Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Galatians | English → Burmese
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across the full text of Galatians (chapters 1–6), including the core passage Galatians 2:15–21. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Reuse and carry forward their exact recorded Burmese rendering without alteration, per the hard rule that the baseline is the language authority. Terms new to the Galatians curriculum are marked New and are proposed candidates for addition to translation memory (Phase 1 Steps 8–9), each risk-tiered using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Risk tier drives Phase 2 review routing: Critical/High → human theologian review; Medium → native speaker review; Low → automated review, consistent with baseline conventions.
Reused Baseline Terms (Romans Translation Memory — Verbatim Reuse Required)
| # | English Term | Burmese Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link (Galatians) | First Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | gospel | သတင်းကောင်း | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:6 |
| 2 | grace | ကျေးဇူးတော် | Critical | Law and Grace | 1:3 |
| 3 | faith | ယုံကြည်ခြင်း | Medium | Justification by Faith | 1:23 |
| 4 | righteousness | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:21 |
| 5 | justification/justified | ဖြောင့်မတ်ရာသို့ ရောက်ခြင်း | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:16 |
| 6 | imputed righteousness | ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်းအဖြစ် မှတ်တော်မူခြင်း | Critical | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:6 |
| 7 | apostle | တမန်တော် | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:1 |
| 8 | called | ခေါ်တော်မူသော | High | Paul’s Apostleship / Divine Calling | 1:15 |
| 9 | adoption | သားအဖြစ်လက်ခံခြင်း | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 4:5 |
| 10 | resurrection (God raised Christ) | ထမြောက်ခြင်း | Critical | (implicit) 1:1 | 1:1 |
| 11 | lord | သခင် | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:3 |
| 12 | son of God | ဘုရားသခင်၏သားတော် | Critical | Sonship of Christ / Crucified with Christ | 2:20 |
| 13 | peace | ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်း | Medium | Greeting / Fruit of the Spirit | 1:3 |
| 14 | fellowship | မိတ်သဟာယ | Low | Paul’s Apostleship | 2:9 |
| 15 | church | အသင်းတော် | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:2 |
| 16 | kingdom of God | ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော် | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:21 |
| 17 | law | ပညတ်တရား | High | Law and Grace / The Law’s Purpose | 2:16 |
| 18 | sin | အပြစ် | High | Justification by Faith | 1:4 |
| 19 | gentiles | တစ်ပါးအမျိုးသား | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant / Unity | 2:2 |
| 20 | glory | ဘုန်းတော် | High | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:5 |
| 21 | messiah / Christ | ခရစ်တော် (established compound; see 12_ai_translation_requirements.md transliteration standards) | Critical | Messianic Promise | 1:1 |
| 22 | covenant | ပဋိညာဉ် | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:15 |
| 23 | israel | ဣသရေလ | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant / Unity | 6:16 |
| 24 | jesus | ယေရှု | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 1:1 |
| 25 | god | ဘုရားသခင် | Critical | (pervasive) | 1:1 |
| 26 | holy spirit | သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော် | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit / Fruit of the Spirit | 3:2 |
| 27 | father | အဖ | Critical | Adoption and Sonship | 1:1 |
| 28 | abba | အဗ္ဘ | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:6 |
New Terms Proposed for Galatians (Candidates for Translation Memory Addition)
| # | English Term | Original / Transliteration | Burmese Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Link | First Occurrence | Rejected Alternatives / Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 29 | crucified with Christ | συνεσταυρώθην / synestaurōthēn | ခရစ်တော်နှင့်အတူ လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင်တင်ခံရခြင်း | Khayitto nhint atu let-war-kap-tai tin-khan-ya-chin | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2:20 | Must denote identification with a single historical execution event; never framed as repeatable ascetic self-mortification or metaphor for extinguishing desire through discipline. |
| 30 | flesh (moral sense) | σάρξ / sarx | ဇာတိ | zarti | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:13 (moral sense); 2:20 (neutral sense) | Same morpheme as baseline incarnation term but here denotes fallen human nature in active rebellion; context must disambiguate from the neutral bodily sense. |
| 31 | works of the law | ἔργα νόμου / erga nomou | ပညတ်တရား၏အကျင့်များ | pyinnat-tayar i akyint-myar | Critical | Justification by Faith / Law and Grace | 2:16 | Rejected: any rendering resembling ကုသိုလ်ကျင့်ခြင်း (performing merit-deeds) — the letter’s single highest syncretism-risk term. |
| 32 | curse (of the law) | κατάρα / katara | ကျိန်ခြင်း | kyein-chin | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:10 | Must be taught as covenant-legal consequence, not a mystical affliction removable by ritual counter-measure. |
| 33 | redeem/redemption | ἐξαγοράζω / exagorazō | ရွေးနှင်းတော်မူခြင်း | ywe-hnin-taw-mu-chin | High | The Law’s Purpose / Law and Grace | 3:13 | Rejected: self-purchased liberation framing; redemption is rescue by another at a cost paid by another. |
| 34 | promise | ἐπαγγελία / epangelia | ကတိတော် | kati-taw | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14 | Must be God’s unilateral pledge, not conditional negotiation or karmic multi-life reward expectation. |
| 35 | seed/offspring (of Abraham) | σπέρμα / sperma | အနွယ်ဝင် | anwe-win | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:16 | Follows established TM pattern from seed_of_david. |
| 36 | mediator | μεσίτης / mesitēs | ကြားဝင်စေ့စပ်သူ | kyar-win say-sat thu | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 3:19 | — |
| 37 | guardian/tutor (paidagōgos) | παιδαγωγός / paidagōgos | အထိန်း | a-htein | Medium/High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:24 | Must not imply a moral teacher whose instruction itself confers merit; role is temporary and custodial. |
