Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Peter (English → Burmese)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning 2 Peter chapters 1–3. Terms marked (reuse) already exist in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json and MUST be rendered exactly as recorded there — no alternative renderings are proposed. Terms marked (NEW) are proposed additions for this curriculum, pending formal addition to translation memory in a later phase, and inherit the baseline’s risk-tier conventions (Critical/High/Medium/Low).
Reused Terms (from Baseline Romans Translation Memory — enforce exactly)
| English Term | Greek | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link (2 Peter) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | ဘုရားသခင် | Critical | All chapters |
| Father | πατήρ | အဖ | Critical | 1:17 |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | ယေရှု | Critical | 1:1, 1:16 |
| Lord | κύριος | သခင် | Critical | Throughout |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော် | Critical | 1:21 |
| Salvation | σωτηρία | ကယ်တင်ခြင်း | Critical | 3:15 |
| Grace | χάρις | ကျေးဇူးတော် | Critical | 1:2, 3:18 |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း | Critical | 1:1, 2:5, 2:21, 3:13 |
| Faith | πίστις | ယုံကြည်ခြင်း | Medium | 1:1, 1:5 |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | တမန်တော် | Medium | 1:1, 3:2 |
| Holy | ἅγιος | သန့်ရှင်းသော | High | 1:18, 1:21, 2:21, 3:2, 3:11 |
| Called / Calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | ခေါ်တော်မူသော / ခေါ်တော်မူခြင်း | High | 1:10 |
| Election | ἐκλογή | ရွေးကောက်ခြင်း | High | 1:10 |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | အပြစ် | High | 1:9, 2:14 |
| Glory | δόξα | ဘုန်းတော် | High | 1:3, 1:17, 3:18 |
| Prophet | προφήτης | ပရောဖက် | Low (elevated to High in this book — see note) | 2:1, 2:16, 3:2 |
| Prophecy | προφητεία | ပရောဖက်ပြုချက် | Low (elevated to High in this book — see note) | 1:20, 1:21 |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်း | Medium | 1:2 |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော် | Medium | 1:11 (as “eternal kingdom”) |
| Power of God | δύναμις θεοῦ | ဘုရားသခင်၏တန်ခိုးတော် | High | 1:16 (as “power of the Lord”) |
Note on Prophet/Prophecy elevation: the baseline assigns Low risk to these terms because Romans references them only briefly. In 2 Peter, inspiration of prophecy is the letter’s central epistemic claim (1:19-21) and a direct polemical target of false teachers (2:1). This curriculum therefore treats Prophet/Prophecy as High risk wherever they occur in 2 Peter, while retaining the identical Burmese rendering. This elevation should be recorded as a curriculum-specific risk override, not a change to the underlying term.
New Terms Proposed for 2 Peter (pending translation memory addition)
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Key Collision / Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior | σωτήρ | sōtēr | ကယ်တင်ရှင် | Critical | Reliability of Scripture-adjacent; Salvation | Must not soften into a this-worldly benefactor/healer title (cf. Greco-Roman imperial “savior” titles) |
| Divine power | θεία δύναμις | theia dynamis | ဘုရားဇာတိ၏တန်ခိုးတော် | Critical | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Grounding claim that godliness is gifted, not self-attained |
| Divine nature | θεία φύσις | theia physis | ဘုရားဇာတိ | Critical | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Collides with (a) attaining a higher deva/Brahma plane through merit, and (b) innate “Buddha-nature” potential; ဇာတိ also = Pali jāti (“birth” link in dependent origination) |
| Corruption | φθορά | phthora | ပျက်စီးခြင်း | High | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Moral ruin caused by worldly lust, escaped by divine gift not self-purification |
| Lust / desire | ἐπιθυμία | epithymia | တပ်မက်ခြင်း | High | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Close neighbor to Buddhist taṇhā (craving, root of suffering); escape route differs categorically (gift vs. self-extinguishing) |
| Knowledge | γνῶσις | gnōsis | ပညာ | High | Growing in Christian Virtue | ပညာ = Pali paññā, the liberating wisdom of the threefold training; must be relational/revealed, not self-attained insight |
| Full/personal knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις | epignōsis | ကျွမ်းဝင်သောအသိပညာ | High | All chapters (recurring keyword) | Distinguish from γνῶσις; intimate relational knowledge of a Person, not experiential confirmation of a teaching |
| Virtue / excellence | ἀρετή | aretē | ကောင်းမြတ်သောအကျင့် | High | Growing in Christian Virtue | Must not collapse into သီလ (merit-earning precept-observance), already rejected in baseline for related reasons |
| Self-control | ἐγκράτεια | egkrateia | မိမိကိုယ်ကိုချုပ်တည်းခြင်း | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | Overlaps with indriya-saṃvara (sense-restraint for merit); here Spirit-enabled, not self-powered |
| Perseverance / endurance | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | ခံနိုင်ရည် | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue; Patience of God’s Timing | Standard endurance term, low collision |
| Godliness | εὐσέβεια | eusebeia | ဘုရားတရားရှိခြင်း | High | Growing in Christian Virtue | Distinguish from devotional piety expressed through merit-generating pagoda practice |
| Brotherly affection | φιλαδελφία | philadelphia | ညီအစ်ကိုချစ်ခြင်း | Low-Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | Minor risk |
| Love | ἀγάπη | agapē | ချစ်ခြင်းမေတ္တာ | High | Growing in Christian Virtue | Absent from baseline Romans TM (gap now filled); မေတ္တာ = Buddhist brahmavihāra loving-kindness, impersonal/self-cultivated vs. biblical love flowing from God’s personal self-giving |
| Cleansing / purification | καθαρισμός | katharismos | စင်ကြယ်ခြင်း | High | Salvation-adjacent | Distinguish from ritual ablution at pagodas; cf. baseline’s rejection of ရေချိုးသန့်စင်ခြင်း for sanctification |
| Myth | μῦθος | mythos | ဒဏ္ဍာရီ | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Contrast with, not classification among, dandari legend literature |
| Coming / Parousia | παρουσία | parousia | ကြွလာတော်မူခြင်း | Critical | The Certainty of Christ’s Return | Must not be conflated with the awaited arrival of Metteyya (future Buddha) or a repeating world-age cycle |
