchs for the kingdom | Discipleship | Medium | εὐνοῦχοι διὰ τὴν βασιλείαν | ကောင်းကင်နိုင်ငံတော်အတွက် လက်မထပ်ဘဲနေခြင်း | ရဟန်းပြုခြင်း (monastic celibacy framing rejected as equivalence) | 19 | Kingdom-service devotion, not merit-seeking monastic celibacy. |
| Eye of a needle | Grace vs. Works | High | κάμηλον διὰ τρυπήματος ῥαφίδος | ချည်ချောင်း၏အပေါက် ကုလားအုတ်ဖြတ်သန်းခြင်း | — | 19 | Reinforces grace over moral self-sufficiency. |
| Laborers in the vineyard / grace vs. wages | Grace | Critical | οἱ ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι καὶ οἱ πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι | ဥယျာဉ်တွင် အလုပ်လုပ်သူများ | — | 20 | Sharpest parabolic illustration against merit-proportional reward logic. |
| Ransom | Atonement / Salvation | Critical | λύτρον (lytron) | ရွေးနှင်းရာဖိုး (ywei-hnin-yar-phoe) | — | 20 | Substitutionary price paid by Christ, not self-liberation through discipline. |
| Hosanna, Son of David | Messianic Acclamation | High | Ὡσαννὰ τῷ υἱῷ Δαυίδ | ဟောရှာန္န၊ ဒါဝိဒ်၏သားတော် | — | 21 | Public messianic recognition, fulfilling Zechariah 9:9. |
| Den of robbers | Prophetic Indictment | Medium | σπήλαιον λῃστῶν | ဓားပြများ၏ ခိုအောင်းရာ | — | 21 | Prophetic sign-action citing Jeremiah 7:11. |
| Wicked tenants / rejected stone | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | High | λίθον ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν… | တိုက်ဆောက်သူများ ပယ်ထားသောကျောက်တုံး | — | 21 | Warning against religious/ethnic entitlement; handle with pastoral care in Myanmar context. |
| Many called, few chosen | Calling / Election | High | πολλοὶ κλητοί, ὀλίγοι ἐκλεκτοί | ခေါ်တော်မူသူများသည် များပြားသော်လည်း ရွေးကောက်ခံရသူတို့သည် နည်းပါး | — | 22 | Combines baseline called/election. |
| Render to Caesar | Civil Authority | Medium-High | ἀπόδοτε τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι | ကဲသာ၏ဥစ္စာကို ကဲသာအားပေးခြင်း | — | 22 | Two-tiered loyalty; politically sensitive, handle non-partisanly. |
| Greatest commandment | Righteousness | High | ἀγαπήσεις Κύριον…καὶ τὸν πλησίον | သခင်ဘုရားသခင်ကိုချစ်ရန်နှင့် အိမ်နီးချင်းကိုချစ်ရန် | — | 22 | Totalizing exclusive love-claim; relevant to syncretism concerns. |
| Scribes and Pharisees (woes) | Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees | High | γραμματεῖς καὶ Φαρισαῖοι | ကျမ်းတတ်ဆရာများနှင့်ဖာရိရှဲများ | — | 23 | Critique of performance without inward transformation; not generic anti-Jewish polemic nor sangha-equivalence. |
| Abomination of desolation | Eschatology | High | τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως | ပျက်စီးခြင်း၏ရွံရှာဖွယ်အရာ | — | 24 | Historically anchored (Daniel 9:27) sign, not vague generic evil. |
| Great tribulation | Judgment / End of Age | Critical | θλῖψις μεγάλη (thlipsis megalē) | ကြီးစွာသောဒုက္ခ | — | 24 | CRITICAL COLLISION with Buddhist dukkha (First Noble Truth); bounded historical suffering before judgment, not universal metaphysical condition of samsara. |
| Coming of the Son of Man / parousia | Eschatology | Critical | ἡ παρουσία τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ကြွလာတော်မူခြင်း | — | 24 | Single, final, universally visible event; never repeatable/cyclical. |
| No one knows the day or hour | Eschatology | Medium | οὐδεὶς οἶδεν τὴν ἡμέραν | ထိုနေ့ရက်နှင့်အချိန်ကို အဘယ်သူမျှမသိ | — | 24 | Forecloses astrological date-setting; calls to vigilant readiness. |
| Ten virgins / bridegroom | Readiness | Medium | αἱ παρθένοι / ὁ νυμφίος | သတို့သမီးလေးများ / သတို့သား | — | 25 | Distinct sense of παρθένος from ch.1; wedding-attendant imagery. |
| Talents (parable) | Stewardship | Medium | τάλαντα (talanta) | ငွေအခွက် | — | 25 | Accountability, not merit-accumulation. |
| Sheep and goats / least of these | Judgment | Critical | ἐφ᾿ ὅσον ἐποιήσατε…ἐμοὶ ἐποιήσατε | သိုးနှင့်ဆိတ် / ငါ့ညီများတွင် အသိမ်ဆုံးသောသူ | — | 25 | Mercy flows from relationship with Christ; not an independent works-merit path. |
| Eternal fire / eternal life | Judgment / Eschatology | Critical | πῦρ αἰώνιον / ζωὴν αἰώνιον | ထာဝရမီး / ထာဝရအသက် | — | 25 | Genuinely final, unending states; never impermanent samsaric rebirth-destinations. |
| This is my body / blood of the covenant | Atonement / New Covenant | Critical | τοῦτο ἐστι τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης | ဤသည်ကား ငါ့ကိုယ်ခံ / ပဋိညာဉ်တော်၏ငါ့အသွေး | — | 26 | Once-for-all sacrificial covenant institution, not repeatable merit-ritual. |
| Not my will, but yours | Humanity of Christ | High | οὐ τὸ θέλημα μου ἀλλὰ τὸ σόν | ငါ့အလိုမဟုတ်၊ ကိုယ်တော်၏အလိုတော်အတိုင်း | — | 26 | Genuine anguish and voluntary submission held together. |
| Betrayal | Passion Narrative | Medium | παρέδωκεν (paredōken) | အပ်နှံခြင်း / သစ္စာဖောက်ခြင်း | — | 26 | Divine sovereignty and genuine human culpability held together. |
| Crucify / crucifixion | Atonement | Critical | σταυρόω / σταυρός | လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင်တင်ခြင်း | — | 27 | Genuine historical/physical death, premise for bodily resurrection. |
| My God, why have you forsaken me | Atonement | Critical | Θεέ μου, ἱνατί με ἐγκατέλιπες | အဘယ်ကြောင့် ငါ့ကို စွန့်ပစ်တော်မူသနည်း | — | 27 | Real weight of judicial abandonment borne, without breach of Trinitarian relation; theologian review required. |
| Temple veil torn | Access to God | High | τὸ καταπέτασμα…ἐσχίσθη | ဗိမာန်တော်၏ကန့်လန့်ကာ နှစ်ပိုင်းကွဲသွားခြင်း | — | 27 | God’s own act removing the barrier; grounds confident access. |
| He is not here, he has risen | Resurrection | Critical | οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε, ἠγέρθη | သင်္ဂြိုဟ်ရာ၌မရှိတော့ပါ၊ ထမြောက်တော်မူပြီ | — | 28 | Reuses baseline resurrection exactly; narrative and doctrinal climax. |
| All authority given to me | Authority of Teaching / Deity | Critical | ἐδόθη μοι πᾶσα ἐξουσία | ကောင်းကင်နှင့်မြေကြီးပေါ်ရှိ အခွင့်အာဏာအလုံးစုံကို ငါ့အားပေးတော်မူပြီ | — | 28 | Total, cosmic authority; grounds Great Commission. |
| Make disciples of all nations | Great Commission | High | πορευθέντες μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη | ထွက်သွား၍ လူမျိုးအပေါင်းတို့ကို တပည့်တော်ဖြစ်စေကြလော့ | — | 28 | Universalizes ch.10’s restricted mission; combines gentiles/mission/disciple entries. |
| Baptizing in the name of Father, Son, Holy Spirit | Great Commission / Trinity | Critical | βαπτίζοντες…εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος | အဖ၊ သားတော်၊ သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်၏ နာမတော်၌ ဗတ္တိဇံပေးခြင်း | — | 28 | Density of three Critical baseline terms in one clause; verbatim theologian review required. |
| To the end of the age | Great Commission / Eschatology | Critical | ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος | ကမ္ဘာအဆက်ဆုံးတိုင်အောင် | — | 28 | Reuses ch.13 entry exactly; never a recurring kalpa’s end. |
C. Chapters Reviewed With No New Terms
| Chapter | Status |
|---|---|
| 14 | Reviewed in full. No new Critical/High-risk theological vocabulary introduced; reuses son_of_god (baseline), faith (baseline) established in chs. 1–13. |
D. Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2
- Kingdom terminology:
kingdom_of_heaven(ကောင်းကင်နိုင်ငံတော်) and baselinekingdom_of_god(ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော်) must always be taught as the same divine reality under two biblical phrasings — never as two different kingdoms — whenever a lesson moves between Matthew and Romans-based material. - Honorific discipline: the honorific particle “-တော်” must be reserved exclusively for Christ’s unique titles (သားတော်, ခရစ်တော်, ကိုယ်တော်) and for the divine Persons (အဖ used without dishonor, ဝိညာဉ်တော်); plural “sons of God” (believers) must never receive this honorific.