| 38 | elemental spirits/powers | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου / stoicheia tou kosmou | လောကီအခြေခံအားစုများ | lawki a-che-khan a-si-su myar | Critical | The Law’s Purpose / Freedom in Christ | 4:3 | Direct collision risk with Burmese ဓာတ်လေးပါး (four elements) cosmology and nat-spirit calendar systems; requires mandatory translator note. |
| 39 | fullness of time | πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου / plērōma tou chronou | ကာလပြည့်စုံချိန် | kala pyi-sohn-chein | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 4:4 | Distinguish from astrological “auspicious time” calculation. |
| 40 | freedom/liberty | ἐλευθερία / eleutheria | လွတ်လပ်ခြင်း | lutlait-chin | High | Freedom in Christ | 5:1 | Distinguish from Buddhist self-attained liberation-from-craving and from libertine license. |
| 41 | yoke of slavery/bondage | ζυγὸς δουλείας / zygos douleias | ကျွန်ခံခြင်း၏ထမ်းပိုး | kyun-khan-chin i htan-po | Medium/High | Freedom in Christ | 5:1 | — |
| 42 | circumcision | περιτομή / peritomē | အရေဖျားလှီးခြင်း | a-yei-phyar-hli-chin | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:3 | Old-covenant sign now fulfilled and non-obligatory; not a transferable general symbol of devotion. |
| 43 | new creation | καινὴ κτίσις / kainē ktisis | ဖန်ဆင်းခြင်းအသစ် | phan-hsin-chin a-thit | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:15 | Must never be conflated with ပြန်လည်မွေးဖွားခြင်း/ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း (samsaric rebirth); mandatory theologian review at every occurrence, per the resurrection-term escalation model. |
| 44 | love (agape) | ἀγάπη / agapē | ချစ်ခြင်းမေတ္တာ | chit-chin-metta | High | Faith Working through Love / Fruit of the Spirit | 2:20 | မေတ္တာ collides with the Buddhist brahmavihara virtue of loving-kindness cultivated through meditation; agape must be taught as personal, covenantal, sacrificial love grounded in Christ’s self-giving act, not a detached meditative technique. |
| 45 | faith working through love | πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη / pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē | ချစ်ခြင်းမေတ္တာအားဖြင့် လုပ်ဆောင်သောယုံကြည်ခြင်း | chit-chin-metta ar-hpyin lote-hsaung-thaw yun-kyi-chin | High | Faith Working through Love | 5:6 | Must not be heard as “faith plus loving deeds as supplementary merit path.” |
| 46 | fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος / karpos tou pneumatos | သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်၏အသီးအနှံ | thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw i athi-anhan | High | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22 | Singular organic Spirit-produced character, not nine virtues self-cultivated through discipline (contrast with paramita/brahmavihara framework). |
| 47 | works of the flesh | τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός / ta erga tēs sarkos | ဇာတိ၏အကျင့်များ | zarti i akyint-myar | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:19 | Structurally opposite of the singular “fruit” of the Spirit. |
| 48 | sorcery/witchcraft | φαρμακεία / pharmakeia | မှော်ဆွယ်မှု | mhaw-swe-hmu | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:20 | Acute real-world relevance given weizza/occult/amulet practice; must be named unambiguously as sin, distinguished from legitimate traditional medicine. |
| 49 | bewitched | ἐβάσκανεν / ebaskanen | ပြုစားခြင်းခံခဲ့သနည်း | poi-sar-chin khan-khe-tha-nay | High | The Law’s Purpose (rhetorical) | 3:1 | Rhetorical idiom, not an endorsement of literal magic; requires translator note to prevent literal misreading. |
| 50 | bear one another’s burdens | ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε / allēlōn ta barē bastazete | အချင်းချင်း၏ဝန်ထုပ်ဝန်ပိုးများကို ထမ်းယူခြင်း | a-chin-chin i wun-htote-wun-po myar ko htan-yu-chin | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | Communal obligation flowing from Spirit-given love, distinct from individualist self-bearing (6:5) and from kamma-as-solely-individual frameworks. |
| 51 | law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ / nomos tou Christou | ခရစ်တော်၏ပညတ်တရား | Khayitto i pyinnat-tayar | Medium/High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | Must be distinguished from ἔργα νόμου (works of the Mosaic law); this is Christ’s self-giving pattern, not renewed legal observance. |
| 52 | sow and reap | σπείρῃ / θερίσει / speirē / therisei | စိုက်ပျိုးခြင်း / ရိတ်သိမ်းခြင်း | saik-pyo-chin / yate-thein-chin | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 6:7 | Acute risk of collapsing into ကံ (karmic cause-and-effect); must be taught as operating within the grace-framework already established (2:21; 3:1-14), not a merit-consequence economy. |
| 53 | boast/glory (negative sense) | καυχᾶσθαι / kauchasthai | ကြွားဝါခြင်း | kwar-war-chin | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 6:13 | Negative sense; distinguish from the positive sense below. |
| 54 | glory (positive sense, in the cross) | καυχᾶσθαι / kauchasthai | ဂုဏ်ယူခြင်း | gun-yu-chin | Medium | Crucified with Christ | 6:14 | Positive sense; do not collapse with #53 — the chapter’s rhetorical contrast depends on distinguishing the two. |
| 55 | new creation marks / marks of Jesus | στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ / stigmata tou Iēsou | ယေရှု၏အမှတ်တံဆိပ်များ | Yayshu i a-hmat-ta-hzate myar | Low | Paul’s Apostleship | 6:17 | Note possible confusion with protective tattoo-amulet marks; clarify these are suffering-scars, not magical marks. |
| 56 | anathema/accursed | ἀνάθεμα / anathema | ကျိန်ဆဲအပ်သည် | kyein-hzair a-pat-thi | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:8 | Solemn apostolic pronouncement of covenantal exclusion, not a magical incantation; distinguish from κατάρα (#32) and from folk-curse belief. |
| 57 | pervert/distort (the gospel) | μεταστρέψαι / metastrepsai | လွဲမှားအောင်ပြောင်းလဲသည် | lwe-mhar-aung pyaung-lay-thi | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:7 | Conveys active corruption of a fixed message, not innocent variation. |
| 58 | revelation | ἀποκάλυψις / apokalypsis | ဗျာဒိတ်တော် | bya-deit-taw | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:12 | Established Myanmar Christian term; distinguish from dreams/omens in folk-astrological practice. |