| Eyewitness | ἐπόπτης | epoptēs | မျက်မြင်သက်သေ | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Ordinary historical eyewitness, not mystical/meditative “seeing” |
| Majesty | μεγαλειότης | megaleiotēs | ဘုန်းတန်ခိုးအာနုဘော်တော် | High | Deity of Christ (cross-doc w/ Romans) | Unique unshared divine grandeur, not generic “greatness” |
| Majestic Glory (title) | μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα | megaloprepēs doxa | ဘုန်းတန်ခိုးအာနုဘော်တော်ကြီးမြတ်သောအရှင် | Critical | Deity of Christ; Reliability of Scripture | Personal title for God the Father, not an impersonal radiance |
| Well-pleased | εὐδοκέω | eudokeō | နှစ်သက်တော်မူခြင်း | Medium-High | Sonship of Christ (cross-doc) | Settled eternal delight, not earned approval |
| Prophetic word | προφητικὸς λόγος | prophētikos logos | ပရောဖက်စကားတော် | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Elevated weight vs. baseline’s Low-tier “prophecy” |
| Morning star | φωσφόρος | phōsphoros | မိုးသောက်ကြယ် | Medium | The Certainty of Christ’s Return | Risk of being read as astrological (ဗေဒင်) omen |
| Scripture | γραφή | graphē | ကျမ်းစာတော် | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Distinguish authority-source from the Tipitaka’s basis in the Buddha’s enlightened insight |
| Private interpretation | ἰδία ἐπίλυσις | idia epilysis | ကိုယ်ပိုင်အနက်ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Guards against both unbounded reader-relativism and a guru/insight-transmission model |
| Carried along (by the Spirit) | φερόμενοι | pheromenoi | ဝိညာဉ်တော်၏ဦးဆောင်တိုက်ဆောင်မှုကိုခံရ | Critical | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Must not be read as nat-medium trance-possession or Buddhist meditative absorption (jhāna) |
| Servant / slave | δοῦλος | doulos | ကျေးကျွန် | Medium | (Peter’s self-identification) | Honored ownership by Christ, not degraded social status |
| False prophet | ψευδοπροφήτης | pseudoprophētēs | မိစ္ဆာပရောဖက် | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | မိစ္ဆာ = Pali micchā (“wrong,” as in wrong view); risk of “right path/wrong path” framing |
| False teacher | ψευδοδιδάσκαλος | pseudodidaskalos | အယူမှားသင်ကြားသူ | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Same collision as above |
| Destructive heresy | αἵρεσις ἀπωλείας | hairesis apōleias | ပျက်စီးခြင်းသို့ရောက်စေတတ်သောအယူဝါဒ | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Actively ruinous, not merely mistaken |
| Master (owner) | δεσπότης | despotēs | အရှင်သခင် | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Distinct nuance from reused κύριος = သခင် |
| Bought / redeemed | ἀγοράζω | agorazō | ဝယ်ယူရွေးနှင်းတော်မူသော | Critical | False Teachers and Their Judgment (atonement-adjacent) | Christ’s purchase-price redemption claim |
| Sensuality | ἀσέλγεια | aselgeia | ကာမဂုဏ်လွန်ကျူးမှု | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Standard moral-vice term |
| Way of truth | ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας | hodos tēs alētheias | သမ္မာတရား၏လမ်းစဉ် | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | ”Path” language risks self-cultivated-discipline framing |
| Tartarus / hell | ταρταρόω | tartaroō | ငရဲ | CRITICAL | False Teachers and Their Judgment; Final Judgment | ငရဲ = Buddhist Naraka, a temporary karmic realm within saṃsāra; Christian usage names a place of just, non-cyclical judgment — parallel severity to baseline’s salvation/nirvana flag |
| Kept for punishment | κολαζομένους τηρεῖν | kolazomenous tērein | ဒဏ်ခတ်ရန်ချုပ်ထားခြင်း | High | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Certain, reserved judgment, not a mutable karmic account |
| Freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | လွတ်လပ်ခြင်း | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Risk of conflation with liberation from saṃsāra; here an ironic false promise |
| Last days | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι | eschatai hēmerai | နောက်ဆုံးသောနေ့ရက်များ | Medium | The Certainty of Christ’s Return | Standard eschatological marker |
| Mocker / scoffer | ἐμπαίκτης | empaiktēs | ပြက်ရယ်ပြုသူ | Medium | The Certainty of Christ’s Return | Standard term |
| Day of judgment | ἡμέρα κρίσεως | hēmera kriseōs | တရားစီရင်တော်မူသောနေ့ | Critical | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Fixed personal divine assize, not ongoing karmic settling |
| Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα κυρίου | hēmera kyriou | သခင်ဘုရား၏နေ့တော် | Critical | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Sudden, unannounced, “like a thief” |
| Longsuffering / patience (God’s) | μακροθυμία / μακροθυμέω | makrothymia / makrothymeō | ရှည်ဖြည်းစွာသည်းခံတော်မူခြင်း | High | Patience of God’s Timing | Distinguish from self-cultivated khanti (endurance virtue); this is God’s own relational patience |
| Repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | နောင်တရခြင်း | High | Patience of God’s Timing | Absent from baseline Romans TM despite relevance there too — gap flagged; distinguish from monastic confession ritual or self-generated remorse |
| New heavens and new earth | καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν | kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn | မိုးကောင်းကင်အသစ်နှင့်မြေကြီးအသစ် | Critical | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Final, linear, one-time renewal, not one more cycle of world-ages (kappa) |
| Word of God (creation) | λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ | logos tou theou | ဘုရားသခင်၏အမိန့်တော်စကား | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | God’s personal creative speech-act |
| Promise | ἐπάγγελμα / ἐπαγγελία | epangelma / epangelia | ကတိတော် | Medium | Divine Nature; Certainty of Christ’s Return | Unbreakable divine pledge |
Minor / Supporting Terms (Low-Medium risk; retained for completeness)
| English Term | Greek | Burmese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Honor | τιμή | ဂုဏ်အသရေ | Medium |
| Voice | φωνή | အသံတော် | Low |
| Heaven | οὐρανός | ကောင်းကင် | Low |
| Holy mountain | ἅγιον ὄρος | သန့်ရှင်းသောတောင် | Medium |
