Core Glossary
1 Chronicles — Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)
A. Inherited Terms (from Romans TM, reused verbatim — no change permitted)
| English Term | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine (this curriculum) | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Vajtswv | Low | General / Cross-cutting | all | — |
| Lord (Adonai, generic) | tus Tswv | Low | General / Cross-cutting | many | Kept distinct from new YHWH entry below |
| Holy Spirit | Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Critical | Worship and the Levitical Order (charismatic empowerment sense) | 12, 28 | OT occasional-empowerment note required, “Vaj” prefix non-negotiable |
| Servant/Slave (doulos) | qhev | High | Genealogy and Continuity / Davidic Covenant | 17, and passim (“my servant David”) | Honorific “ebed YHWH” sense matches existing TM note |
| Election/Choose | kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam) | Critical | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 28 | Mandatory volitional clause retained |
| Promise | lus cog tseg | Low | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 17 (implicit) | Distinguished from new covenant entry below |
| Kingdom of God | lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv | Low | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 17, 28 | Applied typologically to David’s/Solomon’s throne |
| Heir / inheritance-holder | tus qub txeeg qub teg | Low | Genealogy and Continuity | 2-8 (tribal land) | Positive lineage bridge |
| Peace | kev thaj yeeb | Low | Preparation for the Temple | 22 | ”Man of peace” (Solomon) vs. man of war (David) |
| Mercy | txoj kev khuv leej | Medium | God’s Faithfulness across Generations | 21 (implicit) | Kept distinct from new chesed entry |
| Grace | txiaj ntsim | Critical | (cross-reference only; not primary in 1 Chr) | — | Must never be conflated with koob hmoov/blessing or with chesed |
| Wrath of God | kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv | High | The Davidic Covenant / cross-cutting judgment | 13, 21 | Judicial, not capricious — reinforced by Uzza/plague narratives |
| Idol | dab mlom | High | Genealogy and Continuity (ch.5 apostasy) | 5 | — |
| Worship/Serve (cultic) | pehawm / pab teev | High | Worship and the Levitical Order | 5, 16, 23-26 | Mandatory object-anchor “pehawm Vajtswv” |
| Redemption | kev txhiv | Medium | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 17 (David’s prayer) | — |
| Sanctification | kev raug ua kom dawb huv | High | Preparation for the Temple / Worship | 15 | Ritual-preparation sense vs. NT moral-progressive sense noted |
| Remnant | cov seem | Low | Genealogy and Continuity | 9 | Post-exilic resettlement |
| Power | hwjchim | High | cross-cutting (military/divine victories) | 14, 29 | Mandatory “Vajtswv hwjchim” qualifier |
| Sin (act & condition) | txhaum / kev txhaum | High | Genealogy and Continuity (ch.5, 10 apostasy/unfaithfulness) | 5, 10 | — |
| Glory | lub yeeb koob | Low | God’s Faithfulness across Generations | 16, 29 | — |
| Thanksgiving | ua tsaug | Low | Worship and the Levitical Order | 16 | — |
| Living Sacrifice / offering (fij-family) | khoom fij (uas muaj txoj sia nyob, contextually adapted) | High | Preparation for the Temple / Worship | 16, 18, 21, 29 | Must distinguish burnt/peace offerings from Christ’s unique atonement and from shamanic appeasement |
| Priestly Minister | tus ua haujlwm pab Vajtswv | Medium | Worship and the Levitical Order | 16 | Continual ministers before the ark |
| Faith/Believe | kev ntseeg / ntseeg | Medium | God’s Faithfulness across Generations | 5 (implicit trust) | Anchored to tus TSWV in OT context |
| Truth | qhov tseeb | Low | General / Cross-cutting | passim | — |
| World | lub ntiajteb | Low | General / Cross-cutting | 16 (psalm) | — |
B. New Terms Introduced in 1 Chronicles (proposed TM additions)
| # | English Term | Hebrew / Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Rationale / Collision Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LORD (covenant name, YHWH) | יהוה / YHWH | the divine covenant name | tus TSWV (visually distinguished from generic tus Tswv/Adonai) | Low-Medium | God’s Faithfulness across Generations | all | New distinction not needed in Romans (LXX kyrios only); underlies the whole book’s covenant-name emphasis |
| 2 | Covenant | בְּרִית / berith | ”a binding agreement, pact” | kev cog lus (nrog Vajtswv) | High | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 11, 16, 17 | Risk of collapsing God’s unconditional covenant into a negotiated bilateral human pact |
| 3 | House (dynastic sense) | בַּיִת / bayit | ”house, dwelling” (here: royal lineage) | tsev vaj ntxwv (qualified; never bare “tsev” in this sense) | Critical | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed / Preparation for the Temple | 17, 22, 28 | Central temple/dynasty wordplay; must not merge with literal “house” sense |
| 4 | Throne | כִּסֵּא / kisse | ”seat of authority” | lub zwm txwv | Low | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 17, 28, 29 | Established royal-court term, positive bridge |
| 5 | Steadfast love / covenant loyalty | חֶסֶד / chesed | ”loyal, covenant-keeping love/kindness” | txoj kev hlub ruaj khov | High | God’s Faithfulness across Generations | 17 | Must be kept distinct from love/mercy/grace TM entries |
| 6 | Ark of the Covenant | אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית / aron habberith | ”chest/box of the covenant” | Lub Thawv Sib Cog Lus | High | Worship and the Levitical Order | 13, 15, 16, 17 | Formal resemblance to spirit-shrine vessels; must be taught as sign under command, never a venerated spirit-container |
| 7 | Temple / House of the LORD | בַּיִת / הֵיכָל / מִקְדָּשׁ | ”house/palace/sanctuary” | lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Vajtswv | High | Preparation for the Temple | 17, 22, 28, 29 | Mandatory qualifier; bare “tuam tsev” used for pagan/Buddhist temples |
| 8 | Priest | כֹּהֵן / kohen | ”one who officiates sacred rites” | tus pov thawj | Medium-High | Worship and the Levitical Order | 6, 15, 16, 23-26, 29 | Must never be substituted with shamanic txiv neeb vocabulary |
| 9 | Levite | לֵוִי / Leviyyim | member of the tribe of Levi | cov Levi | Low | Worship and the Levitical Order | 6, 9, 15, 16, 23 | Transliteration, stable |
| 10 | Medium / necromancer | אוֹב / ob | ”spirit-consulting practitioner” | tus nug dab (condemnatory) | Critical | Genealogy and Continuity (Saul’s failure); cross-cutting warning | 10 | Direct structural parallel to shamanic spirit-consultation; must never be rendered with dignifying vocabulary |
| 11 | Satan / adversary | הַשָּׂטָן / ha-satan | ”the adversary, accuser” | Ntxwg Nyoog | High | cross-cutting (ch.21 census) | 21 | Must be kept distinct from generic dab spirit vocabulary |