- Highest-risk collision terms requiring mandatory translator notes on every occurrence: မင်္ဂလာရှိသော (blessed/Mangala Sutta collision), မာရ်နတ် (devil/Māra collision), ကမ္ဘာအဆက်ဆုံးချိန် (end of age/kalpa collision), ကြီးစွာသောဒုက္ခ (great tribulation/dukkha collision), ထာဝရမီး/ထာဝရအသက် (eternal fire/life vs. impermanent samsaric rebirth).
- All terms in Section A retain their exact baseline
translation_memory.jsonrenderings; no baseline entry has been altered or contradicted by this glossary.
Critical Risk Terms
All Authority Given To Me
Approved rendering: ကောင်းကင်နှင့်မြေကြီးပေါ်ရှိ အခွင့်အာဏာအလုံးစုံကို ငါ့အားပေးတော်မူပြီ
Transliteration: kaungkin hnint myay-kyi paw-shi a-khwin-arna a-lone-zone ko nga arr pay-taw-mu-pyi
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: ἐδόθη μοι πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς
Category: Christology
New term elevating the authority entry (High) to Critical, since it is now explicitly total and cosmic (28:18), grounding the church’s mission and reinforcing Christ’s deity.
Baptizing In The Name Of The Trinity
Approved rendering: အဖ၊ သားတော်၊ သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်၏ နာမတော်၌ ဗတ္တိဇံပေးခြင်း
Transliteration: a-pha, tharadaw, thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw i nama-taw nhi Battizan pay chin
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: Great Commission
New term. An explicitly Trinitarian baptismal formula (28:19). All three Persons named must retain their exact baseline renderings and honorifics; the density of three Critical-risk baseline terms in a single clause requires verbatim theologian review.
Blasphemy Against The Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်ကို ကဲ့ရဲ့ခြင်း
Transliteration: thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw ko keyeh chin
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα
Category: Sanctification
New term reusing baseline holy_spirit (Critical). The unforgivable sin: a settled, willful attribution of the Spirit’s clearly divine work to an evil source (12:31-32). Must be taught precisely to avoid inducing false despair.
Blessed
Approved rendering: မင်္ဂလာရှိသော
Transliteration: mingala-shi-thaw
Doctrine: Kingdom Ethics of the Beatitudes
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom Ethics
New term, retained despite collision. God’s own pronounced verdict of favor, opening each Beatitude (5:3-11). CRITICAL COLLISION: မင်္ဂလာ is the central term of the widely recited Mangala Sutta, listing 38 auspicious conditions secured through right conduct — the inverse logic of God’s favor pronounced on the poor, mourning, and persecuted. Mandatory translator note on every occurrence.
Body And Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: ဤသည်ကား ငါ့ကိုယ်ခံ / ပဋိညာဉ်တော်၏ငါ့အသွေး
Transliteration: hti-thi-kar nga ko-khan / padi-nyin-taw i nga a-thway
Doctrine: Atonement and Ransom
Original: τοῦτο ἐστι τὸ σῶμά μου… τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Atonement
New term reusing baseline covenant (High) and sin (High). Institutes the Lord’s Supper, directly fulfilling and instituting the New Covenant for the forgiveness of sins (26:26-28). Must retain the sacrificial, covenant-instituting, once-for-all force, not a repeatable merit-generating ritual meal.
Coming Of The Son Of Man
Approved rendering: ကြွလာတော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: kywa-la-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Original: ἡ παρουσία τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Eschatology
New term reusing son_of_man (Critical). A visible, public, glorious, personal return, not a repeated or cyclical appearance (24:27,30,37,39). Must be taught as a single, final, universally visible event.
Crucifixion
Approved rendering: လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင်တင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: let-war-kat-tine tin chin
Doctrine: Crucifixion and Death of Christ
Original: σταυρόω / σταυρός
Category: Atonement
New term. Jesus’ actual, physical death by Roman crucifixion, fulfilling prophecy (Psalm 22, cited 27:46) and securing the ransom announced in ch.20 (27:32-56). Must be taught as a genuine, historical, physical death, not a docetic illusion.
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: အဘယ်ကြောင့် ငါ့ကို စွန့်ပစ်တော်မူသနည်း
Transliteration: a-be-kyaung nga ko sone-pyit-taw-mu-tha-nae
Doctrine: Crucifixion and Death of Christ
Original: Θεέ μου θεέ μου, ἱνατί με ἐγκατέλιπες
Category: Atonement
New term reusing baseline god (Critical) in its most anguished register. Christ’s cry of dereliction citing Psalm 22:1, expressing the real weight of bearing sin’s judgment (27:46). Requires careful theological framing without implying any actual breach in the eternal Trinitarian relationship; theologian-level review required.
Devil Satan
Approved rendering: မာရ်နတ် / စာတန်
Transliteration: Mareknat / Satan
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Satan
Original: διάβολος / Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New term, retained despite collision. The singular, personal, created adversary who tempts Jesus (4:1-11) and opposes the sowing of the kingdom’s word (13:19,39). CRITICAL COLLISION: မာရ်နတ် borrows the name of Māra, the tempter-deity of Burmese Buddhist cosmology who unsuccessfully opposed the Buddha’s enlightenment. Retained as established Myanmar Christian usage, but requires a mandatory translator note on every occurrence distinguishing the biblical Satan (a defeated, created being under God’s ultimate sovereignty, finally judged, 25:41) from Māra (a figure within an endless cycle of rebirth).
End Of The Age
Approved rendering: ကမ္ဘာအဆက်ဆုံးချိန် / ကမ္ဘာအဆက်ဆုံးတိုင်အောင်
Transliteration: kaba a-sat-sohn chein / kaba a-sat-sohn tine-aung
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος
Category: Eschatology
New term. The linear, final, one-time consummation of history under God’s judgment (13:39-40,49; 24:3; 28:20). CRITICAL COLLISION: ကမ္ဘာ names a kalpa/world-era within Buddhist cosmology’s beginningless, endlessly repeating cycle. Must never be read as one kalpa’s end among an unbounded series; requires explicit teaching every occurrence.