| Lamp in a dark place | λύχνος ἐν αὐχμηρῷ τόπῳ | မှောင်မိုက်နေရာ၌ ထွန်းလင်းသောမီးအိမ် | Low-Medium |
| Tent (body) | σκήνωμα | ကိုယ်ခန္ဓာတဲ | Low |
| Departure (death) | ἔξοδος | ကွယ်လွန်ခြင်း | Low |
| Flood | κατακλυσμός | ရေလွှမ်းမိုးခြင်း | Low |
| Noah | Νῶε | နောဧ | Low |
| Preacher of righteousness | δικαιοσύνης κῆρυξ | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်းတရားဟောသူ | Medium |
| Sodom and Gomorrah | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα | သောဒုံနှင့်ဂေါမောရ | Low |
| Lot | Λώτ | လော့တ် | Low |
| Rescue | ῥύομαι | ကယ်နှုတ်ခြင်း | Medium |
| Trial | πειρασμός | စုံစမ်းခြင်း | Medium |
| Dominion/authority | κυριότης | အာဏာစက် | Medium |
| Glorious ones (angels) | δόξαι | ဂုဏ်အသရေရှိသူများ | Medium |
| Irrational animals | ἄλογα ζῷα | ဉာဏ်ကင်းသောတိရစ္ဆာန် | Low |
| Wages of unrighteousness | μισθὸς ἀδικίας | မတရားမှု၏အခ | Medium |
| Spots and blemishes | σπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι | အညစ်အကြေးနှင့်အပြစ်အနာအဆာ | Low |
| Balaam | Βαλαάμ | ဗာလမ် | Low |
| Waterless springs | πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι | ရေမရှိသောစမ်းချောင်း | Low |
| Enslaved | δουλόω | ကျွန်ခံစေခြင်း | Medium |
| Dog/vomit; sow/mire proverb | (2:22) | ခွေးနှင့်ဝက်မပုံဥပမာ | Low |
| Reminder | ὑπόμνησις | နှလုံးသွင်းသတိရစေခြင်း | Low |
| Elements (cosmic) | στοιχεῖα | လောကဓာတ်အစုအပေါင်းများ | Medium |
| Spotless and blameless | ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι | အညစ်အကြေးကင်း၍အပြစ်ကင်းသော | Medium |
| Paul | Παῦλος | ပေါလု | Low |
| Hard to understand | δυσνόητα | နားလည်ရခက်သော | Low |
| Untaught and unstable | ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι | အတတ်မသင်ကြားရသေးသူများနှင့်တည်ငြိမ်မှုမရှိသူများ | Medium |
| Twist/distort (Scripture) | στρεβλοῦσιν | ချွတ်ချော်အနက်ဖွင့်ခြင်း | Medium-High |
| Error | πλάνη | လမ်းလွှဲမှားခြင်း | Medium |
| Steadfastness | στηριγμός | တည်ကြည်မှု | Medium |
| Day of eternity | ἡμέρα αἰῶνος | ထာဝရနေ့ရက် | Low |
Risk Tier Distribution (2 Peter-specific additions only)
| Tier | Count |
|---|---|
| Critical | 9 |
| High | 20 |
| Medium | 22 |
| Low | 21 |
Cross-Reference to Baseline
All rows in the “Reused Terms” table above must load from translation_memory.json (version 1) without modification. All rows in the “New Terms” table are proposed for formal addition to an updated translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in a subsequent Phase 1 step, and for inclusion in an updated doctrine_risk_registry.json entry set reflecting this curriculum’s seven named doctrines:
- The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
- Growing in Christian Virtue
- False Teachers and Their Judgment
- The Certainty of Christ’s Return
- The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
- Patience of God’s Timing
- Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Critical Risk Terms
Bought Redeemed
Approved rendering: ဝယ်ယူရွေးနှင်းတော်မူသော
Transliteration: way-yu ywayhnin-taw-mu-thaw
Doctrine: Redemption by the Master (Christ’s Purchase)
Original: ἀγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Even those who ultimately reject Christ were within the scope of his redemptive purchase (2:1) — a weighty atonement-adjacent claim with no karma-framework analog. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Carried Along By Spirit
Approved rendering: ဝိညာဉ်တော်၏ဦးဆောင်တိုက်ဆောင်မှုကိုခံရ
Transliteration: weinnyin-taw i ugaung-taik-saung-hmu ko khan-ya
Doctrine: Spirit-Inspired Human Authorship of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ဝင်ခြင်း, ဈာန်ဝင်ခြင်း
Original: φερόμενοι (ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου)
Category: Scripture
NEW. The classic proof text for verbal-plenary inspiration (1:21). Must be explained as the Spirit’s active, personal superintendence of an author who remains conscious, willing, and articulate — categorically distinct from nat-kadaw trance-possession and self-generated meditative absorption (jhāna). Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. Retain the full compound; never shorten to a single verb in running text.
Christ
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်
Transliteration: Khayitto
Doctrine: Messianic Promise; Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: မိတ္တေယျ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW curriculum entry (distinct key from baseline’s Jesus entry, though the rendering is the established Myanmar Bible title). Fixed name-title used throughout 2 Peter (1:1, 1:8, 1:11, 1:16, 2:20, 3:18). Never conflate with မိတ္တေယျ (Metteyya, the future Buddha), the forbidden substitution the baseline already fixes for the OT-facing term ‘Messiah’ (မေရှိယ).
Day Of Judgment
Approved rendering: တရားစီရင်တော်မူသောနေ့
Transliteration: tayar-sizin-taw-mu-thaw nay
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κρίσεως
Category: Judgment
NEW. The fixed future day on which the unrighteous are kept for punishment (2:9, 3:7). A fixed, future, personal divine assize, not an ongoing impersonal karmic settling of accounts across lifetimes.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: သခင်ဘုရား၏နေ့တော်
Transliteration: thakhin-phaya i nay-taw
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κυρίου
Category: Judgment
NEW. The day the heavens pass away and the earth is dissolved and judged (3:10), coming ‘like a thief.’ Must stress sudden, unpredictable, once-for-all arrival — not a recurring feature of a cyclical cosmology.
Divine Nature
Approved rendering: ဘုရားဇာတိ
Transliteration: phayarzati
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ့ဘုံရောက်ခြင်း, မွေးရာပါဗုဒ္ဓဇာတိ
Original: θεία φύσις
Category: Divine Nature
NEW. The single most theologically sensitive phrase in 2 Peter for this culture. ဇာတိ is also the Pali term jāti (‘birth’), a link of dependent origination. Must be taught at every occurrence as a real but creaturely, relational, Spirit-given participation in God’s own character through union with Christ (1:4) — never (1) attaining a higher deva/Brahma-realm rebirth through merit or meditation, and never (2) an innate ‘Buddha-nature’ already present in every being. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence, matching the severity of the baseline’s salvation/nirvana and resurrection/rebirth flags.