| 12 | Census / numbering the people | סָפַר / saphar | ”to count, number” | kev suav pej xeem | Medium | Genealogy and Continuity (by contrast) | 21 | Numbering-as-self-reliance vs. numbering-as-covenant-record (ch.1-9) |
| 13 | Pattern / blueprint (of the temple) | תַּבְנִית / tabnith | ”form, model” | tus qauv | Low-Medium | Preparation for the Temple | 28 | Divinely revealed architectural plan |
| 14 | Whole / undivided heart | לֵב שָׁלֵם / lev shalem | ”a complete heart” | lub siab kub lug rau Vajtswv | Medium | Preparation for the Temple / Worship | 28, 29 | Must not reduce to mere sincerity apart from covenant obedience |
| 15 | Freewill / willing offering | הִתְנַדֵּב / hitnadeb | ”to offer oneself willingly” | kev pub siab dawb rau Vajtswv | Medium | Preparation for the Temple | 29 | Distinguish from obligatory offerings and votive/appeasement giving |
| 16 | Repent (of judgment) | נִחַם / nacham | ”to be sorry, relent” | ntxeev dua siab | Medium | cross-cutting (ch.21) | 21 | Distinct from ongoing renewal_of_the_mind sense |
| 17 | Angel of the LORD | מַלְאַךְ יהוה / malak YHWH | ”messenger of YHWH” | Tus Tubtxib Saum Ntuj ntawm tus TSWV | Low-Medium | cross-cutting | 21 | Comprehension gap only |
| 18 | Anoint | מָשַׁח / mashach | ”to pour oil upon, consecrate by oil” | pleev roj tsa ua vaj ntxwv | Medium | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed / Genealogy | 11 (implicit), 29 | Positive Messianic-typology link; avoid local ritual-anointing conflation |
| 19 | Cities of refuge | עָרֵי הַמִּקְלָט / arei hammiklat | ”cities of asylum” | tej moos uas yog chaw cawm nyob | Medium | Worship and the Levitical Order | 6 | Comprehension gap, positive justice resonance |
| 20 | Word of the LORD (prophetic oracle event) | דְּבַר־יהוה / devar YHWH | ”the word of YHWH [came]“ | Vajtswv Txoj Lus tuaj rau | Low-Medium | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 17 | Distinct from written Scripture (Vaj Lug Kub) |
| 21 | LORD of hosts | יהוה צְבָאוֹת / YHWH Tzevaot | ”YHWH of armies” | tus TSWV ntawm Cov Tub Rog Saum Ntuj | Medium | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 17 | Comprehension gap, martial-sovereignty title |
| 22 | Prince / ruler (pre-royal designation) | נָגִיד / nagid | ”one appointed to lead” | tus thawj coj / tus nom tswv (raug Vajtswv tsa) | Low-Medium | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 17 | Distinguished from full king title (melek) |
| 23 | Father-son covenant formula | אֶהְיֵה־לוֹ לְאָב… | ”I will be his father, he my son” | Kuv yuav ua nws Leej Txiv, thiab nws yuav ua kuv tus tub | Critical | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 17 | Must be distinguished from Christ’s unique ontological Sonship |
| 24 | Vision (prophetic) | חִזָּיוֹן / chizzayon | ”a seeing, prophetic vision” | yog toog | Low-Medium | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed | 17 | Distinguish from divinatory “seeing” practice (cf. #10) |
| 25 | Genealogy / generations | תּוֹלְדֹת / toledot | ”begettings, generations” | keeb kwm caj ces | Low | Genealogy and Continuity | 1-9 | Strong positive cultural bridge |
| 26 | Firstborn | בְּכוֹר / bekor | ”first-born son” | tus tub hlob | Low | Genealogy and Continuity | 1-8 | Strong existing Hmong category |
| 27 | Clan / family | מִשְׁפָּחָה / mishpachah | ”extended family unit” | tsev neeg / txheeb ci | Low | Genealogy and Continuity | 2, 4-8 | — |
| 28 | Tribe | מַטֶּה / שֵׁבֶט / matteh, shevet | ”staff” (metonym for tribe) | xeem / caj ces | Low | Genealogy and Continuity | 1-8 | Strong clan-system bridge |
| 29 | Inheritance / territory | נַחֲלָה / nachalah | ”allotted possession” | thaj av qub txeeg qub teg | Low | Genealogy and Continuity | 4-8 | Reuses heir root |
| 30 | Name (genealogical continuity) | שֵׁם / shem | ”name” | npe | Low-Medium | Genealogy and Continuity | 1-9, 17 | Name-preservation = covenant-community continuity theme |
| 31 | Harlotry after foreign gods | זָנָה אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהֵי / zanah acharei elohei | ”to whore after [other] gods” | tsis ncaj rau Vajtswv, mus pehawm dab | High | Genealogy and Continuity (apostasy warning) | 5 | Direct idolatry/spirit-worship collision |
| 32 | Exile / captivity | גָּלָה / galah | ”to be carried away” | raug ntes coj mus | Medium | God’s Faithfulness across Generations (by contrast) | 5, 9 | Conditional national curse vs. unconditional Davidic promise |
| 33 | Mighty men | גִּבּוֹרִים / gibborim | ”strong/mighty ones” | cov tub rog muaj zog | Low | Genealogy and Continuity (Davidic narrative) | 11, 12 | — |
| 34 | Gatekeepers / temple servants | שׁוֹעֲרִים / sho’arim | ”gatekeepers” | cov zov qhov rooj ntawm lub Tuam Tsev | Low | Worship and the Levitical Order | 9, 15, 16, 23, 26 | — |
| 35 | Consecrate (ritual object/person) | קִדֵּשׁ / qadash | ”to make holy, set apart ritually” | muab cais dawb huv rau Vajtswv | Medium | Worship and the Levitical Order / Preparation for the Temple | 15, 18 | Ritual-preparation sense vs. NT moral-progressive sanctification |
| 36 | Wisdom and understanding | חָכְמָה וּתְבוּנָה / chokmah u-tevunah | ”skill/insight and discernment” | kev txawj ntse thiab kev totaub | Low-Medium | Preparation for the Temple | 22, 28 | Positive cultural resonance |
| 37 | Judges (pre-monarchic office) | שֹׁפְטִים / shophetim | ”those who judge/rule” | cov txiav txim (thawj coj ntuj qub) | Low | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed (background) | 17 | Comprehension gap, historical office |
| 38 | Build (a house — critical wordplay verb) | בָּנָה / banah | ”to build, construct” | ua / tsim | Critical | The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed / Preparation for the Temple | 17, 22 | Verb anchor of the bayit wordplay; consistency mandatory |
| 39 | Divisions / courses of service | מַחְלְקוֹת / machloqot | ”divisions, allotted groups” | pab pawg ua haujlwm | Low-Medium | Worship and the Levitical Order | 23-26 | Administrative comprehension gap only |
| 40 | Counselor | יוֹעֵץ / yo’ets | ”one who advises” | tus sab laj | Low | Genealogy and Continuity (administrative) | 27 | — |
| 41 | Treasurer | — (contextual, no single fixed lexeme) | “keeper of stores/treasury” | tus saib nyiaj txiag | Low | Worship and the Levitical Order | 26 | — |
C. Governance Note
Per the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §2.4, all §B entries above are logged as new TM candidates pending formal TM-revision review; none may be treated as permanent until that review occurs. Entries marked Critical or High in §B (#s 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 23, 31, 38) require human theologian review before any Phase 2 content generation may proceed, consistent with the baseline’s routing rule for Critical/High doctrine-adjacent terms.