Eternal Fire And Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ထာဝရမီး / ထာဝရအသက်
Transliteration: htawara-mi / htawara-athet
Doctrine: Eternal States: Heaven and Hell
Original: πῦρ αἰώνιον / ζωὴν αἰώνιον
Category: Judgment
New term. The two final, permanent, opposite destinies pronounced by the Son of Man as universal judge (25:41,46). CRITICAL COLLISION: ထာဝရ must be taught as a genuinely final, unending state determined once by a personal God’s righteous judgment, not a temporary rebirth-destination within an impermanent, escapable cycle of samsara.
Father
Approved rendering: အဖ
Transliteration: a-pha
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central to the Lord’s Prayer (6:9, ‘Our Father’) and the Trinitarian baptismal formula (28:19). Never ဗြဟ္မာ (Brahma, impersonal deity-realm).
God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရား, နတ်သခင်
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Matthew, addressed intensively as heavenly Father (5:16,45; 6:9) and invoked in the Son’s cry of dereliction (27:46). Never ဘုရား alone (a Buddha-image/pagoda/the Buddha himself) or နတ်သခင် (nat-spirit lord).
Grace
Approved rendering: ကျေးဇူးတော်
Transliteration: kyayzu-taw
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်, ကံကောင်းခြင်း, ဝါသနာတော်
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Matthew’s parables (laborers in the vineyard, 20:1-16; the unmerciful servant, 18:21-35) dramatize this contrast narratively, intensifying exposure beyond doctrinal statement alone. Never ကုသိုလ်/ကံကောင်းခြင်း.
Great Tribulation
Approved rendering: ကြီးစွာသောဒုက္ခ
Transliteration: kyi-swar-thaw dukkha
Doctrine: The Great Tribulation
Original: θλῖψις μεγάλη
Category: Eschatology
New term. An intense, unprecedented period of suffering preceding the Son of Man’s return (24:21-22). CRITICAL COLLISION: ဒုက္ခ (dukkha) names the First Noble Truth’s universal, metaphysical suffering inherent to all conditioned existence within samsara. Matthew’s referent is a specific, bounded, historical period preceding a personal God’s decisive judgment — categorically different. Requires sustained catechetical distinction every time it recurs.
He Is Not Here He Has Risen
Approved rendering: သင်္ဂြိုဟ်ရာ၌ မရှိတော့ပါ၊ ထမြောက်တော်မူပြီ
Transliteration: thinguet-yar-nhi ma-shi-tow-par, hta-myauk-taw-mu-pyi
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε, ἠγέρθη γάρ
Category: Eschatology
New term reusing baseline resurrection (Critical) exactly. The angel’s announcement of the bodily resurrection at the empty tomb (28:6), the narrative and doctrinal climax of the whole Gospel. Never ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း (rebirth).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်
Transliteration: thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ဝိညာဉ်, ဝိညာဉ်
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Agent of the virginal conception (1:18,20) and Jesus’ empowering at baptism (3:16). Matthew’s unforgivable-sin warning (12:31-32) makes the Spirit’s personal divine identity especially load-bearing against anatta’s denial of any permanent spirit-entity.
Hunger And Thirst For Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်းကို ဆာငတ်သော
Transliteration: pyaungmat-chin ko sa-ngat-thaw
Doctrine: Kingdom Ethics of the Beatitudes
Original: πεινᾶν καὶ διψᾶν τὴν δικαιοσύνην
Category: Righteousness
New term inheriting baseline righteousness’s Critical risk. Intense spiritual longing for right standing and right living, satisfied only by God (5:6). Risk that ‘hungering for right conduct’ is heard as ascetic craving for merit through fasting/precept-keeping rather than a Spirit-given longing God himself satisfies.
Immanuel
Approved rendering: ဣမ္မာနွေလ (gloss: ငါတို့နှင့်အတူရှိတော်မူသောဘုရား)
Transliteration: Imma-nu-wei-la
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Ἐμμανουήλ
Category: God
New term. A theophoric name meaning ‘God with us,’ glossed by Matthew himself (1:23) to anchor the Incarnation and Deity of Christ together. Retain the transliteration but always accompany it with Matthew’s own gloss so it is not treated as an unexplained foreign name.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: လူ့ဇာတိခံယူခြင်း
Transliteration: lu-zarti khan-yu-chin
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရားလောင်းအဖြစ်မွေးဖွားခြင်း, နတ်ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (cf. Matt 1:18-23)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Grounded in Matthew 1’s virginal conception narrative. Never ဘုရားလောင်း (Jataka-style Buddha-to-be birth) or နတ်ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း (nat-spirit descent).
Jesus
Approved rendering: ယေရှု
Transliteration: Yayshu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ရှင်ယေရှု
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Standard Judson-tradition form; named for his saving mission at Matthew 1:21 (‘he will save his people from their sins’).
Kingdom Of Heaven
Approved rendering: ကောင်းကင်နိုင်ငံတော်
Transliteration: kaungkin-nainggan-taw
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းတော်နိုင်ငံ, နတ်ပြည်
Original: βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν
Category: Kingdom
New term. Matthew’s characteristic phrase (~32 occurrences: 3:2; 4:17; 5:3,10; 6:33; 7; 10; 13; 18; 19; 25), identical in referent to kingdom_of_god. Never confuse with နတ်ပြည် (deva-loka realms attained by merit and lost when merit is exhausted). Must always be taught as the same divine reality as kingdom_of_god under a different biblical phrasing — mandatory cross-reference note on first occurrence per lesson.
Laborers In The Vineyard
Approved rendering: ဥယျာဉ်တွင် အလုပ်လုပ်သူများ
Transliteration: u-yin twin a-lote lote thu myar
Doctrine: Grace Versus Merit
Original: οὕτως ἔσονται οἱ ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι καὶ οἱ πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι
Category: Grace
New term. The parable in which the vineyard owner pays equal wages regardless of hours worked, illustrating grace’s non-proportional generosity (20:1-16). Arguably Matthew’s single sharpest illustration against a merit-proportional reward system; requires the same Critical-tier translator note as baseline grace.
Lord
Approved rendering: သခင်
Transliteration: thakhin
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရင်, ဆရာသခင်
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used of Jesus as ‘Lord of the Sabbath’ (12:8) and in petitioners’ address (8:2,8; 15:22). Must convey exclusive supreme authority, not a respected teacher among many venerated figures.
Messiah
Approved rendering: မေရှိယ
Transliteration: Mei-shi-ya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: အရေးတော်ပုံလာမည့်သူ, မိတ္တေယျ
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Confessed by Peter (16:16) and the crowds (21:9). Never မိတ္တေယျ (Metteyya, the future Buddha of Theravada expectation).
Ransom
Approved rendering: ရွေးနှင်းရာဖိုး
Transliteration: ywei-hnin-yar-phoe
Doctrine: Atonement and Ransom
Original: λύτρον
Category: Atonement
New term. The price paid by Christ to secure release from bondage to sin (20:28, ‘to give his life as a ransom for many’). Must convey a price paid by another, not a metaphor for self-liberation through discipline or the extinguishing of craving.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ထမြောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: hta-myauk-chin
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း, ပြန်လည်မွေးဖွားခြင်း
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Predicted by the sign of Jonah (12:39-40) and fulfilled at the empty tomb (28:6). Never ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း (rebirth into samsara).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: pyaungmat-chin
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ကံ, သီလ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Righteousness
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The standard disciples’ righteousness must ‘exceed’ (5:20) and hunger for (5:6). In Matthew’s antitheses (5:21-48) must never collapse into a stricter external precept-list. Never ကုသိုလ်ကံ/သီလ.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ကယ်တင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: kaetin-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း, လွတ်မြောက်ခြင်း
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Embedded in Jesus’ own name (1:21). Never နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း (attaining nirvana).