| 59 | tradition(s) | παράδοσις / paradosis | ဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်း | da-lei htone-dan | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:14 | Gospel is not opposed to tradition generically, but no inherited religious tradition (including Paul’s former Judaism) can ground salvation. |
| 60 | zealous | ζηλωτής / zēlōtēs | စိတ်အားထက်သန်သော | seik-ar-htet-than-thaw | Low | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:14 | — |
| 61 | set apart (from the womb) | ἀφορίζω / aphorizō | ခွဲထားတော်မူခြင်း | khwe-htar-taw-mu-chin | High | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:15 | Not entry into monkhood/monastery; a sovereign calling to gospel ministry within ordinary life, per baseline separation_unto_gods_service doctrine. |
| 62 | false brother(s) | ψευδάδελφος / pseudadelphos | မိစ္ဆာညီအစ်ကို | mikkha-nyi-a-ko | Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:4 | — |
| 63 | pillars (apostles) | στῦλοι / styloi | ကျောရင်းတိုင်များ | kyaw-yin-tai myar | Low | Paul’s Apostleship | 2:9 | — |
| 64 | hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις / hypokrisis | ဟန်ဆောင်မှု | han-hsaung-hmu | Medium | Law and Grace (Antioch incident) | 2:13 | — |
| 65 | truth of the gospel | ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου / alētheia tou euangeliou | သတင်းကောင်း၏သစ္စာတရား | thadin-kaung i thitsa-tayar | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:5 | Gospel has fixed, defensible content, not merely sincere personal conviction. |
| 66 | hearing of faith | ἀκοὴ πίστεως / akoē pisteōs | ယုံကြည်ခြင်းနှင့်ကြားနာခြင်း | yun-kyi-chin nhint kyar-nar-chin | Medium | Justification by Faith | 3:2 | — |
| 67 | blessing of Abraham | εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραάμ / eulogia tou Abraam | အာဗြဟံ၏ကောင်းကြီးမင်္ဂလာ | Abraham i kaung-gyi-min-gala | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14 | — |
| 68 | baptized into Christ | βαπτίζω / baptizō | နှစ်ခြင်းခံခြင်း | hnit-chin khan-chin | Low/Medium | Christian Identity in Christ | 3:27 | Standard Myanmar Christian term; low ambiguity. |
| 69 | neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female | οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην… / ouk eni Ioudaios oude Hellēn… | ယုဒလူမျိုးမှဟူ၍မရှိ၊ ဟေလသမှဟူ၍မရှိ၊ ကျွန်မှဟူ၍မရှိ၊ လွတ်လပ်သူမှဟူ၍မရှိ | (as above) | High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 3:28 | Must retain full, unqualified equality-in-Christ language against Burma’s ethnic-majority/minority social hierarchies. |
| 70 | heir | κληρονόμος / klēronomos | အမွေခံ | a-mway-khan | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 3:29 | — |
| 71 | slave (status contrasted with son) | δοῦλος / doulos | ကျွန် | kyun | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 4:1 | — |
| 72 | allegory (Hagar/Sarah) | ἀλληγορούμενα / allēgoroumena | ပုံဥပမာအားဖြင့်ဆိုသော အနက်ရှိသည် | pon-u-pama ar-hpyin sho-thaw a-net shi-thi | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4:24 | Paul’s own inspired typological method; not license for arbitrary allegorization elsewhere. |
| 73 | Jerusalem above | Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἡ ἄνω / Ierousalēm hē anō | အထက်ကျဆင်းသော ယေရုရှလင်မြို့ | a-htet-ka-hsin-thaw Yayrusha-lin-myo | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 4:26 | — |
| 74 | transgressor | παραβάτην / parabatēn | ပညတ်ကျူးလွန်သူ | pyinnat kyu-lwun thu | Medium | Justification by Faith | 2:18 | Distinguish from generic “sinner” — one who re-crosses an already-abolished boundary. |
| 75 | servant/minister of sin | ἁμαρτίας διάκονος / hamartias diakonos | အပြစ်၏အစေခံ | a-pyit i a-say-khan | Medium | Justification by Faith | 2:17 | Must not imply Christ bears moral culpability. |
| 76 | I do not nullify (grace) | ἀθετῶ / athetō | ငါမပယ်ရှား | nga ma-pay-shar | High | Law and Grace | 2:21 | ”Render void/of no effect,” not merely “misunderstand.” |
| 77 | in vain / for nothing | δωρεὰν / dōrean | အချည်းနှီး | a-chi-hnee | High | Law and Grace | 2:21 | Distinguish from the other sense of δωρεά (“as a free gift,” cf. Romans 5:15); context here requires “in vain/needlessly.” |
Risk Summary (Galatians-Specific New Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count (New Terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 (crucified with Christ, works of the law, elemental spirits, new creation, sorcery/witchcraft) | Human theologian review |
| High | 18 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 20 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 6 | Automated review |
Combined with 28 reused Critical/High baseline terms carried into Galatians, this glossary identifies a total of 77 tracked terms for Phase 2 translation memory loading. All Critical and High risk new terms above must be added to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json with theologian sign-off before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the baseline’s translation memory load-and-enforcement instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
Christ
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်
Transliteration: Khayitto
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW term (established Myanmar Bible compound reused per the transliteration standards fixed in the baseline requirements document). Distinct from ‘messiah’ (transliterated မေရှိယ, naming the OT-promise concept); functions as Jesus’ proper title/name occurring dozens of times per chapter in Galatians (e.g. 2:20; 3:16, 27-29), so consistency is essential across every occurrence.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်နှင့်အတူ လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင်တင်ခံရခြင်း
Transliteration: Khayitto nhint atu let-war-kap-tai tin-khan-ya-chin
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ascetic self-mortification framing, anatta-style self-extinguishing framing
Original: συνεσταύρωμαι / συνεσταυρώθην
Category: Christology
NEW CRITICAL term, the doctrinal anchor of the core passage (Gal 2:20; also 5:24; 6:14). Built on the established Myanmar Bible term for ‘cross’ (လက်ဝါးကပ်တိုင်). Must denote identification with a single historical execution event, never a repeatable ascetic mortification practice or a Buddhist anatta-style extinguishing of self; the believer’s continuing personal ‘I’ remains, indwelt by Christ.