Divine Power
Approved rendering: ဘုရားဇာတိ၏တန်ခိုးတော်
Transliteration: phayarzati i tankhoe-taw
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး, ဗလစွမ်းအား
Original: θεία δύναμις
Category: Divine Nature
NEW, built on the reused root တန်ခိုးတော်. Grounds 1:3’s claim that ‘all things pertaining to life and godliness’ are already granted through the knowledge of Christ, not obtained by self-effort or merit accumulation.
Father
Approved rendering: အဖ
Transliteration: a-pha
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ (Transfiguration)
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never substitute ဗြဟ္မာ (Brahma, impersonal deity-realm). In 2 Peter 1:17, names the personal Father whose voice bestows honor and glory on the Son.
God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin
Doctrine: God the Father; Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရား, နတ်သခင်
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: ဘုရား alone (phaya) is the everyday word for a Buddha image, a pagoda, or the Buddha himself, and နတ်သခင် evokes the ranked nat-spirit pantheon. ဘုရားသခင်, the established Christian compound since Judson, must always be used in full. Occurs throughout 2 Peter and underlies the divine power/nature entries (1:3-4).
Grace
Approved rendering: ကျေးဇူးတော်
Transliteration: kyayzu-taw
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်, ကံကောင်းခြင်း, ဝါသနာတော်
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ကုသိုလ် or ကံကောင်းခြင်း. In 2 Peter 3:18’s closing exhortation, ‘grow in grace’ requires the same anti-merit fencing the baseline mandates for Romans 3-4 and 11:5-6.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်
Transliteration: thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw
Doctrine: Spirit-Inspired Human Authorship of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ဝိညာဉ်, ဝိညာဉ်
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ဝိညာဉ် alone or နတ်ဝိညာဉ်. In 2 Peter 1:21, every occurrence additionally requires the ‘carried along’ translator note distinguishing the Spirit’s active personal superintendence of a conscious human author from nat-kadaw spirit-medium possession or Buddhist meditative absorption (jhāna).
Jesus
Approved rendering: ယေရှု
Transliteration: Yayshu
Doctrine: Lordship and Saviorhood of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ရှင်ယေရှု
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard Myanmar Bible form since Judson. Used throughout 2 Peter (1:1, 1:16, etc.).
Lord
Approved rendering: သခင်
Transliteration: thakhin
Doctrine: Lordship and Saviorhood of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရင်, ဆရာသခင်
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Must convey exclusive supreme authority. Recurs in the fixed compound title ‘Lord and Savior’ (1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18).
Majestic Glory
Approved rendering: ဘုန်းတန်ခိုးအာနုဘော်တော်ကြီးမြတ်သောအရှင်
Transliteration: phon-tankhoe-anubaw-taw kyi-myat-thaw a-shin
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ (Transfiguration)
Rejected alternatives: ရွှေရောင်ဓာတ်
Original: μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα
Category: God
NEW. A solemn honorific title for God the Father who spoke at the Transfiguration (1:17), echoing the OT Shekinah glory-cloud tradition. Must be taught explicitly as a title for the personal God the Father, never abstracted into an impersonal ‘glorious light’ comparable to an enlightened being’s or a nat’s aura. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
New Heavens New Earth
Approved rendering: မိုးကောင်းကင်အသစ်နှင့်မြေကြီးအသစ်
Transliteration: mokaungkin a-thit hnin myayji a-thit
Doctrine: Cosmic Renewal — New Heavens and New Earth
Original: καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The final, once-for-all renewal of the created order in which righteousness permanently dwells (3:13). Must be distinguished from the Buddhist cosmology of repeating world-ages (kappa).
Parousia
Approved rendering: ကြွလာတော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: kywala-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: မိတ္တေယျဆင်းသက်ခြင်း, အဝတာရဆင်းသက်ခြင်း
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Must never be conflated with the Theravada expectation of Metteyya’s arrival nor read as one iteration of a repeating cycle of world-ages (kappa) or of the Hindu avatara-descent pattern. A single, unrepeatable, historical event still future from the reader’s standpoint. Headline doctrine of this curriculum; mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: pyaungmat-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ကံ, သီလ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ကုသိုလ်ကံ or သီလ. Applied in 2 Peter to God/Christ’s own righteousness (1:1), Noah’s preaching (2:5), Lot’s righteous distress (2:7-8), and the righteousness dwelling in the new creation (3:13).
Salvation
Approved rendering: ကယ်တင်ခြင်း
Transliteration: kaetin-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း, လွတ်မြောက်ခြင်း
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER နိဗ္ဗာန်ရောက်ခြင်း. In 2 Peter 3:15, God’s patience is explicitly for the sake of this salvation, not evidence of indifference.
Savior
Approved rendering: ကယ်တင်ရှင်
Transliteration: kaetin-shin
Doctrine: Lordship and Saviorhood of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ကျေးဇူးရှင်, ကာကွယ်စောင့်ရှောက်သူ
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW, built on the reused root ကယ်တင် (baseline salvation). Fixed christological title paired with ‘Lord’ throughout 2 Peter (1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18). Must never soften into a this-worldly benefactor, healer, or emperor-savior title as used in the Greco-Roman world; the Savior rescues from sin and coming judgment through Christ’s finished work, never through merit or self-attained release.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏သားတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i tharadaw
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ့သား, နတ်သား
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never နတ်သား or ဗြဟ္မာ့သား. At the Transfiguration (1:17), the Father’s declaration ‘This is my beloved Son’ must convey eternal, co-equal Sonship, not a specially honored teacher elevated to Brahma-adjacent status.
Tartarus Hell
Approved rendering: ငရဲ
Transliteration: ngayay
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels (Tartarus); The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ταρταρόω (Τάρταρος)
Category: Judgment
NEW, requiring registry treatment equal in severity to the baseline’s salvation/nirvana and resurrection/rebirth entries. ငရဲ is also the standard term for Naraka, a temporary, karma-determined realm within saṃsāra. Christian usage (2:4) names a holding place of just, certain, ultimately final judgment — categorically non-cyclical. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: ခေါ်တော်မူသော
Transliteration: khaw-taw-mu-thaw
Doctrine: Assurance of Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: ဖိတ်ခေါ်ခြင်း
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context: 1:10’s ‘make your calling and election sure.‘
Calling
Approved rendering: ခေါ်တော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: khaw-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: Assurance of Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: ကံဇာတာ
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never conflate with ကံဇာတာ (karmic destiny). Paired with ‘election’ in 1:10.