Sheep And Goats
Approved rendering: သိုးနှင့်ဆိတ် / ငါ့ညီများတွင် အသိမ်ဆုံးသောသူ
Transliteration: thoe hnint hsate / nga nyi-myar twin a-theim-sohn thaw thu
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: ἐφ᾿ ὅσον ἐποιήσατε ἑνὶ τούτων τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου τῶν ἐλαχίστων, ἐμοὶ ἐποιήσατε
Category: Judgment
New term. The final judgment scene separating humanity based on concrete acts of mercy toward Christ’s own, in whom Christ himself is identified (25:31-46). Must be taught carefully to avoid the misreading that acts of mercy earn eternal life independent of relationship with Christ.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏သားတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i tharadaw
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ့သား, နတ်သား
Original: υἱὸς Θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Confirmed at Jesus’ baptism (3:17), transfiguration (17:5), Peter’s confession (16:16), and the centurion’s confession (27:54). The honorific ‘-တော်’ is reserved exclusively for this unique Sonship and must never be applied to believers’ derivative sonship (see sons_of_god_believers, new entry below).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: လူသား
Transliteration: lu-thar
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Rejected alternatives: လူသားသား, လူ့ဇာတိရှိသူ
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term. Jesus’ preferred self-designation, drawn from Daniel 7:13-14, denoting a divine-human figure receiving everlasting dominion; used for his authority to forgive sins (9:6), his suffering (17:22), and his end-time coming (24:27-44). Never flattened to a mere synonym for ‘a human being’; requires sustained catechesis on its Danielic background, since Burmese has no ready parallel category.
Sons Of God Believers
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏သားများ
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i thar-myar
Doctrine: Adoption and Believers’ Sonship
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရားသခင်၏သားတော် (reserved for Christ)
Original: υἱοὶ Θεοῦ
Category: Adoption
New term. Believers granted filial standing with God (5:9), distinct from Christ’s unique, singular, eternal Sonship. Must never receive the honorific ‘-တော်’ reserved exclusively for Christ, to avoid implying either shared deity with Christ or that Christ’s Sonship is merely the same adoptive kind as the believer’s.
Take Up The Cross
Approved rendering: လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင်ကို ထမ်းရွက်ခြင်း / အသက်ရှင်ရန်အသက်ကို စွန့်ခြင်း
Transliteration: let-war-kat-tine ko htan-ywet chin / a-thet shin-yan a-thet ko sone chin
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: ἄρας τὸν σταυρόν αὐτοῦ / ὁ εὑρὼν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἀπολέσει αὐτήν
Category: Discipleship
New term. Total, self-surrendering allegiance even unto death, the definitive discipleship-cost statement (10:38-39; 16:24-26). Requires the historical reality of Roman crucifixion (unfamiliar in Burmese context) to be taught so the phrase is not flattened into a vague idiom for ‘enduring hardship.‘
Truly This Was The Son Of God
Approved rendering: ဤသူသည် ဘုရားသခင်၏သားတော် အမှန်ပင်ဖြစ်၏
Transliteration: hti-thu-thi Phayarthakhin i tharadaw a-hman-pin hpyit-i
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ἀληθῶς Θεοῦ υἱὸς ἦν οὗτος
Category: Christology
New term fully inheriting baseline son_of_god (Critical). The centurion’s climactic Gentile confession at the cross (27:54), echoing the Father’s declarations (3:17;17:5) and Peter’s confession (16:16).
Virgin
Approved rendering: ကညာမ
Transliteration: kanya-ma
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: အပျို (ambiguous secular term)
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
New term. In 1:23 (citing Isaiah 7:14) denotes the literal, miraculous virginal conception of Christ by the Holy Spirit. Must not be assimilated to Burmese nat-husband spirit-conception folk tales or Jataka birth legends of a bodhisatta framed within karma and rebirth. Chapter 25 uses the same Greek word in an unrelated wedding-attendant sense, requiring contextual disambiguation.
High Risk Terms
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: ပျက်စီးခြင်း၏ ရွံရှာဖွယ်အရာ
Transliteration: pyet-si-chin i ywan-shar-hwe a-yar
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
New term. A specific, historically anchored act of desecration signaling severe coming judgment, citing Daniel 9:27 (24:15). Requires OT background; must not be taught as a vague generic evil.
Authority
Approved rendering: အခွင့်အာဏာ
Transliteration: a-khwin-arna
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority of Teaching
New term. Inherent, non-derived authority, the capstone claim of 7:28-29 (‘taught them as one having authority, and not as their scribes’), recurring at 9:6,8; 21:23-27. Burmese အာဏာ carries strong political/military connotations; must be taught as Jesus’ inherent divine authority. Elevates to Critical risk at 28:18 (‘all authority in heaven and on earth’ — see all_authority_given_to_me).
Baptism
Approved rendering: ဗတ္တိဇံ ခံယူခြင်း / ဗတ္တိဇံပေးခြင်း
Transliteration: Battizan khan-yu chin / Battizan pay chin
Doctrine: Baptism
Rejected alternatives: ရေချိုးသန့်စင်ခြင်း
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Church
New term. A ritual act of immersion signifying repentance (John’s baptism, ch.3) and, after the resurrection, the Trinitarian sign of entry into discipleship (28:19). Must be distinguished from ritual water-purification/bathing practices at pagodas. Chapter 28’s Trinitarian formula elevates this term to a Critical-density context requiring theologian review whenever it co-occurs with the Father/Son/Spirit formula.
Called
Approved rendering: ခေါ်တော်မူသော
Transliteration: khaw-taw-mu-thaw
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ဖိတ်ခေါ်ခြင်း
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Illustrated in the calling of the first disciples (4:18-22) and ‘many are called’ (22:14). Distinguish from ဖိတ်ခေါ်ခြင်း, a revocable invitation.
Church Discipline Procedure
Approved rendering: အသင်းတော်ကို ပြောပြခြင်း
Transliteration: athin-taw ko pyaw-pya chin
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: ἐὰν ἁμαρτήσῃ… εἰπὲ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ
Category: Church
New term combining baseline church and sin. The structured, escalating procedure of confrontation, witness, and congregational involvement (18:15-17). Must be taught as a restorative process aimed at repentance and restoration, not punitive social exclusion analogous to village/monastic shunning.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ပဋိညာဉ်
Transliteration: padi-nyin
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: သဘောတူညီချက်
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Jesus names his own blood ‘the blood of the covenant’ at the Last Supper (26:28), instituting the New Covenant.
Election
Approved rendering: ရွေးကောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: ywaykauk-chin
Doctrine: Election
Rejected alternatives: ကံဇာတာ, ကံကြမ္မာ
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Named in ‘many are called, but few are chosen’ (22:14) and the elect gathered at the end of the age (24:22,31). Never ကံဇာတာ/ကံကြမ္မာ.
Eye Of A Needle
Approved rendering: ချည်ချောင်း၏အပေါက် ကုလားအုတ်ဖြတ်သန်းခြင်း
Transliteration: chi-chaung i a-pauk kularot pyat-than chin
Doctrine: Grace Versus Merit
Original: εὐκοπώτερόν ἐστιν κάμηλον διὰ τρυπήματος ῥαφίδος διελθεῖν ἢ πλούσιον εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Righteousness
New term. Hyperbole for the near-impossibility, apart from grace, of wealth-attached hearts entering the kingdom (19:16-26). Directly reinforces grace vs. merit/works; the rich young man’s moral self-sufficiency is exposed as insufficient.
Forgive Unlimited
Approved rendering: ခွင့်လွှတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: khwin-hlwot chin
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: ἀφίημι
Category: Church
New term. Complete, unlimited release of an offense, modeled on God’s own forgiveness of a far greater debt (18:21-35, the unmerciful servant). The parable’s grace-shaped asymmetry must not collapse into reciprocal merit-exchange.