Elemental Spirits
Approved rendering: လောကီအခြေခံအားစုများ
Transliteration: lawki a-che-khan a-si-su myar
Doctrine: Bondage to Elemental Spirits/Powers
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Freedom
NEW CRITICAL term. Direct collision risk with Burmese ဓာတ်လေးပါး (four-elements cosmology) and the populated nat-spirit calendar/fortune system (Gal 4:3, 9). Mandatory translator note required: Paul is declaring freedom FROM such systems’ claimed authority, not affirming their reality/relevance.
Father
Approved rendering: အဖ
Transliteration: a-pha
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
CRITICAL: never ဗြဟ္မာ (Brahma). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 1:1, 1:3, and paired with the Abba-cry at 4:6.
God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရား, နတ်သခင်
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL: full compound always required, never ဘုရား alone. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Pervasive throughout Galatians.
Grace
Approved rendering: ကျေးဇူးတော်
Transliteration: kyayzu-taw
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်, ကံကောင်းခြင်း, ဝါသနာတော်
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: Never use ကုသိုလ် (kutho, accumulated Buddhist merit) or ကံကောင်းခြင်း (good karma/luck). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians makes grace-versus-merit its explicit argumentative center (2:21; 5:4); every occurrence must reinforce ‘apart from merit’. Relevant doctrine: Law and Grace.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်
Transliteration: thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: နတ်ဝိညာဉ်, ဝိညာဉ်
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL: never ဝိညာဉ် alone or နတ်ဝိညာဉ်. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Received by faith (Gal 3:2,5,14) and in active moral opposition to the flesh (5:16-25).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်းအဖြစ် မှတ်တော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: pyaungmat-chin a-phyit hmat-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်စုဆောင်းခြင်း
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Righteousness credited by God, not earned. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 3:6 quotes the identical Genesis 15:6 text as Romans 4:3; must match exactly for cross-curriculum consistency. Relevant doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ယေရှု
Transliteration: Yayshu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ရှင်ယေရှု
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Standard Myanmar Bible form since Judson. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Central to Galatians 2:20’s Crucified with Christ doctrine.
Justification
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ရာသို့ ရောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: pyaungmat-ya-tho-yauk-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ရခြင်း, အပြစ်ပြေခြင်း
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Compound phrase required; no single Burmese word carries the forensic sense. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. This is the thesis-term of the core passage (Gal 2:16-17); never rendered as ‘gaining merit’. Relevant doctrine: Justification by Faith.
Messiah
Approved rendering: မေရှိယ
Transliteration: Mei-shi-ya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: အရေးတော်ပုံလာမည့်သူ, မိတ္တေယျ
Original: מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Never use မိတ္တေယျ (Metteyya). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Retained as background OT-promise concept underlying the seed-of-Abraham argument in Galatians 3, though Galatians itself mostly uses the proper title ‘Christ’ (see separate ‘christ’ entry).
New Creation
Approved rendering: ဖန်ဆင်းခြင်းအသစ်
Transliteration: phan-hsin-chin a-thit
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: ပြန်လည်မွေးဖွားခြင်း (samsaric rebirth), ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း (samsaric rebirth)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Circumcision and New Creation
NEW CRITICAL term — the letter’s climactic answer to the circumcision controversy (Gal 6:15). Must never be conflated with samsaric rebirth; God’s own decisive, once-for-all inaugurating act. Flagged for mandatory theologian review at every occurrence, on the model of the baseline resurrection escalation rule.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ထမြောက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: hta-myauk-chin
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း, ပြန်လည်မွေးဖွားခြင်း
Original: ἐγείρω (ἐκ νεκρῶν)
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: NEVER use ပဋိသန္ဓေတည်ခြင်း or ပြန်လည်မွေးဖွားခြင်း (samsaric rebirth). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Underwrites Paul’s apostolic authority claim in Galatians 1:1.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ဖြောင့်မတ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: pyaungmat-chin
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ကံ, သီလ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: Never use ကုသိုလ်ကံ (merit-karma) or သီလ (moral precepts kept for merit). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 2:21 and 3:21 test righteousness-through-law to absurdity. Relevant doctrine: Justification by Faith.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏သားတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i tharadaw
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဗြဟ္မာ့သား, နတ်သား
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Full phrase required, never abbreviated. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Central to Galatians 2:20 and 4:4. Relevant doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: မှော်ဆွယ်မှု
Transliteration: mhaw-swe-hmu
Doctrine: Works of the Flesh and Sorcery
Rejected alternatives: folk custom framing, mere superstition framing
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sin
NEW CRITICAL term. Named in the vice-list (Gal 5:20); acute real-world relevance given widespread weizza/occult/amulet/astrology practice in Burmese religious life. Must be unambiguously named as sin requiring repentance, clearly distinguished from legitimate traditional medicine.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: ပညတ်တရား၏အကျင့်များ
Transliteration: pyinnat-tayar i akyint-myar
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ကုသိုလ်ကျင့်ခြင်း (performing merit-deeds)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Law
NEW CRITICAL term — the single highest-leverage syncretism risk in the letter (Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10). Functionally identical in lived Burmese religion to merit-deed performance; mandatory translator note required at every occurrence distinguishing the rejected law-works basis from grace received by faith.
High Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: အဗ္ဘ
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Aramaic term of intimacy. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 4:6 must match the Romans 8:15 rendering exactly per the Theological Consistency Rules Across Documents.
Anathema
Approved rendering: ကျိန်ဆဲအပ်သည်
Transliteration: kyein-hzair a-pat-thi
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: folk-curse framing
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel
NEW HIGH-risk term. Paul’s solemn apostolic pronouncement of covenantal exclusion (Gal 1:8-9), not a magical incantation. Keep conceptually distinct from κατάρα/curse (see ‘curse’ entry).
Bewitched
Approved rendering: ပြုစားခြင်းခံခဲ့သနည်း
Transliteration: poi-sar-chin khan-khe-tha-nay
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ἐβάσκανεν
Category: Law
NEW HIGH-risk term. Rhetorical idiom of astonishment (Gal 3:1), not an endorsement of literal magic. Mandatory translator note required to prevent readers from concluding actual sorcery occurred.
Called
Approved rendering: ခေါ်တော်မူသော
Transliteration: khaw-taw-mu-thaw
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ဖိတ်ခေါ်ခြင်း
Original: καλέω / κλητός
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive; distinguish from a revocable invitation. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 1:1, 1:6, 1:15 apply this to apostleship, gospel-calling, and pre-natal calling. Relevant doctrine: Divine Calling.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: အရေဖျားလှီးခြင်း
Transliteration: a-yei-phyar-hli-chin
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Circumcision and New Creation
NEW HIGH-risk term. The old-covenant sign, now fulfilled and non-obligatory in Christ (Gal 2:3-9; 5:2-6, 11; 6:12-15); not a general symbol of religious devotion transferable to other traditions’ initiation rites.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ပဋိညာဉ်
Transliteration: padi-nyin
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: သဘောတူညီချက်
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Relational, binding bond, more than a negotiated agreement. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Applied to the Abrahamic covenant in Galatians 3:15, 17. Relevant doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise.
Curse
Approved rendering: ကျိန်ခြင်း
Transliteration: kyein-chin
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κατάρα
Category: Law
NEW HIGH-risk term. Covenant-legal consequence of violating God’s law (Gal 3:10, 13), never a mystical affliction removable by yadaya ritual counter-measures common in Burmese folk practice. Keep conceptually distinct from anathema (ကျိန်ဆဲအပ်သည်).
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: ချစ်ခြင်းမေတ္တာအားဖြင့် လုပ်ဆောင်သောယုံကြည်ခြင်း
Transliteration: chit-chin-metta ar-hpyin lote-hsaung-thaw yun-kyi-chin
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: faith plus loving deeds as a supplementary merit path
Original: πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
NEW HIGH-risk term (Gal 5:6). Love is faith’s fruit and expression, not an additional ground of justification alongside works of the law; must not be misheard as reintroducing works-righteousness.
Flesh
Approved rendering: ဇာတိ
Transliteration: zarti
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sin
NEW HIGH-risk term. Same morpheme as the baseline’s incarnation compound (လူ့ဇာတိခံယူခြင်း) but here (Gal 5:13-24) carries fallen human nature in active moral rebellion, distinct from the neutral bodily/lineage sense used at 2:20 and 4:4/4:23. Mandatory translator note required at first ch.5 occurrence to disambiguate the shift.
Freedom
Approved rendering: လွတ်လပ်ခြင်း
Transliteration: lutlait-chin
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
NEW HIGH-risk term. A status Christ has secured (Gal 5:1, 13), exercised in love; must be distinguished from Buddhist self-attained liberation-from-craving, from libertine license, and from the modern political/national-independence sense of the same Burmese word.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: သန့်ရှင်းသောဝိညာဉ်တော်၏အသီးအနှံ
Transliteration: thangyinthaw weinnyin-taw i athi-anhan
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: nine separately self-cultivated virtues
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
NEW HIGH-risk term. The singular, organic, Spirit-produced character (Gal 5:22-23); must not be taught as nine independently trained virtues, which would collapse into the Buddhist brahmavihara/paramita self-discipline framework. Preserve grammatical singular.
Glory
Approved rendering: ဘုန်းတော်
Transliteration: phon-taw
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းကံ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
God’s inherent honor, never merit-power. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 1:5, 1:24.
Gospel
Approved rendering: သတင်းကောင်း
Transliteration: thadin kaung
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ဓမ္မသတင်း, ကောင်းသောအကြောင်းအရာ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Established Myanmar Bible term meaning ‘good news’. Must be qualified as the unique announcement of salvation through Christ, not any generic positive report. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. In Galatians the term carries additional polemical weight (1:6-11): there is only one true gospel; a ‘different gospel’ is not good news at all but a distortion. Relevant doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels.