Critical Risk Terms
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: pneuma hagion / ruach (Elohim)
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
Rejected alternatives: bare ntsuj plig (no Vaj prefix) — rejected, denotes an animistic wandering human soul
Fixed collocation; ‘Vaj’ prefix mandatory at every occurrence. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Chronicles this renders the Spirit’s occasional, charismatic empowerment (12:18 Amasai; 28:12 the plan given by the Spirit); a Phase 2 teaching note distinguishing this OT occasional-empowerment sense from the NT’s permanent indwelling sense is required, without loosening the mandatory ‘Vaj’ prefix rule.
Election Choose
Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: eklogē / bachar
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Volitional verb-phrase mandatory, never a bare noun that could be mistaken for hmoov. Inherited from Romans package. Renders ‘bachar’ at 1 Chronicles 28:5-6,10 (God’s choice of Solomon to build the temple and sit on the throne). Must be kept distinct from the ch.21 census-numbering theme (see ‘census_numbering_people’), which is a different ‘counting vs. trusting God’ argument and must not be conflated with this election vocabulary.
Grace
Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: charis / chen
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this sense
koob hmoov reserved exclusively for ordinary material ‘blessing’ contexts (e.g., David’s prayer for blessing on his house, 17:27), never for salvific/covenantal grace. Inherited from Romans package. Retained here chiefly as a cross-reference boundary marker: MUST NEVER be conflated with the new ‘steadfast_love_chesed’ entry, which carries a distinct multigenerational covenant-loyalty sense not present in charis.
House Dynastic Bayit
Approved rendering: tsev vaj ntxwv
Transliteration: bayit
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘tsev’ — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for the dynastic sense, collapses into a literal-building reading and destroys the temple/dynasty wordplay that is the literary engine of 17:1-15
NEW ENTRY. Royal lineage/dynasty, as in ‘the LORD will build you a house’ (17:10) — the reversed sense of the same Hebrew noun used literally of David’s cedar palace and the proposed temple (17:1,4). Hmong has no single noun that naturally carries both ‘building’ and ‘royal lineage’; the qualifier ‘vaj ntxwv’ is mandatory at every dynastic occurrence (17:10,12; 22; 28:5) and must never be dropped to bare ‘tsev.‘
Build Bayit Wordplay Verb
Approved rendering: ua / tsim
Transliteration: banah
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: varying the verb across the literal and dynastic senses for smoother-sounding Hmong prose — rejected, destroys the reversal-of-agency literary device Paul… i.e. the Chronicler intends
NEW ENTRY. The verb anchoring the temple/dynasty wordplay across 17:1,4,10,12 and its literal fulfillment in 22:6-10. Must be rendered with strict verb-consistency across both the literal (‘build me a house/temple’) and dynastic (‘I will build you a house’) occurrences so Phase 2 lessons can explicitly teach the reversal-of-agency pun; using different verbs for the two senses is a Critical-tier violation equivalent to the Romans baseline’s flesh/flesh or righteousness/justify pairing rules.
Father Son Covenant Formula
Approved rendering: Kuv yuav ua nws Leej Txiv, thiab nws yuav ua kuv tus tub
Transliteration: ehyeh-lo le’av vehu yihyeh-li leven
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: presenting without the mandatory cross-reference to ‘son_of_god’/‘Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv’ — rejected, risks demoting Christ’s Sonship to Solomon’s adoptive category, or inflating Solomon into a divine figure
NEW ENTRY. God’s covenant-adoption formula establishing Solomon (and typologically the Davidic line) as his son (17:13). This covenantal/adoptive sonship MUST be kept doctrinally distinct at every occurrence from the unique, ontological deity of Christ’s Sonship. A mandatory cross-reference note to the ‘son_of_god’ and ‘adoption_as_sons’ TM entries is required in every Phase 2 lesson unit using this formula.
Forever Eternal Throne Olam
Approved rendering: mus ib txhis
Transliteration: olam
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: treating as customary Hmong royal-praise-poetry hyperbole convention without a typological footnote — rejected, defuses rather than preserves the promise’s messianic weight
NEW ENTRY. Perpetuity, age-long duration; applied to the establishment of David’s throne (17:12,14; 28). Reuses the root of the baseline ‘eternal_life’ entry, but this specific collocation (‘I will establish his throne forever’) risks being heard as familiar Hmong royal-court hyperbole for exalting chiefs/leaders rather than the seedbed of messianic fulfillment outstripping Solomon’s mortal reign. Must be flagged for explicit typological teaching connecting to Christ’s eternal reign without asserting Solomon himself reigns eternally.
Davids Throne As Lords Kingdom
Approved rendering: nws lub zwm txwv yog ib feem ntawm Vajtswv lub Nceeg Vaj
Transliteration: mamlekhut YHWH (identification with David’s/Solomon’s throne)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: treating 17:14 and 28:5 as isolated, unrelated statements — rejected, this is the direct scriptural root the two passages share and must be taught as one continuous claim
NEW ENTRY. The striking identification that David’s/Solomon’s dynasty and kingdom are called God’s own house and kingdom (17:14: ‘kuv lub tsev thiab kuv lub Nceeg Vaj… nws lub zwm txwv’; made explicit at 28:5, ‘Solomon sat on the throne of the LORD as king’). This is the theological hinge connecting the Davidic Covenant doctrine to the baseline ‘kingdom_of_god’ vocabulary; Phase 2 content must draw this connection explicitly across both passages, not silently.