Fulfill
Approved rendering: ပြည့်စုံစေခြင်း
Transliteration: pyi-sohn say chin
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: πληρόω
Category: Fulfillment of Prophecy
New term. Matthew’s signature verb (‘that it might be fulfilled’) applied both to specific OT predictions (1:22-23; 2:15,17-18,23) and to the Law and Prophets themselves (5:17). Must convey linear, historically anchored, one-time fulfillment, never the cyclical recurrence of world-ages (ကမ္ဘာ) in Buddhist cosmology, and never generic coincidence.
Glory
Approved rendering: ဘုန်းတော်
Transliteration: phon-taw
Doctrine: Transfiguration and the Glory of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းကံ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Unveiled momentarily at the Transfiguration (17:2,5). Never ဘုန်းကံ (earned merit-power).
Gospel
Approved rendering: သတင်းကောင်း
Transliteration: thadin kaung
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ဓမ္မသတင်း, ကောင်းသောအကြောင်းအရာ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Named ‘the gospel of the kingdom’ in Matthew (4:23; 9:35; 24:14) and tied to the whole world’s evangelization before the end of the age (24:14). Must convey the unique announcement of the in-breaking Kingdom through Christ, not generic good news.
Greatest Commandment
Approved rendering: သခင်ဘုရားသခင်ကို ချစ်ရမည်… သင်၏အိမ်နီးချင်းကို ကိုယ်နှင့်အမျှချစ်ရမည်
Transliteration: thakhin Phayarthakhin ko chit-ya-mei… thin i eain-ni-chin ko ko-nhint a-mya chit-ya-mei
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: ἀγαπήσεις Κύριον τὸν Θεόν σου… ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν
Category: Righteousness
New term reusing baseline lord/god. Summarizes the Law and the Prophets (22:40) in the twin love-commands (22:34-40). Must retain the totalizing, comprehensive claim of love owed exclusively to the one true God, a live concern given syncretistic practice patterns.
Holy
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသော
Transliteration: thangyin-thaw
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: စင်ကြယ်သော
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies the Holy Spirit’s name and, by extension, the church’s calling throughout Matthew.
Hosanna Son Of David
Approved rendering: ဟောရှာန္န၊ ဒါဝိဒ်၏သားတော်
Transliteration: Hosanna, Dawid i tharadaw
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: Ὡσαννὰ τῷ υἱῷ Δαυίδ
Category: Messianic Acclamation
New term reusing son_of_david (High) and the fulfillment_of_ot_prophecy doctrine. Public messianic acclamation at the triumphal entry (21:9,15), fulfilling Zechariah 9:9 (cited 21:5). ဟောရှာန္န is transliterated, not translated.
Keys Of The Kingdom Bind And Loose
Approved rendering: နိုင်ငံတော်၏ သော့ချက်များ / ချုပ်ခြင်းနှင့် လွှတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: nainggan-taw i thawgyet-chet-myar / chok-chin hnint hlwot-chin
Doctrine: Church Authority: Binding and Loosing
Original: κλεῖς τῆς βασιλείας / δέω / λύω
Category: Church
New term. Delegated, authoritative power of ecclesial declaration, given to Peter (16:19) and the gathered church (18:18). Risk of being heard through the lens of weizza (esoteric adept) or amulet/incantation practices; must be taught as delegated, Spirit-guided declarative authority, never individual incantational power.
Law And The Prophets
Approved rendering: ပညတ်တရားနှင့် ပရောဖက်ကျမ်းများ
Transliteration: pyinnat tayar hnint parawpeq kyan myar
Doctrine: The Law and the Prophets
Original: ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται
Category: Fulfillment of Prophecy
New term combining two baseline-reused entries (law, prophecy). Shorthand for the entirety of OT revelation, which Jesus came to fulfill (5:17) and summarizes in the twin love-commands (22:40). ပညတ်တရား must never be confused with ဝိနည်း (monastic Vinaya).
Law
Approved rendering: ပညတ်တရား
Transliteration: pyinnat tayar
Doctrine: The Law and the Prophets
Rejected alternatives: ဝိနည်း
Original: νόμος
Category: Righteousness
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Jesus says he came to ‘fulfill’ rather than abolish it (5:17); central to the Sabbath dispute (12:1-14). Never ဝိနည်း (Buddhist monastic Vinaya).
Make Disciples Of All Nations
Approved rendering: ထွက်သွား၍ လူမျိုးအပေါင်းတို့ကို တပည့်တော်ဖြစ်စေကြလော့
Transliteration: htwet-thwar-yi lu-myo a-paung-do ko tapyedaw hpyit-say-kya-lawt
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: πορευθέντες μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
Category: Great Commission
New term combining baseline gentiles (Medium) and mission (Medium) with the disciple entry (Medium). The Great Commission’s central command, universalizing the earlier restricted mission (10:6) to all peoples (28:19).
Many Called Few Chosen
Approved rendering: ခေါ်တော်မူသူများသည် များပြားသော်လည်း ရွေးကောက်ခံရသူတို့သည် နည်းပါး၏
Transliteration: khaw-taw-mu-thu-myar thi myar-pyar thaw-lae ywaykauk-khan-ya-thu-do thi nyi-par i
Doctrine: Election
Original: πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί, ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
New term combining baseline called and election (both High). Closes the wedding-feast parable, tying divine calling and election together (22:14). Distinguish God’s sovereign calling/choosing from ကံဇာတာ (fixed karmic destiny).
Mysteries Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: နိုင်ငံတော်၏ လျှို့ဝှက်ချက်များ
Transliteration: nainggan-taw i shyo-hwet-chet-myar
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Original: τὰ μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Kingdom
New term reusing kingdom_of_heaven (Critical). Previously hidden kingdom truths disclosed by revelation to those given ‘ears to hear’ (13:11). Must not be read as esoteric knowledge attained through progressive meditative insight.
Not My Will But Yours
Approved rendering: ငါ့အလိုမဟုတ်၊ ကိုယ်တော်၏အလိုတော်အတိုင်း
Transliteration: nga a-lo ma-hote, koe-taw i a-lo-taw a-tine
Doctrine: Humanity of Christ
Original: οὐ τὸ θέλημα μου ἀλλὰ τὸ σόν
Category: Christology
New term. Christ’s voluntary submission to the Father’s will in Gethsemane (26:36-46), displaying his true humanity in genuine anguish. Must preserve both full genuine human anguish and full voluntary submission together.
Not Peace But A Sword
Approved rendering: ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်းကို မဆောင်၊ ဓားကိုသာ ဆောင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: nyeinthet-chin ko ma-hsaung, dar ko-thar hsaung chin
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: οὐκ ἦλθον βαλεῖν εἰρήνην ἀλλὰ μάχαιραν
Category: Discipleship
New term. Figurative warning that the gospel’s arrival provokes division, even within families (10:34-36). Must not be misread as endorsing literal violence; acutely relevant where conversion divides Burmese Buddhist families.
Perfect
Approved rendering: စုံလင်သော
Transliteration: soun-lin thaw
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: τέλειος
Category: Righteousness
New term. Wholehearted, undivided completeness of character reflecting God’s own, the climax of the antitheses (5:48, ‘be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect’). Risk of being heard as flawless moral achievement attainable by sufficient effort, echoing a graduated path to arahantship, rather than Spirit-enabled wholehearted love.
Persecuted For Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်းကြောင့် နှောင့်ယှက်ညှဉ်းဆဲခြင်းခံရသော
Transliteration: pyaungmat-chin kyaung hnaung-yet-nyin-hsair-chin khan-ya thaw
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: δεδιωγμένοι ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης
Category: Discipleship
New term. Hostile pursuit endured for righteousness’ sake, promised the kingdom of heaven (5:10), forming an inclusio with 5:3. Pastorally live given the genuine social and familial cost of conversion from Buddhism and public identification with Christ in the contemporary Myanmar context.