Cleansing
Approved rendering: စင်ကြယ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: sinkyay-chin
Doctrine: Sanctification-adjacent; Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ရေချိုးသန့်စင်ခြင်း
Original: καθαρισμός
Category: Salvation
NEW. Baseline’s sanctification entry already rejects ရေချိုးသန့်စင်ခြင်း for a related reason; here (1:9) too, this cleansing (accomplished once by Christ’s finished work) must be distinguished from ritual ablution practiced at pagodas or before religious observance.
Corruption
Approved rendering: ပျက်စီးခြင်း
Transliteration: pyetsi-chin
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: φθορά
Category: Divine Nature
NEW. Moral decay/ruin caused by worldly lust (1:4); also describes the fate awaiting false teachers (2:12, 2:19). Escaped by partaking of the divine nature (a gift), not self-purification through discipline.
Destructive Heresy
Approved rendering: ပျက်စီးခြင်းသို့ရောက်စေတတ်သောအယူဝါဒ
Transliteration: pyetsi-chin-tho yauk-say-tat-thaw a-yu-wada
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: αἵρεσις ἀπωλείας
Category: False Teaching
NEW. A divisive doctrinal faction (2:1) that is not merely mistaken but actively brings ruin on its adherents; must retain the sense of active ruin, not mere doctrinal disagreement.
Election
Approved rendering: ရွေးကောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: ywaykauk-chin
Doctrine: Assurance of Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: ကံဇာတာ, ကံကြမ္မာ
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. God’s sovereign personal choice, not karma-fixed destiny.
False Prophet
Approved rendering: မိစ္ဆာပရောဖက်
Transliteration: mikesa-parawpeq
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: False Teaching
NEW (already-established Myanmar Bible compound). မိစ္ဆာ (Pali micchā, ‘wrong’) is the precise antonym term in the Eightfold Path’s sammā/micchā contrast. Risks framing the false-teaching warning as one more ‘wrong path vs. right path’ instance within a shared system, rather than a categorical denial of the one true Lord. Standing teaching note required at first occurrence per lesson.
False Teacher
Approved rendering: အယူမှားသင်ကြားသူ
Transliteration: a-yu-mhar thinkyar-thu
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοδιδάσκαλος
Category: False Teaching
NEW. Same collision noted for ‘false prophet’ extends here. The letter’s central pastoral warning: false teachers arise from within the professing community (2:1).
Freedom Liberty
Approved rendering: လွတ်လပ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: lutlat-chin
Doctrine: False Freedom and Moral License
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: False Teaching
NEW. False teachers promise ‘freedom’ while enslaved to corruption (2:19), an ironic reversal. Risk of conflation with liberation from the rebirth cycle. Must target the false teachers’ deceptive claim, not true Christian freedom from sin’s mastery through Christ.
Full Knowledge
Approved rendering: ကျွမ်းဝင်သောအသိပညာ
Transliteration: kyunwin-thaw a-thi-pyinnya
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue; Christian Identity in Christ
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Virtue
NEW. Load-bearing recurring keyword across the whole book (1:2, 1:3, 1:8, 2:20). Must be consistently distinguished from ပညာ (plain knowledge) and taught as intimate relational acquaintance with the living Person of Christ, not experiential confirmation of a teaching — parallel to the faith/သဒ္ဓါ distinction the baseline documents for ‘faith.‘
Glory
Approved rendering: ဘုန်းတော်
Transliteration: phon-taw
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းကံ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The Father bestowed ‘honor and glory’ on the Son at the Transfiguration (1:17); believers called to God’s own glory and excellence (1:3); closing doxology ascribes glory to Christ (3:18).
Godliness
Approved rendering: ဘုရားတရားရှိခြင်း
Transliteration: phayar-tayar shi-chin
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Virtue
NEW. Rung in virtue chain (1:6-7) and recurring descriptor (1:3, 3:11). Must be distinguished from routine devotional piety expressed through pagoda offerings, alms-giving, and precept observance performed for merit.
Holy
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသော
Transliteration: thangyin-thaw
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: စင်ကြယ်သော
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Describes the mountain of Transfiguration (1:18) as a one-time revelatory site, not a perpetual nat-inhabited pilgrimage destination like Popa or Kyaiktiyo; also the former prophets (1:21) and holy conduct (3:11).
Kept For Punishment
Approved rendering: ဒဏ်ခတ်ရန်ချုပ်ထားခြင်း
Transliteration: dankhat-yan chut-htar-chin
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: κολαζομένους τηρεῖν
Category: Judgment
NEW. Fallen angels and unrighteous persons ‘kept/reserved’ for certain future punishment (2:4, 2:9). Conveys a certain, reserved, future judgment held by God’s own decree, not a mutable karmic account.
Knowledge
Approved rendering: ပညာ
Transliteration: pyinnya
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Virtue
NEW. ပညာ is the precise Burmese Buddhist term for paññā, the liberating wisdom culminating the threefold training (sīla-samādhi-paññā) that ends the cycle of rebirth. Must be taught as relational knowledge growing through the Spirit and God’s Word, not self-attained liberating insight. Rung in virtue chain (1:5-6); recurs in the closing exhortation (3:18).
Longsuffering Patience
Approved rendering: ရှည်ဖြည်းစွာသည်းခံတော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: shay-phyay-zwa thei-khan-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: ခန္တီ/သည်းခံမှု (self-cultivated khanti, used alone)
Original: μακροθυμία / μακροθυμέω
Category: God
NEW. God’s patient forbearance in delaying judgment, aimed at giving opportunity for repentance (3:9, 3:15). Must be distinguished from khanti, the Buddhist virtue of self-cultivated patient endurance; here the patience belongs to God himself, directed relationally toward sinners.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: ချစ်ခြင်းမေတ္တာ
Transliteration: chit-chin mettar
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: မေတ္တာ (used alone, unanchored to a personal source)
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Virtue
NEW; absent from the baseline Romans TM despite equal relevance there — flagged as a curriculum-wide gap, recommended for retrofit into the baseline package. မေတ္တာ alone is the precise Pali term for brahmavihāra loving-kindness, self-cultivated and impersonally directed. The compound anchors love to a personal, God-sourced, other-directed origin, not a detached meditative disposition.
Lust Desire
Approved rendering: တပ်မက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: tat-met-chin
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
NEW. Close conceptual neighbor to Buddhist တဏှာ (taṇhā, craving, root of suffering per the Second Noble Truth), self-extinguished through the Eightfold Path. 2 Peter’s escape from corrupting desire is through a divine gift received (1:3-4), not self-effected extinguishing — this contrast must be explicit at every occurrence.