Medium Necromancer
Approved rendering: tus nug dab
Transliteration: ob
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
Rejected alternatives: txiv neeb or any dignifying/professional-register vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, would legitimize or normalize the very practice Scripture condemns here as covenant-breaking unfaithfulness
NEW ENTRY. A spirit-consulting practitioner through whom the dead/spirits are contacted for guidance; Saul’s fatal recourse (10:13-14), cited as the specific reason his royal line was terminated in favor of David’s. Direct structural parallel to Hmong shamanic (txiv neeb) spirit-consultation for guidance. Phase 2 content must carry explicit contrast-teaching that this is the very practice condemned here, directly relevant to any convert’s family background in traditional Hmong spirit-consultation practice, without implying blanket condemnation of Hmong ancestors as a category.
High Risk Terms
Servant Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: qhev
Transliteration: doulos / ebed
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: koom tes (co-worker/partner) — rejected softening, any degrading-only reading — rejected, this is an honorific covenant title
Strong residual connotation of literal chattel/debt slavery in Hmong social memory; must be paired with a catechetical note distinguishing voluntary, honored bondservice from involuntary slavery. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Chronicles renders ‘ebed’ as an honorific covenant self/other-designation (‘my servant David,’ 17:4,7; David’s repeated self-reference in his prayer, 17:16-27) — the same doctrinal category the Romans entry already anticipates.
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: orgē theou / qetseph, charon-aph
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘npau taws’ associated only with capricious spirit/ancestor anger — rejected without explicit contrast teaching
Paul’s/Chronicles’ wrath is righteous/judicial, not appeasable by ritual, unlike traditional spirit-anger. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Chronicles this concretely narrates Uzza’s death (ch.13) and the census plague (ch.21); both narrative forms superficially resemble the folk pattern of taboo-violation-triggers-misfortune and require explicit contrast-teaching more than almost any other occurrence in either book.
Idol
Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: eidōlon / elohei ha-ammim
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected
Actual Hmong term for spirit-images venerated in traditional religion; doctrinally correct as-is. Inherited from Romans package. Used at 5:25 of the ‘gods of the peoples of the land’ the transjordan tribes pursued, precipitating their exile; feeds the new ‘harlotry_after_foreign_gods’ entry.
Worship Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: latreuō / avad, sheret
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN, identical verb used for pehawm dab (ancestor/spirit veneration)
Object of pehawm must always be stated (‘pehawm Vajtswv’). Inherited from Romans package. Used of Levitical cultic service before the ark (chs.16, 23-26) and, negatively via its collision-anchor at 5:25 (‘mus pehawm dab’), of the transjordan tribes’ apostasy.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: kev raug ua kom dawb huv
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
Rejected alternatives: treating dawb huv as a repeatable ritual-cleansing state — rejected
Dawb huv also = ritual purity from spirit-contamination in folk practice. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Chronicles 15:12-14, this root renders the Levites’ ritual self-preparation (‘qadash’) before carrying the ark — a related but distinct ceremonial-task-fitness sense from the NT’s ongoing moral-transformation sense; see new ‘consecrate_ritual_preparation’ entry for the specific ritual-preparation collocation.
Power
Approved rendering: hwjchim
Transliteration: dynamis / oz, gevurah
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN, identical to a shaman’s (txiv neeb) ritual power
Always qualify as ‘Vajtswv hwjchim.’ Inherited from Romans package. Applied to God’s granting David’s military victories (14:11) and invoked in David’s closing prayer (29:11-12); the higher narrative density of military chapters in 1 Chronicles (11-12, 14, 18-20, 29) versus Romans increases the statistical risk of a dropped qualifier and requires mechanical re-verification across every war-narrative chapter.
Sin Act And Condition
Approved rendering: txhaum / kev txhaum
Transliteration: hamartia / chet, chatta’ah
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
Hmong custom frames wrongdoing as reparable social/ritual fault; must be taught as objective covenant-breaking condition. Inherited from Romans package. Exemplified by the transjordan tribes’ apostasy (ch.5), Saul’s unfaithfulness (ch.10), and David’s census sin (ch.21).
Living Sacrifice
Approved rendering: khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob
Transliteration: thysia zōsa
Doctrine: Preparation for the Temple
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘fij’ identical to offering language for ancestors/spirits — rejected without explicit ethical-devotion framing
Must be distinguished from shamanic appeasement and from Christ’s atonement. Inherited from Romans package. Kept distinct in 1 Chronicles from the new ‘ot_burnt_peace_offering’ entry (khoom fij, unqualified), which renders the book’s literal OT burnt/peace offerings — a third sense in the fij-family neighborhood alongside this NT-ethical sense and the atonement sense.
Salvation Save
Approved rendering: kev cawm dim / cawm
Transliteration: sōtēria, sōzō
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘dim’ (escape) parallel to shamanic ua neeb soul-rescue — rejected without explicit anchoring
Inherited from Romans package, adapted for OT context per analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md §0: in 1 Chronicles this root and family (cf. new ‘cities_of_refuge’ entry, ‘chaw cawm nyob’) is anchored to tus TSWV as agent, with a forward-looking typological teaching note toward fulfillment in Christ, rather than a direct Yexus Khetos anchor.
Covenant General
Approved rendering: kev cog lus (nrog Vajtswv)
Transliteration: berith
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, doctrinally inert, forfeits the necessary contrast-teaching against bilateral Hmong oath-covenant customs
NEW ENTRY. A binding pact; used both of David’s covenant with Israel’s elders (11:3, a bilateral human political covenant) and, distinctly, of God’s unilateral Davidic covenant (ch.17). Hmong culture has a genuine positive bridge (clan oath-swearing customs), but hearers may assimilate God’s unconditional, sovereign Davidic covenant into the mental model of a negotiated, bilateral, revocable pact like 11:3’s; teaching must explicitly distinguish the two every time both are in view.
Temple House Of The Lord
Approved rendering: lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: bayit / heikal / miqdash
Doctrine: Preparation for the Temple
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘lub tuam tsev’ — rejected, this is the term already in regional use for Buddhist/other non-Christian temples
NEW ENTRY. The sanctuary building David prepares for and Solomon builds (17:4,12; 22; 28; 29). Mandatory qualifier ‘ntawm Vajtswv’ at every occurrence, with zero exceptions, mirroring the Romans baseline’s ‘Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv/Mauxes)’ enforcement pattern.