Poor In Spirit
Approved rendering: ဝိညာဉ်တွင် ဆင်းရဲသော
Transliteration: weinnyin twin sinyay thaw
Doctrine: Kingdom Ethics of the Beatitudes
Original: πτωχὸς τῷ πνεύματι
Category: Kingdom Ethics
New term. Total spiritual bankruptcy and dependence on God, the entry posture into the kingdom of heaven (5:3). Risk of being heard as literal poverty or personal spiritual weakness rather than unmerited dependence opening onto grace.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏တန်ခိုးတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i tankhoe-taw
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး
Original: δύναμις (Θεοῦ)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Displayed throughout Jesus’ miracles and named at the Transfiguration. Never အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး (relic/amulet potency).
Providence
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏ကြည့်ရှုစောင့်ရှောက်မှု
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i kyi-shu-saung-shauk-hmu
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: ကံ
Original: πρόνοια (cf. Matt 6:25-34; 10:29-31)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Grounds Jesus’ teaching against anxiety over provision (6:25-34) and ‘seek first the kingdom’ (6:33). Never ကံ (impersonal karma).
Pure In Heart
Approved rendering: နှလုံးသားစင်ကြယ်သော
Transliteration: hlonbon-thar sin-kyay thaw
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: καθαρὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ
Category: Righteousness
New term reusing the baseline-flagged word စင်ကြယ် (already rejected for ‘holy’ due to ritual-purity connotations). Undivided, sincere moral integrity before God, promised the beatific vision of seeing God (5:8). Must be redirected toward moral-relational sincerity of the inner person, distinguished from meditative mind-purification (vipassana/samatha) pursued for one’s own attainment.
Render To Caesar
Approved rendering: ကဲသာ၏ဥစ္စာကို ကဲသာအားပေး၍ ဘုရားသခင်၏ဥစ္စာကို ဘုရားသခင်အားပေးကြလော့
Transliteration: Kaesar i ok-sa ko Kaesar arr pay-yi Phayarthakhin i ok-sa ko Phayarthakhin arr pay-kya-lawt
Doctrine: Civil Authority
Original: ἀπόδοτε οὖν τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ
Category: Civil Authority
New term. A two-tiered loyalty distinguishing legitimate civil obligation from ultimate allegiance owed only to God (22:15-22). Requires careful, non-partisan pastoral handling in the contemporary Myanmar political context.
Repentance
Approved rendering: နောင်တရခြင်း
Transliteration: naung-ta-ya chin
Doctrine: Repentance
Rejected alternatives: ဝန်ချတောင်းပန်ခြင်း
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Salvation
New term. Preached by John the Baptist (3:2,8) and Jesus (4:17). Must be distinguished from ritual confession before the Triple Gem (ဝန်ချတောင်းပန်ခြင်း), which acknowledges fault without necessarily entailing sorrow before, or reconciliation with, a personal God.
Reward
Approved rendering: ဆုလာဘ်
Transliteration: su-larhat
Doctrine: Kingdom Ethics of the Beatitudes
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ဆုလာဘ်
Original: μισθός
Category: Kingdom Ethics
New term. God’s gracious recompense for faithful endurance, promised ‘in the heavens’ (5:12) and recurring at 6:1-18, 10:41-42, 20:8. Risks being heard within the merit/karma framework as reward accrued proportionally to good deeds; every occurrence should carry a note that the reward flows from grace and covenant relationship, not a merit ledger.
Sabbath And Lord Of The Sabbath
Approved rendering: ဥပုသ်နေ့ / သခင်
Transliteration: Upositne’ / thakhin
Doctrine: The Sabbath and Fulfillment of the Law
Original: σάββατον / κύριος τοῦ σαββάτου
Category: Righteousness
New term. The seventh-day covenantal rest, over which Jesus claims sovereign authority (12:1-8). ဥပုသ်နေ့ is also the name of the Buddhist Uposatha observance day; must distinguish covenantal, creation-rooted rest from a day of merit-generating religious observance, while Jesus’ lordship claim reuses baseline lord (Critical).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းခြင်း
Transliteration: thangyin-chin
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ရေချိုးသန့်စင်ခြင်း
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Implicit background to Jesus’ baptism-contrast teaching (3:11), distinguishing Spirit-baptism from ritual water-baptism.
Scribes And Pharisees Woes
Approved rendering: ကျမ်းတတ်ဆရာများနှင့် ဖာရိရှဲများအပေါ် အမင်္ဂလာစကား
Transliteration: kyan-htat-hsaya-myar hnint Farisheh-myar a-paw a-mingala-zagar
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: γραμματεῖς καὶ Φαρισαῖοι (Matt 23)
Category: Righteousness
New term. The ‘seven woes’ chapter’s sustained critique of external religious performance detached from inward righteousness (23:1-36). Must be taught as critique of a specific first-century pattern, not generic anti-Jewish polemic nor sangha-equivalence.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: ဒါဝိဒ်၏အနွယ်ဝင်
Transliteration: Dawid i anwe-win
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Physical Davidic descent, the genealogical background (1:1-17) underlying the direct messianic title ‘Son of David’ (new term, distinct usage — see son_of_david below).
Sign Of Jonah
Approved rendering: ယောနာ၏အမှတ်လက္ခဏာ
Transliteration: Yona i a-hmat lakkhana
Doctrine: Prophetic Typology: The Sign of Jonah
Original: τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ
Category: Fulfillment of Prophecy
New term. A typological prophecy of the resurrection: as Jonah was three days in the fish, so the Son of Man will be three days in the earth (12:39-41). Requires the Jonah narrative background.
Sin
Approved rendering: အပြစ်
Transliteration: a-pyit
Doctrine: Sin and Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: အကုသိုလ်
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The reason Jesus is named ‘Jesus’ (1:21) and the ground of the church’s disciplinary process (18:15) and the Last Supper’s institution (26:28). Never အကုသိုလ် (demerit).
Son Of David
Approved rendering: ဒါဝိဒ်၏သားတော်
Transliteration: Dawid i tharadaw
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Rejected alternatives: ဒါဝိဒ်၏သား (without honorific)
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
New term. A direct messianic title of address/acclamation used by petitioners (9:27; 15:22; 20:30-31) and crowds (21:9,15). Distinct from seed_of_david (descent-language); retains the honorific ‘-တော်’ as a title addressed to the Messiah himself. Requires OT Davidic covenant background teaching for an audience with no analogous royal-line covenant concept.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: ထိမိဆုံးရှုံးစေခြင်း
Transliteration: hti-mi sohn-shohn say chin
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: σκάνδαλον / σκανδαλίζω
Category: Church
New term. Causing another, especially ‘little ones,’ to fall into sin or abandon faith, warned against severely (18:6-9). Must convey spiritual endangerment of another’s faith, not mere social offense.
Temple Veil Torn
Approved rendering: ဗိမာန်တော်၏ကန့်လန့်ကာ နှစ်ပိုင်းကွဲသွားခြင်း
Transliteration: beiman-taw i kan-lan-kar hnit-pain kwe-thwar chin
Doctrine: God
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη εἰς δύο
Category: God
New term. A dramatic sign that the barrier separating God’s presence from the people has been decisively removed (27:51). Should be taught as God’s own act removing the barrier from his side, not merely a dramatic natural event.
The One Who Is To Come
Approved rendering: ကြွလာမည့်သူ
Transliteration: kywa-la-meh thu
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: ὁ ἐρχόμενος
Category: Messianic Promise
New term. A messianic self-reference echoing OT expectation, answered by John’s disciples’ question (11:2-6) with fulfilled-prophecy signs. Requires OT background teaching for full force.