Guardian Tutor
Approved rendering: အထိန်း
Transliteration: a-htein
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
NEW term. Temporary custodial guardian role of the law (Gal 3:24-25) until Christ; must not imply a moral teacher whose instruction itself confers merit — the role is explicitly temporary and custodial.
In Vain
Approved rendering: အချည်းနှီး
Transliteration: a-chi-hnee
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: ‘as a free gift’ sense of δωρεά (cf. Romans 5:15)
Original: δωρεὰν
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-risk term. The rhetorical climax of Gal 2:21: if law-righteousness were possible, Christ’s death would be needless. Must be distinguished from the opposite ‘free gift’ sense of the same Greek root elsewhere in Paul, to avoid an accidental contradiction with grace-as-gift theology.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: ခရစ်တော်၏ပညတ်တရား
Transliteration: Khayitto i pyinnat-tayar
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: renewed Mosaic legal observance framing
Original: νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law
NEW term. Christ’s own self-giving love as the believer’s normative pattern (Gal 6:2), deliberately echoing and transforming νόμος; must be clearly distinguished from ἔργα νόμου (works of the Mosaic law) rejected throughout the letter.
Law
Approved rendering: ပညတ်တရား
Transliteration: pyinnat tayar
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ဝိနည်း
Original: νόμος
Category: Law
Mosaic Law; never ဝိနည်း (Buddhist monastic disciplinary code). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Occurs over 30 times in Galatians; central to Law and Grace and The Law’s Purpose doctrines.
Lord
Approved rendering: သခင်
Transliteration: thakhin
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရင်, ဆရာသခင်
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Must convey exclusive supreme authority. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Used in Galatians’ greetings and closings (1:3; 6:18).
Love
Approved rendering: ချစ်ခြင်းမေတ္တာ
Transliteration: chit-chin-metta
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: မေတ္တာ alone (detached brahmavihara meditative loving-kindness)
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
NEW HIGH-risk term. Self-giving, covenantal love modeled on Christ’s self-giving (Gal 2:20) and heading the Fruit of the Spirit list (5:22). မေတ္တာ alone collides with the major Buddhist brahmavihara virtue; must be taught as personal, sacrificial, historically-grounded love, not a detached meditative technique. Translator note required at first occurrence.
Nullify Grace
Approved rendering: ငါမပယ်ရှား
Transliteration: nga ma-pay-shar
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: merely ‘misunderstand’ framing
Original: ἀθετῶ
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-risk term. Paul’s resolve not to render the grace of God void by reverting to law-righteousness (Gal 2:21); a flagship grace-versus-works verse per escalation rules; must convey ‘render void/of no effect’.
Pervert Gospel
Approved rendering: လွဲမှားအောင်ပြောင်းလဲသည်
Transliteration: lwe-mhar-aung pyaung-lay-thi
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: innocent variation framing
Original: μεταστρέψαι
Category: Gospel
NEW HIGH-risk term. Active corruption of the one fixed gospel message (Gal 1:7), not a legitimate alternative formulation or sincere variation.
Promise
Approved rendering: ကတိတော်
Transliteration: kati-taw
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW HIGH-risk term. God’s unilateral, binding pledge to Abraham (Gal 3:14-22, 29), preceding and unannullable by the law; not a conditional negotiation nor a karmic multi-life reward expectation.
Redemption
Approved rendering: ရွေးနှင်းတော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: ywe-hnin-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: Redemption from the Curse of the Law
Rejected alternatives: self-purchased liberation framing
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-risk term. Christ’s redemptive death (Gal 3:13; 4:5) buying believers out of bondage at a cost paid by another; must never be conflated with self-purchased merit or self-attained liberation as in some renderings of nirvana-attainment.
Set Apart
Approved rendering: ခွဲထားတော်မူခြင်း
Transliteration: khwe-htar-taw-mu-chin
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ရဟန်းပြု (becoming a monk) framing
Original: ἀφορίζω
Category: Apostleship
NEW HIGH-risk term, reusing the baseline’s separation_unto_gods_service doctrine category. God’s sovereign, pre-natal selection of Paul for apostolic ministry (Gal 1:15); must not be confused with entering monkhood/monastery — a sovereign calling to gospel ministry within ordinary life.
Sin
Approved rendering: အပြစ်
Transliteration: a-pyit
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: အကုသိုလ်
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Moral transgression against a personal God, not karmic demerit. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 1:4; 2:17; 3:22.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: စိုက်ပျိုးခြင်း / ရိတ်သိမ်းခြင်း
Transliteration: saik-pyo-chin / yate-thein-chin
Doctrine: Sowing and Reaping
Original: σπείρῃ / θερίσει
Category: Ethics
NEW HIGH-risk term. The fixed moral connection between conduct and consequence (Gal 6:7-9), acutely vulnerable to being heard as ကံ (karma). Mandatory translator note required clarifying this operates within the grace-framework already established (2:21; 3:1-14), not a merit-and-consequence economy.
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: သတင်းကောင်း၏သစ္စာတရား
Transliteration: thadin-kaung i thitsa-tayar
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Gospel
NEW HIGH-risk term. The gospel’s fixed, defensible content, defended at Jerusalem and Antioch alike (Gal 2:5, 14); must not be reduced to merely sincere personal conviction.