Steadfast Love Chesed
Approved rendering: txoj kev hlub ruaj khov
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Rejected alternatives: kev hlub (agapē/love) — rejected, lacks covenant-legal weight, txoj kev khuv leej (mercy) — rejected, denotes compassion toward the miserable, not covenant loyalty, txiaj ntsim (grace) — rejected, denotes unmerited favor toward the guilty, not multigenerational covenant loyalty
NEW ENTRY. God’s unilateral, unbreakable covenant loyalty and faithful love, promised to David’s line (17:13) and celebrated in the psalm (16:15-22, ‘He remembers His covenant forever’). No existing single Hmong word carries this sense; the descriptive compound (existing warmth-vocabulary ‘hlub’ plus a firmness-qualifier ‘ruaj khov,’ sturdy/durable) is the chosen bridge. This is the direct lexical engine of the God’s Faithfulness across Generations doctrine and must never be flattened into any of the three neighboring terms above.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: Lub Thawv Sib Cog Lus
Transliteration: aron habberith
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, would sever the term from its covenant meaning and forfeit the necessary ‘sign under command, not venerated object’ teaching load
NEW ENTRY. The sacred wooden chest housing the tablets of the Law, God’s throne-symbol among Israel (chs.13, 15, 16, 17). A ritual object linked to divine presence closely resembles in form (though never function) Hmong household/ancestral spirit-shrine vessels; must be taught that the ark was never itself venerated as a spirit-container but was a sign under strict divine command, with severe consequences for unauthorized handling governed by covenant rule (13:9-10), never ritual taboo.
Satan Adversary
Approved rendering: Ntxwg Nyoog
Transliteration: ha-satan
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘dab’ (spirit) vocabulary — rejected, would flatten Scripture’s unique singular cosmic-enemy category into ‘one more of the many spirits’ of the traditional Hmong spirit-world
NEW ENTRY. The singular cosmic adversary who incites David to take the census (21:1); the first explicit personal-agent Satan reference in Chronicles. Established Hmong Christian proper name for the singular cosmic enemy; must be kept lexically and conceptually distinct at every occurrence from generic ‘dab’ vocabulary used for ancestral/nature/household spirits and idols (‘idol’ = dab mlom).
Harlotry After Foreign Gods
Approved rendering: tsis ncaj rau Vajtswv, mus pehawm dab
Transliteration: zanah acharei elohei ha-ammim
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
Rejected alternatives: softened generic ‘were unfaithful’ wording without the pehawm-dab object anchor — rejected, loses the specific idolatry collision the text names
NEW ENTRY. Covenant infidelity figured as sexual betrayal — abandoning exclusive worship of tus TSWV for the gods of the surrounding peoples (5:25), precipitating the transjordan tribes’ exile. Must reuse the mandatory-anchor pattern of ‘worship_serve_cultic’ (pehawm always stated with its object) and ‘idol’ (dab mlom); this verse is precisely the collision case those baseline entries anticipate.
Consecrate Ritual Preparation
Approved rendering: muab cais dawb huv rau Vajtswv
Transliteration: qadash
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
Rejected alternatives: treating as identical to NT progressive moral sanctification — rejected, this is ceremonial task-fitness for a specific sacred duty, not ongoing character transformation
NEW ENTRY. Ritual self-preparation of persons/objects for sacred handling (Levites before carrying the ark, 15:12-14; dedicated spoils, 18:11). Extends the baseline ‘sanctification’ entry’s root; must be taught, per that entry’s existing note, as related but not identical to progressive moral sanctification.
Plague Pestilence
Approved rendering: kev mob kis
Transliteration: dever
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Rejected alternatives: framing as capricious spirit-affliction requiring shamanic ritual remedy — rejected
NEW ENTRY. The lethal plague sent as judgment on Israel following David’s census (21:14). Extends the baseline ‘wrath_of_god’ entry; must be taught as an instance of God’s judicial wrath, not the folk pattern of illness attributed to offended ancestors/spirits requiring shamanic ritual remedy.
Unfaithfulness Maal
Approved rendering: kev tsis ncaj rau Vajtswv
Transliteration: ma’al
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. Treacherous covenant breach; the Chronicler’s editorial verdict on Saul (10:13). Parallels the baseline ‘sin_act_and_condition’ entry and ‘harlotry_after_foreign_gods’; must be taught as objective covenant treachery, not merely a personal moral lapse.
Ot Burnt Peace Offering
Approved rendering: khoom fij
Transliteration: olah / zevach
Doctrine: Preparation for the Temple
Rejected alternatives: equating directly with Christ’s unique atonement (qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum) — rejected, blurs progressive revelation, equating with shamanic spirit-appeasement offerings (fij dab) — rejected
NEW ENTRY. Burnt offerings and sacrifices presented before the ark/altar (chs.16, 18, 21, 29). Extends the baseline fij-family root; must be taught as the historically real, divinely-commanded, but anticipatory type, distinct from both the baseline ‘living_sacrifice’ (ethical) sense and the atonement sense, and from folk spirit-appeasement offerings.
Medium Risk Terms
Adoption As Sons
Approved rendering: raug muab coj los ua me tub (ntawm Vajtswv)
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Strong positive bridge via Hmong clan-adoption custom. Inherited from Romans package. Cross-referenced in 1 Chronicles 17:13 teaching notes as the closest NT-doctrinal parallel category to Solomon’s covenantal sonship, while still requiring the sharper full-deity distinction carried by ‘son_of_god’ above.
Mercy
Approved rendering: txoj kev khuv leej
Transliteration: eleos / rachamim
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Rejected alternatives: txiaj ntsim (grace) used interchangeably for mercy — rejected, txoj kev hlub ruaj khov (chesed) used interchangeably for mercy — rejected, mercy is compassion toward the miserable, not multigenerational covenant loyalty
Inherited from Romans package. Kept lexically distinct from the new ‘steadfast_love_chesed’ entry and from ‘grace’ below; background sense at ch.21’s account of God relenting from the census plague.
Redemption
Approved rendering: kev txhiv
Transliteration: apolytrōsis / padah, ga’al
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Good economic-legal bridge via Hmong debt-redemption custom. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Chronicles 17:21, David recalls God’s redeeming Israel from Egypt; anchored to tus TSWV as agent in this OT context, with a forward-looking typological teaching note toward fulfillment in Christ (per analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md §0’s OT-anchor adaptation).
Priestly Minister
Approved rendering: tus ua haujlwm pab Vajtswv
Transliteration: leitourgos / mesharet
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
Rejected alternatives: txiv neeb (shaman) vocabulary — forbidden
Cultic-priestly nuance deliberately muted. Inherited from Romans package. Applied to the Levites appointed to minister continually before the ark (1 Chronicles 16).