Majesty
Approved rendering: ဘုန်းတန်ခိုးအာနုဘော်တော်
Transliteration: phon-tankhoe anubaw-taw
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Transfiguration)
Original: μεγαλειότης
Category: Christology
NEW. The visible splendor of Christ’s divine glory at the Transfiguration (1:16), previewing his Parousia glory. Must be unique, unshared divine grandeur, not the generic ‘greatness’ ascribed to a Buddha image, a powerful nat, or an earthly king.
Master Owner
Approved rendering: အရှင်သခင်
Transliteration: a-shin-thakhin
Doctrine: Redemption by the Master; False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: δεσπότης
Category: False Teaching
NEW, distinct nuance from the reused κύριος (သခင်). False teachers deny ‘the Master who bought them’ (2:1) — Christ’s outright ownership rights by virtue of his redemptive purchase.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏တန်ခိုးတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i tankhoe-taw
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ / δύναμις τοῦ κυρίου
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never အနုဘော်တန်ခိုး (relic/amulet potency). Previewed at the Transfiguration (1:16) and grounds all provision for godly life (1:3).
Private Interpretation
Approved rendering: ကိုယ်ပိုင်အနက်ဖွင့်ဆိုချက်
Transliteration: kopaing a-nat-hpwin-so-chet
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἰδία ἐπίλυσις
Category: Scripture
NEW. 1:20: no prophecy came from a human being’s own private religious insight or invention. Must avoid two opposite errors: unbounded reader-relativism, and a guru/insight-transmission model comparable to Buddhist teaching lineages.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ပရောဖက်ပြုချက်
Transliteration: parawpeq-pyu-chet
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ဗေဒင်စာတမ်း
Original: προφητεία
Category: Scripture
Inherited from Romans package; rendering unchanged. RISK LEVEL ELEVATED to High for this curriculum, same rationale as ‘prophet’ above. Subject of 1:20-21’s core teaching on inspiration.
Prophet
Approved rendering: ပရောဖက်
Transliteration: parawpeq
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ဗေဒင်ဆရာ
Original: προφήτης
Category: Scripture
Inherited from Romans package; rendering unchanged. RISK LEVEL ELEVATED to High for this curriculum only (baseline: Low), because 2 Peter makes inspiration of prophecy its central epistemic claim (1:19-21) and its corruption its central polemical target (2:1). Do not confuse with ဗေဒင်ဆရာ (astrologer).
Prophetic Word
Approved rendering: ပရောဖက်စကားတော်
Transliteration: parawpeq-zagar-taw
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφητικὸς λόγος
Category: Scripture
NEW. The OT prophetic Scriptures collectively (1:19), presented as an even firmer ground of certainty than Peter’s own eyewitness experience — elevated weight compared to the baseline’s Low-tier standalone ‘prophecy.‘
Repentance
Approved rendering: နောင်တရခြင်း
Transliteration: naungtaya-chin
Doctrine: Repentance and God’s Desire for All; Patience of God’s Timing
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
NEW, absent from the baseline Romans TM despite comparable relevance there — flagged as a curriculum-wide gap, recommended for retrofit into the baseline package. Must be distinguished from ritual confession of monastic infractions (āpatti-desanā) or private remorse offsetting bad karma; this is Spirit-enabled turning toward the personal God in trust (3:9).
Scripture
Approved rendering: ကျမ်းစာတော်
Transliteration: kyanzar-taw
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
NEW (established descriptive form). Includes Paul’s letters (1:20, 3:16). Must be distinguished from the Tipitaka’s authority, which rests on the Buddha’s own enlightened insight rather than a personal God speaking through chosen human authors.
Sin
Approved rendering: အပြစ်
Transliteration: a-pyit
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: အကုသိုလ်
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:9 speaks of forgetting cleansing from ‘former sins’; 2:14 of hearts ‘trained in greed.‘
Twist Distort Scripture
Approved rendering: ချွတ်ချော်အနက်ဖွင့်ခြင်း
Transliteration: chwatchaw a-nat-hpwin-chin
Doctrine: Warning Against Distorting Scripture
Original: στρεβλοῦσιν
Category: Scripture
NEW. The untaught and unstable ‘twist’ Paul’s letters, as they do the other Scriptures, to their own destruction (3:16). Reinforces the 1:20 warning against ‘private interpretation.‘
Virtue
Approved rendering: ကောင်းမြတ်သောအကျင့်
Transliteration: kaungmyat-thaw a-kyin
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: သီလ
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Virtue
NEW. Must not collapse into သီလ (precept-observance for merit), already rejected in the baseline for related reasons (righteousness). This ἀρετή is a grace-enabled fruit ‘supplied’ by God’s own power (1:3, 1:5), not an ascetic achievement accumulated through disciplined precept-keeping.
Way Of Truth
Approved rendering: သမ္မာတရား၏လမ်းစဉ်
Transliteration: thamma-tayar i lan-zin
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: False Teaching
NEW. ‘Path/Way’ language (လမ်းစဉ်) maps onto the Buddhist framework of magga, the self-walked Path to liberation. Must be taught as revealed truth received by faith, not a discipline of gradual self-attainment.
Well Pleased
Approved rendering: နှစ်သက်တော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: hnitthet-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: εὐδοκέω
Category: Christology
NEW. The Father’s settled, eternal delight in the Son, declared publicly at the Transfiguration (1:17). Must convey settled divine delight in the eternal Son, not provisional approval earned by conduct.
Word Of God Creation
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏အမိန့်တော်စကား
Transliteration: phayarthakhin i a-meintaw-zagar
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture; The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Scripture
NEW. God’s creative speech-act, by which the heavens and earth were formed and by which they are sustained and will be judged (3:5, 3:7). Not an impersonal cosmic process.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: တမန်တော်
Transliteration: tamantaw
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ဆရာတော်, ဆရာကြီး
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Peter identifies himself as an apostle (1:1); 3:2 recalls the commandment given ‘through your apostles’.
Brotherly Affection
Approved rendering: ညီအစ်ကိုချစ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: nyi-ako chit-chin
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Virtue
NEW. Rung in virtue chain (1:7), preparing for the culminating ἀγάπη.
Cosmic Elements
Approved rendering: လောကဓာတ်အစုအပေါင်းများ
Transliteration: lawka-dat a-su-a-paung-myar
Doctrine: Cosmic Renewal — New Heavens and New Earth
Original: στοιχεῖα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The elemental substances of the physical cosmos, dissolved at Christ’s return (3:10, 3:12); not merely cycled but dissolved and refashioned.