Unity Formula
Approved rendering: ယုဒလူမျိုးမှဟူ၍မရှိ၊ ဟေလသမှဟူ၍မရှိ၊ ကျွန်မှဟူ၍မရှိ၊ လွတ်လပ်သူမှဟူ၍မရှိ၊ ယောက်ျားမှဟူ၍၊ မိန်းမမှဟူ၍မရှိ
Transliteration: Yuda-lumyo-ma-hu-yway-ma-shi, Hela-tha-ma-hu-yway-ma-shi, kyun-ma-hu-yway-ma-shi, lutlait-thu-ma-hu-yway-ma-shi, yauk-kya-ma-hu-yway, meinma-ma-hu-yway-ma-shi
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: softened or qualified equality framing
Original: οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ
Category: Church
NEW HIGH-risk term. Galatians 3:28’s sweeping equality-in-Christ formula; must retain full, unqualified language against Burma’s ethnic-Buddhist-Burman social hierarchies. Do not omit any of the three pairs.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: ဇာတိ၏အကျင့်များ
Transliteration: zarti i akyint-myar
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sin
NEW HIGH-risk term. The itemized vice-list (Gal 5:19-21), plural and manufactured, structurally opposed to the singular organic ‘fruit’ of the Spirit; this contrast must survive translation.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: ကျွန်ခံခြင်း၏ထမ်းပိုး
Transliteration: kyun-khan-chin i htan-po
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγὸς δουλείας
Category: Freedom
NEW term. The concrete danger of exchanging Christ’s freedom for renewed legal bondage (Gal 5:1).
Medium Risk Terms
Adoption
Approved rendering: သားအဖြစ်လက်ခံခြင်း
Transliteration: thar-a-phyit let-khan-chin
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ဝမ်းစုတင်ခြင်း
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Full legal son-status with inheritance rights. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 4:5-7 pairs this with the Abba-cry and heirship; emphasize full, permanent, non-probationary sonship. Relevant doctrine: Adoption and Sonship.
Allegory
Approved rendering: ပုံဥပမာအားဖြင့်ဆိုသော အနက်ရှိသည်
Transliteration: pon-u-pama ar-hpyin sho-thaw a-net shi-thi
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant
NEW Medium-risk term. Paul’s explicit signal that the Hagar-Sarah narrative is being read typologically (Gal 4:24); Paul’s own inspired interpretive method, not license for arbitrary allegorization elsewhere.
Apostle
Approved rendering: တမန်တော်
Transliteration: tamantaw
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ဆရာတော်, ဆရာကြီး
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
ဆရာတော်/ဆရာကြီး carry senior-monk connotations. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 1:1 and 1:11-12 ground the term specifically in direct divine commissioning, not human appointment. Relevant doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship.
Baptized Into Christ
Approved rendering: နှစ်ခြင်းခံခြင်း
Transliteration: hnit-chin khan-chin
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: βαπτίζω
Category: Church
NEW term using the standard Myanmar Christian term for baptism. Sacramental identification with Christ (Gal 3:27); low ambiguity but load-bearing for Christian Identity in Christ.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: အချင်းချင်း၏ဝန်ထုပ်ဝန်ပိုးများကို ထမ်းယူခြင်း
Transliteration: a-chin-chin i wun-htote-wun-po myar ko htan-yu-chin
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Ethics
NEW Medium-risk term. Communal, Spirit-enabled obligation (Gal 6:1-2), distinct from the individualist ‘each will bear his own load’ of 6:5 and from a kamma-as-solely-individual framework.
Blessing Of Abraham
Approved rendering: အာဗြဟံ၏ကောင်းကြီးမင်္ဂလာ
Transliteration: Abraham i kaung-gyi-min-gala
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: material-prosperity framing
Original: εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW Medium-risk term. The Abrahamic covenant promise extended to Gentile believers through Christ (Gal 3:14), tied explicitly to receiving the Spirit through faith, never rendered as a guarantee of material wealth/health.
Boast Negative
Approved rendering: ကြွားဝါခြင်း
Transliteration: kwar-war-chin
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: καυχᾶσθαι
Category: Ethics
NEW Medium-risk term. Illegitimate self-promoting boasting in others’ circumcision/flesh (Gal 6:13); must not be collapsed with the positive sense in 6:14 (see boast_positive_in_cross).
Boast Positive In Cross
Approved rendering: ဂုဏ်ယူခြင်း
Transliteration: gun-yu-chin
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: καυχᾶσθαι
Category: Christology
NEW Medium-risk term. Paul’s sole legitimate ground of glorying, the cross of Christ alone (Gal 6:14); must not be collapsed with the negative sense in 6:13 (see boast_negative).
Church
Approved rendering: အသင်းတော်
Transliteration: athin-taw
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ဘုရားကျောင်း, ဘုရားရိပ်သာ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Never ဘုရားကျောင်း/ဘုရားရိပ်သာ (pagoda/monastic compound). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 1:2, 1:13, 1:22.
Faith
Approved rendering: ယုံကြည်ခြင်း
Transliteration: yun-kyi-chin
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: သဒ္ဓါတရား
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Object of faith must always be specified as Christ, not left generic. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Relevant doctrine: Justification by Faith; object of faith explicit at every core-passage occurrence (Gal 2:16).
False Brothers
Approved rendering: မိစ္ဆာညီအစ်ကို
Transliteration: mikkha-nyi-a-ko
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφος
Category: Gospel
NEW Medium-risk term. Those posing as fellow believers while undermining the gospel by compelling circumcision (Gal 2:4); an early instance of a false gospel within the church itself.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: ကာလပြည့်စုံချိန်
Transliteration: kala pyi-sohn-chein
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: Covenant
NEW term. God’s sovereignly appointed moment for sending the Son (Gal 4:4); distinguish from Burmese astrological ‘auspicious time’ (နံနက်ကောင်း/နေ့ရက်ကောင်း) calculation.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: တစ်ပါးအမျိုးသား
Transliteration: tabar-amyothar
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: လူမျိုးခြား
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Non-Jews; established term. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Central to the Antioch table-fellowship crisis (Gal 2:11-14).