Faith Believe
Approved rendering: kev ntseeg / ntseeg
Transliteration: pistis / aman, he’emin
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Must always be anchored explicitly to its object. Inherited from Romans package. In this OT context, anchored explicitly to tus TSWV as object rather than to Yexus Khetos, with a forward-looking typological teaching note; implicit in the faithful/unfaithful tribal contrasts of chs.5 and 10.
Census Numbering People
Approved rendering: kev suav pej xeem
Transliteration: saphar
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. To count/number the people; David’s self-reliant census that provokes judgment (ch.21). Doctrinally significant as an act testing trust in tus TSWV versus reliance on counted military strength; connects to the Genealogy and Continuity doctrine by contrast — this is numbering-as-self-reliant-boasting, versus the earlier genealogies’ numbering-as-covenant-record (chs.1-9). Must be kept distinct from ‘election_choose’ (ch.28) so the two ‘counting/choosing versus fate’ arguments are not conflated.
Whole Undivided Heart
Approved rendering: lub siab kub lug rau Vajtswv
Transliteration: lev shalem
Doctrine: Preparation for the Temple
Rejected alternatives: reducing to mere emotional sincerity detached from obedient content — rejected
NEW ENTRY. Complete, wholehearted covenant devotion demanded of Solomon and the assembly (28:9; 29:9,19). Must be taught paired with its 28:9 clause (God searching all hearts and motives) at every occurrence, matching the God who ‘searches all hearts,’ not mere sincerity.
Freewill Offering
Approved rendering: kev pub siab dawb rau Vajtswv
Transliteration: hitnadeb
Doctrine: Preparation for the Temple
Rejected alternatives: votive/bargaining-offering framing (giving to secure or maintain spirit favor) — rejected, reintroduces merit-transaction logic the Grace doctrine excludes
NEW ENTRY. To offer oneself/one’s goods willingly for the temple project (29:5-9,14,17). Must be taught as a joyful response to covenant faithfulness already given (chesed, ch.17), never a payment that produces or secures divine favor — paralleling the Romans baseline’s ‘living_sacrifice’ caution.
Repent Relent Nacham
Approved rendering: ntxeev dua siab
Transliteration: nacham
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Rejected alternatives: hloov siab tshiab (renewal of the mind) — rejected as identical, this is a specific relenting-from-judgment act, not the NT’s ongoing progressive transformation
NEW ENTRY. God’s relenting from further judgment (21:15). Must be anchored explicitly to God’s own sovereign initiative and chesed, never presented as purchased by David’s subsequent altar-offering at Ornan’s threshing floor.
Anoint
Approved rendering: pleev roj tsa ua vaj ntxwv
Transliteration: mashach
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: association with local ritual-anointing practices tied to spirit-appeasement — rejected
NEW ENTRY. To pour oil upon a person to consecrate them for kingship (implicit throughout, explicit at 29:22). Comprehension gap (no native anointing-oil practice), but doctrinally significant as a positive forward-link to ‘Messiah/Christ’ (the Anointed One) — a teaching opportunity, not a collision.
Cities Of Refuge
Approved rendering: tej moos uas yog chaw cawm nyob
Transliteration: arei hammiklat
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
NEW ENTRY. Levitical cities designated as places of asylum for those who cause accidental death (ch.6). Comprehension gap (no native equivalent institution), positive resonance with justice/mercy themes, no traditional-religion collision. Shares the ‘cawm’ (rescue/escape) root with the baseline ‘salvation_save’ entry.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: tus TSWV ntawm Cov Tub Rog Saum Ntuj
Transliteration: YHWH Tzevaot
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
NEW ENTRY. God as commander of heaven’s/Israel’s armies; a martial-sovereignty title (17:7). Comprehension gap (military-cosmic title unfamiliar outside biblical idiom) but positively resonant with Hmong clan-warfare/protector imagery; no traditional-religion collision identified.
Exile Captivity
Approved rendering: raug ntes coj mus
Transliteration: galah
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
NEW ENTRY. To be carried away from the land as covenant curse (5:26; background to ch.9’s resettlement). Comprehension-level, no collision — but doctrinally significant as the negative, conditional consequence of covenant unfaithfulness, contrasted with the unconditional Davidic promise (ch.17).
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: theos / Elohim
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
Established compound (king+lord). Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout 1 Chronicles (all chapters) alongside the new covenant-name entry ‘yhwh_covenant_name’ (tus TSWV), which this term does not replace.
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: kyrios / Adonai
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Stable existing usage; applied to God generically (chs. 17, 21, 29). Inherited from Romans package. Kept lexically distinct from the new ‘yhwh_covenant_name’ entry (tus TSWV), which renders the covenant name YHWH specifically.
Father God
Approved rendering: Leej Txiv
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Honorific already settled; pairs with ‘Leej Tub’ for the Son. Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL CROSS-REFERENCE: this vocabulary also appears inside the new ‘father_son_covenant_formula’ entry (17:13), where it denotes God’s covenantal fatherhood of Solomon, not the same referent as the Trinitarian ‘Leej Txiv’ used of the First Person of the Godhead; the two uses must be explicitly distinguished in any teaching unit that touches both.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: diminished-sonship renderings — rejected, must preserve full deity
Honorific parallel to Leej Txiv. Inherited from Romans package. MANDATORY CROSS-REFERENCE for 1 Chronicles 17:13: Solomon’s adoptive/covenantal sonship (‘father_son_covenant_formula’ entry) must never be conflated with, nor allowed to demote, Christ’s unique ontological Sonship expressed by this term; every occurrence of the 17:13 formula must carry an explicit note pointing to this entry and marking the distinction.
Promise
Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Stable existing phrase for a solemn covenant pledge. Inherited from Romans package. Distinguished from the new ‘covenant_general’ entry (kev cog lus): ‘promise’ names the unilateral pledge content, while ‘covenant’ names the wider relational-legal category (which in 1 Chronicles 11:3 can also describe a bilateral human political pact).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: basileia tou theou / mamlekhut YHWH
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Stable existing Hmong Christian term. Inherited from Romans package. Applied typologically in 1 Chronicles 17:14 and 28:5 to David’s/Solomon’s earthly reign, explicitly identified there as ‘the LORD’s own kingdom’ — teaching note required marking this as a real but not-yet-fully-consummated identification with the eschatological Kingdom of God; see also new entry ‘davids_throne_as_lords_kingdom’.