Dominion Authority
Approved rendering: အာဏာစက်
Transliteration: arna-set
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: κυριότης
Category: False Teaching
NEW, related to the reused κύριος root. A rank of authority arrogantly despised by false teachers (2:10).
Enslaved
Approved rendering: ကျွန်ခံစေခြင်း
Transliteration: kyun-khan-say-chin
Doctrine: False Freedom and Moral License
Original: δουλόω
Category: False Teaching
NEW, related to the reused δοῦλος root (ကျေးကျွန်). False teachers, though promising freedom, are themselves enslaved to corruption (2:19).
Error
Approved rendering: လမ်းလွှဲမှားခြင်း
Transliteration: lan-hlwe-mhar-chin
Doctrine: Warning Against Distorting Scripture
Original: πλάνη
Category: False Teaching
NEW. The error of lawless people, from which believers must guard themselves (3:17).
Eyewitness
Approved rendering: မျက်မြင်သက်သေ
Transliteration: myetmyin thakthay
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Original: ἐπόπτης
Category: Scripture
NEW. Must be taught as ordinary historical eyewitness testimony (1:16), not an esoteric ‘seeing’ attained through meditative insight (vipassana) or occult vision (weikza practice).
Faith
Approved rendering: ယုံကြည်ခြင်း
Transliteration: yun-kyi-chin
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: သဒ္ဓါတရား
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith must remain Christ, not generic religious confidence (သဒ္ဓါ). 2 Peter 1:1’s ‘faith of equal standing’ stresses equal worth of all believers’ faith.
Glorious Ones Angels
Approved rendering: ဂုဏ်အသရေရှိသူများ
Transliteration: gun-athaye-shi-thu-myar
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: δόξαι
Category: False Teaching
NEW, plural of δόξα. Likely angelic/celestial dignities slandered by false teachers (2:10); distinguish in context from δόξα as God’s own attribute (reused as ဘုန်းတော်).
Holy Mountain
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောတောင်
Transliteration: thangyin-thaw taung
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Original: ἅγιον ὄρος
Category: Scripture
NEW. The site of the Transfiguration (1:18). Myanmar has numerous venerated sacred mountains (Popa, the Golden Rock/Kyaiktiyo) treated as nat-abodes; this mountain’s holiness derives from a one-time event, not a perpetual cultic destination.
Honor
Approved rendering: ဂုဏ်အသရေ
Transliteration: gun-athaye
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ (Transfiguration)
Original: τιμή
Category: Christology
NEW. The Father’s public bestowal of honor on the Son at the Transfiguration (1:17). Distinguish from honor accrued through merit.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i nainggan-taw
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းတော်နိုင်ငံ
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, with ထာဝရ (‘eternal’) added as a modifier at 1:11: ‘the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.‘
Last Days
Approved rendering: နောက်ဆုံးသောနေ့ရက်များ
Transliteration: nauk-sone-thaw ne-yet-myar
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Standard eschatological marker (3:3); the present church age understood as the final phase before Christ’s return.
Mocker Scoffer
Approved rendering: ပြက်ရယ်ပြုသူ
Transliteration: pyekyayl-pyu-thu
Doctrine: Mockers and the Last Days
Original: ἐμπαίκτης
Category: Eschatology
NEW. One who jeers at the promise of Christ’s return (3:3-4), a predicted, not surprising, feature of the last days.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: မိုးသောက်ကြယ်
Transliteration: mothauk-kyeh
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: φωσφόρος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. A figure for the dawning assurance of Christ’s certain return (1:19). Risk of being read through ဗေဒင် (astrology); must be taught as a figurative image of certainty, not an omen to be read.
Myth
Approved rendering: ဒဏ္ဍာရီ
Transliteration: dandari
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: μῦθος
Category: Scripture
NEW. Peter denies apostolic testimony rests on ‘cleverly devised myths’ (1:16). Burmese religious culture is saturated with ဒဏ္ဍာရီ (Jataka birth-story legends, nat-spirit legends); the gospel account is contrasted with, never classed among, this literature.
Peace
Approved rendering: ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: nyein-thet-chin
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ကိလေသာငြိမ်းခြင်း
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked in the letter’s opening greeting (1:2).
Perseverance
Approved rendering: ခံနိုင်ရည်
Transliteration: khan-naing-yay
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue; Patience of God’s Timing
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Virtue
NEW. Rung in virtue chain (1:6); also relevant to persevering while awaiting Christ’s certain but delayed return.
Preacher Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်းတရားဟောသူ
Transliteration: pyaungmat-chin tayar-haw-thu
Doctrine: Salvation-adjacent
Original: δικαιοσύνης κῆρυξ
Category: Salvation
NEW, combining the reused righteousness root with ‘herald/preacher.’ Noah’s role as herald of righteousness before the flood (2:5).
Promise
Approved rendering: ကတိတော်
Transliteration: kadi-taw
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption; The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐπάγγελμα / ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW; established Myanmar Christian usage. God’s ‘precious and very great promises’ (1:4); also ‘the promise of his coming’ disputed by scoffers (3:4, 3:9, 3:13).
Rescue
Approved rendering: ကယ်နှုတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: kae-hnut-chin
Doctrine: Salvation-adjacent
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Salvation
NEW, conceptually adjacent to the reused salvation root. God’s personal, active rescue of the godly out of trial (2:7, 2:9), not an impersonal escape.
Self Control
Approved rendering: မိမိကိုယ်ကိုချုပ်တည်းခြင်း
Transliteration: mimi-koyo-gou chuppti-chin
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Virtue
NEW. Rung in virtue chain (1:6). Overlaps conceptually with indriya-saṃvara (sense-restraint cultivated for merit); here a Spirit-enabled fruit, not a self-powered ascetic discipline.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: ကာမဂုဏ်လွန်ကျူးမှု
Transliteration: kama-gun lwan-kyu-hmu
Doctrine: False Freedom and Moral License
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
NEW. Standard moral-vice term; the moral fruit and calling-card of false teaching (2:2, 2:18).
Servant Slave
Approved rendering: ကျေးကျွန်
Transliteration: kyayzun
Doctrine: (Peter’s self-identification, 1:1)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
NEW. Peter’s self-identification as Christ’s owned possession before naming his apostolic office. Must be taught as willing, honored self-identification with Christ’s ownership, not the degraded social status carried by ‘slave’ in Burmese social memory.