Hearing Of Faith
Approved rendering: ယုံကြည်ခြင်းနှင့်ကြားနာခြင်း
Transliteration: yun-kyi-chin nhint kyar-nar-chin
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἀκοὴ πίστεως
Category: Faith
NEW Medium-risk term. Receiving the Spirit through believing response to the gospel (Gal 3:2, 5), contrasted with works of the law.
Heir
Approved rendering: အမွေခံ
Transliteration: a-mway-khan
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Covenant
NEW Medium-risk term. One who inherits the Abrahamic promise with full legal rights, whether Jew or Gentile, in Christ (Gal 3:29; 4:1, 7).
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: ဟန်ဆောင်မှု
Transliteration: han-hsaung-hmu
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Ethics
NEW Medium-risk term. Peter’s withdrawal from Gentile table-fellowship under social pressure at Antioch (Gal 2:13), a failure to live consistently with the truth of the gospel.
Israel
Approved rendering: ဣသရေလ
Transliteration: Israen
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Proper name; established Myanmar Bible form. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Extended in Galatians 6:16 as ‘the Israel of God’ to include Gentile believers; must not be read as excluding Gentiles.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: အထက်ကျဆင်းသော ယေရုရှလင်မြို့
Transliteration: a-htet-ka-hsin-thaw Yayrusha-lin-myo
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἡ ἄνω
Category: Eschatology
NEW Medium-risk term. The heavenly, free, eschatological Jerusalem, ‘our mother’ (Gal 4:26), contrasted with earthly Jerusalem under law.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ဘုရားသခင်၏နိုင်ငံတော်
Transliteration: Phayarthakhin i nainggan-taw
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ဘုန်းတော်နိုင်ငံ
Original: βασιλεία θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
God’s sovereign reign, distinct from a political nainggan. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 5:21.
Mediator
Approved rendering: ကြားဝင်စေ့စပ်သူ
Transliteration: kyar-win say-sat thu
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Law
NEW Medium-risk term. Moses’ mediating role in the giving of the law (Gal 3:19-20), distinguishing the mediated law from the directly-given Abrahamic promise.
Peace
Approved rendering: ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်း
Transliteration: nyein-thet-chin
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ကိလေသာငြိမ်းခြင်း
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational peace, not meditative stilling of mental defilements. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Appears in Galatians’ greeting (1:3) and among the Fruit of the Spirit (5:22).
Revelation
Approved rendering: ဗျာဒိတ်တော်
Transliteration: bya-deit-taw
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Apostleship
NEW term using the established Myanmar Christian term (cf. Book of Revelation = ဗျာဒိတ်ကျမ်း). Direct divine disclosure grounding Paul’s gospel and authority (Gal 1:12); distinguish from dreams/omens in folk-astrological practice.
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: အနွယ်ဝင်
Transliteration: anwe-win
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
NEW term following the established TM pattern used for seed_of_david (ဒါဝိဒ်၏အနွယ်ဝင်). Singular/collective wordplay in Paul’s argument (Gal 3:16, 29) may not fully survive translation; translator note recommended.
Servant Of Sin
Approved rendering: အပြစ်၏အစေခံ
Transliteration: a-pyit i a-say-khan
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτίας διάκονος
Category: Sin
NEW Medium-risk term. The absurd hypothetical implication Paul rejects — that seeking justification in Christ would make Christ an agent of sin (Gal 2:17); must not imply Christ bears moral culpability.
Slave
Approved rendering: ကျွန်
Transliteration: kyun
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Covenant
NEW Medium-risk term. Legal status of ownership by another, without inheritance rights, contrasted with son-status (Gal 4:1, 7).
Tradition
Approved rendering: ဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်း
Transliteration: da-lei htone-dan
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Apostleship
NEW term. Ancestral religious custom (Gal 1:14); the gospel is not opposed to tradition generically, but no inherited religious tradition — including Paul’s own former Judaism — can ground salvation.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: ပညတ်ကျူးလွန်သူ
Transliteration: pyinnat kyu-lwun thu
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: παραβάτην
Category: Law
NEW Medium-risk term. One who steps back across a boundary already abolished in Christ by rebuilding law-righteousness (Gal 2:18); distinguish from generic ‘sinner’ (အပြစ်ရှိသူ).
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: မိတ်သဟာယ
Transliteration: meikthahaya
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: သူငယ်ချင်းဖွဲ့ခြင်း
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Shared participation in Christ, deeper than ordinary social bond. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE, reused verbatim. Galatians 2:9’s right-hand-of-fellowship gesture. Relevant doctrine: Christian Fellowship in Gospel Partnership.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: ယေရှု၏အမှတ်တံဆိပ်များ
Transliteration: Yayshu i a-hmat-ta-hzate myar
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Apostleship
NEW Low-risk term. Paul’s persecution-scars authenticating his apostleship (Gal 6:17); a brief clarifying note is prudent distinguishing these from protective tattoo-amulet marks.
Pillars
Approved rendering: ကျောရင်းတိုင်များ
Transliteration: kyaw-yin-tai myar
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Church
NEW Low-risk term. Metaphor for James, Cephas, and John as foundational Jerusalem church leaders (Gal 2:9); descriptive, not a hierarchical monastic-seniority title.
Zealous
Approved rendering: စိတ်အားထက်သန်သော
Transliteration: seik-ar-htet-than-thaw
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ζηλωτής
Category: Apostleship
NEW Low-risk term describing Paul’s pre-conversion religious intensity (Gal 1:14).
Referenced passages