Heir
Approved rendering: tus qub txeeg qub teg
Transliteration: klēronomos
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
Strong positive resonance with Hmong lineage-inheritance custom. Inherited from Romans package. Used of tribal land-inheritance holders throughout chs. 4-8.
Peace
Approved rendering: kev thaj yeeb
Transliteration: eirēnē / shalom
Doctrine: Preparation for the Temple
Stable, positive term. Inherited from Romans package. Theological point in 22:9: Solomon, a ‘man of peace,’ will build the temple, unlike David the man of war.
Remnant
Approved rendering: cov seem
Transliteration: hypoleimma / she’ar
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
Stable term. Inherited from Romans package. Concrete illustration of continuity-through-judgment in 1 Chronicles 9’s post-exilic resettlement list.
Glory
Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: doxa / kavod
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Stable existing term. Inherited from Romans package. Declared ‘among the nations’ in David’s psalm (16:24) and attributed to David at his death (29:28).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ua tsaug
Transliteration: eucharistō / hodu
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
Stable everyday and liturgical term. Inherited from Romans package. Central to David’s psalm of thanksgiving, 1 Chronicles 16:8ff.
Truth
Approved rendering: qhov tseeb
Transliteration: alētheia / emet
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Stable term. Inherited from Romans package. Attribute of God’s word/character invoked in 1 Chronicles 17.
World
Approved rendering: lub ntiajteb
Transliteration: kosmos / tevel, erets
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Stable term. Inherited from Romans package. Invoked in David’s psalm, 1 Chronicles 16:30.
Nations Gentiles
Approved rendering: lwm Haiv Neeg
Transliteration: ethnē / goyim
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
Clear contrastive term. Inherited from Romans package. NOTE: ch.1’s genealogical ‘table of nations’ uses a generic, pre-covenantal sense (rendered instead with plain ‘haiv neeg’ per the new terminology log, not this fixed covenantal-contrast phrase); this fixed TM entry is reserved for the later covenantal Jew/Gentile-contrast sense correctly activated at 16:24 (‘declare his glory among the nations’).
Scripture
Approved rendering: Vaj Lug Kub
Transliteration: graphē
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Settled compound term (‘royal/sacred writing’). Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept distinct in teaching from the new ‘word_of_the_lord_oracle’ entry, which names a living, occasional prophetic event (17:3-4), not the written canon.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Stable term. Inherited from Romans package. Shares its ‘mus ib txhis’ root with the new ‘forever_eternal_throne_olam’ entry (17:12,14; 28), but that dynastic-throne collocation is flagged Critical in its own right and must not be treated as routine reuse of this Low-risk baseline term without the mandatory typological footnote specified there.
Love
Approved rendering: kev hlub
Transliteration: agapē / ahavah
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Stable, existing warm-affection Hmong term. Inherited from Romans package. Retained in 1 Chronicles chiefly as a fencing boundary-marker in the five-way distinction required around the new ‘steadfast_love_chesed’ entry: kev hlub denotes warm affection with no covenant-legal weight and must never be substituted for chesed’s multigenerational covenant-loyalty sense.
Throne
Approved rendering: lub zwm txwv
Transliteration: kisse
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
NEW ENTRY. Seat of royal authority, established forever for David’s line (17:12,14) and later identified as the LORD’s own throne (28:5). Established Hmong royal-court term; positive bridge, no collision.
Levite
Approved rendering: cov Levi
Transliteration: Leviyyim
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
NEW ENTRY. A member of the tribe of Levi set apart for tabernacle/temple service (chs.6, 9, 15, 16, 23). Stable transliteration; no collision.
Judges Pre Monarchic
Approved rendering: cov txiav txim (thawj coj ntuj qub)
Transliteration: shophetim
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
NEW ENTRY. The tribal leaders of the pre-monarchic period, referenced as historical background in Nathan’s oracle (17:6). Comprehension gap only; no collision.
Genealogy Generations
Approved rendering: keeb kwm caj ces
Transliteration: toledot
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. Formal genealogical record; family history (chs.1-9). Strong positive cultural bridge — Hmong clan-genealogy record-keeping is a deeply resonant existing practice, directly supporting this doctrine.
Firstborn
Approved rendering: tus tub hlob
Transliteration: bekor
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. The eldest son, holding special inheritance/leadership status (chs.1-8). Strong existing Hmong cultural category; positive bridge.
Clan Family
Approved rendering: tsev neeg / txheeb ci
Transliteration: mishpachah
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. An extended-family/clan grouping within a tribe (chs.2, 4-8). No collision.
Tribe
Approved rendering: xeem / caj ces
Transliteration: matteh / shevet
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. One of the twelve tribal divisions of Israel, lit. ‘staff’ (chs.1-8). Strong existing Hmong clan-system (xeem) bridge; positive resonance, no collision.
Inheritance Territory
Approved rendering: thaj av qub txeeg qub teg
Transliteration: nachalah
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. Allotted tribal land-possession (chs.4-8). Reuses the baseline ‘heir’ root; no collision.
Offspring Seed
Approved rendering: cov xeeb ntxwv
Transliteration: zera
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. Descendants; used of David’s promised offspring who will build the temple (17:11). Standard genealogical vocabulary; no collision.
Mighty Men
Approved rendering: cov tub rog muaj zog
Transliteration: gibborim
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. David’s elite warriors, listed and celebrated (chs.11-12). Descriptive military term; no collision.
Gatekeepers Temple Servants
Approved rendering: cov zov qhov rooj ntawm lub Tuam Tsev
Transliteration: sho’arim
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
NEW ENTRY. Levites assigned to guard the temple gates/storehouses (chs.9, 15, 16, 23, 26). Descriptive compound; no collision.
Musicians Musical Instruments
Approved rendering: suab paj nruas thiab cov ntaus nkauj hu nkauj
Transliteration: keley shir
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
NEW ENTRY. Instruments and singers appointed for temple worship music (chs.15, 16, 25). Comprehension-level only; no collision.
Treasurer
Approved rendering: tus saib nyiaj txiag
Transliteration: otsar (treasury, contextual office)
Doctrine: Preparation for the Temple
NEW ENTRY. One responsible for temple treasury/storehouses (ch.26). Administrative term; no collision.
Counselor
Approved rendering: tus sab laj
Transliteration: yo’ets
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. A royal advisor among David’s officials (ch.27). Administrative term; no collision.
Tabernacle Tent
Approved rendering: tsev ntaub
Transliteration: ohel
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
NEW ENTRY. Tent/tabernacle, the ark’s temporary pre-temple dwelling (17:5-6). No collision.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Renewal Of The Mind
Approved rendering: hloov siab tshiab
Transliteration: anakainōsis tou noos
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Established Hmong Christian idiom for conversion/transformation. Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept distinct from the new ‘repent_relent_nacham’ entry (21:15): the latter is a specific act of God relenting from a pronounced judgment, not the NT’s progressive sanctifying transformation this term denotes.