Tradition Of Men
Approved rendering: လူတို့ ဆက်ခံထားသော ထုံးတမ်း
Transliteration: lu-do sat-khan htar-thaw htonedan
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Righteousness
New term. Accumulated interpretive rulings elevated above God’s actual commandment, rebuked by Jesus (15:1-9, ‘you nullify the word of God for the sake of your tradition’). Directly relevant to how learners weigh inherited Burmese Buddhist customary/ritual traditions against Scripture; requires pastoral sensitivity.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: ရုပ်တော်ပြောင်းလဲခြင်း
Transliteration: yut-taw pyaunlai chin
Doctrine: Transfiguration and the Glory of Christ
Original: μετεμορφώθη
Category: Christology
New term. The momentary, visible unveiling of Christ’s already-existing divine glory before Peter, James, and John (17:2), confirmed by the Father’s voice (17:5). Must not be read through nat-spirit shape-shifting folklore, nor as evidence of impermanence (anicca) applied to Christ’s nature.
Weeds And Harvest End Of Age
Approved rendering: ကြိမ်ပင် / ရိတ်သိမ်းချိန်
Transliteration: kyein-bin / yate-thein-chein
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: τὰ ζιζάνια / ὁ θερισμός / συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος
Category: Judgment
New term. The parable of the wheat and weeds, whose harvest is explicitly interpreted as final judgment ‘at the end of the age’ (13:24-30,36-43). Shares the ကမ္ဘာ/kalpa collision rationale of end_of_the_age (see below).
Wicked Tenants Rejected Stone
Approved rendering: တိုက်ဆောက်သူများ ပယ်ထားသောကျောက်တုံးသည် ထောင့်ချုပ်ကျောက်ဖြစ်လာခြင်း
Transliteration: htaik-hsauk-thu-myar pae-htar-thaw kyauk-tone thi htaung-chok kyauk hpyit-la chin
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: λίθον ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες, οὗτος ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας
Category: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
New term. The rejected Messiah becomes the cornerstone (citing Psalm 118:22), and ‘the kingdom of God will be taken… and given to a people producing its fruits’ (21:33-46). Must be handled with pastoral care given ethnic/religious identity sensitivity in the Myanmar context.
Yoke And Rest
Approved rendering: ဝန်ထုပ် / အနားယူခြင်း
Transliteration: wan-htote / a-nar-yu chin
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: ζυγός / ἀνάπαυσις
Category: Righteousness
New term. Jesus’ ‘easy’ yoke and ‘light’ burden, contrasted with the burdensome interpretive traditions of the Pharisees (11:28-30). Must not be read as an invitation to a lighter set of precepts (still merit-framed), but as rest found in relationship with Christ.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: တမန်တော်
Transliteration: tamantaw
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ဆရာတော်, ဆရာကြီး
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The Twelve are first formally listed at Matthew 10:2, grounding the mission of chapter 28. Distinguish from ဆရာတော် (senior-monk).
Betrayal
Approved rendering: အပ်နှံခြင်း / သစ္စာဖောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: ap-hnan chin / thissa-hpauk chin
Doctrine: Passion Narrative
Original: παρέδωκεν
Category: Passion Narrative
New term. Judas’s act of handing Jesus over to hostile authorities for money (26:14-16,47-50). Should retain the tension between divine sovereignty and genuine human moral responsibility, avoiding a purely fatalistic reading.
Church
Approved rendering: အသင်းတော်
Transliteration: athin-taw
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရားကျောင်း, ဘုရားရိပ်သာ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Matthew’s founding text is Peter’s confession scene (16:18, ‘on this rock I will build my church’) and the discipline procedure (18:17). Never ဘုရားကျောင်း/ဘုရားရိပ်သာ.
David
Approved rendering: ဒါဝိဒ်
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Matthew’s genealogy (1:1-17) and repeated ‘Son of David’ address anchor Jesus in this covenant line.
Den Of Robbers
Approved rendering: ဓားပြများ၏ ခိုအောင်းရာ
Transliteration: dar-pyar myar i kho-aung yar
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: σπήλαιον λῃστῶν
Category: Fulfillment of Prophecy
New term. Jesus’ prophetic indictment of the temple’s corruption, citing Jeremiah 7:11 (21:12-13). Requires the OT citation background to land with full prophetic force.
Disciple
Approved rendering: တပည့်တော်
Transliteration: tapyedaw
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
New term. One bound to Jesus in committed, life-reordering allegiance; the recipients of the Sermon on the Mount (5:1) and the object of the Great Commission’s command (28:19, μαθητεύσατε). Must convey permanence and total re-orientation of life, not a temporary monk-novice-style apprenticeship.
Eunuchs For The Kingdom
Approved rendering: ကောင်းကင်နိုင်ငံတော်အတွက် လက်မထပ်ဘဲနေခြင်း
Transliteration: kaungkin-nainggan-taw a-twet let-ma-htat-be nay chin
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: ရဟန်းပြုခြင်း
Original: εὐνοῦχοι διὰ τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν
Category: Discipleship
New term. Voluntary celibacy embraced for undivided kingdom devotion (19:12), not a biological condition. Should be carefully distinguished from monastic celibacy pursued for personal merit/purity.
Faith
Approved rendering: ယုံကြည်ခြင်း
Transliteration: yun-kyi-chin
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: သဒ္ဓါတရား
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Commended in the centurion (8:10) and the Canaanite woman (15:28); rebuked as ‘little faith’ in Peter (14:31). Object always Jesus’ word/person, distinguished from သဒ္ဓါ’s experiential confidence in a teaching.
False Prophets
Approved rendering: မိစ္ဆာပရောဖက်
Transliteration: meiksa parawpeq
Doctrine: Discernment
Original: ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: Discernment
New term built on baseline prophet. Those who appear as sheep but are wolves, tested by their fruit (7:15-20) and warned against again in the Olivet Discourse (24:11,24).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: တစ်ပါးအမျိုးသား
Transliteration: tabar-amyothar
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: လူမျိုးခြား
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The object of the Great Commission’s universal scope (28:19, ‘all nations’).
Hidden Treasure And Pearl
Approved rendering: ဘဏ္ဍာချုပ် / ပုလဲ
Transliteration: banda-chok / pulay
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Original: θησαυρός / μαργαρίτης
Category: Kingdom
New term. Metaphors for the surpassing worth of the kingdom, worth total sacrifice to obtain (13:44-46). Should be read as joyful response to grace-given worth freely found, not a transactional ‘buying’ of the kingdom through merit-earning renunciation.
Hypocrite
Approved rendering: လျှို့ဝှက်ကြောင်ဖျင်းသူ
Transliteration: shyo-hwet kyaung-hpyin thu
Doctrine: Religious Hypocrisy
Original: ὑποκριτής
Category: Righteousness
New term. One whose outward religious performance does not match inward reality, repeatedly named in the critique of public almsgiving, prayer, and fasting (6:2,5,16). Public religious performance carries strong social-merit value in Burmese Buddhist culture; must be taught as pretense before God specifically.
Israel
Approved rendering: ဣသရေလ
Transliteration: Israen
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The Twelve’s mission is initially restricted to ‘the lost sheep of the house of Israel’ (10:6; 15:24) before the Great Commission’s universal expansion.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i nainggan-taw
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းတော်နိုင်ငံ
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Matthew’s occasional variant phrasing (19:24; 21:31,43) of his more frequent ‘kingdom of heaven’. Must be taught as the identical divine reality as the new term kingdom_of_heaven, under two biblical phrasings, never two kingdoms.
Meek
Approved rendering: နူးညံ့သိမ်မွေ့သော
Transliteration: nu-nyan-thein-mway thaw
Doctrine: Kingdom Ethics of the Beatitudes
Original: πραΰς
Category: Kingdom Ethics
New term. Strength held under control toward God’s will, exemplified by Jesus himself (11:29; 21:5), not mere passivity. Burmese cultural respect for outward gentleness/deference can mask the specifically Christological content.
Merciful
Approved rendering: သနားကြင်နာသော
Transliteration: thanar-kyinnar thaw
Doctrine: Kingdom Ethics of the Beatitudes
Original: ἐλεήμων / ἔλεος
Category: Kingdom Ethics
New term. Compassionate action toward those in need, reflecting and anticipating the mercy received from God (5:7; 9:13; 18:21-35). Distinguish from ကရုဏာ as a self-cultivated meditative virtue practiced for one’s own merit.