Spotless And Blameless
Approved rendering: အညစ်အကြေးကင်း၍အပြစ်ကင်းသော
Transliteration: a-nyit-a-kyay-kin-yi a-pyit-kin-thaw
Doctrine: Cosmic Renewal — New Heavens and New Earth
Original: ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι
Category: Sanctification
NEW. The moral character believers are to be found in, awaiting the day of the Lord (3:14); echoes the reused righteousness/holiness vocabulary.
Steadfastness
Approved rendering: တည်ကြည်မှု
Transliteration: ti-kyi-hmu
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: στηριγμός
Category: Virtue
NEW. Firm standing, which believers are warned not to fall from (3:17).
Trial
Approved rendering: စုံစမ်းခြင်း
Transliteration: sonesan-chin
Doctrine: Salvation-adjacent
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Salvation
NEW. Testing/trial from which the Lord knows how to rescue the godly (2:9).
Untaught And Unstable
Approved rendering: အတတ်မသင်ကြားရသေးသူများနှင့်တည်ငြိမ်မှုမရှိသူများ
Transliteration: atat-ma-thinkyar-ya-thay-thu-myar hnin ti-nyein-hmu-ma-shi-thu-myar
Doctrine: Warning Against Distorting Scripture
Original: ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι
Category: Scripture
NEW. Those who twist Paul’s letters and the other Scriptures to their own destruction (3:16).
Wages Of Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: မတရားမှု၏အခ
Transliteration: matayar-hmu i akha
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: μισθὸς ἀδικίας
Category: Sin
NEW, built on the negative of the reused righteousness root. The reward false teachers love, gained by wrongdoing (2:13, 2:15).
Low Risk Terms
Balaam
Approved rendering: ဗာလမ်
Transliteration: Balam
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment (historical precedent)
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: False Teaching
NEW proper name; established Myanmar Bible form. Cited as example of a prophet corrupted by love of wages (2:15-16).
Day Of Eternity
Approved rendering: ထာဝရနေ့ရက်
Transliteration: htawara nay-yet
Doctrine: Lordship and Saviorhood of Christ (closing doxology)
Original: ἡμέρα αἰῶνος
Category: God
NEW. Phrase in the closing doxology (3:18), ascribing glory to Christ ‘to the day of eternity.‘
Departure Death
Approved rendering: ကွယ်လွန်ခြင်း
Transliteration: kwaylun-chin
Doctrine: (Peter’s approaching death, 1:15)
Original: ἔξοδος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Peter’s death framed as a purposeful departure, not annihilation or an uncertain rebirth.
Dog And Sow Proverb
Approved rendering: ခွေးသည်မိမိအန်ဖတ်ကိုပြန်လျက်သကဲ့သို့ … ဝက်မသည်ရေချိုးပြီးမှရွှံ့ထဲသို့ပြန်လူးသကဲ့သို့
Transliteration: khway thi mimi an-hpat ko pyan-lyet-thaka-tho … wetma thi yaycho-pyi-mha shwan-hteh-tho pyan-lu-thaka-tho
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment (apostasy warning)
Original: (2:22, proverbial imagery)
Category: Sin
NEW proverbial imagery (2:22). Retain the proverb’s earthy force rather than softening it; describes apostates who return to former corruption.
Flood
Approved rendering: ရေလွှမ်းမိုးခြင်း
Transliteration: yay-hlwan-mo-chin
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels (historical precedent)
Original: κατακλυσμός
Category: Judgment
NEW. The historical Noahic flood, cited as precedent of God’s judgment (2:5).
Hard To Understand
Approved rendering: နားလည်ရခက်သော
Transliteration: narlay-ya-khet-thaw
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: δυσνόητα
Category: Scripture
NEW. Describes some things in Paul’s letters (3:16).
Irrational Animals
Approved rendering: ဉာဏ်ကင်းသောတိရစ္ဆာန်
Transliteration: nyan-kin-thaw tayeikkhan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: Sin
NEW. ‘Brute beasts’ without reason, an image for false teachers’ base instincts (2:12).
Lamp In Dark Place
Approved rendering: မှောင်မိုက်နေရာ၌ထွန်းလင်းသောမီးအိမ်
Transliteration: hmaung-maik naya twin htonlin-thaw mi-ain
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λύχνος ἐν αὐχμηρῷ τόπῳ
Category: Scripture
NEW. Image of Scripture as a sufficient, guiding light for the present age until Christ’s return (1:19).
Lot
Approved rendering: လော့တ်
Transliteration: Lot
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels (historical precedent)
Original: Λώτ
Category: Judgment
NEW proper name; established Myanmar Bible form. The righteous man rescued out of Sodom (2:7-8).
Noah
Approved rendering: နောဧ
Transliteration: Nawei
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels (historical precedent)
Original: Νῶε
Category: Covenant
NEW proper name; established Myanmar Bible form. Preserved through the flood as one of eight persons (2:5).
Paul
Approved rendering: ပေါလု
Transliteration: Paulu
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: Παῦλος
Category: Scripture
NEW proper name; established Myanmar Bible form. 2 Peter 3:15-16 explicitly places Paul’s letters within the category of Scripture.
Reminder
Approved rendering: နှလုံးသွင်းသတိရစေခြင်း
Transliteration: hnaloung-thwin thditiya-say-chin
Doctrine: (Peter’s stated purpose in writing)
Original: ὑπόμνησις
Category: Scripture
NEW. Peter’s stated purpose: to stir up believers by reminder (1:13, 3:1).
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: သောဒုံနှင့်ဂေါမောရ
Transliteration: Thaung-don hnin Gawmaw-ra
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels (historical precedent)
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: Judgment
NEW proper names; established Myanmar Bible forms. Cities destroyed as an example of judgment on the ungodly (2:6).
Spots And Blemishes
Approved rendering: အညစ်အကြေးနှင့်အပြစ်အနာအဆာ
Transliteration: a-nyit-a-kyay hnin a-pyit-a-na-a-sa
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: σπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι
Category: Sin
NEW. Moral defects characterizing false teachers who feast among believers (2:13).
Tent Body
Approved rendering: ကိုယ်ခန္ဓာတဲ
Transliteration: koedanda-teh
Doctrine: (Peter’s approaching death, 1:13-14)
Original: σκήνωμα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Euphemism for the physical body as a temporary dwelling.
Waterless Springs
Approved rendering: ရေမရှိသောစမ်းချောင်း
Transliteration: yay-ma-shi-thaw sanchaung
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι
Category: False Teaching
NEW. Vivid metaphor for false teachers’ empty promises (2:17).
Referenced passages