Yhwh Covenant Name
Approved rendering: tus TSWV
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
Rejected alternatives: phonetic transliteration (‘Yaves’/‘Yahweh’) — rejected, foreign to existing Hmong Bible reading tradition, would create a competing unfamiliar form alongside ‘tus Tswv’, Yehauvas (NWT-style divine-name substitution pattern) — rejected, sectarian pattern flagged in the Romans baseline §4
NEW ENTRY. God’s personal, revealed covenant name, used constantly throughout Chronicles (all chapters). Visually distinguished from the baseline’s generic ‘tus Tswv’ (Adonai) per existing Hmong Bible typographic convention of capitalizing the covenant name. Not needed in the Romans baseline (Paul quotes LXX kyrios only); required here by the sheer frequency of the divine name. Consistency across every occurrence is required to preserve the covenant-name emphasis underlying the God’s Faithfulness across Generations doctrine.
Pattern Blueprint Temple
Approved rendering: tus qauv
Transliteration: tabnith
Doctrine: Preparation for the Temple
NEW ENTRY. The divinely revealed architectural model for the temple, given to David in writing (28:11-19). Comprehension-level gap only; theologically significant as evidence the temple’s design is God-given, not humanly improvised.
Angel Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Tus Tubtxib Saum Ntuj ntawm tus TSWV
Transliteration: malak YHWH
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY. A heavenly messenger sent by YHWH, here the destroying/relenting angel of the census plague (ch.21). Comprehension gap only (heavenly-messenger category unfamiliar); no traditional-religion collision identified.
Word Of The Lord Oracle
Approved rendering: Vajtswv Txoj Lus tuaj rau
Transliteration: devar YHWH
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: conflating with ‘Vaj Lug Kub’ (written Scripture) — rejected, this is a living, occasional oracle event, not the written canon
NEW ENTRY. A specific, occasional revelatory event in which YHWH speaks to/through a prophet (17:3-4, to Nathan). Must be kept distinct in teaching from the baseline ‘scripture’ entry.
Prince Ruler Nagid
Approved rendering: tus thawj coj / tus nom tswv (raug Vajtswv tsa)
Transliteration: nagid
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
NEW ENTRY. One appointed to lead, marking divine appointment prior to/alongside full royal title (melek), 17:7. Theologically reinforces the ‘election_choose’ entry’s mandatory volitional clause; no traditional-religion collision, comprehension-level distinction only.
Name Genealogical Continuity
Approved rendering: npe
Transliteration: shem
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Continuity of God’s People
NEW ENTRY. A person’s/family’s name as the marker of continuity through the generations (chs.1-9, echoed at 17:8 ‘I will make you a name’). Comprehension-level only, no collision.
Wisdom And Understanding
Approved rendering: kev txawj ntse thiab kev totaub
Transliteration: chokmah u-tevunah
Doctrine: Preparation for the Temple
NEW ENTRY. Skill/insight and discernment granted for the temple-building task (22:12) and for kingship (28:9). Comprehension-level, positive resonance (wisdom highly honored in Hmong tradition), no collision.
Divisions Courses Of Service
Approved rendering: pab pawg ua haujlwm
Transliteration: machloqot
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
NEW ENTRY. The organized rotational groups of Levites/priests/musicians assigned to temple service (chs.23-27). Largely administrative/comprehension-level; reuses Levite/priestly-office register.
Prophesy Musical Worship
Approved rendering: hu nkauj qhia Vajtswv Txoj Lus
Transliteration: nibba (with lyres, etc.)
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
Rejected alternatives: framing as ecstatic/divinatory trance performance — rejected, risks echoing shamanic instrumental (qeej, gong) trance-communication with spirits
NEW ENTRY. Musical worship-utterance by Asaph, Heman, and Jeduthun’s companies, an extension of the nabi/prophet root to musical praise (25:1-3). Comprehension-level note advisable that hearers must not assume musical ‘prophesying’ implies trance-technique; light-touch flag, not a major collision.
Vision Prophetic
Approved rendering: yog toog
Transliteration: chizzayon
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: conflating with divinatory ‘seeing’ practices of shamanic spirit-inquiry — rejected
NEW ENTRY. A mode of prophetic revelation given to Nathan concerning David (17:15). Comprehension gap; distinguishing mark is that this vision is unsolicited, God-initiated revelation to an authorized prophet, not human-initiated spirit-consultation (cf. ‘medium_necromancer’).
Remember Covenant Seek Face
Approved rendering: nco ntsoov nws txoj kev cog lus / nrhiav Vajtswv lub ntsej muag
Transliteration: nizkar berito / darash panav
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness across Generations
NEW ENTRY. God’s own covenant-remembering and the summons to ‘seek his face’ (16:11-12,15). Reinforces the God’s Faithfulness across Generations doctrine — God’s own covenant-remembering is the theological ground of Israel’s continuity, not descendants’ ritual maintenance of ancestral memory.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Priest
Approved rendering: tus pov thawj
Transliteration: kohen
Doctrine: Worship and the Levitical Order
Rejected alternatives: txiv neeb (shaman) vocabulary — forbidden, would conflate Christian/biblical priesthood with shamanism, Buddhist monastic-officiant vocabulary — rejected, wrong religious referent, encountered via regional Lao/Thai contact
NEW ENTRY. A member of Aaron’s line authorized to perform sacred cultic service (chs.6, 15, 16, 23-26, 29). Existing Hmong Christian term for the OT priestly office, but risks confusion with two distinct non-Christian officiant categories in the regional religious landscape; must never be confused with, or substituted by, the shamanic txiv neeb role, extending the Romans baseline’s forbidding principle for ‘priestly_minister.‘
Walk With Fathers Death Euphemism
Approved rendering: mus nrog koj tej yawg koob
Transliteration: shakhav im avotav (walk/lie with one’s fathers)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant Reaffirmed
Rejected alternatives: any phrasing implying the deceased become objects of ritual veneration — rejected
NEW ENTRY. A biblical euphemism for death, ‘walk with your fathers’ / ‘join one’s ancestors’ (17:11). Structurally resembles Hmong ancestral-afterlife/joining-the-ancestors language and could be heard as tacit endorsement of ancestor-spirit cosmology; must be taught strictly as a biblical death-euphemism, with no implication that the deceased become objects of ritual veneration.