Mission
Approved rendering: သာသနာပြုလုပ်ငန်း
Transliteration: thathana-pyu lokngan
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω / ἀποστέλλω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. First restricted to Israel (10:5-6) then universalized in the Great Commission (28:19). Translator note on Buddhist-institutional (Sasana) connotation retained on every occurrence.
Mourn And Comforted
Approved rendering: ဝမ်းနည်းသော / နှစ်သိမ့်ခြင်းခံရမည်
Transliteration: wanne-nay thaw / hnit-thein chin khan ya-mei
Doctrine: Kingdom Ethics of the Beatitudes
Original: πενθέω / παρακαλέω
Category: Kingdom Ethics
New term. Grief over sin and brokenness, answered by God’s own eschatological comfort (5:4). Should be distinguished from self-generated equanimity cultivated through meditative detachment; comfort here is given by a personal God, received rather than self-produced.
Narrow Gate And Way
Approved rendering: ကျဉ်းသောတံခါး
Transliteration: kyin-thaw tan-khar
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: στενὴ πύλη / ὁδός
Category: Discipleship
New term. The exclusive, demanding path to life, contrasted with the wide, easy path to destruction (7:13-14). Must retain the exclusivity claim without being softened into ‘one path among several equally valid ones’ given Burma’s religiously plural context.
New Wine New Wineskins
Approved rendering: အသစ်သောဝိုင်ရည် / အသစ်သောစည်ပုံ
Transliteration: a-thit thaw wine-yay / a-thit thaw si-pon
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Original: οἶνος νέος εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς
Category: Kingdom
New term. A metaphor for the incompatibility of the in-breaking kingdom’s newness with unreformed old covenant forms (9:17). Should not be read merely as ‘innovation is generally good’ but as the kingdom’s arrival requiring new covenant realities.
No One Knows The Day Or Hour
Approved rendering: ထိုနေ့ရက်နှင့်အချိန်ကို အဘယ်သူမျှမသိ
Transliteration: hto nay-yet hnint a-chein ko a-be-thu-hmya ma-thi
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: περὶ δὲ τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης καὶ ὥρας οὐδεὶς οἶδεν
Category: Eschatology
New term. Deliberate withholding of exact timing to enforce constant readiness, not fatalistic ignorance (24:36-44). Pastorally important given a cultural context where astrology (ဗေဒင်) is commonly consulted; forecloses date-setting approaches.
Parable
Approved rendering: ပုံဥပမာ
Transliteration: pon-upama
Doctrine: Parables of the Kingdom
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
New term. Jesus’ primary teaching form in ch.13, an extended figurative narrative that reveals kingdom truth to the responsive and conceals it from the hardened (13:10-17). ဥပမာ is also the standard term for similes used throughout Buddhist Dhamma teaching; risk of being heard as generic wisdom-illustration rather than a revelatory act.
Peace
Approved rendering: ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: nyein-thet-chin
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ကိလေသာငြိမ်းခြင်း
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Contrasted with the division Christ’s arrival provokes (10:34, ‘not peace but a sword’) and grounded again at the temple veil’s tearing (27:51).
Peacemakers
Approved rendering: ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်းကိုပြုသူ
Transliteration: nyeinthet-chin ko pyu thu
Doctrine: Kingdom Ethics of the Beatitudes
Original: εἰρηνοποιός
Category: Kingdom Ethics
New term built on baseline peace. Those who actively create reconciliation, promised recognition as God’s children (5:9). Risk of reducing ‘peacemaking’ to passive social harmony-keeping rather than active gospel-shaped reconciliation.
Pharisees
Approved rendering: ဖာရိရှဲ
Transliteration: Farisheh
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: Φαρισαῖοι
Category: Religious Groups
New term. A first-century lay-pietist movement stressing precise legal observance, the primary antagonists throughout Matthew alongside the scribes. Transliterated proper-name-like term; must be taught as a specific historical religious-legal pattern, not casually equated with any modern Burmese religious group.
Scribes
Approved rendering: ကျမ်းတတ်ဆရာ
Transliteration: kyan-htat-hsaya
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: γραμματεῖς
Category: Religious Groups
New term. Learned interpreters and copyists of the Law, allied with the Pharisees in opposing Jesus. Distinct religious-legal class; avoid conflating with a generic ‘teacher.‘
Talents
Approved rendering: ငွေအခွက်
Transliteration: nge a-khwet
Doctrine: Stewardship and Accountability
Original: τάλαντα
Category: Stewardship
New term. Entrusted resources for which a servant is accountable to the master upon his return (25:14-30). Should avoid conflating stewardship-accountability with a merit-accumulation framework; the reward is relational commendation, not a proportional wage.
Tax Collectors And Sinners
Approved rendering: အခွန်ခံသူများနှင့် အပြစ်ရှိသူများ
Transliteration: akhun-khan thu myar hnint a-pyit shi thu myar
Doctrine: Sin and Human Accountability
Original: τελῶναι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοί
Category: Sin
New term reusing baseline sin. The socially and religiously marginalized with whom Jesus shares table fellowship (9:10-13), defended by ‘I desire mercy, not sacrifice.’ The pastoral point — grace extended to the socially despised — must not be diluted into social inclusion alone.
Teacher Rabbi
Approved rendering: ဆရာ / ရဗ္ဗိ
Transliteration: hsaya / rabbi
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Rejected alternatives: ဆရာတော်
Original: διδάσκαλος / ῥαββί
Category: Discipleship
New term. A title of respectful address for Jesus, contrasted with his disciples who must not seek the same honorific title for themselves (23:8). Distinguish from ဆရာတော် (senior-monk honorific, already rejected for apostle).
Ten Virgins And Bridegroom
Approved rendering: သတို့သမီးလေးများ / သတို့သား
Transliteration: thado-thami-lay-myar / thado-thar
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: αἱ παρθένοι… ὁ νυμφίος
Category: Eschatology
New term. Wedding-attendant imagery for watchful readiness for Christ’s return (25:1-13). Should be clearly distinguished contextually from the ch.1 virgin-birth sense of the underlying Greek word.
What God Has Joined Together
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင် ဖက်စည်းတော်မူသောအရာ
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin phet-si-taw-mu-thaw a-yar
Doctrine: Marriage and Divorce
Original: ὃ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς συνέζευξεν
Category: Marriage
New term. Marriage as a creation-ordinance, God’s own binding act (19:4-6), not a merely social or contractual arrangement. Requires careful positive teaching since Burmese lacks an analogous creation-ordinance concept.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: တိုက်တွန်းနှိုးဆော်ခြင်း
Transliteration: taik-tun hnoso-chin
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used of the divine comfort promised to mourners (5:4); context-sensitive between entreaty and comfort.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ပရောဖက်ပြုချက်
Transliteration: parawpeq-pyu-chet
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ဗေဒင်စာတမ်း
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Cited repeatedly by Matthew’s fulfillment formula (‘that it might be fulfilled’).
Prophet
Approved rendering: ပရောဖက်
Transliteration: parawpeq
Doctrine: The Prophetic Office
Rejected alternatives: ဗေဒင်ဆရာ
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. John the Baptist and the OT prophets are the pattern Jesus fulfills and the disciples continue (5:12; 23:29-37). Distinguish from ဗေဒင်ဆရာ (astrologer).
Sadducees
Approved rendering: ဇဒ္ဒုကဲ
Transliteration: Zaddukeh
Doctrine: Religious Groups
Original: Σαδδουκαῖοι
Category: Religious Groups
New term. A priestly-aristocratic religious party, allied with the Pharisees at points (16:1; 22:23-34) despite their own denial of resurrection. Transliterated proper-name-like term; low collision risk.
Referenced passages